CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Student industrial work experience scheme (SIWES)

The Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES), also known as
Industrial Training is a compulsory Skills Training Programme designed
to expose and prepare students of Nigerian Universities, Polytechnics,
Colleges of Education, Colleges of Technology and Colleges of
Agriculture, for the industrial work situation they are likely to meet after
graduation. The scheme also affords students the opportunity of
familiarizing and exposing themselves to the needed experience in
handling equipment and machinery that are usually not available in their
institution.
1.2 History of SIWES
Before the establishment of the scheme, there was a growing concern
among industrialists, that graduates of institutions of higher learning
lacked adequate practical background studies preparatory for employment
in industries. Thus, employers were of the opinion that the theoretical
education in higher institutions was not responsive to the needs of the
employers of labour.
SIWES introduction, initiation and design was done by the Industrial
Training Fund (I.T.F) in 1993 to acquaint students with the skills of
handling employer’s equipment and machinery. The Industrial Training
Fund (I.T.F) solely funded the scheme during its formative years.
However, due to financial constraints, the fund withdrew from the
Scheme in 1978.
The Federal Government, noting the significance of the skills training
handed the management of the scheme to both the National Universities
Commission (N.U.C) and the National Board for Technical Education
(N.B.T.E) in 1979.
The management and implementation of the scheme was however
reverted to the I.T.F by the Federal Government in November, 1984 and
the administration was effectively taken over by the Industrial Training

1
Fund in July 1985, with the funding solely borne by the Federal
Government.
1.3 Significance of SIWES
The scheme was designed to expose students to industrial environment
and enable them develop occupational competencies so that they can
readily contribute their quota to national, economic and technological
development after graduation. The major benefit accruing to students who
participate conscientiously in Students Industrial Work Experience
Scheme (SIWES) are the skills and competencies they acquire. The
relevant production skills remain a part of the recipients of industrial
training as life-long assets, which cannot be taken away from them. This
is because the knowledge and skills acquired through training are
internalized and become relevant when required to perform jobs or
functions.
1.4 Aims and objectives of SIWES
The main objective of Industrial Training is to expose the students to
actual working environment and enhance their knowledge and skill from
what they have learned in the college. Another purpose of this program is
to instill the good qualities of integrity, responsibility and self-confidence.
Student must follow all ethical values and good working practices. It is
also to help the students about the safety practices and regulations inside
the industry and to instill the spirit of teamwork and good relationship
between students and employees. Hence, the following underlisted
objectives:
1. SIWES provides the avenue for students in institutions of higher
learning to acquire industrial skills and experiences in their course of
study.
2. Prepare the students for the industrial work situation they’re likely to
meet after graduation.
3. Expose students to work method and techniques in handling equipment
and machinery that may not be available in their institutions.
4. Make the transition from school to the world of work easier and
enhance students contact for later job placement.
5. SIWES provides students with an opportunity to apply their knowledge
in real work situations thereby bridging the gap between theory and
practice.

2
6. Enlist and strengthens Employers involvement in the entire educational
process and prepare students for employment after graduation.
1.5 Organisations involved in the management of
SIWES programme and their roles
The Federal Government, the Industrial Training Fund (ITF), the
Supervising Agency, National Universities Commission, by NUC,
Employers of labor and Institutions have specific roles to play in the
management of SIWES. The roles are:
1. The Federal Government
To provide adequate funds to the ITF through the Federal Ministry
of Industry for the scheme;
To make it mandatory for all ministries, companies and parastatals
to offer places to students in accordance with the provisions of
Decree No. 47 of 1971 as amended in 1990;
Formulate policies to guide the running of the scheme nationally.
2. The Industrial Training Fund (ITF).
This agency is to:
Formulate policies and guidelines on SIWES for distribution to all
the SIWES participating bodies;
Provide logistic material needed to administer the scheme;
Organize orientation programmers for students prior to attachment;
Provide information on companies for attachment and assist in
industrial placement of students;
Supervise students on Industrial attachment;
Accept and process Master and Placement lists from institutions
and supervising agencies;
Vet and process students’ logbooks and ITF Form
3. The Supervisory Agencies (NUC, NABTEB, etc)
The NUC is to:
To ensure the establishment and accreditation of SIWES

