CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Introduction

The students industrial work experience scheme (SIWES),also known as industrial

training is a compulsory skill Training program designed to expose and prepare

students of Nigerian Universities, Polytechnics, Colleges of education, Colleges of

technology and Colleges of Agriculture, for the industry work situation they are

likely to meet at the graduation. The scheme also afford students the opportunity of

familiarizing and Exposing Themselves to the needed experience in handling

equipment and machinery that are usually not available in their institutions.

Before the establishment of the screen, there was a growing concern among

industrialists, that graduates of institutions of higher learning lacked adequate

practical background studies preparatory for employment in industries. Thus

employers were of the opinion that the theoretical education in higher institutions

was not responsive to the needs of the employers of labor.

SIWES is a tripartite program involving the students, their institutions and

industry. The scheme strives to encourage employer’s involvement in the

educational process of preparing students for a work environment outside the

various institutions. The program form part of the approved minimum academic

standard in various degree disciplines for all Nigerian universities.

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 1.2 Company Profile

The founder, Dr. Godswill Agbagwa – priest and ethicist – grew up in Nigeria. His

experience with poverty as a teenager led him to dedicate his priestly ministry to

integral social and human development. In 2010, while studying abroad as a

graduate student, he decided to establish CSAAE as a platform to advance integral

social and human development in Africa and across the world. The five core values

at the foundation of his work at CSAAE include: Punctuality, Integrity, Creativity,

Accountability and Solidarity (PICAS)

CSAAE is a registered nonprofit in Nigeria; a 501(c3) nonprofit in the United

Staes; an organisation in special consultative status with the United Nations’

ECOSOC and former representative of African civil societies at the World Bank

and IMF civil societies working group. The Centre carries out its operations from

its head office in Owerri, Nigeria, with technical support from its U.S. office in

Maryland.

CSAAE envisions a better Africa where all can find support and encouragement to

work hard, live with dignity and feel proud to belong. The Centre pursues this

vision through three programs.

 A socioeconomic program that enables:

 Entrepreneurship

 Quality primary health care

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 Youth empowerment

 Quality primary education

 Women empowerment

 Sustainable environment

 An advocacy program that advocates for:

 Human rights

 Good governance

 Rule of law

 Anticorruption

 An ethics program that promotes:

 Business ethics

 Professional Ethics

 Ethical Leadership

1.3 About ICT

Information and Communications Technology (ICT) refers to all equipment and

applications that involve communications such as computers, cell phones,

televisions, radio and satellite systems as well as the various services and

applications associated with them such as video conferencing and distant learning.

FUTO Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Centre was established

in 1996 during the tenure of Engr. Prof. C.O.G. Obah, the third substantive Vice-

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Chancellor of the University. ICT activities started then with the establishment

of Nigerian Universities Network (NUNET) Steering Committee to provide e-mail

services to the University Community from an office in the Vice Chancellor’s

lodge.

The e-mail service was provided by connecting to the National Universities

Commission’s dial-up which connects to the International Centre for Theoretical

Physics (ICTP) in Italy. Due to the delay associated with this type of

Communications, an alternative and full Internet access that does not depend on a

telephone line were implemented through Link Service Ltd. With such improved

access the University Community provided URL for search and download. Further

relief was provided with the donation of Internet Centre to Electrical and

Electronic Engineering in 2004 by a Philanthropist, which was extended to the

NUNET office in the University Permanent Site. The need to harmonize and

coordinate the various ICT Units in the University brought about the creation of

the Directorate of ICT in January 2005 by the then Vice-Chancellor Prof. Jude E.

Njoku. Since then, the subsequent Vice-Chancellor has impacted positively in the

development of ICT facilities in the University including completing all ongoing

projects, the establishment of a dynamic website and portals, rolling out of ICT

policy for the University etc.

