COLEGIO DE SAN JOSE

Member: Daughters of Charity–St. Louise de Marillac Educational System

E. Lopez St. Jaro, Iloilo City

INTEGRATED BASIC EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

ALLELOPHATIC EFFECTS OF MAYANA (COLEUS BLUMEI) TEA EXTRACT

AS GROWTH BOOSTER TO THE GERMINATION OF CHILI PEPPER
(CAPSICUM ANNUUM)

A Research Paper

Presented to

The Faculty of the Integrated Basic Education Department

Senior High School

Colegio de San Jose

Jaro, Iloilo City

In Partial Fulfilment

of the requirements in Research

by

BASILIO, ANGEL JAVE C.

HILADO, MAREFE OPHEL B.

VILLANUEVA, JOSHUA EZEKIEL C.

VIÑAS, JOHN RENZO R.

December 2023

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Chapter I

Introduction

Background of the Study

One of the big problem of farmers today are overpriced

or expensive growth boosters. These farmers usually use

growth boosters for proper and healthy germination of their

seeds. They spend a lot of money on growth boosters and

fertilizers alone, and because of that, the profits that

they gain sometimes are not enough to sustain their basic

needs. This study could help those farmers lessen their

financial difficulty by making an alternative to these

commercial growth boosters.

Mayana is an herb that is usually fostered as an

ornament because of its prominent purple leaves. It is known

for its medicinal use due to its essential oils and

antioxidants. According to Science, Mayana proven to treat

serious illnesses such as Diabetes, Hemorrhoids, ulcers,

etc. This study would find out other benefits and uses of

Mayana other than making it as medicine. The Mayana plant

helps most ill people, but it will also help farmers and

other workers in agricultural sectors.

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Mayana contains various chemical properties that can be

beneficial to plant growth. (1) Saponins, is a plant natural

product. Saponins serve as a range of ecological roles

including plant defense against disease and herbivores, and

possibly as, allelopathic agents in competitive interactions

between plants. (2) Flavonoids, the largest family of

natural products. A secondary metabolite and biostimulants;

its role in plant growth is inducing resistance against

certain biotic and abiotic stresses. Flavonoids function as

signal compounds to communicate with rhizosphere microbes is

indispensable. (3) Alkaline can improve plant growth, it can

raise the pH level of the soil. The benefit of alkaline to

plants is it makes them more resistant to disease and pests.

Additionally, alkaline can also help improve nutrient

absorption in the soil. This means that Mayana is possibly

capable of being a growth booster for plants.

Chili peppers are one of the main crops that farmers in

the Philippines are producing since it only takes two (2) to

three (3) weeks to germinate and between seventy (70) to one

hundred (100) days to fully grow and harvest. In the

Philippines, Chili Peppers are widely used as a spice, as

condiment, as vegetable, used in herbal medicine, and good

source of income to farmers. It is also simple to grow

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because it doesn’t require fancy gardening equipment, a

single plant of Chili Pepper can produce up to one hundred

(100) Chili Peppers.

Growth boosters help to promote the growth of all parts

of the plant. It influences the vital processes of the plant

with positive outcomes (all parts of the plant will have

vibrant natural color). The difference between growth

boosters from fertilizers is growth boosters regulate the

hormone of the plant while fertilizers provide chemicals the

plant needs to make chlorophyll and therefore its food.

Conceptual Framework

The Independent variable of the study is Treatment A- 5

ml of Mayana tea extract, the controlled variable is 5 ml

distilled water, and the dependent variables are the

germination of Chili Pepper seeds in terms of the

measurement of its root and shoot in centimeters, number of

cotyledons, and number of germinated seeds.

Research Paradigm

Independent Variables

 Treatment A- 5 ml Dependent Variables

Mayana Tea Extract

Germination of Chili
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 Treatment B- 3 ml Pepper in terms of:
Mayana Tea Extract and
 2 ml distilled water

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Controlled Variable

 Treatment D- 5 ml

distilled water

Figure 1.

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to determine the allelopathic

effects of Mayana tea extract to the germination of Chili

pepper as growth booster.

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Specifically, this study sought to answer the

following questions;

1. What are the positive effects of Mayana tea extract as

a growth booster for Chili Peppers?

2. What are the negative effects of Mayana tea extract as

a growth booster for Chili Peppers?