3
 unit/Directorate in institutions under their jurisdiction;
To vet and approve Master and Placement lists of students from
participating institution and forward same to ITF;
Fund SIWES Directorate adequately in participating institutions;
To direct for the appointment of full-time SIWES
Coordinator/Director;
Review programmers qualified from SIWES regularly;
Participate in the Biennial SIWES conferences and seminars in
conjunction with ITF.
1.6 Duration and benefits of the SIWES program
The minimum duration for the SIWES program is usually 24 weeks, the
scheme is a tripartite programme involving the students, the Universities
and the industry (employers of labour).
Some of the benefits of having industrial training from professionals-
1. Industrial training is provided to the students so that they are
capable to implementing the subjects practically.
2. It also helps the student in improving their knowledge.
3. It improves the versatility of the student and helps them in boosting
their career.
4. It also boosts their confidence once they have the skills about the
particular subject they have got training in.
5. They help students in implementing the theory into realistic area.
6. Familiarize them with the environment of the companies.
7. They help the students to increase communication level as well as
develop leadership qualities.
8. The students are provided training from the industry professionals
who have assortment of knowledge in working in live-projects.
1.7 Objectives of the report
Industrial Training Report is an important document to students. It is a
document with the activities that have been learned throughout the
industrial training. One excellent work would mean nothing if it cannot
be reported in a statement that it is excellent.
i. The Industrial training report is done to highlight the activities engaged
in during the period and to state clearly the work experience gained in the
course of the programme.
ii. It serves as evidence to the University that the student has undergone
industrial training at the industrial training place.
iii. It helps the university know whether the students had gained any skill
and what skills

4
iv. It serves as a document for all activities that were carried out during
the period of industrial training for six months.
v. It provides guidance or as reference materials to students after
completing their studies

CHAPTER TWO
2.1 History and background of Ogan-Ama Model Primary Health
Centre
The Ogan-Ama Model Primary Health Centre is a Public hospital, located
at Okrika 8, Okrika Local Government, Rivers State. It was established
on 1 of June, 2011, and operates on 24 Hours basis. The Ogan-Ama
Model Primary Health Centre is licensed hospital by the Nigeria Ministry
of Health, with facility code 32/18/1/1/1/0006 and registered as Primary
Health Care Centre. To make its services reach the people, the Health
Department has been divided into different divisions with each
performing well-defined and specialized functions. The departments are
the Family Health unit, Environmental health unit, Registry of vital
statistics, Community Health Unit.

5
2.2 Organizational chart of OGAN-AMA Model primary health
centre
MOH

CHO
APPEX NURSE

OIC=CNO [Type a
quote from
CHEWS
TBA NUTRITION RH A&E
OFFICER OFFICER OFFICER OFFICER
J.CHEWS
FP IMCI
MANAGER OFFICER
NO,SNM
MSS,SN

HEALTH WARD SWEEPERS

ATTENDANTS MAIDS

2.3 Vision and mission of the primary health care centre

VISION: To develop a sustainable primary Healthcare system where
disease burden is reduced to the barest minimum and quality of life is
enhanced.
MISSION: To provide universal coverage of quantitative, effective and
efficient primary health centers.
CORE VALUES: To implement Rivers State Primary Health Care,
through community participation, intersectoral collaboration, utilization
of appropriate technology and development of human resources for health
integrated service, provision, and supply of essential drugs and
comprehensive monitoring and evaluation. In its determination to ease the
pressure on the Secondary and Tertiary healthcare facilities, Rivers State
Government is resuscitating the hitherto moribund primary health care
delivery system. It is, therefore, fortifying the Primary Health Care
facilities across the state such that they could be able to meet the
yearnings of the people for adequate medical attention. One of the ways
of achieving this aim is the new flagship health centers established across
the state to bridge the gap between primary health care and secondary
health care to complement the services being rendered by the two
hundred and eighty-eight Primary Health Care Centres in the State. The

