HSE Documents Stamped

CONTRACTOR SA FETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
APPENDIX C - CONTRACTORS' PRE JOB ACTIVITY CHECKLIST
Date
Project Period
Job Title
Work Order No.
Work Location
Contractor's Name
Address
Contractor Representative : ___ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _
PSO Representative :
Contractors ' Pre Job Activity Checklist
No. Item Yes No N/A Remarks

1 WORK PLAN
1.1 Relevant aspects of th e contract risk assessment! Job hazard
ana lysIs and any other HS E aspects of the contract are
commu nicated and understood by all parties.
- .
1.2 Has contractor re viewed and understood PSO HS E Policy and
rele va nt Proced ures? (Cont ractor HSE Guidelines , Construction
Safety Booklet . Electrical Safety Bookl et, Permit to Work Sys tem
etc .)
1.3 Ha s the contractor's equipment, related to the Job to be

performed , passed sa fet y inspection? V isible inspection followed
by fitness certificates where applicable
1.4 Is Contractor' s safety representative available & has sufficient

authority to implement HSE rules?
1.5 Does following minim um HSE requirements will be fulfilled and

documented in Project Log Book'
1. 51 Supervisor HSE background & experience? (CV provided)
1.52 Training o f new emp loyees? (Contractor HSE Induc tion

record etc)
1.5.3 ToolB ox talk malerials?
15
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l ~ CONTRACTOR SAFETY M ANA GEMENT SYS T EM
1.5.4 Joi nt aud it reports (frequ ency to be dec ided)?
1.5.5 Superv isors & employees' Ind uction about contract risk
assessme nt! Job hazard analysis and any other HSE aspects of
the contract?
1.5.6 Emergency drills records (setf and wit h PSO)?
1.5.7 Incident reporting?
1.5.8 Other 7
2 EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLANS & PROCEDURES
(Refer: Job Hazard Analysis # 1)
2.1 Are Co nt rac tor's employees aware of their Role in an
emergency? (HSE Ind uction , Site ERP)
2.2 Do they know how and who to report an emergency?
2.3 Does Contractor have person net trai ned in first aid & CPR?
2.4 Are adeq uate fir st aid supplies provided by the Cont ractor?
2.5 Is Contractor's Contact Person avaitabte during emergency?

(Contac t Number)

3 SITE ORIENTATION
3.1 Site conditions under which the work will have to be performed:
51.1 Is access to the site clear and marked (barri cades. signs
etc)?
5.1 .2 ts (Are) con tractor tay-down area(s) (stora ge. temporary

workshop. rest area etc) sufficient?
5. 1.3 ts contractor and his workers briefed abo ut Site Waste

Managemenl System?
f--
3.2
--
Are Site alarm systems avai la ble & Contrac tor employees aware
of th em?
3. 3 Have exit rout es and gathe ring areas been communicated to

contractor's workforce?
3.4 Are emergency telephone numbers posted clear ly on site?
4 HSE TRAINING
4. ~ Does the con tractor ensure that job s requiring certification are
performed by workers with appropriate documenta tio n &
certi ficates?
4. 1.1 Crane/Fork lift Operator
4.1.2 Electri cian
4. 1.3W elder
4.1.4 Any Other
4.2 Does the contractor provide trainin g for its managers &
supervisors to ensure that they ar e capable of administering the
HSE prog ram?
16
CONTRACTOR SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
APPENDIX D - CONTRACTORS' WORK IN PROGRESS HSE C HECKLIST
Date
Project Period
Job Title
Service Order No .
Work Lo ca tion
Contractor's Name
Address
Contra ctor Representative:
PSO Representative:
18
CONTRACTORS' WORK IN PROGRESS HSE CHECKLIST

I HOUSEKEEPING
1.1 Job-sile looks neal
1.2 Raw materials stored properly
1.3 W alking surfaces neal and clean
1.4 Escape raules clean and clearly marked
1.5 "No smoking" properl y posled
1.6 Trash emplied regularly
1.7 Malerials nol in danger of falling
1.8 Nails removed from wood plank s/scrap
1.9 Lighling adequale

P oor Excellent
HOUSEKEEPING (RATING)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2 PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE)
.
2 1 Safety helmets in use wh ere required
2.2 Proper safe ty shoes worn
2.3 Hearing pral eclion where needed
2.• Eye/face pral eclion where needed
2. 5 Gloves/pralec" ve clolhing where needed
2.6 Inspeclion procedure for PPE
2.7 Proper coverall worn
2.8 Proper re spirators where needed
2.9 Fall proleclion for work over 2m high

Poor Excellent
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE) (RATING)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
3 FIRE PREVENTION AND FIRE PROTECTION
3.1 Proper fire exti nguisher available for use.
32 Fire extingu ish er inspecled. lagged
3.3 Employees Irained in procedlJres
3.4 Wooden malenal slored properl y
3.5 Flammable malerials slored properly
3.6
- Oily rags disposed properly
3.7 Proper containe rs are used for Fuel
3.8 Hoi work permlls used

Poor Exce l lent
FIRE PREVENTION AND F IRE PROTECTION (RATING)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
4 SIGNS, SIGNALS AND BARRICADES
4 1 Hazards barn caded praperly
4.2 Hazards marked properly
4.3 Unsate lools lagged

Poor Excellent
SIGNS , SIGNALS AND BARRICADES (RATING)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ~ 9 10
5 HAZARD COMMUNICATION
5. 1 Lisl ot hazardous chemcals MSDS fi le mainlained & communicaled
5.2 Chemicals properly labeled
53 Eme rgency spill conlrol malerials available

Poor Excellent
HAZARD COMMUNICATION (RATING)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
6 HAND AND POWER TOOLS
6. 1 Equi pment inspected regularly. Records to be maintained In Log Book
6.2 Damaged equipment removed from service
6.3 Ground ing is not defeated
6.5 Proper sWitche s on tools working
66 TOO ls stored securely when not in use
6.7 Double insula teo tools used
6 .8 Power actuated tool opera tors licensed
6.9 Grounds are in place
Poor Excellent
HAND AND POWER TOOLS(RATING)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
7 ELECTRICITY SAFETY
7.1 Precautions taken near overh ead lines
7.2 Temporary lights guarded
7,3 Non- metal ladders used near electricit y
7.4
1- ..- -
Signs and tags to warn of eleclrical hazards
7.5 Non-conductive head protection used
7.6 Con tainers of nammable materials bonded
7.7 Electrical cords checked for damage
7.8 Fl exible ca rd not used for fixed wiring
7.9 Lock ouv tagou t procedures in place

Poor Excellent
ELECTRICAL SAFETY (RATING)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
8 WELDING, CUTTING AND GRINDING
-
8,1 Hoses checked for leaks , damage
8.2 Ground to welder checked prior to use
8.3 Welders we ar long-slee ved cotl onllea ther
8.4 Goggles and eyeshades used
8.5 Welding areas isolated, protected
8,6 Fire watch and exting uishers in atten dance
8,7 Welding area free from fire hazards
8.8 Torches lighted by fnction hghters

Poor Excellent
WELDING, CUTTING AND GRINDING (RATING)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
9 COMPRESSED GASES
9.1 Cylinders secured properly
9. 2 Oxygen, gas cy linders separated
9.3 Contents marked on all cylind ers
94 Va lve caps on \\/hen transported! not in use
9.5 Flashback arres tors on lorches

Poor Excellent
COMPRESSED GASES (RATING)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
10 CONFINED SPACES ..
10.1 Entry permit procedures followed
10.2 Air monitoring perfor med
10.3 Ventilalion used ~
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10.4 Respiratory protective used
10 5 Hurn ess , lifetime and hOIsting appara tus used
CONFINED SPACES (RATING) Poor Excellent

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11 LADDERS
11 .'1 Approp ri ate for use
11 2 Non-sl ip safety feet
11.3 La dder lied off
11.4 Ladders tong enough for use
11 .5 Pitc h less than 1:4
11.6 Ladder inspected for condilion
Poor E xcellent
LADDERS (RATING)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
12 SCAFFOLDS
121 Guard-ralls and toeboards in plac e
12 2 Correctly anchore d
12.3 Proper ftoon ng

