Expt. No.

01
Name of the Experiment:
Determination of area and volume of a rectangular substance.
Objective:
By using slide calipers determining the length of a substance.

Theory :
Area of a substance is the surface of that substance and the substance occupy
some space is called volume of the substance. If area of a substance is A and
volume of the substance V. Then
A = L×B, where
L= Length of the substance ....................... (i)
B= Breadth of the substance
and V = L× B×H where, L= Length of the substance............ (ii)
B= Breadth of the substance
H= Height of the substance
For taking the reading of any length by slide calipers.
Length = Main scale reading (M) + Vernier super imposition (V) × vernier
constant (VC) that is, L or B or H = M+ V× VC
Apparatus :
Slide calipers, Rectangular substance
Procedure :
1) The value of the smallest division of the main scale of the slide calipers and
the total number of divisions of the vernier scale are observed and from that the
vernier constant (VC) of the instrument is determined.

2) The length of the rectangular substance be measured with the help of the slide
calipers by placing the two surface of the body between the two jaws of the
calipers. In this position where the zero mark of the vernier scale crosses the
mark of the main scale, that mark is the reading of the main scale, M.

3) In this position which particular mark of the vernier scale coincides with
mark of the main scale should be found out. This is vernier super-imposition V.

4) The length of the body may take at least thrice in different positions by
repeating the process 2 and 3 and then these regarding are written in a table.

5) The breath of the body may take with the slide calipers placing the substance
 between the jaws of the calipers, the process 2 and 3 should repeat and then
results place in the table.
6) Similarly the height of the rectangular body will place in the same way by
repeating the process 2 and 3, at least three reading should take and results note
in the table.

7) By measuring the length, breath and height of the rectangular body, the
volume may determine with the help of the equation i and ii.
Table of investigation
A. Determination of Vernier constant:
Smallest division of main scale, s= 0.1 cm
Total number of division of Vernier scale, n=10
Vernier constant, VC = s/n= 0.1/10=0.01cm

B.Table to determine the length, breadth and height of a rectangular body.

Number of main Vernier Vernier Value of Reading Instrumental Corrected
Rectangular observation scale super constant vernier X`=M + Error ±e cm mean
body’s reading imposition VC scale V reading
M V (cm) reading V× × X=X`-(±e)
(cm) VC cm VC
(cm)

Length 1 7.3 5 0.01 0.05 7.35 0 7.36

L
2 7.3 7 0.07 7.37
3 7.3 6 0.06 7.36
Breadth 1 4.2 4 0.01 0.04 4.24 0 4.23
B 2 4.2 2 0.02 4.22
3 4.2 3 0.03 4.23
Height 1 2.1 8 0.01 0.08 2.18 0 2.18
H 2 2.1 7 0.07 2.17
3 2.1 9 0.09 2.19

Calculation and result :

Area of the rectangular body, A = L x B = 7.36×4.23 cm2
= 31.13cm2
=31.13 × 10-4 m2
and volume of the rectangular body V = L x B x H = 7.36×4.23 ×2.18 cm3
=67.87 cm3
=67.87 × 10 -6 m3
Result
Area=31.13 × 10-4 m2
and volume = 67.87 × 10 -6 m3
 Rectangular
substance

Fig: Determination of area and volume of a ractangular substance by slide calipers

Precautions:
1. Vernier constant and least count should be determined carefully.

2. Instrumental error should also be measured carefully.

3.The jaws should not be pressed hard.

4. Reading should be taken avoiding parallax error.