6
focus of the Primary Healthcare is therefore on preventive health care and
the Board is spearheading its realization throughout the nooks and
crannies of the state.
2.4 Scope of service
This has to do with its specialization. They deal in taking care of pregnant
women and babies, nursing safe motherhood and focused antenatal,
triaging in the child welfare clinic appropriately and administering
immunization against childhood vaccine - preventable illnesses such as
BCG, HBV, OPV, Pentavalent, PCV, measles, yellow fever, meningitis,
etc. carrying out basic laboratory and eye tests, dispensing drugs as
indicated by the essential drug list and drug revolving scheme is also
done, registration of patients and checking of vital signs
2.5 Departments in OGAN-AMA Model primary health centre
There are several departments under the primary health care center and
they are,
a. General Out Patient Department (GOPD) - Here the vital signs of
patients are checked and their cards given to the doctor to attend to the
patients
b. Medical Records - Here patients are registered as they come into the
phc, records of the patients are kept and booking of appointments.
c. Family Health Department - deals with the care of women of child
bearing age and deals with the welfare of children from 0 - 5 years they
are also involved in family planning which has to do with helping
families make informed decisions about how many children they want,
spacing the children and avoiding unwanted pregnancies.
d. Laboratory - Here basic laboratory tests are carried out and their
results given
h. Pharmacy - Here we dispense drugs at affordable prices using the
essential drug list and the drug-revolving scheme
i. DOT (Directly Observed Treatment) Clinic – Here screening of
sputum from patients that has been coughing for more than two weeks are

7
examined and treatment is followed for people who tested positive for
tuberculosis.
j. Cash department - this is where payments are made
CHAPTER THREE
3.1 Introduction to the family health (maternal and child health)
department
3.1.1 Maternal health services
This refers to those services rendered by a health care practitioner to
provide maternal health care.
Components of maternal health services include:

 Preconception care

 Prenatal care (Antenatal care)

 Delivery care

 Care for the newborn

 Post-natal care

3.2 Preconception care

Definition: Preconception care is a comprehensive care that women need
to be healthy getting pregnant.
To plan for a healthy pregnancy, preconception care includes:
A visit to a health care facility (health post) to identify and correct any
health problems

 Updating immunizations status

 Good nutrition education for mother

 Vitamin A supplementation including folic acid

8
  Counseling on regular physical activity

 Educating on unhealthy substances: alcohol use, cigarette

smoking, using drugs

 Counseling and testing for HIV/AIDS/STI if at risk

3.3 Antenatal care

Prenatal care, also known as antenatal care, is a type of preventive
healthcare. Its goal is to provide regular check-ups that allow doctors or
midwives to treat and prevent potential health problems throughout the
course of the pregnancy and to promote healthy lifestyles that benefit
both mother and child. During check-ups, pregnant women receive
medical information over maternal physiological changes in pregnancy,
biological changes, and prenatal nutrition including prenatal vitamins.
Recommendations on management and healthy lifestyle changes are also
made during regular check-ups. The availability of routine prenatal care,
including prenatal screening and diagnosis, has played a part in reducing
the frequency of maternal death, miscarriages, birth defects, low birth
weight, neonatal infections and other preventable health problems.
The World Health Organization (WHO) reported that in 2015 around 830
women died every day from problems in pregnancy and childbirth. Only
5 lived in high-income countries. The rest lived in low-income countries.
The WHO recommends that pregnant women should all receive four
antenatal visits to spot and treat problems and give immunizations.
Although antenatal care is important to improve the health of mother and
baby, many women do not receive four visits.
There are many ways of changing health systems to help women access
antenatal care, such as new health policies, educating health workers and
health service reorganization. Community interventions to help people