-
12.4 Flooring sec ured to sca ff old stru cture
-
12.5 Barncade s installed around scaffold areas
Poor Excellent
SCAFFOLDS (RATING)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
13 EXCAVATION
....:.
13.1 Compe tent perso n o n- s~e
13.2 Employee protection fro m cave- ins
13.3 Egress wi in 25' (7.6 m) of emp loyees
13.4 Air monitoring over 4' (1 .2 m)
13.5 Material 2' (0.6 m) from ed ge
13.6 Underground Installati ons located, marked
137 Excavations properl y barri caded
13. 8 Employees not expos ed to fa iling loads
13.9 Bridgesl walkways wi sl andard rail s

Poor E x cellent
EXCAVATIONS (RATING)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
14 MECHANIZED EQUIPMENT
14.1 Seal belt s installed and used
14.2 Rollover pro tection installed
143 Equi pped wllh horn
144 Fuell ing at safe loca tions
14 .5 Fire extinguis her avai lable
14 6 Eq uipment stored properly when not used
14.7 Back-up alarms operating

Poor Excellent
MECHANIZED EQUIPMENT(RATING )
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
15 CRANES AND HOISTS
15.1 Inspecti ons on cranes documented
15. 2 Load raling cha rt in cab
15.3 Hand signals posted
15.4 Swing rad ius guarded

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15 5 Overh ead po wer nnes protected
156 Ropes . slings, chains, hooks Inspect ed daily
15. 7 Safety hooks used
15 8 Safe working loads determined
159 Tag lines used on all lifts

Poor Ex ce llent
CRANES AND HOISTS(RATING)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
16 WALL OPENINGS
16.1 Openflgs, holes, chutes. skylights protected
16.2 Standard rails provided
16.3 Floor over 4' (1.2) m high guarded
16.4 Screen provided where necessary
Poor Excellent
WALL OPENINGS (RATING)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
17 ENVIRONMENT AL ISSUES
WASTE MANAGEMENT
17.1 Is waste segrega ted & disposed in proper disposal bins ?
SPILLS / SPILL PREVENTION

172 Is appropriate secondary containment provided for oil/chemi cal storage?
17.3 Are Huid Trans fer equipment/hoses in good order?
17.4 No vis ible contamination on surface/s oil
17 .5 Are spill conla lnment klls/equipment available?
17 .6 Is contaminated so il remo ved and disposed properly?
AIR QUALITY
i7 .7 Are there any foul smell I odors in the area?
17.8 Is the color of smoke from the stacks abnormal?
Poor Excellent
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES(RATlNG)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
18. SAFETY MEETING
18.1 Does the contrac tor periodically conouct safe ty mee tings attended by PSO Reps ?
18.2 Is safety meeting recorded and document ed?
18.3 Are safety meeting tOPICS re lated With the job being performed?
Poor Excellent
SAFETY MEETING (RATING
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
19. HSE INSPECTIONS
19.1 Does the contractor conduc t HSE Inspeclions together with PSO Reps . on a
periodic basis?
Are documents (typical checklist attac hed) of HSE Inspections on file and
19.2
available?
19.3 Are safety meeling topics re laled with the job being performed?
Poor Exc e llent
HSE INSPECTIONS(RATING) 10
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
20 SUPERVISORY/EMPLOYEES SAFETY COMMUNICATION
Are Con tr ac tor's employees able 10 co mmunicate all HSE issues to their
20.1
management?
20 .2 Are on-job and external-to-job communica tion links established?
Poor Excellent
SUPERVISORY/EMPLOYEES SAFETY COMMUNICATION (RATING) 6 7 9 10
1 2 3 4 5 8
21 EMERGENCY DRILL AND EXERCISE
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22
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2 1.1 Do the Conlractor's employees conducUparticipate in errergency drills?
21 .2 Are the Contractor's employees familiar with their role In an emergency?
21.3 Do Ihe Conlracl or's employees know where 10 reporl in an emergency?
EMERGENCY DRILL AND EXERCISE(RATlNG)

Poor Excell ent
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
22 RISK ASSESSMENT
22.1 Does conlractor follow Conlracl Risk Assessrrenl?
RISK ASSESSMENT(RATING)
P oor Excellent
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
23 HSE TRAINING .
231 Does contractor have a syslem of conducling HSE training ?
23.2 Does conlractor Irain its employees in PSO's HSE Policy?
233 Does co ntraclor implement PSO's HSE Policy in its work place?
Poor Excellent
HSE TRAINING(RATING)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
23
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{Health, Saferi &. iFacilitlCs Maintena nce &. iOpera!lOns &LogisticSI rProcuremen t & (Health . Safety &
En'{t(ol1rn~nt) Devclopmcnli \,
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SCIVICOS) EnVironment!
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 2
2.0 PURPOSE AND SCOPE....................................................................................................................... 2
3.0 LINKAGE WITH OTHER PROCEDURES AND STANDARDS ....................................................... 2
4.0 DEFINITIONS ......................................................................................................................................3
5.0 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES .....................................................................................................3
6.0 CSiVIS REQUIREMENTS ..................................................................................................................... 7
7.0 CONTRACTOR'S HSE RESPONSIBILITIES ................................................................................. LI
8.0 EXCEPTIONS / DEVIATIONS.......................................................................................................... 12
9.0 DISCLAIi\1ER............................................................. ........................................................................ 12
APPENDIX A -PROCESS FLO'" CHART........................................................................................................ 13
A PPENDIX B - HSE FEED BACK FORM ......... .............................................................................................. 13
APPENDIX C - CONTRACTORS' PRE-EXEC UT ION ACTIVITY CHECKLIST ........................................ 15
APPENDIX D - CONTRACTORS' WORK IN PROGRESS HSE CHECKLIST ............................................. 17
APPENDIX E - D EMOBILIZATION FORJ~ .......................... .......................................................................... 22
APPENDIX F - RISK REGISTER FORiVIAT .................................................................................................... 23
August 2016
~ CONTRACTOR SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Paki stan State Oil Co . Ltd has developed this Contractor Safety Management System
(CSMS) as an integral part of its HSE Management System focusing on the Health ,
Safety & Environmental (HSE) performance of PSO's contractor.
Expectations from CSMS
• Hazards and risks associated with contractor activities are identified, managed and
communicated.
• System is developed to assure HSE and technical compliance.
• Purchased products and services are, where possible, verified as meeting

national/international health, safety and environmental standards.
PSO shall manage the Contractors' work performance related to HSE as follows :
1.1 Assess HSE Risks associated with the work activity to be undertaken during the
period of the contract.
1.2 En sure that the relevant HSE aspects and expectations are communicated,
accepted , understood and agreed to by all parties at each stage of the contract e .g.
pre-mobilization, mobilization, execution, and de-mobilization.
1.3 Establish a system for monitoring the Contractor's HSE compliance to PSO's HSE
requirements.
1.4 Conduct joint audits , document the Contractor's HSE performance during execution
of the work, and recommend corrective actions to improve substandard HSE
performan ce .
1.5 Condu ct joint evaluation, at conclusion of the work , to review overall HSE
performance and provide HSE feedba ck form for future reference and improvement.
2.0 PURPOSE AND SCOPE
The CSMS has been developed for Indenting Departments, Project Incharges, Engineers,
Officers and other related front line functions that have direct relation with Contractors.
The purpose of implementing CSMS is to achieve those HSE performance levels from the
Contractors that conform to PSO's HSE expectations and requirements so as to prevent
incidents, illnesses, and injuries and protect the environment.
CSMS shall apply to all PSO facilities. However, PSO will encourage the contractor to
voluntarily follow and implement the procedures at their own premi ses if they do not
have such procedures . This scope does not apply to consultants or suppliers.
NOTE: Initially the system will be applicable to high risk jobs of values more than 10
million only.
3.0 liNKAGE WITH OTHER PROCEDURES AND STANDARDS
This procedure has linkages with the following procedures, rules , standards and
regulations.
a) PSO HSE Manual
August 20 16 2
b) PSO Purchase Manual
c) PSO Construction Manual
4.0 DEFINITIONS
Contractor Any Contractor or any person with a formal contract to perform a specific job
or work or provide services or facilities to PSO. This excludes companies or
individuals classified as consultants or suppliers.
Service A written agreement between PSO and another party under which, that
Order party perform a work or provide services or facilities in return for payment
from PSO.
HSE Contractor's HSE performance track record for the contract work, which is
Feedback essential to update the contractor database maintained by P&S.
HSE Risks Initial assessment of HSE risks involved in execution of the contractors work
Assessment activity and evaluation of the inherent hazards in conducting the work.
(Refer to Appendix F Risk Register Format)
Incidents A specific event or sequence of events with potential of causing significant

unwanted and unintended impact on human health, safety or environment.
Joi nt Audit An audit jointly carried out by the Contractor and the PSO representative(s)
Planning The contracting phase that describes the work (including task identification,
interaction, and sequencing as well as preparation and completion
requirements) and during which the HSE risks associated with the work are
to be assessed.
5.0 Roles and Responsibilities
5.1 Head of Indenting/Executing Department
Head of Indenting Department will:
Guide and advise all users of the CSMS in its correct interpretation and
implementation.
Liaise with Head of HSE Department to ensure that ProjectlProcuremenUTerminal