3. Is there a significant difference between the effects

of Mayana tea extract from distilled water when

applied to Chili Pepper as a growth booster?

4. Is Mayana tea extract capable as a growth booster for

Chili Pepper seeds?

Hypotheses

On the basis of the foregoing questions, the

following hypotheses were formulated;

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1. There is no significant allelopathic effect of Mayana

tea extract as a growth booster on the germination of

Chili Peppers.

2. There is a significant allelopathic effect of Mayana

tea extract as a growth booster on the germination of

Chili Peppers.

Significance of the Study

The results of this study will be beneficial to

farmers since growth boosters nowadays are quite

expensive so, there is a tendency that the profits that

they are making are not enough to sustain their daily

needs. This study will also be beneficial to Agricultural

sectors by contributing to their research about

allelopathy and allelochemicals. Most importantly, it can

also help lessen the environmental crisis promoting the

use of natural products instead of using commercial

products that can destroy the soil and water quality on

earth and emit greenhouse gasses. This study also

benefits the future researchers.

Definition of Terms

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For clarification and understanding, the

following terminologies are hereby defined conceptually

and operationally.

Allelochemicals. A chemical produced by a living

organism exerts a detrimental physiological effect on the

individuals or another species when released into the

environment (Oxford Languages).

In this study, the allelochemicals of Mayana tea

extract will be used as a growth booster for Chili

Peppers.

Allelopathy. The chemical inhibition of one

plant (or another organism) by another, due to the

release into the environment of the substances acting as

germination or growth inhibitors (Oxford Languages)

In this study, the researchers aim to determine

the allelopathic effects of Mayana tea extract on the

germination of Chili Peppers.

Chili Pepper. A small hot-tasting pod of a

variety of capsicum, chopped (and often dried) in sauces,

relishes, and spice powders (Oxford Languages).

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In this study, Chili peppers will be used as the

test subject for the allelopathy experiment.

Cotyledon. An embryonic leaf in seed-bearing

plants, one or more of which are the first leaves to

appear from a germinating seed (Oxford Languages)

In this study, cotyledons are one of the basis

if the seed successfully germinated and developed.

Extract. A product such as essence or

concentrate prepared by extracting (Merriam-Webster

Dictionary).

In this study, extract of Mayana will be used as

growth booster to the germination of Chili Pepper.

Germinate. A seed or spore begin to grow and put

out shoots after a period of dormancy (Oxford Languages)

In this study, the researchers aim to germinate

the Chili Pepper seeds with the use of Mayana tea extract

as growth booster to determine the allelopathic affect of

Mayana to the seeds.

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Growth Booster. A product or substance used to

initiate or accelerate a process, to deliver an injection

of energy (canna-uk, n.d.)

In this study, natural growth boosters are used

for proper germination of Chili pepper.

Mayana. One of traditionally used folkloric

medicine and is primarily used for pain, sore, swelling,

and cuts and in other instances as adjunct medication for

delayed menstruation and diarrhea (herbanext, n.d.)

In this study, Mayana will be used as applied

subject for allelopathy experiment.

Steep. To soak in a liquid at a temperature

under the boiling point (as for softening, bleaching, or

extracting an essence)

In this study, it is a process on how the Mayana

tea will be extracted.

Chapter 2

Review of Related Literature and Studies

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This chapter reviews the concepts and research

literature relevant to this study. It presents the

information regarding allelopathy, Mayana, and Chili

Peppers.

Allelopathy

Allelopathy is considered a multi-dimensional

phenomenon occurring constantly in natural and anthropogenic

ecosystems. One organism produces biochemicals that

influence the growth, survival, development, and

reproduction of other organisms.

The chemicals involved, called allelochemicals, can be

primary metabolites or secondary metabolites, which are not

contributing to the survival of plants but produce some

products that aid them in their normal growth and

development.

Phytotoxic allelochemicals include aminophenoxazinones,

are converted from benzoxazinoids produced by and in the

rhizosphere by soil microbiota. Benzoxazinoids are unique

bioactive metabolites produced by Poaceae.

Benzoxazinoids (BXs) are allelochemicals exuded from

the roots of several gramineous species into the

rhizosphere, having multiple functions such as plants

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defense, reducing the growth of neighboring plants, and

altering root-associated fungal and bacterial infections.