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In his address to the General Assembly of the University on the assumption of

office in June 2016, the 7 th Substantive Vice-Chancellor, Prof. Francis C. Eze

reaffirmed his desire to sustain efforts at full computerization of all university’s

administrative and academic processes as encapsulated in his mantra “Driving the

Culture of Excellence”. His vision is to leverage on ICT to enhance teaching,

learning and research so that FUTO will be repositioned into a World Class

University of Excellent.

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 CHAPTER TWO

Things I learnt

2.1 Graphic design

Graphic design is the practice of composing and arranging the visual elements of

a project. Designing the layout of a magazine, creating a poster for a theatre

performance, and designing packaging for a product are all examples of graphic

design.

In fact, almost everyone today practices some form of graphic design in their

daily life — whether it’s adding text to an image for social media or color-coding

a spreadsheet for work. Basically, if you're creating visual content, you're

practicing some form of graphic design.

2.2 Types of Graphic design

1. Brand Identity and Logo Design

Graphic designers specializing in brand identity and logos envision, propose,

and design fresh, powerful visual identities for new and existing brands,

organizations, products, and services. Along with fonts and colors, logos are

central to brand identity, requiring a unique selection and arrangement of

colors, shapes, and designs that will be used to represent the brand nearly

everywhere—from websites to company buildings to advertisements. When

creating or updating a brand identity, designers may also produce business

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cards, letterhead, ads, and many other different types of graphic design outputs

featuring the new brand identity.

2. Packaging Design

Designers working in package design must have a passion for designing for 3D

shapes, including the inside and outside of packaging. Their job is to create

designs that protect the product in shipping, catch the eye of a consumer in a

store, and then, when viewed up close, inform and persuade shoppers. This type

of design not only involves initial sketches and computer work, but also testing

your design on physical mockups to check every angle. An understanding of

packaging materials and their environmental impact are other important aspects

of this career.

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3. Web and Mobile Design

Designers may focus on either of these two different types of graphic design

areas, as long as they know the standards and best practices of the medium for

which they’re designing. In these roles, designers design the pages, layout, and

graphics for apps or websites, working closely with developers to ensure the

feasibility and proper functionality of their designs. They also help to plan a

site’s or app’s navigation, structure, and user experience, creating continuity,

order, and simplicity across all pages or screens. Knowing the basics of coding

will help in this career. More specialized roles within web and mobile design

include user experience design, user interface design, and information

architecture.

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4. Layout and Print Design

Designers involved in layout and print design strive to find the perfect

balance between text and graphics, creating designs that are both

aesthetically pleasing and easy to read for magazines, books, newspapers,

brochures, posters, and more. For layout and print graphic designers, the

placement of imagery and the selection of font and typeface is of particular

concern, especially when working with large amounts of text. Familiarity

with printing processes and production is also essential for success in this

career.

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2.3 Main purpose of graphic design

The objective of graphic design is to convey or enhance a message.

Good graphic art streamlines communication. Just picture a spreadsheet with data

analytics. A graphic designer might use different colors to highlight which

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metrics are rising and which are dropping, thus making it easier for the viewer to

quickly understand what’s going well and what needs to be adjusted.

Well executed graphic design can also elicit an emotional response from the

viewer or even motivate them to take action. The “sign up” page on a website, for

example, is typically designed to entice visitors to join an email list or start a free

trial. Meanwhile, food packaging design aims to make the food inside seem more

appealing to eat

2.4 Common graphic design jobs

With technological advancements introducing new types of graphic design, there

has also been an emergence of new graphic design jobs. This evolution has

changed the entire landscape of careers in this field.

Demand for “traditional” graphic designers who work primarily for print

publishers has fallen substantially, but that doesn’t tell the whole story.

Employment of graphic designers in computer systems design services is projected

to grow by 24 percent through 2028, according to the Bureau of Labor

Statistics (BLS). Much of this demand is spurred by business’ and organizations’

increased need for digital graphics and imagery as they aim to increase their digital

presence.