9
change their behavior can also play a part. Examples of interventions are
media campaigns reaching many people, enabling communities to take
control of their own health, informative-education-communication
interventions and financial incentives. A review looking at these
interventions found that one intervention helps improve the number of
women receiving antenatal care. However, interventions used together
may reduce baby deaths in pregnancy and early life, lower numbers of
low birth weight babies born and improve numbers of women receiving
antenatal care.
3.4 Risks during pregnancy
Pregnant women can face some illnesses during their pregnancy period.
Unless these illnesses are known on time and the necessary care is taken,
the illnesses can lead to life threatening risks. The signs of such illness
are the following: -

 Puffiness/ edema of the face especially around the eye

 Edema of fingers

 Consistent nausea and intense vomiting

 Severe headache, abdominal pain, blurred vision

 Bleeding from the uterus

 Blood-like vaginal discharge

 Fever

 Voluminous yellowish or white vaginal discharge

3.5 Importance of antenatal care

1. Screening

10
Good antenatal care includes regular screening, which can detect and
prevent early complications such as hypertension and pregnancy diabetes;
both of which can dramatically affect the foetus. Early detection means
regular monitoring and treatment. Amuwo Odofin LGA Primary health
care centre, Festac, provides screening services that measure heart rate
and monitor the baby. The clinic includes an obstetrician and midwife,
who both assist with mum and foetus wellbeing.
2. Best nutrition
There are certain foods that should be avoided during pregnancy. Foods
such as raw fish, undercooked eggs, and unpasteurized/soft cheese, which
contain enzymes and proteins that are dangerous to a developing foetus.
Your immune system is also working to for two, making it more
susceptible to bacterial attacks. Chat to your antenatal provider about
what foods to stay away from.
3. Important vitamins
Prenatal vitamins play a big part in the health of your child. Even with a
healthy diet, you will need supplements due to the additional hard work
your body is doing. Additional key nutrients are typically found in folic
acid and pregnancy multivitamins, both of which help support neural tube
defects, baby’s development, and the prevention of anaemia.
4. Pre-natal classes
Being pregnant is wonderful and it’s even better when you meet other
expectant parents. Not only do antenatal classes provide the opportunity
for friendly support, but you are also educated on the finer points of
dealing with pregnancy, how your child is developing, what to expect
when you give birth and how to go about giving your child the best just
after the birth. Look for classes that cover all the labour and birthing
options as well as early baby care.
5. Partners

11
Your other half may not quite understand the other side of pregnancy, the
side where dad comes in. Antenatal care goes a long way to educating
expectant fathers on what they can do to help. Some dads-to-be may feel
helpless but they are not, and their roles are big and important; they just
need to be shown the way. Many expectant parents are not sure where
everyone fits into the initial scheme of things, but a good prenatal care
provider can provide guidance.
Pregnancy is fun and exciting and, at times, hard and exhausting, but
there is a great amount of help out there. With antenatal care, you will
discuss birthing options, newborn care, breastfeeding, vaccinations and
family planning.
Ultrasound Obstetric ultrasounds are most commonly performed during
the second trimester at approximately week 20. Ultrasounds are
considered relatively safe and have been used for over 35 years for
monitoring pregnancy. Among other things, ultrasounds are used to:

 Diagnose pregnancy (uncommon)

 Check for multiple fetuses

 Assess possible risks to the mother (e.g. miscarriage, blighted

ovum, ectopic pregnancy, or a molar pregnancy condition)

 Check for fetal malformation (e.g., club foot, spina bifida, cleft

palate, clenched fists)

 Determine if an intrauterine growth retardation condition exists

 Note the development of fetal body parts (e.g., heart, brain, liver,
stomach, skull, other bones)