Documented allelopathic activities relate to some weeds

and invasive alien plants that show rapid spread and

successful growth. Allelopathy drives plant invasion,

exacerbates grassland degradation and contributes to natural

forest regeneration. Allelopathic plants can discriminate

the identity of neighbors via signaling chemicals, adjusting

the production of allelochemicals.

Mayana

Coleus (Coleus blumei Benth.) are herbaceous, fast-

growing plant with bright and attractive leaves that is used

as ornamental and pot plant. In the floral industry,

producing short and compact potted plants is beneficial

(Safaeifar et al., 2019).

According to the study of Cojocariu et al.(2022),

Coleus blumei is compact and produces fewer flowers.

It has shorter lengths of 40-60 cm and less with a port for

hanging. The species is extremely vulnerable to

overpopulation, low temperatures, and wetness. They prefer

locations with direct sunlight and clear surroundings.

Benth. Coleus blumei. (family Lamiaceae) is a perennial

herbaceous plant.Endemic to Southeast Asia, Africa, and

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Australia, with a more or less slender stem branched of 0.5-

1 m high. The leaves are simple, oval, opposite, and have

serrated edges. The margin might be crenate or wavy. There

are several coleus cultivars and variants available on the

market, with a wide range of leaf shapes and sizes, varied

and brightly colored leaves with appealing colors of red,

dark pink, cream, yellow, purple, and green spots, stripes,

flecks, mosaics, and concentric forms are examples of

patterns (Carmen et Al., 2021).

Coleus blumei contains allelochemicals such as

Flavonoids also play a crucial role in plant–microbe

associations, predominantly plant–rhizobia and arbuscular

mycorrhizal symbioses. Acts as signaling compounds

triggering nodule induction by inducing transcription

of nod genes in rhizobia. In addition, some flavonoids act

to combat certain pests and pathogens. Some classes of

flavonoids act as color pigments, producing specific hues in

leaves and flower petals, helping plants attract

pollinators. Moreover, it has an indirect effect on nutrient

supply and availability by enhancing mycorrhizal symbioses

and colonization of the rhizosphere by beneficial

microorganisms. Saponins are one of the most numerous and

diverse groups of plant natural products. Serves as a range

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of ecological roles including plant defense against disease

and herbivores and possibly as allelopathic agents in

competitive interactions between plants. Flavonoids act to

combat the pathogens attack. Saponins are secondary

metabolic compounds produced in healthy plants with

potential anti-pathogenic activity and serve as potential

chemical barriers against pathogens. Alkaloids, a major tool

for plant protection against pathogens and predators due to

its toxicity. Plants in their natural habitat are

circumambient by a different number of adversaries including

bacteria, fungi, viruses, nematodes, insects, and other

herbivores which ultimately leads to a reduction in plant

growth and development. Most alkaloids function as storage

reservoirs of nitrogen, defensive elements against

predators, especially animals, vertebrates, insects, as well

as arthropods due to their general toxic and deterrence

effects, and growth regulators, since the structures of some

alkaloids are similar to known plant growth regulators.

Tannins can be beneficial to plants growing in infertile

ecosystems because they allow the formation of recalcitrant

pools less prone to leaching which can counterbalance the

negative effect of a slower mineralization. Commonly found

in the bark of trees, wood, leaves, buds, stems, fruits,

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seeds, roots, and plant galls. In all of these plant

structures, tannins help to protect the individual plant

species. Volatile oils are extracted from plants to produce

essential oils, and these essential oils are used for plants

to protect themselves from predators, pest, and also to

attract pollinators. Quercetin facilitates several plant

physiological processes, such as seed germination, pollen

growth, antioxidant machinery, and photosynthesis, as well

as induces proper plant growth and development.

Chili Pepper

Chili pepper, scientifically known as Capsicum annuum,

is a popular spice known for its hot and pungent flavor.

It's widely used in various cuisines around the world and

contains capsaicin, which contributes to its spiciness. The

chili pepper (capsicum anuum) contains several chemical

compounds that make for its properties. One common component

is capsaicin, which is responsible for the chili peppers'

heat and spiciness when consumed. Capsaicin is released as a

fine spray when a chili pepper is bitten, triggering that

spicy feeling due to the skin's heat receptor. Chili pepper

(Capsicum Anuum) provides a healthy amount of carbohydrates,

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protein, and fiber. Also rich in vitamins and minerals;

which are Vitamins C, B6, K1, and A, chili peppers also

provide potassium and copper as it's nutrients. Chili

peppers also contribute to health benefits, such as

improving digestive health and metabolism, one of the

advantages of capsaicin is its contribution to weight loss.