Engineers receive appropriate training to implement CSMS.
Ensure that all ProjecUProcurement Engineers are evaluating all contractors for HSE
capacity by the same set of HSE standards & criteria and that such standards &
criteria are applied in the selection process appropriately.
Ensure that Contractors' HSE performance is adequately monitored and audited
Identify need for review/update/revision of the CSMS in the light of experience gained
and lessons learned.
Identify training needs of Contractors in the light of their HSE performance .
August 2016 3
~ CONTRACTOR SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
5. 2 Head of HSE Department
Head of HSE shall be the custodian of the CSMS and is responsible for its upgradation &
training. He shall:
• Provide training as per requirement of Indenting/Executing department relating to

CSMS.
• Review and approve any deviation as per Section 8.
5.3 Head of Procurement & Services Department
Head of Procurement and Services Department shall ensure that.
• All PSO HSE Requirements are clearly stated in the Terms & Conditions of Purchase
Requisition(s) received in P&S for tendering.
• The above Requirements are properly communicated to the contractors/bidders via

tender documents.
• The technically acceptable lowest bidder has agreed to abide by all PSO's HSE
Requirements.
• Post Contract HSE Evaluation and Close-out reports are received and properly
documented for future reference.
• Past records are taken into account for Pre-qualification & Procurement Process for
this purpose P&S shall develop database for contractors based on feedback form
(Appendix B).
• Arrange training sessions for Contractors based on training needs identified by

Indenting/Executing Department.
5.4 Project Incharge/Concerned Line Manager
The Project Incharges will be accountable to the head of indenting/executing department

and Head of HSE, to ensure on site compliance of technical as well as HSE requirements
by the contractors against specific contracts originated or executed by them. Project
Incharge should:
Implement the CSMS as per the requirements of this procedure.
Approve HSE Requirements of the anticipated contract as proposed by Project

Engineer(s)
Prepare an HSE monitoring program defining the role of Project Engineer in ensuring
that the contractor's HSE performance is as per PSO standard
Conduct a pre-execution HSE audit.
Authorize contractor to commence work if pre-execution HSE requirements are met.

Ensure compliance with the requirements of Permit to Work procedure and other site
specific and job specific controls including but not restricted to Task Risk Assessment,
August 2016 4
Emergency Response Plan, relevant PSO HSE procedures, applicable Codes and
Standards.
Assess the risk exposure presented by any proposed contracted service and applying
this Procedure as appropriate.
• Provide Job Hazard Analysis for specific activities to assist the Project Engineer to
conduct on-site Risk Assessments and Management.
• Authorize additional HSE requirements as deemed necessary
Determine the required level of HSE supervision required for each Contractor.
• Ensure compliance of the Contractor's HSE performance with PSO HSE

requirements.
• Ensure review, control, and feedback systems are in place to monitor Contractors'
HSE performance.
• Complete a Post Contract HSE Evaluation and Close-out of the Contract.
5.5 Location Incharge
The Location Incharges will be accountable to the head of indenting department and
Head of HSE, to ensure on site compliance of technical as well as HSE requirements by
the contractors against specific contracts originated or executed by them. Project
Incharge should:
Implement the CSMS as per the requirements of this procedure.
Determine the required level of HSE supervision required for each Contractor.
Ensure compliance of the Contractor's HSE performance with PSO HSE

requirements.
Assist Project Incharge during Post Contract HSE Evaluation and Close-out of the
Contract.
5.6 Project Engineer (PE)lDivisional Engineer/Zonal Engineer
The Project Engineer shall mean an employee of PSO, who shall be accountable to
Project Incharge for execution of a particular contract as per PSO's HSE Standards.
There may be more than one PE depending upon the nature of project.
The PE shall be involved from planning, pre-qualification, selection, execution, and review
of the feedback for the contract. HSE performance of the contract will be the focus for the
PE. For Contractors' HSE issues, he is the single point of contact.
The Project Engineer shall:
Conduct a structured Risk assessment (Appendix F- Risk Register Format) of the

anticipated contract during planning in collaboration with Terminal Engineer(s) and
have it approved by Project Incharge and Terminal Incharge.
Ensure that HSE requirements are included in the Purchase Requisition. Confirm that
the HSE clauses are relevant to the services required and adequately and
appropriately cover all the HSE concerns applicable to them.
August 20]6 5
CONTRACTOR SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM I
I
Liaise with Procurement & Services department during the procurement process and
ensure that all bidders have provided their consent to abide by the HSE requirements
as per the tender documents.
Monitor and analyze Contractor's HSE performance, identify deficiencies, reco mmend
remedies/corrective actions and provide feedback to P&S, HSE Team and Indenting
Department.
Ensure joint HSE audit and evaluation of the Project site and provide feedback to the
Contractor, P&S and HSE department.
Act as the sole contact to Head of Indenting Department, Project Incharge and Head
of HSE Department on Contractors' HSE related matters.
Monitor performance of the contractor against PSO's HSE requirement.
Review and propose any deviation as per Section 8 (Exceptions / Deviations)
Prepare HSE close-out report.
5.7 Terminal/Location Engineer
The Terminal/Location Engineer shall be accountable to Location Incharge for execution

of a particular contract as per PSO's HSE Standards.
The Terminal/Location Engineer shall:

Assist Project Engineer in monitoring and analyzing Contractor's HSE performance
and identifying deficiencies and recommending remedies/corrective actions
Ensure that Contractor's Equipment and PPEs are as per requirements before issuing
Permit to Work. It needs to be issued as per conditions of Service Order.
Issue the permit to work before commencement of work after conducting the site risk
assessment and renew the permit on daily basis. In case of any non compliance
revoke the permit in consent with Project Engineer and Location Incharge.
Assist Project Engineer in joint HSE audit and evaluation of the Contractor's site.
Monitor performance of the contractor against PSO's HSE requirement and suspend
any work activity which is not as per PSO's HSE Requirement and report to Project
Incharge, Project Engineer and HSE Team.
Give feedback to Project Engineer during preparation of HSE close-out report.
5.8 Contractor's Representative / Site Manager
Contractor Representative / Site Manager should:
Assign site supervisor to ensure suitable control.
Provide resources to implement remedial actions following audits in an expeditious

manner.
Fulfill the pre-execution HSE requirements
Discuss any proposed deviations from or amendments to the PSO's HSE

requirements with the Indenting DepartmenUPE. However Head of HSE Department
August 2016 6
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will grant any waiver based on a time-bound plan submitted by the Contractor to
remedy identified deficiencies or incorporate additional equivalent controls to manage
or mitigate the risks.
Implement additional requirements as agreed upon with Indenting DepartmentiPE.
6.0 CSMS REQUIREMENTS
6.1 General Requirements
The following Requirements shall apply to contracted activities on PSO Sites:
1. The scope of work for execution under contract shall be clearly defined, with the
boundaries of PSO control identified, and the potential hazards assessed and
categorized.
2. Job Hazard Analysis (JHA) will be developed for specific jobs to be made part of the
Purchase Requisition's Terms & Conditions.
3. Minimum HSE requirements shall be established against which Contractors are

assessed during the selection and retention process
4. Tenders and contracts shall clearly define HSE requirements, including the
processes for verifying compliance and imposition of penalties.
5. Contractor HSE performance and compliance shall be measured and reviewed on a

regular basis during contract execution.
6. The learning from HSE performance reviews, investigations, and verification

activities shall be documented and used in improving future performance.
The CSMS shall cover the following stages which outline the PSO, Contractor and Joint
responsibilities.
1. Planning
2. Pre-mobilization
3. Mobilization
4. Execution
5. De-mobilization
6. Close-out
Special Note:
After Planning there shall be Pre-Qualification (where required), Tendering,