 Check the amniotic fluid and umbilical cord for possible problems

12
  Determine due date (based on measurements and relative

developmental progress).
Generally, an ultrasound is ordered whenever an abnormality is
suspected. Early scans mean that multiple pregnancies can be detected at
an early stage of pregnancy and gives more accurate due dates so that less
women are induced who do not need to be. Levels of feedback from the
ultrasound can differ. High feedback is when the parents can see the
screen and are given a detailed description of what they can see. Low
feedback is when the findings are discussed at the end and the parents are
given a picture of the ultrasound. The different ways of giving feedback
affect how much the parents worry and the mother’s health behavior
although there is not enough evidence to make clear conclusions. In a
small study, mothers receiving high feedback were more likely to stop
smoking and drinking alcohol however the quality of the study is low and
more research is needed to say for certain which type of feedback is
better.
Women experiencing a complicated pregnancy may have a test called a
Doppler ultrasound to look at the blood flow to their unborn baby. This is
performed to detect signs that the baby is not getting a normal blood flow
and therefore is ‘at risk’.
3.6 Care for the mother after delivery

 Ensure that the uterus has completely contracted.

 Ensure that there is no much bleeding.

 If there is bleeding, first aid and Ergometrine should be given to

her and shall be urgently referred to the next health facility.

13
  Check if there is or no genital tear. If there is tear, put cotton

pad or clean cloth and advice for urgent referral to the next
health facility.

 If there is no genital tear, clean with lukewarm water and advice

the mother to hold clean cotton/cloth in same area.

 Give the necessary information to provide the mother with hot

tea, admit (local fluid food) and milk.

 Clean all equipment used for delivery. Now bury the placenta at

the backyard.

 Continue Iron/folic acid for the mother if she was previously on

this drugs

 Give Vitamin A to the mother

3.7 Care for the newborn

 Register the new born/date of birth, time, sex, weight etc.

 Dress the baby with clean cloth

 Give BCG and Polio vaccination and give next appointment for

immunization.

 Breastfeed the baby immediately

 Give oral polio 0, HBV and BCG Vaccination

 Educate mother to wash the baby with lukewarm water and

dress with clean clothes.

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3.8 Postpartum care
Definition: postpartum care is the period from completion of third stage
of labor to the return to the normal non-pregnant or pre-pregnant state,
usually six weeks later. Lactation may continue after this period,
menstruation may not recommence yet, or sexual activity is resumed.
Overall, it is a care given within the first 24 hours of delivery up to six
weeks to:

 Prevent complications

 Restore to normal health

 Check for adequacy of breast-feeding

 Provide Family Planning service

 Give basic health information

3.9 Registration of new pregnant women

Here new pregnant women are registered. Before the registration is done,
some questions are asked such as to ensure that the women have no issues
that could put the pregnancy at risk or else she would be referred to a
secondary facility.
Then after these questions are answered, the new pregnant woman is
asked to carry out some tests such as blood group test, genotype, PCV,
Hepatitis, syphilis, urinalysis and a pelvic scan. After the tests and scan
have been carried out and the result is ok, she is registered. A form will be
brought out and some questions will be asked such as her name, phone
number, occupation, her age, her husband's name, number, occupation,
her religion, her previous medical history, family history, how many
children does she have, if they're all alive, any complications during
childbirth, the birth weight of the children she has had, the date of birth of

15
the children or if the baby is her first baby which is called primip. Then
after these details are collected, she is given a card with her name and
details on it as well as her hospital number. She is told to always bring the
card along with her anytime she is coming for antenatal. She is also given
a Tetanus toxoid vaccine that day she registered and given a card for the
TT vaccine so as she can keep up with the scheduled date for the next
vaccine. She is told to get her routine drugs. If the gestational week of the
pregnancy is 20 weeks and more, she is given IPT which means
intermittent preventive treatment against malaria for pregnant women.
 Note: there are five doses of the TT vaccine and the pregnant
woman is expected to take them all, reasons are:

 For TT1, it has no protection against Tetanus and it is given

immediately she registers for antenatal

 For TT2, it's protection is for 3years and it is given four weeks

after TT1.

 For TT3, it's protection is for 5years and it is given six months after

TT2.

 For TT4, it is protection is for 10 years and it is given one year

after TT3.