Chili peppers, especially in its powder form, is rich in

antioxidants and other types of compounds that can comfort

digestive issues such as stomachache, diarrhea, cramps.

Theoretical Framework

Allelopathy is the biological phenomenon where

certain plants release biochemicals that have both positive

and negative effects on other nearby plants. These

biochemicals, known as allelochemicals, can influence the

growth, germination, and development of neighboring plants.

Mayana, a popular ornamental plant, has been found to

possess allelopathic properties with potential applications

to agriculture. Mayana is known to produce allelochemicals

(Flavonoids, Tannin, Quercetin, Volatile Oils, and Alkaloid)

that have the ability to affect the growth and growth

development of other plants, such as Chili Peppers.

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CHAPTER III

Research Methodology

This chapter presents the purpose of the study,

research design, data-gathering procedures, data

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analyses, and statistical tools employed to determine the

allelopathic effects of Mayana tea extract as a growth

booster to the germination of Chili Pepper.

Purpose of the Study

This study aims to determine if Mayana tea

extract is capable of as a growth booster to the

germination of Chili Pepper using its allelochemicals.

Research Design

This study used a True experimental research

design since this study compared multiple independent

variables and a control variable to determine the

effectiveness of Mayana tea extract.

Subjects of the Study

The subjects of the study were 120 Chili seeds.

All 12 Petri dishes will have 10 Chili seeds each.

Different concentrations of Mayana Tea Extract will be

applied in independent group setups, while 5 ml distilled

water will be applied in control group setups.

Sampling Design

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This study used random sampling as sampling

design since the seeds that will be used are chosen

randomly without bases. This study is composed of three

(3) independent treatments and one (1) controlled

treatment where: Treatment A (TA) with 5 ml Mayana tea

extract, Treatment B (TB) with 3 ml Mayana tea extract

and 2 ml distilled water, Treatment C (TC) with 2 ml

Mayana tea extract and 3 ml distilled water, and

Treatment D (TD) with 5 ml distilled water. Each

treatment will be applied on each petri dish with ten

(10) Chili Pepper seeds.

Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) was used

for the layout of the experimental treatments with four

(4) setups and three (3) replicates each. Randomized

Complete Block Design (RCBD) is a standard design for

agricultural experiments in which similar experimental

units are grouped into blocks or replicates.

R1TA R2TD R2TA R3TB

R2TB R2TC R3TD R1TD

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R1TC R3TA R3TC R1TB

Research Instruments

Validity of the Research Instrument

The researcher-made instruments to be used

underwent content, construct, criterion, and face

validation by a panel of experts, and teachers

specializing in research. These professionals were tapped

for refinement of the instrument. The validation

procedure was based on the three-point criterion for true

experimental design:

1. The subjects of the experiment are separated into a

control group and experimental groups.

2. There is a researcher-manipulated variable.

3. There must be a random assignment of groups.

Reliability of the Research Instruments

The experimentation can provide reliable data

for study by conducting controlled and replicable

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experiments, the researchers can collect quantitative

data and draw more accurate conclusions about the

results. Conducting experiments can also help to minimize

the impact of confounding variables.

Data Gathering Procedures

To gather the data on the allelopathic effects

of Mayana tea extract as a growth booster on the

germination of Chili Peppers, the researchers should

check the Petri dishes the day after the experimentation

for evidence of germination or sprouting. The researchers

will record these observations as Day one (1). On days

two (2), five (5), and seven (7), the researchers should

record the number of germinated seeds and descriptions of

each seedling’s appearance in each petri dish. On day

seven (7), the researchers should also measure the shoot

and root length of each seedling.

Materials

 5 grams of freshly cut Mayana shoots

 A 150-ml glass beaker

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 50 ml distilled water

 12 9-cm disposable Petri dishes

 2 40x40-cm layers of cheesecloth

 A 50-ml flask

 36 8-cm filter paper

 2 5-ml disposable pipettes

Procedures

I. Gathering of Materials

In this step, the researchers will harvest 5

grams of Mayana shoots by cutting them. The 50-ml flask and

150-ml glass beaker will be borrowed from the school

laboratory.