Negotiation, Approvals and final Award of Service Order. CSMS will not be
applicable in any of the above-mentioned stages as these processes will be
governed by Purchase and Construction Manuals and do not come under the
scope of CSMS.
The detailed requirements against each individual step and the specific responsibilities
are outlined in the following sections.
August 2016 7
~ CONTRACTOR SAFETY M ANAGEM ENT SYSTEM
6.2 Planning
The entire Planning stage is the responsibility of Indenting Department HSE Team shall
provide its support on as and when required basis. During this phase , the general and
specific work requirement is described and a Project Engineer appointed . HSE risks
associated with the contract are identified and HSE requirements to be met are specified
on the basis of nature and size of work and the risks involved.
6.2.1 Scope of Work
The scope of work needs to be defined and a full description available for tender
purposes . This shall be documented using drawings, standards, specifications , regulatory
requirements , schedules, competencies , etc. enabling selected contractors to obtain a full
understanding of the work required.
6.2.2 Risk Assessment
For jobs above 10 million a comprehensive assessment should be conducted by the

PI/PE of the HSE risks involved in the execution of the work (Reference Appendix F-Risk
Register Format). The risk assessment will be approved by Project Incharge and Head of
Indenting/Executing Department. The focus of the assessment shall be to evaluate the
inherent hazards in conducting the work. In addition , the assessment shall address the
potential adverse consequences of an incident to people, environment, property and
reputation . Training on Risk Assessment and PSO Risk Management System will be
ensured by Head of HSE Department to all concerned . Training Need Analysis in this
matter will be conducted by concerned departments and informed to HSE.
6.2.3 Contractor's HSE Responsibilities
Contractor's HSE Responsibilities (defined in section 7) defines the way in which the
contractor is held respons ible for the management of HSE .
6.2.4 Contract schedule
A contract schedule shall be developed with due consideration of the HSE issues and
deliverables involved paying parti cular attention to allow adequate time for mobilization /
de-mobilization.
6.3 Pre-Mobilization
The objectives of this phase are to ensure that the relevant aspects of the contract risk
assessment and any other HSE aspects of the contract are communicated and
understood by all parties prior to implementation of the contract. Several activities such
as reviews , meetings and audits can be used . The amount of detail and effort for pre-job
activities should be commensurate with the level of risk.
During this phase, all work preparation and planning will be completed. Contractor's
Mobilization Program will be reviewed . Project Incharge and Project Engineer should
ensure contractor's deliverability of this aspect.
A kick-off meeting should be held immediately after contract award and Pre Mobilization
Audit to be conducted before start of work to emphasize HSE requirements of the
contract and develop action plans for any additional HSE issues . The kick-off meeting
should be used as an opportunity for the contractor(s) to become fam iliar with the
location, facility, personnel, and other work information.
August 201 6 8
CONTRACTOR SAFETY M ANA GE MENT ~ Y S TEM
The topics covered by the kick-off meetings might include:
Review of associated major hazards
Confirmation of worker competence; this includes both company and contract workers
who are exposed to workplace hazards as defined in the description of work and risk
assessment phases.
Confirmation of any HSE performance objectives and targets
Distribution and explanation of the company's HSE policy statement, basic HSE
procedures , relevant booklets etc.
Confirmation of the scope and schedule of HSE activities , e.g., HSE meetings , audits
and reviews
Interaction of company's and contractors contingency plans
Assurance that the work force is aware of their role in Emergency Response Plan .
Incident reporting and investigation procedures
Pre-Mobilization Audits shall certify that HSE management systems are in place by
ensuring that
Workers competence and training is in line with work & risks involved
• All equipment, PPE & tools are appropriate and fit for use and any third party
inspection certification for critical equipments (vehicles , lifting devices, heavy
equipment etc.) are available
• Emergency Response Plans & procedures are in place
6. 4 Mobilization
Mobilization process shall confirm that the Contractor has complied with PSO's HSE
requirements and has been cleared to mobilize for undertaking the work .
In the mobilization phase some of the principal activities are:
• Local kick-off meeting(s) .
Mobilization of contract staff and equipment.
Finalization of the contractor's HSE responsibilities .
•, Worker induction and site-specific awareness.
• Conduct mobilization HSE audit.
Once mobilization activities have commenced , the Project Engineer I Terminal Engineer
should begin monitoring of the contractor's pre-execution activities to assure the HSE
requirements are being fulfilled.
Au gust 20 16 9
• CONTRACTOR SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
6.5 Execution
The phase in the contract process during which actual contract services are performed or
facilities provided by the contractor pursuant to the mutually agreed HSE requirements,
and such additional HSE requirements that may be identified during performance of the
work.
Throughout the execution phase, the Contractor shall adhere to all HSE requirements
and responsibilities. This will include, but not be limited to, proper work supervision,
monitoring, and participation in joint audits, inspections, and reporting.
During execution of the work, the Project Engineer/Terminal Engineer and where
necessary HSE Team shall monitor and audit Contractor performance including the
continued competence of the contractor. This may also include competence and close
monitoring of the replacement of personnel.
Work In Progress is a period where the physical work is done on the job site & needs
continuous interim evaluation to provide assurance that PSO HSE expectations are
being met. Work-in-Progress audits provide first-hand information on the effectiveness
of a contractor's HSE performance at PSO worksites. These audits highlight areas of
concern and recommendations for improvement.
Project Engineer/Terminal Engineer along with contractor's representative shall be jointly
responsible for conducting Interim Evaluation on a regular basis. The period shall be
determined considering the project time period and the risks associated with the Project.
Project Engineer/Terminal Engineer may inspect at any time.
Findings of inspections and audits should be shared between PSO and contractor with
positive commitment from both parties to use the findings for improving performance.
6.6 De-mobilization
De-Mobilization process shall require examination and identification of the hazards

associated with demobilization and to implement controls to minimize such identified risks
and to restore the site in orderly safe manner
Contractor, Project Engineer and Terminal Engineer shall ensure that the appropriate
organizational structures remain intact until associated activities have been completed.
These should include:
Emergency Response
Site Restoration
Waste Management and Disposal.
The contractor's HSE responsibilities should continue to be the vehicle for managing the
HSE activities in this phase.
De-mobilization Plan shall be reviewed and approved by the Project Engineer prior to
implementation at completion of the contract.
6.7 Final Evaluation and Close-Out

A joint review by Project Incharge, Location Incharge and contractor's representative will
assess over-all performance during the project. Evaluation is based on HSE contractual
August 20 l6 10
obligation, Pre job activity report, all interim evaluation reports, Conditional acceptance
list and Contractor response.
HSE performance must be tracked on a regular basis throughout the contract with the
final HSE Feedback being the distillation of the regular monitoring process and the end of
contract review.
HSE Feedback form shall be filled and compiled and forwarded to HSE Team for their
record and P&S Department for future Pre-qualification & Procurement Process .
Penalties may be applied to contractors who have performed far below expectation.
7.0 CONTRACTOR'S HSE RESPONSIBILITIES
The following elements will be addressed in Contractor's HSE responsibilities :
Contractor will comply with PSO HSE policy, standards and procedures while
performing Work. He will ensure that his personnel (personnel provided by or on
behalf of Contractor) understand their respective roles and responsibilities and are
fully competent and trained to perform work in a safe manner
Deviation from standard HSE terms & conditions shall not occur unless formally
approved through the Deviation process .
Contractor will periodically review the site as well as equipment to be safe.