 While TT5, it is protection is for a lifetime and it is given one year

after TT4.
For the IPT, it is doses are three and there are taken one month after. That
is

 For example IPT1 is given today, the next one will be four weeks

after, that is IPT2. And after four weeks, IPT3 will be given and the

16
 doses will be complete.
3.10 Registration of antenatal cards
Here immediately the pregnant woman comes into the PHC, she comes
with her card and she is registered for that day. During registration, we
checked for her urine test, BP, weight, temperature, fundal height,
gestational week and the drugs and vaccine she has taken and write down
these details in the daily antenatal register. After she has been registered,
her next appointment will be written down in her card and shown to her
so as she can know and keep the date.
3.11 Checking of vital signs of pregnant women
Immediately the women come into the PHC, her vital signs are checked.
These include:

 Her height

 Weight

 Blood pressure

 Temperature

 Pulse

After these have been done, she now goes to be registered.

3.12 Family planning

Family planning help couples make informed decisions on the number of
children, timing and avoid unwanted pregnancies.
Family Planning commodities available at the facility includes; Oral
contraceptives (Microgynon and Excluton), Injectables (Depo-provera,
Noristerat and Sayana Press), IUCD (Intra-uterine copper device),
Implants (Jadelle and Implanon).

17
3.13 Child health care
The child health care carries out the following activities
Routine immunization services
Growth Monitoring Promotion (GMP) services
Typically, GMP services are delivered in combination with other child
health services such as vaccinations, vitamin A supplementation, free
distribution of insecticide-treated bed nets, birth registration, education on
infection prevention and family planning motivation. The clinic is being
run as facility-based, community-based and outreach clinic.
3.13.1 Introduction child health care
Child health care is defined as the medical services that are provided by
health professionals to the children having diseases or infections. This
simply refers to the care and treatment of a child.
Some of the child health care provided in a primary healthcare facility
includes:

 Treatment of common Child Health Problems/ diseases

 Treatment and care of nutritional deficiencies

 Vaccination /immunization

 Growth monitoring and promotion

18
 Weighing scale (babies)

3.14 Materials and equipments used in the maternal and child health
clinic

There are several materials and equipment used in the maternal and child
health clinic such as gloves, cotton wools, syringes, needles, safety boxes,
tally sheet, GMP legers, chairs, vaccine carriers, cold boxes, weighing
scale (for babies)antenatal cards, immunization cards, gloves, dustbin,
child immunization registers, etc.

19
 Weighing scale for women

Sphygmomanometer. Solar refrigerator and Vaccine carriers

20
Gloves,
Doppler
and
Fetoscope

Delivery couch and nightingale

21
 Antenatal register GMP
register

Digital sphygmomanometer
Stethoscope
Immunization register

3.15 Registration of immunization cards

When the mother of the baby comes into the primary health care for
immunization of her baby, a card called the immunization card is issued

22
to her. Before the card will be given, her details and that of the baby will
be collected such as names of the baby, the mother and father, phone
numbers, residence address, date of birth of the baby, sex of the baby, the
card number will also be given as well...In the card, there is a column for
the different vaccines that are given to babies from 0-2yrs.so once they
have their cards, the cards will be collected from them and the vaccines to
be given to the child (depending on the age of the child) will be written
3.16 Growth monitoring and promotion
Growth monitoring and promotion of children under 5 is the proper
weighing, clear and proper plotting of weight on a child health card,
interpreting and counseling the mother or caretaker to understand what
the weight means and take appropriate action. (Weighing should be done
monthly for the first 2 years and every after 2-month’s up to 5 years.)
Giving mother or caretaker information on how to monitor baby’s
development and growth, care and diet given to baby will promote both
physical and mental development.
The effectiveness of growth monitoring and promotion is measured by
correct weighing of the child from birth up to 5 years at regular intervals
correct plotting on the child’s growth curve interpretation of curves and
relevant follow up action.
3.16.1 Purposes of growth monitoring

 Create awareness among parents/ guardians about importance of

growth monitoring and promotion of under 5

 Encourage parents/guardians to bring under 5 children for

growth monitoring

 Give information to enable parents/guardians and community

identify under 5 who need special attention.