II. Collection of Subjects

Seeds of Chili Peppers will be procured from a

local seed supplier or nursery to ensure

standardization of the seed source.

III. Mayana Leaf Tea Extraction

The researcher will add 25ml of distilled water

in a 150-ml beaker. Then, add and press the Mayan

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shoots down until it is fully submerged in the water,

and cover the beaker with plastic wrap to avoid

evaporation. The researchers will let the Mayana tea

extract steep for two days in the refrigerator. On the

second day of steeping, the researchers will examine

the Mayana tea extract for color, odor, and

consistency.

IV. Target Seed Setup

In this stage, the researchers will pour the

leaf extract through several layers of cheesecloth to

remove any suspended matter and collect the liquid in a

50-ml flask. Then, line each petri dish with 3 sheets

of filter paper. The researchers will add 5 ml of leaf

extract to each of the treatment dishes with a 5-ml

disposable pipette. For control dishes, the researchers

will add 5 ml of distilled water using new 5 ml

disposable pipette. The researchers will evenly spread

10 Chili Pepper seeds in each Petri dish. Cover with a

lid and seal it with tape to prevent evaporation. All

Petri dishes will be placed in a warm place with

filtered light. Direct sunlight will alter the chemical

compound in the extract.

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Gather the Materials

Prepare the Materials

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Gather the Subjects

Preparation of the
Treatments

Application of
treatments to subjects

Observe and measure the

Subjects

Dispose used materials

and clean the area
Chapter 4

Analyze the data

Data Analyses
Figure 2. The General Procedure

The researchers will compare the independent and

control groups of seeds, concerning the mean number of

germinated seeds, the mean number of cotyledons

produced, the mean shoot length, and the mean root

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length. Data were gathered, organized, computed, and

tabulated. Computations, analyses, and interpretations

were done using the computer with Statistical Package

for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 2.0 software.

Statistical Tools

The results and significance of the allelopathic

effects of Mayana tea extract on the germination of

Chili Peppers will be determined using these

statistical tools:

Mean. The mean was used to determine the average

number of germinated seeds, average number of

cotyledons, average length of roots and shoots.

Standard Deviation. The standard deviation was

used to determine the degree to which the deviates from

the mean.

Frequency Count. This was used to determine the

number of respondents in the study.

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). This was used to

determine the significance of the allelopathic effect

of Mayana tea extract on the germination of Chili

Peppers.

Post-hoc analysis. This was used to determine if

there was a specific group that was different from

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other groups. Therefore, this test was often known as a

multiple comparison test.

References

PubChem. (n.d.). Capsaicin. PubChem.

https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Capsaicin?

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fbclid=IwAR00GaNc3oUXzzRjifXmEVhz7TFPqjafecOLgYxI3PCjXb

rSekdw7IPNlog

Kinghorn, A. D., Falk, H., Gibbons, S., Kobayashi, J.,

Asakawa, Y., & Liu, J. (2020). Progress in the

Chemistry of Organic Natural products 112. Springer

Nature.

Šoln, K., Klemenčič, M., & Koce, J. D. (2022). Plant cell

responses to allelopathy: from oxidative stress to

programmed cell death. Protoplasma, 259(5), 1111–1124.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-021-01729-8

Wang, J., Zhang, Z., Hu, C., Fu, R., & Hu, G. (2021). Plant

allelopathy research and development: 60 years (1960-

2019). Allelopathy Journal, 52(2), 163–180.

https://doi.org/10.26651/allelo.j/2021-52-2-1314

You, X., Chen, X., Ding, L., & Kong, C. (2023). Allelopathy

and allelochemicals in grasslands and forests. Forests,

14(3), 562. https://doi.org/10.3390/f14030562

BSc, A. A., PhD. (2019, May 13). Chili Peppers 101:

Nutrition Facts and health Effects. Healthline.

https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/foods/chili-

peppers?

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INTEGRATED BASIC EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
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 COLEGIO DE SAN JOSE
Member: Daughters of Charity–St. Louise de Marillac Educational System
E. Lopez St. Jaro, Iloilo City

INTEGRATED BASIC EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Science, 1(4), 35–43.

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