Contractor's management will review the audit findings , action plans , and
implementation with PE at the latter's request
Contractor will conduct or take part in scheduled HSE meetings covering facility and
job hazards, accidents, near-misses, site-specific safety and health rules , and site
specific procedures.
Contractor will report and document all potential hazards, unsafe conditions , and
unsafe acts. All such documents will be provided to PE upon request. Contractor will
immediately notify PE of all Contractor incidents resulting in personal injury or
damage to property, environment or reputation.
Contractor will ensure that proper personal protective equipments are available to
Contractor's personnel and that it is worn as required (Reference PPE Procedure in
HSE Manual).
If a fatality is incurred , Contractor will meet with the PSO Management upon request
to review the incident and discuss plans to prevent recurrence .
As per PSO discretion, for all incidents and fatalities at PSO Site , HSE Team , PE
and/or other(s) will jointly investigate and report their findings within a stipulated
duration to PSO Management. The investigation should identify root causes
associated with the incident as well as proposals for corrective action . The degree of
the investigation will vary according to the actual or potential severity .
Contractor will be responsible for training and briefing of its employees on all potential
hazards and HSE work related issues. PE will verify that training is well done and well
docu mented.
Contractor will maintain HSE training records for two years for all employees. PSO
can audit these training records if required.
August 2016 11
At any time, PSO has the right to remove and bar from the Work site any personnel
whose conduct jeopardizes the safety or health of any person. Contractor will not
permit any barred person to work at any other PSO facility/work site without prior PSO
approval.
Contractor will ensure all Contractors' personnel are familiar with emergency
response plans where Contractor performs Work prior to such Work commenci ng.
The contractor shall be fully responsible for any accident fatal or otherwise caused
while executing the work to himself, his staff his sub-contractor or any third person. In
all such cases , compensation payable to the claimant shall be on the contractor's
account and the contractor shall keep the PSO absolutely indemnified and free from
such responsibility.
8. 0 EXCEPTIONS I DEVIATIONS
Any changes in contractors' HSE Requirement or in the basic HSE nature of a contract
shall be subject to the Deviation Process The Project Engineer/Terminal Engineer shall
be the Coordinator for any such change. Deviation of low risk rating may be approved by
the Project EngineerITerminal Engineer under intimation to Project Incharge & Head of
HSE Department.
If the proposed deviation or amendment is of medium to high risk rating, then Head of
HSE Department will grant such a waiver based on a plan submitted by the Contractor
duly approved by Project Incharge to remedy identified deficiencies or incorporate
additional equivalent controls to manage or mitigate the risks.
9.0 DISCLAIMER
All other documents of the CSMS other than the prevailing version (i.e Rev-2) will be null
and void .
All CSMS applicable clauses are included in the main CSMS document (Rev-2), any and
all standalone/separate guidelines that are not part of this document are null and void .
August 2016 12
ApPENDIX A -PROCESS FLOW CHART
Joint PSO I Contractor Activities governed by CSMS

I
Contractor Activities PSO Activities governed by PSO Activities governed by
I CSMS II Purchase & Construction Manual I
Description of Work and Risk

PLANNING
I Identification I
D
I PRE-QUALIFICATION
~
Contractor responds to Shortlist and screen contractors
Proforma and provides
I'\J
information
Set bid evaluation criteria Contractor
Database ~
I
JJ._
Bid evaluation & clarification
Contractor prepares bid
I I
I I Contract award
I
SELECTION
Jt
-
Joint completion of HSE Execution Plan ,
J PRE- MOBILIZATION
Preparations Pre-mobilization audits
I I I I
.u.
Kick-off Meeting
I " I MOBILIZATION
Mobilization Pre-execution audit
I I I I
JL
Execution. supervising & reportin g J I Monitoring. inspection & audits
I EXECUTION
" Review of De-Mobilization HSE Plans

"
~
-,
I I DE-M OBILIZATION
I De-mobilization
I I Acceptance 01 work & site restored
I
Review
"
" .
~
I I CLOSE-OUT
I[
~
I Report Final evaluation & report
I
-
t!:>':-\~~. ~
August 2016 13
('(, t I(ar<lch l ")-,
(
.:-'-*~§j
-
APPENDIX B - HSE FEED BACK FORM
Name of Facility! Location:
Name of Con tractor: Nuricon Petroservices (Pvt.) Lt d.
Job Description: Rehabi l itation of CP System
Service Order No.
Job Starting Date:
Job Completion Date:
R a tings:
Uns atisfactory 0-3

atisfactory 4-6
Good 7-9
Excellen t 10
S# DESCRIPTION Rating
1 Compliance with Conditions of Service Order
2 HSE Compliance
3 Work Permit Compliance
4 H S & E Precautions
5 Provision of PPEs
6 \Vorkers Awareness Level
7 Incidence Rate
8 Incident Reporting
9 Medical Assistance! Compensation for

Workers in Case of Injury
10 Housekeeping
11 Project Management
Overall HSE Performance (weighted average)
Commcnts:_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
August 2016 14
APPENDIX C - CONTRACTORS' PRE-EXECUTION ACTIVITY CHECKLIST
Date
Project Period
Job Title
Work Order No.
Work Location
Contractor's Name
Address / Contact
Contractor Representative: ________________________
PSO Representative: PROJECT INCHARGE I PROJECT ENGINEER, FAC ILITY

INCHARGE, M&R ENGINEER HSE ENGINEER I COORDINATOR
Contractors' Pre Execution Activity Checklist

1 WORK PLAN
I
1.1 Relevant aspects of the contract risk assessmenU Job hazard
analysis and any other HSE aspects of the contract are
communicated and understood by all parties.
1.2 Has contractor reviewed and understood PSO HSE Policy and
relevant Procedures? (Contractor HSE Guidelines, Construction
Safety Booklet, Electrical Safety Booklet, Permit to Work System
etc.)
1.3 Has the contractor's equipment. related to the job to be

performed, passed safety inspection? Visible inspection followed
by fitness certificates where applicable
1.4 Is Contractor's safety representative avail able?
1.5 Following minimum HSE requirements will be fulfilled and

documented in Project Log Book / Project File:
1.5.1 Supervisor HSE background & experience (Minimum DAE

With 05 years' experience)
1.5.2 Training of new employees on HSE Induction Form (Urdu)

Contractor (HSE Induction record etc)
1.5.3 Tool Box talk materials as per provided JHA
1.5.4 Joint Work in Progress Checklist audit reports (frequency to

be decided)? (Maximum 01 Month)
1.5.5 Other ?
-- ,
August2016 15

2 EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLANS & PROCEDURES
(Refer: Job Hazard Analysis # 1)
2.1 Are Co ntractor's employees aware of their Role in an y
emergency? (HSE Induction, Site ERP)
2.2 Do they know how and who to report an emergency? Y

2.3 Does Contractor have personnel trained in first aid and Basic Fire y
Fighting?
2.4 A re adequate first aid supplies provid ed by the Contractor? (As y

per prevailing PSO Stand ard s)
2.5 Is Contractor's Contact Person ava ilab le during emergency? y

(Contact Number)

3 SITE ORIENTATION
31 Site conditions under which the work will have to be performed:
3.1.1 Is access to the site clear and marked (barricades . signs

etc)?
y
3.2.2 Is (re) contractor lay-down area(s) (storage. temporary
work shop. rest area etc) sufficient ?
3.2.3 Is contractor and his workers briefed about Site Waste

Management System ?
3.2 Are Si te alarm systems avai lable & Contractor employees aware
of them?
3.3 Have exi t routes and gathering areas been communicated to y

contractor's workforce?
3.4 Are emergency telephone numb ers posted clear ly on sile? Y

4 HSE TRAINING
4.1 Does the contractor ensure that jobs requiring certification are y
performed by work ers with appropri at e documentation &
certificates?
4.1. 1 Crane I Forklift Operator
4 .1.2 Electrician
4.1.3Welder
4 .1.4 Any Other
Aug ust 20 16 16
APPENDIX D - CONTRACTORS' WORK IN PROGRESS HSE C HECKLIST
Date
Project Period
Job Title
Service Order No
Work Location
Contractor's Name
Address I Contact
Contractor Representative:
PSO Representative: PROJECT INCHARGE I PROJECT ENGINEER. FACILITY INCHARGE,