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So with that said, what are some common graphic design job titles? We analyzed

more than 30,000 job postings calling for a graphic design degree over the past

year.2 The data helped us determine the most common job titles:

 Graphic designer

 User experience (UX) designer

 Web designer

 Art director

 Creative director

As you can see, once armed with the proper knowledge and training, there are

several graphic design job options out there. You have the ability to cater your

career to your personal skills and interests.

2.5 Popular graphic design tools

Now that you know what type of jobs and specializations are out there, it’s helpful

to familiarize yourself with the graphic design tools that help get the job done. One

of the most basic, and least expensive, tools designers use is a sketchbook. Graphic

designers will often sketch out ideas or rough drafts on paper before turning to a

computer to complete the process.

That being said, computers and design software are essentials in today’s digital

climate, even if you are designing for print. The type of computer you need is

based on preference, but when it comes to software, Adobe products such as

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Photoshop, Illustrator and InDesign are mainstays in the graphic design world. If

you are just beginning and don’t want to commit to the high price tag Adobe

products often carry, similar free open-source software such as GIMP can help

you begin to master the basics.

Lastly, ideas and inspiration are what a graphic designer needs most. “You need to

have a solid concept serving as the foundation of your design and communication,”

explains Chad Birenbaum, co-founder of Duckpin Design. “This concept and idea

needs to work on paper first and then the computer should be used as a tool to

bring the concept to life.”

Graphic designers gain inspiration from the world around them, so if you are

worried you aren’t creative enough, go outside, bounce ideas off your peers or seek

ideas from the internet. There plenty of inspiring graphic design blogs that can

help get your creative juices flowing.

2.6 Create your first design

This series of videos introduces basic Photoshop design techniques. You'll learn

how to work with layers, combine images, use layer masks, and add creative

graphics, text, and effects. You'll use these skills to combine design assets into a

simple, unique composite for print or online use. Have fun following along with

your own images or the sample files provided on this page.

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Get to know layers

Layers are the building blocks of any Photoshop design. Start building this layered

design by creating a new layer for original artwork and by adding one image to

another. Along the way, you'll become familiar with the Layers panel, and you'll

learn the essentials of working with layers.

Combine images using layer masks

Layer masks are the most flexible way to combine images. A layer mask hides part

of a layer to display what's on the layers below. Use layer masks in this design to

replace a dull sky in one image with dramatic clouds from another and to gradually

blend artwork into the rest of the design.

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Add text and effects

Add text to your design. Then embellish the text with creative layer effects for a

unique look. Learn how to work with Type layers, and use Typekit to access a

treasure trove of exciting fonts.

Include vector graphics

Photoshop isn't just for photographs. Take your design further by making custom

shapes in Photoshop and placing a logo made in Adobe Illustrator. Vector graphics

like these can be scaled and edited as much as you like.

Export and save the design

Save your design in PSD format to retain its layers and effects for future editing.

Then save or export copies for different uses. Save a copy as a PDF for sharing,

and use Photoshop's Export features to export all or part of the design in web-

friendly formats.

2.7 Photo editing software

In its simplest form, photo editing software are computer programs that allow you

to make changes to images. These changes involve enhancing an image,

manipulating it, or both. It is not uncommon for free photo editor software to

perform tasks that previously had to be completed manually.

Originally, photo editing software was designed to help you alter pictures taken on

a digital camera only. But since then, software has been updated. Thanks to these

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updates you can even edit photos that were taken on a smartphone or tablet. This is

also the reason for the creation of free photo editing apps.

2.8 How to edit photos using Photoshop

There are many photo editing tools out there, but most photographers typically

start out with Adobe Photoshop for basic editing. It’s a powerful yet intuitive tool

that can help you bring out the best in your images, so if you are a serious

photographer, it is essential that you learn how to edit pictures with Photoshop.

After downloading the software, preparing your images, viewing them on a dual

monitor, you’ll be able to post-process your images with ease.