23
  Explain to parents the different steps that should be taken to

ensure successful growth and promotion

 Educate parents on factors which contribute to effective growth,

poor growth especially for the for the girl child

3.16.2 Components of growth monitoring

 Monthly weighing and plotting on growth chart

 Weighing all sick babies and plotting on chart.

 Using the information on the child’s health growth and feeding

to decide what to do.

 Counseling on the care and feeding of the child.

 Deciding on follow-up to find out how the child is responding

to the actions.

 Sharing information with the community on the health of the

children.
3.17 Weighing of babies
Babies from 0-18 months that come into the primary health care center
are been weighed with the weighing scale for babies. This is done to
monitor the child's weight and to know if the child is underweight,
overweight or normal.it also helps us to know the nutrition status of the
child as well as the mother and give counsel if the need arises..
3.18 Immunization of babies
Here babies from 0-18 months are immunized against childhood
preventable diseases. The vaccines that are given in the primary health
care center are BCG (Bacillus Calmette Guerin) to prevent tuberculosis,

24
OPV (Oral polio vaccine) to prevent poliomyelitis, HBV (Hepatitis B
vaccine) to prevent hepatitis B, Pentavalent which is a 5-in-1 vaccine to
prevent Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis, Hepatitis B and Haemophilus
influenza B, measles 1 & 2 vaccines to prevent measles, yellow fever
vaccine to prevent yellow fever, men A to prevent meningitis, PCV
(pneumococcal conjugate vaccine) to prevent pneumonia. Vitamin A is
also given to mothers who gave birth newly...then every six months till
5years, the child takes vitamin A. For deworming, it starts from one year
and at every six months after the one year until 5years. The baby keeps
taking deworming. The routes of administration of these vaccines are

NOTE:

 For BCG and measles 1&2, they are given at the left upper arm

of the baby.

 For yellow fever, it is given at the right upper arm

 For IPV, HBV and PCV, it is given at the right upper thigh

 For Men A and Pentavalent, it is given at the left upper thigh.

These are the vaccines given, their routes of administration, the diseases
they prevent and at what age of the baby the vaccines are given.
Also the dose of each vaccine are as follows:

 BCG - 0.1ml

 OPV - 2 drops

 HBV - 0.1ml

25
  PE

NT
A -

0.5ml

 PCV - 0.5ml

 IPV - 0.5ml

 VITAMIN A - 1 capsule

 MEASLES - 0.5ml

 YELLOW FEVER - 0.5ml

 MEN A - 0.5ml

26
 Immunization monitoring chart
3.19 Breastfeeding
Breastfeeding, also known as nursing, is the feeding of babies and young
children with milk from a woman's breast. It helps mother child bonding,
helps delay a new pregnancy for some months and protects mother’s and
baby's health. Breast milk or mother milk is the milk produced by the
breasts (or mammary glands) of a human female to feed a child. It is a
perfect nutrient, easily digested, can be efficiently used and protects
against infection.
 Note: Start breastfeeding within 30 to one hour of birth

 Breastfeed exclusively from 0 – 6 months of age

 Complementary foods can begin between 4 – 6 months

 Start full complementary food to all children from 6 month of

age

 Continue breastfeeding up to 2 years of age or over

NOTE - Breast milk is the only food and drink an infant needs until the
age of six months. Here at the PHC, exclusive breastfeeding feeding is
emphasized on. Exclusive breastfeeding involves giving the baby on
breast milk for the period of six months, no water or any other food
added. It starts within 30minutes of birth. It is the baby's first