M&R ENGINEER HSE ENGINEER I COORDINATOR
Contractors' Work in Progress HSE Checklist

No_ Item Yes No N/A Remarks
I HOUSEKEEPING I
1.1 Job-site looks neat
1.2 Raw materials stored properly
1.3 Walking suriaces neat and clean
1.4 Es cape rou tes clean and clearly marked
1. 5 "No smoking· properly posted
1.6 Trash emptied regularly

'1.7 Malenals not in danger of falling
1.8 Nails removed from wood planks/s crap
1.9 Lighting adequale

Poor Excellent
HOUSEKEEPING (RATING)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2 PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE)
2.1 Safety helmets in use where required
2.2 Proper safe ty shoes worn
2.3 Heanng protection -Mlere needed
24 Eye/face protection where needed

---..
AUf:,'Ust 2016
~ - -- :>.. 17
CONTRACTOR SAFETY MA NAGEMENT SYSTEM
25 Gloves/p roteclive clolhlng wh ere needed
2.6 Inspection procedure for PPE
27 Prope r coverall worn
2.8 Proper respirators wh ere needed
2.9 Fall protecllon for work over 2m high
Poor Excellent
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE) (RATING)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
3 FIRE PREVENTION AND FIRE PROTECTION
3.1 Proper fire extinguisher available for use
32 Fire extingu isher inspecled, tagged.
3.3 Employees trained in procedures
3.4 Wooden matenat stored properly
3.5 Flammable mat rials stored properly
3.6 Oily rags disposed properly
3.7 Proper containers are used for Fuel
3.8 Hot work permits used

Poor Excell e nt
FIRE PREVENTION AND FIRE PROTECTION (RATING)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
4 SIGNS, SIGNALS AND BARRICADES
4.1 Haza rds barricaded properly
4.2 Hazards marked properly
4.3 Unsafe lools l agged

Poor Excellent
SIGNS, SIGNALS AND BARRICADES (RATING)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
5 HAZARD COMMUNICATION
5.1 List of hazardous chemicals MSDS file maintained & communicated
5. 2 Chemicals properly labeled
5.3 Emergency spill control materials ava ilab le

Poor Excellent
HAZARD COMMUNICATION (RATING)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
6 HAND AND POWER TOOLS
6.1 Equipment inspected reg ularly (Avai lable List) . Records 10 be maintained.
6.2 Damaged equipment removed from service
6.3 Proper s\.vitches on tools working
64 Tools stored securely when not In use
6.5 Grounds are in place
Poor Excellent
HAND AND POWER TOOLS(RATING)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
7 ELECTRICITY SAFETY
7. 1 Precau tions laken near overhead lines
7.2 Temporary lights guarded
7.3 Non-melalladders used near eleclricity
7.4 Signs and lags to warn of eleclncal hazards
75 Non-conductive head protection used
7.6 Conlainers of flamma ble matenals bonded
7.7 Electric al cords checked for damage
AUf,Tust 2016 18
7.8 Fl exibl e cord nol used for fixed v.iring
7.9 Lock ouV tag oul procedures in place

Poor Excellent
ELECTRICAL SAFETY (RATING)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
8 WELDING, CUTTING AND GR.INDING
8 .1 Hoses checked (or leaks, damage
8.2 Ground ing of Weld ing Equipment checked prior to use
83 Wetders wear long-sleeved cotton/leal her
8.4 Goggles and eyeshades used
8.5 Welding areas isolated, protected
8.6 Fire watch and extinguishers in aUendance
8.7 Welding area free from fire hazards
Poor Excellent
WELDING, CUTTING AND GRINDING (RATING)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
9 COMPRESSED GASES
9.1 Cylinders secured properly / upright position in a trolley.
9.2 Oxygen. gas cylinders separat ed
9.3 Conlents marked on all cylinders
9.4 Valve caps on \Nhen transported! not in use

Poor Excellent
COMPRESSED GASES (RATING)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
10 CONFINED SPACES
10.1 Enlry permit procedures followed
10.2 Air moniloring performed (PSO 10 FaCilitate)
10.3 Ventilation used
104 Respiratory protective used
10.5 Harness, life line and hoisting apparatus used

Poor Excellent
CONFINED SPACES (RATING)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11 LADDERS
11 1 Appropriate for use
11.2 Non-slip safety feet
, 1.3 Ladder lied off
11.4 Ladders long enough for use
11.5 Pilch tess than 1:4
11.6 Ladder inspected for conditIon

Poor Excellent
LADDERS (RATING)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
12 SCAFFOLDS (METALLIC)
12 1 Guard-ralls and IDe board s in place
12.2 Correctly anchored
12.3 Proper nooring (Melallic Ptanks)
12.4 Flooring secured 10 scaffold structure
12.5 Barncades installed around scaffold areas

Poor Excellent
SCAFFOLDS (RATING)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
.r
August 2016 19
13 .EXCAVATION
.
13.1 Pres ence or Site Supervisor
13.2 Employee prot ection from cave-ins
13.3 Egres s within 25' (7.6 m) of emptoyees
13.4 AI[ monitoring over 4' (1.2 m)
13 5 Materiat 3' fro m edge

-
13 6 Underground inst allations tocated, marked
13 .7 Excavations properly barricaded

.
He Emptoyees not expos ed to ra Uing toads
13.9 Bridges/ watkways w/ standard rails

Poor Excellent
EXCAVATIONS (RATING)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
14 MECHANIZED EQUIPMENT
14.1 Seat belts installed and used
14.2 Equipped with horn
14.3 Fuelling at safe locations
14.4 Fire extinguisher available
',4.5 Equipment stored properly when not used
Poor Excellent
MECHANIZED EQUIPMENT(RATING)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
15 CRANES AND HOISTS
15.1 Cerlincallon of cranes with Lifting Gear
15.2 Load rating chart in cab
15.3 Hand signals posted
15 .4 SWlIlg radius guarded
15.5 Overhead power lines protected
15.6 Ropes, slings, ch am s, hooks Inspected daily
15.7 Sa fe working loads determined
15.8 R'gg ers, Crane Operator, Signal Ma n, Certrficat,ons.

Poor Excellent
CRANES AND HOISTS(RATING)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
16 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
WASTE MANAGEMENT
161 Is waste segregated & disposed in proper disposal bins?
SPILLS I SPILL PREVENTION
16.2 Is appropriate secondary containment provided for oil/chemical storage?
16.3 Are fluid Trans fer equipment/hoses in good order?
164 No visible contamination on surface/soil
16,5 Are spill containment kits/equipment available?
16.6 Is contaminated soil removed and disposed properly?
Poor Excellent
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES(RATING)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
17. SAFETY MEETING
17."' Does the contractor periodically conduct safety meetings attended by PSO Reps?
~-.......
172 Is safety meeting recorded and documented?
...
- ,....
August 2016 (. i
;~ 20
-_oJ
17. 3 I Are safety meet ing topics re tated With the Job being periormed?
Poor Excellent
SAFETY MEETING (R ATING
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
18. HSE INSPECTIONS
Does the contractor conduct HSE I nspeclions tog ether with PSO Reps. on a
181
periodic basIs?
Are documents (typical checklist attached) of HSE inspections on file and

18.2
avall abte?
18 .3 Are safety meeting topicS related with the Job being performed?
Poor Excellent
HSE INSPECTIONS(RATING)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
19 SUPERVISORY/EMPLOYEES SAFETY COMMUNICATION
Are Contractor's employees able to communicate all HSE iss ues to their
19.1
management ?
19.2 Are on-job and external-ta -job communica ti on links established?
Poor Excellent
SUPERVISORY/EMPLOYEES SAFETY COMMUNICATION (RATING)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
20 EMERGENCY DRILL AND EXERCISE
20.1 Do the Contra ctor' s emptoyees conducUparticipate in emergency drillS?
20.2 Are the Contractor's emptoyees familiar WIt h their rote in an emergency?
20.3 Do the Contractor's employees know where to repor! in an emergency?
Poor Excellent
EMERGENCY DRILL AND EXERCISE(RATING)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 g 10
21 RISK ASSESSMENT
211 Does contractor follow Contract Risk Assessment?