1. Crop the image to enhance your composition.

Sometimes, a simple crop can make all the difference. Out of all the photo editing

tricks at your disposal, basic cropping is the easiest one that can effectively do

wonders for your photo’s composition — it allows you to remove unnecessary

elements, put more focus on the subject, and create more drama for maximum

impact.

Looking at this picture, you might say that it already looks great—there’s no need

to do anything else. However, by using the crop tool, you can improve the

composition by doing a tighter crop on the model’s face, which will help

emphasize her features even more.

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2.9 How to use the crop tool in Adobe Photoshop:

 Select the crop tool from the toolbox.

 Select your desired aspect ratio by clicking on the drop-down menu (near the

upper-right corner) and choosing from Unconstrained, Original Ratio, or any of

the Preset options. You can also enter your own preferred dimensions in the

text fields beside the menu.

 Drag the corners or the edges of the photo to achieve your desired crop.

 Press Enter or click the check icon to finalize the crop.

As you can see, cropping out most of the background gives more prominence to

the most interesting parts of the photo — the model’s freckles, as well as her bright

blue eyes.

Cropping is a very simple and seemingly inconsequential step in the photo editing

process. Nonetheless, it does make a world of difference in improving a picture’s

composition. If you’re unsure about how to crop a particular photo, experiment

with different crops to find the composition that appeals most to you.

Additionally, you can crop and resize your images freely without worrying about

ruining their proportions, as Photoshop now transforms most layer types

proportionally by default.

Here’s a more in-depth breakdown by Miguel Quiles on how you can retouch and

edit portraits:
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2. Correct the exposure.

Despite your best efforts, there will be times when you still won’t be able to

achieve the correct exposure for your image. Luckily, if you know how to edit

pictures, this can easily be fixed.

The photo above is slightly overexposed, which washes out the model’s skin color

and features. Using Photoshop’s suite of adjustment tools, you can correct the

photo’s exposure to bring out more detail.

These tools can be accessed by clicking on Image (on the Menu Bar) and selecting

Adjustments from the drop-down menu:

 Brightness/Contrast

 Levels

 Curves

 Exposure

 Shadows/Highlights

 HDR Toning

If you’ve never used these tools before, Brightness/Contrast, Exposure, and

Shadows/Highlights are all pretty straightforward — all you have to do is move the

sliders to the left or right to make adjustments. However, for more advanced

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Photoshop edits, you will have to learn how to read a histogram, which is a chart

that shows the tonal range of the photo you are currently editing.

Knowing how to read a histogram will help you make more accurate adjustments,

particularly with HDR Toning, as well as Curves and Levels, which are the

preferred exposure adjustment tools for more experienced photographers.

Adjusting the Levels and having the right Brightness and Contrast in your photos

can highlight specific details in your subject as well as give it more clarity and

depth.

To learn more about how you can edit bright and vibrant photos and other

Photoshop editing tips, check out this video by Vanessa Joy:

3. Make color adjustments if needed.

If you’ve properly adjusted the white balance on your camera, you shouldn’t have

to do any color corrections on the resulting photos. Using incorrect white balance

will result in a color cast, and that can dramatically affect the vibrance, saturation,

and contrast of your photos.

Let’s say your photo has a bit of a blue tinge to it. You can leave it like that if you

like it, but if you want your photo to have more accurate colors, Photoshop tools

can help you fix that. The simplest tool for this is the Color Balance, which lets

you adjust the colors of your image’s shadows, midtones, or highlights, or

Selective Color, which allows you to choose a specific color in the image and

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change only those colors — for instance, if your model’s skin appears too yellow

or red, Selective Color allows you to make adjustments to the skin without

affecting the other colors in the picture.

Always remember to create a Photo Filter adjustment layer so that you can modify

the color of your image while preserving the original one. First, open your chosen

image in Photoshop. Click the Adjustment Layer icon in the Layers panel after,

and select your desired Photo Filter. You can also apply a photo filter as a direct

adjustment (Image > Adjustments > Photo Filter), since it provides a layer mask

for editing only a part of your photo while protecting the original photo from

permanent changes.