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immunization against diarrhea, ear and chest infection as well as other
health problems. After six months, the breastfeeding can become
complementary that is giving breast milk and other foods added. In
addition, breastfeeding continues till after 2 years or more if the mother
wishes. Breast milk is an important source of energy, protein and other
nutrients such as vitamin A and iron for the baby. Therefore, the mothers
are advised to give their babies breast milk for a period of six months
before adding any other liquid or food.
3.19.1 Exclusive breastfeeding
Exclusive breastfeeding is defined as “an infant’s consumption of human
milk with no supplementation of any type (no water, juice, no non-human
milk and no foods) except for vitamins, minerals and medication. After,
solids are introduced at around six months of age, continued
breastfeeding is recommended.
3.19.2 Importance of exclusive breastfeeding
1. Breastfeeding aids general health, growth and development in
infant.
2. It reduces the risk of developing some acute and chronic diseases
such as lower respiratory infection, ear infection, bacteremia,
bacterial meningitis etc.
3. It also protects against sudden infant death syndrome, digestive
diseases, allergic diseases etc.
4. It may enhance cognitive development.
5. It helps to protect an infant from gastro-intestinal infections
thereby reducing the risk of death due to diarrhea and other
infections.
6. For the mother, breastfeeding exclusively helps to strengthen the
maternal bond due to hormones released during this period.
7. It usually delays the return of fertility through lactation amenorrhea

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 although it does not provide reliable birth control.
8. It could also lower the chance of developing diabetes.

CHAPTER FOUR
SUMMARY, CHALLENGES ENCOUNTERED,
RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION
4.1 Summary
During the period of the industrial training, I gained experience on a lot
of things such as proper documentation of daily activities and monthly
reports, registration of patients, checking of vital signs of patients,
registering new pregnant women, registration of immunization and
antenatal cards, immunization of babies from 0 - 5years, checking of
urinalysis for pregnant women to detect protein and glucose, and
administering OPV vaccine and vitamin A to children.
4.2 Challenges encountered
There were challenges I entered during this training and they are:
i. No Stipend at the PHC: stipends were not given to cater for myself
during this period especially for transport fare or feeding.
ii. Lack of Manpower- At the PHC, during immunization of babies, there
are not enough hands to carry out the activities on the days of
immunization. Due to the workload, we get extremely stressed and break
down health wise.
iii. Lack of electricity -sometimes there is power failure and because of
that, it makes the work difficult because so the room where the vaccines
are been given to the babies is dark.
iv. Lack of equipment: some of the equipment available such as, BP

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machines, weighing scales is no more functioning properly and in some
offices, they do not have, making the work very slow and difficult.
4.3 Recommendations
I recommend that the federal government should look into the PHCs
properly to meet their needs of work force, electricity, good, supply of
new equipment and appliances needed and repair of the bad ones. I also
recommend that the federal government should see to it that the students
are paid at their place of attachment for the period of their training to
assist them in transportation, feeding and as a source of encouragement.
4.4 Conclusion
In conclusion, the industrial training provided experience needed in my
discipline and showed me how to behave and conduct myself in work
area and in the field.

REFERENCES
1. "Definition of Prenatal care" . MedicineNet, Inc. 27 Apr 2011.
2. a b "Maternal mortality". WHO World Health Organization. Retrieved
September 23, 2017.
3. "Early antenatal care visit: a systematic analysis of regional and global
levels and trends of coverage from 1990 to 2013". WHO. World Health
Organization. Retrieved September 23, 2017.
4. a b c Mbuagbaw, L; Medley, N; Darzi, AJ; Richardson, M; Habiba

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Garga, K; Ongolo-Zogo, P (1 December 2015). "Health system and
community level interventions for improving antenatal care coverage and
health outcomes". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 12
(12): CD010994.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010994.pub2 .
PMC 4676908 . PMID 26621223 .
5. a b c d e f Dowswell, T; Carroli, G; Duley, L; Gates, S; G&lmezoglu,
AM; Khan-Neelofur, D; Piaggio, G (16 July 2015). "Alternative versus
standard packages of antenatal care for low-risk pregnancy". The
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 7 (7): CD000934.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD000934.pub3 .
PMID 26184394 .

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