Poor Excellent
RISK ASSESSMENT(RATING) g
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10
22 HSE TRAINING
22.1 Does contractor have a system of condu cting HS E training?

--
22.2 Does contractor train ItS employees in PSO's HSE Policy?
22. 3 Does contractor imptement PSO's HSE Policy in its work place?
Poor Excellent
HSE TRAINING(RATING)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Augu st 2016 21
APPENDIX E - DEMOBILIZATION FORM
Name or Facility / Location:
Name of Contractor:
Project/Job Description:
Service Order No.
Job Starting Date:
Job Completion Date:
SII DESCRIPTION Yes No Remarks
1 Has the demobilization plan been reviewed and approved by Proj ect
Engineer)
2 Has the site been cleared by the contractor)
3 Has the site been inspected and clea red by all PSO Personnel
involved, to be sa fe to demobilize?
4 Has the job been completed to the entire satisfaction of all

concerned PSO functions an d as per Service Order?
5 Have all records packed, labelled and dispatched to concerned

departments at PSO Head office) (Should be done by person with
knowledge of CSMS)
6 Has the contractor removed all of hi s equipment, material, utilities

and other items from the project site? (In a safe/secure manner)
7 Is all waste disposed off? (Waste should be dispo sed of as per Wa st e

Disposal Procedure and applicable legislative requirements)
8 Has a final Risk Assessment been completed at the Project Site to

ensure that all hazards and risks either eliminated or adequately
controlled)
9 Are all energy so urces adequately controlled and Energy Isolation

applied (where applicable) (And all relevant informed of the same)
10 Are all activities in Demobilization plan completed?
Note: Demobilization does not lIIean th e project may be re{f(~I' for cOlllmissioning. The sallie must be {(dequately III{)/wged.
Comments:__________________________________________
August 2016 22
.I~ ~
CONTRACTOR SAFETY iVlANAGEMI<::NT SYSTEM
APPENDIX F RISK REGISTER FORMAT

-
Risk R~ister
Department: location/Facility: Major Risk Category / Function:
Brief description of major tasks/activities/operations for this risk category / function:
Overall Risk Rating : Risk Owner: Project Engineer

Current Review Date:
Risk Assessment last Assessment Date:

Team Members Next Annual Assessment Date:
Next Quarterly Review Date (eRR):
Aspect I Hazard Identification Risk Evaluation Residual Risk & Risk Reduction Plan
"'" .,"'"
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AUt.'lJ S120 16 23
Pakistan State Oil
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61Pakistan State 0 11 Construction Safet .'

READY TO START
Managi 9
Manag,ing the work is as important as carryin g out the activities .
Followi ng is to be considered before execution .
• Give enough time to planni ng. organi zing and controlling

your wo rk!
• Check what actually happens and stop dangerous practices.
• Have someone to turn to jf yo u need health and
safety advice.
• Take pride in your standards.
Planning the work

Gather as much health and safety information abou the project
and the proposed site before work begins. Use information available
at tendering so you can allow for time and resources to deal with
particular problems .
Sou rces of inform ation
Th ese include:
• the cl ient
• designers;
• contract documents;
• other contractors at the site;
• specialist contractors and consultants;
trade and contractor organizations;
• equipment and material suppl iers; an d
• HSE guidance and Standards.
Features to took o ut for

Find out about the history of the site and its surrou ndings. See if
there are any unusual features wh ich might affect the work. Pay
particular attention to:
• asbestos or other contaminants;
• ove rhea d power lin es an d und e rg ro und se rvices;
• unusual ground conditions;
• public rights of way across the site;
• nearby schools, footpa th s , road s or railways; and
• Other activities going on at the si te.
Costs
When estimating costs, consider any particular health and safety
hazards. Make sure suitable allowances have been made in the price.
Having to stop or reschedule .work to deal with emergencies wastes
time and money.
Materials and equipment

When materials are bought, or equipment is hired , the suppltaF-"has
to provide health and safety information . Make sure you get,this
and read it. '
( Karact i
\
8 j Paki tan State 011 Construction Safety

For example, yo u may need to:
• use a specialist w ho is fa milia r w it h the neces sary
precautions;
• carry out an assessment of the ri sks arising from th e use
of a hazardous substance and consider using a less harmful
substance instead; or .
• Provide training on the safe use of the'material or equipment.
Operations affecting health and safety

When preparing programmes, consider if the re are any operations
which will affect the health or safety of oth ers worki ng at the site .
For example:
• Access to th e workplace - which trades will need to go
where and when?
• Timber treatment or site radiography - this usu ally has to
be done wh en no one else is on site, and the site may have
to be left vacant for a fe w days.
Subcontract ors
Discuss proposed working meth ods with subcontractors before
letting contracts.
Plant and materials

Decide what plant will be required and check that it will be suitable.
Plan material del iv eries and consider storage nee d s.
Organizing the wo rk
Following needs to be considered with Organizing the work
Train ing and supervision
Make sure workers - including those working for subcontractors
are properly trained and supervised.
Work methods
See that work methods and safety precautions agreed before work
is started are put into practice . Make su re everyone unde rstands
how work is to be done and is aware of relevant method statements
before work starts .
Subcontractors
Find out if any of the work will be further subcontracted . Make sure
that people working for subcontractors also get the information they
re q uire an d p rov ide trainin g, su pervision etc as need ed .
Control and supervisi on

Make clear to supervisors exac11y what it is they are expected to
do and how they are expected to do it. The greater the risk, the
great er t he degree of control and supe rvision required .
Health and safety checks can be incorporated into normal progress
and quality checks carried out by supervisors and managers.
Specific additional checks on higher risk work may also be needed.
Carrying out routine checks from time to time reminds everyone
that health and safety matters!
Pakistan State Oil
ncide ts
. Construction Safety Palo-Istan State 011 11"1'""

REPORTING ACCIDENTS/INCIDENTS
Th e Reporting of Injuries, Dis eases and Dangerous Occurrences
req uire that ce rtain acci de nts th at happen on site have to be
reported .
Yo u shou ld contact:
GM (HSE & S5 ) / DGM (H SE)
Mo bile # 0345-8291 377 Mobile # 0345-8282930

Gro und floor PSO House Khy aban- e -Iqbal , C lifton, Karachi
Employers wo rking at PSO facilities as contactor m ust report to
HSE any accidents which happen to their employees. Whoever is
in contro l of the site must also report accidents which involve a
self-employed worker.
If there is a principal contractor, contractors should promptly provide

them with details of accidents, diseases or dangerous occurrences
which are reportable.
Types of accident & Incidents which have to be reported
• Serious and fatal accidents must be notified without delay

to HSE. normally by telephone . This must be followed up
with a comp lete accident report fo rm within one day.
• Less serious injuries, where a worker is unfit (or unable) to
do their normal job for more than three consecutive days.
A completed accide nt report form must be sent to HSE
within 02 days apart from the immediate telephon ic
information .
• If a dangerous occurrence happens on site (e.g. a building ,
scaffold or fa lsework collapse, failure of a crane or lifting
device or contact with overhead lines) it must be reported
immediately, by telephone , to the DGM HSE office . The
de tails must be confirmed within 01 days on a comp lete
accident report form.
• If a worker suffers from a specified disease associated with
their current job, it must also be reported to HSE Department.
(
!
A · accidents m st
be reported .
... explain exactly
what happened
Pakistan State Oil
ploying
. "
14 j P i t n St- ts 0,1 . a
EMPLOY NG ----------------------------------
Following is to be ensured before e mploying con tractors o r
wo rkers for a job .
• T hey are trained and competent to do the job safely and
without putting their health at risk.
They are properly supervised and given clear instructions.
• Th ey have access to was h i ng a n d t oilet fac ili ti e s.
They have the righ t tools, equipment, plant and protective
clothing.
• Health & Safety iss ues have been discussed w ith them.
Training and supervision