2.10 How to use Color Balance in Adobe Photoshop:

 Click on Image in the Menu Bar, then click on Adjustments, then Color

Balance.

 Select which tones in the image you want to change (shadows, midtones, or

highlights).

 Check the Preserve Luminosity box.

 Check the Preview box to see your adjustments in real time.

 Move the sliders to achieve your desired color balance.

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2.11 How to use Selective Color in Adobe Photoshop:

 Click on Image in the Menu Bar, then click on Adjustments, then Selective

Color.

 Check the Preview box to see your adjustments in real time.

 Choose from Relative (a more subtle change) or Absolute.

 Select the color from the drop-down menu that you want to adjust.

 Move the sliders to increase or decrease the color cast from your chosen

color.

You can also use Vibrance, Hue/Saturation, or Channel Mixer (under Adjustments)

for color correction. If that wasn’t enough, you can also visualize how you want

the colors in your image to look like using the Color Wheel Color Picker. This

update on the Photoshop CC 2019 allows you to see and choose particular colors,

from harmonious groups to complementary and analogous colors. You can do this

by selecting the Color Wheel option from the Color panel fly-out menu.

The Dodge and Burn tools, on the other hand, allow you to highlight or darken

specific areas in your photo to give it additional texture or character.

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2.12 How to use the Dodge and Burn Tools:

 Create a new layer and set its mode to Overlay.

 Check the box that says, “fill with overlay-neutral color (50% gray).” Doing

so lets you apply dodge and burn adjustments without manipulating the

original image.

 Select the Dodge Tool and set your brush to a smaller and softer setting.

 Paint over specific areas you want to brighten using the Dodge Tool and

darken areas using the Burn Tool.

 Remember to use a soft brush setting and do smaller strokes so as not to

overdo the effects

4. Remove unwanted spots (sensor dust, blemishes, and more).

Now that you’ve corrected the color of your image, it’s time for some selective

corrections. If your sensor is dirty, dust particles will show up in your photos,

resulting in small spots that will consistently appear in the same area on every

single picture you take. To avoid this problem, make sure to clean your sensor first.

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 CHAPTER THREE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

3.1 Summary and Conclusions

The whole experience gained during the attachment at ICT, FUTO was very

enlightening. The practical skills we were exposed to and the opportunity to relate

with typical situations relating to computer engineering industry. These

experiences have successfully broadened my understanding and interest in Graphic

design.

The training was worthwhile, has it accorded me the privilege of gaining insight

into job preparation as well as what it meant to carry out proper inspection and also

working condition under stress which in a way prepares undergraduates for the

outside world after school.

The program gave me the privilege to relate with senior professionals and other

students from different institutions and this experience made me appreciate the

nature, benefits, and intricacies of my chosen field of study both in the classroom

and in the society at large while also gives me the opportunity to put into practice

the theoretical knowledge acquired throughout my stay in school. The program has

given me the rare privilege of gaining practical knowledge and widened my

knowledge about the application of physics in the world.

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3.2 Problem Faced During SIWES Program

Some the problems experienced during the SIWES program. These are as stated

below.

1. Limited orientation before starting the program.

3.3 Recommendations

Based on the experience and knowledge acquired at the course of the SIWES

training, I hereby give the following recommendation based on my observations.

1. Proper orientation should be given to the students by the university before they

go on SIWES at least before mid-semester break of first semester.

2. The placement letter should be given to students early enough so as to avoid

attachment in irrelevant organization.

3. I recommend that substantial percent of the National budget should go into the

development, improvement and sustenance of the power sector.

4. Student should avoid prioritizing money over work and experience and should

develop a good attitude, good work ethics and be a good ambassador of the

university they are representing.

5. Institution and ITF should ensure that students are attached at relevant

establishment for effective training, experience and exposure related to their course

of study in the university.

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