Decide who will supervise the work - check that they are adequately
trained and experienced.
When taking on workers, ask about the training they have had and
ask for details. Get them to demonstrate their knowledge or show
examples of safe working practice b efore setting them to work.
Make sure that firms coming onto site provide adequate supervision
for their workers. Agree what training they have had or will get at
the site.
Welfare
Everyone who works on site must have access to adequate toilet
and washing facilities , a place for warming up and eating their food
and somewhere for storing clothing.
Protective equipment
Provide workers with suitable protective
equipment.
Hard hats
Hard hats are required where anybody might
:1 11~
be struck by falling materials or where people might hit their heads.
Decide on which areas of th e site hats have to be worn. Tell

eve ry on e in t he are a. If nece s sary, make site ru les .
Provide employees with hard hats. Make sure hats are worn and
worn correctly.
A wide range of hats is available. Let employees try a few and

decide which is most suitable for the job and
for them .
Footwear
Decide for proper footware after taking into
consideration the following.
• materials being dropped on workers'
feet; or
• Nails, or other sharp objects, penetrating the sale
If so, safety boots with toe caps and sole-plates may be needed.
,
Where it is likely that employees will be working in water or wet

concrete , Wellinton boots should be provided .
Goggles and safety spectacles

These are required to protect against:
Flying objects , e.g. when using a nail gun. To provide
adequate protection goggles should be shatter-proof - check
the manufacturers specification'
• sparks,for example, when disc-cutting;
• ultraviolet ra diation from weldi ng; specialist goggles or
shields are required ;
• Chemical splashes.
Outdoor clothing.
1f employees regularly work outdoors and cannot be sheltered from
the weather, they will need clothing which is wind- and waterp roof.
There should be facilities for storing clothing not worn on site and
protective clothing as well as for drying wet clothing .
High visibility clothing

Many accidents happen when people in hazardous positions cannot
be seen. I.t is important to plan work to avoid pl acing people in
these positions. W here
t his is not poss ible,
provid e hi gh v isib il ity
clothing.
It is esse ntial that this

clothing be kept clean if
it is to be effective. Badly
soiled garments should
be replaced.
High visibility clothing will

be needed wherever workers:
• co uld be run down by vehicles , for exampl e, sig nale rs
assisting in vehicles being maneuvered and anyone engaged
in roadworks;
• Need to be seen by others to allow them to work safely, for
example, signalers assisting in lifting operations need to be
clearly visible to the crane driver.
Gloves
Suitable gloves can protect against dusts (such
as cement) , wet concrete and sol vents which
can cause dermatitis. They can also pro tect
against cuts and splinters when handling bricks,
steel and wood.
Consultation
Consult people working at the site and their representatrves - their
views about health and safety should be considered .
People who are going to work on the site for the first time should
be briefed about risks, welfare facilities and site rules. One way of
doing this is by making sure the site supervisor speaks to them
before they start work. They might also be given an information
sheet or relevant information might be displayed on a notice board
prominently placed near the site entrance.
18 1.
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Pakistan State 011
•
be n
...... __ t"a
SUBCONTRACTING
W henever there is a case of subcontracting the job, following needs
to be considered.
Check the health and safety performance of the people you
plan to use.
• Give them the health and safety information they need for
the work .
• Discuss th e wor k wi t h th e m before they start.
• Make sure that you have provided everyth ing you agreed
(e.g. safe scaffolds, the right plant, access to welfare, etc).
• Ch eck th eir performa nce and remedy shortco mings .
Discussing the work

Discuss proposed worki ng methods with subcontractors before
lettin g contracts. Find out how they are going to work , what
eq uipment and facilities they are expectjng to be provided and the
equipment they will bring to the site. Identify any health or safety
risks which their operations may create for othe rs working at the
site and agree control measures.
O btainin g health and safety method stat em ents and risk

assessments will help in ensu ring a saf er wo rk place. Health and
safety method statements with plenty of diagrams are generaJly
most easily understood .
Providing information
When people first come to site, it is important that they get information
about the site ·hazards and the steps that have been taken to control
the risks . Make sure that the person running the sit e can be easily
identified. If there is a site office , sign it cl early.
It can be helpfu l to place a site plan at the site entrance showing 1
the office location along with an instruction that all visitors report
to the site office.
20 IPa I
The principal contractor has to take reasonable steps to ensure
that only authorized people are allowed where construction wor1< ;s
being done.
Monitoring and reviewing

Checking whether health and safety precautions are being taken
is as important as checking progress and quaHty.
Site supervisors need to see that the finn considers the fulfillment
of their health and safety responsibilities as an essential part of
thei r job.
Part of monitoring is to carry out inspections of plant and materials.

There are specific requirements for inspection o f scaffolds and
excavations.
. . ' :' - "~~'~' . "

• • I - .. ~,.'. . , • • •
Pakistan tateOil
"
(;:
221 P0ki~t ~ht.

n 1'\:
ACCESS ON SITE
An organized and disciplined site j teo which is safer for
executing the work. Always chec ' whether following conditions
have been fulfilled .
, everyone get to thei r place of work safely - and work there
safely.
Ensure all access routes in good condition and clearly
-. signposted.
• Check that edges which people could fall from are provided
with double guard rails or other suitable edge protection .
Make sure that all holes are protected wi1h clearly marked
,-'
,
and fixed covers to prevent falls .
• The site should be tidy, and are materials stored safely.
• Adequate lighting arrangements should be made.
-=Access routes
There should be safe access onto n around the site for people
and vehicles.
Plan how vehicles will be kept clear of pedestrians, especially at

site entrances veh icle loadin g/unloading areas , parking and
maneuvering places and where driver's vision may be obstructed.
Guard rai Is and toe boards

Guard rails, toe boards and othbf similar barriers should be provided
whenever someone could fall 2 m or more.
-.- . They should:
'.
be strong and rigid eno ugh to pn~vent people from falling
., ~
and be able to withstand ott er loads likely to be placed on

them·
• be fixed to a structure, or part of a structlJre capable o f
supporting them;
include: ~
(
r
• a main guard raIl a1leaE,t '310 mm abo'!; an , edge people ! '
could fall from ;

'~~"-::~."1 ,~o~ ••• ;.~ .....
• a toe board at least 150 mm high;
• A sufficient number of inte rmediate guard rails or suitable
alternatives positioned so that the unprotected gap is not
more than 470 mm. Where the barrier is solid or the space
between the upper part of the barrier and the toe board is
completely occupied by mesh (for example, a brick guard)
or similar, an intermediate guard rail is not req uired.
Barriers other than guard rails and toe boards can be used, so long
as they are at least 910 mm high, secure and provide an equivalent
standard of protection against falls and materials rolling, or being
kicked. from any edges.
Covering openings or material

If the risk comes from falling through openings or fragile material
(e.g. roof lights), an alternative is to cover the opening or material.
Any covering should be:
• strong enough to support any loads likely to be placed on
it (incl uding the weight of a person); and
• Fixed in position to preven t accidental dislodgement. To
prevent people removing coverings, mark the m with a
warning (for example, 'Hole below - do not remove').
If possible, discourage people from crossing covers by directing

them around them, e.g. using a high-visibility tape barrier,
Site tidiness
P'an how the site will be kept tidy. In particular, walkways and stairs
should be kept free of tripping hazards such as trailing wires and
loose materials. This is especially important for emergency routes.
Remove nails from loose timbers to prevent foot and other injuries.
Clear paper, timber off cuts and other flammable materials to reduce
fire risks.
Storage areas
Set up storage areas for plant, materials, flammable substances
and hazardous substances. Flammable materials will usually need
241 Pakistan State Orf Construction Safety

to be stored away from other rnaterials and protected from acci ental
ignition. Do not store materials where they obstruct access routes
_ or where they could interfere with emergency escape (e.g., do not
store flammable materials next to fire exits)?
\If materials are stored at height, make sure guard rails are in place
if people could fall when stacking or collecting materials or equipment.
- Lighti 9
Every part 01 the site which is in use should be arranged so that
natural light is available for people to see to do their work and move
about the site safely.
Where natural light is inadequate Of not available, you should

provide artificial lighting Make sure that any artificial lighting does
- not change the apparent color or visibility of any safety signs or
other safety-related i ems such as fire extinguishers.
Emergency routes should be kept well lit while there are workers
on the site. Where emergency routes need ar1ificial light, also
provide emergency lighting which comes on if the primary lighting
fails (for example. battery or emergency generator powered lighting).
'.
Pakistan State Oil
Sta e Oil Construction Safet

WORKERS' WELFARE
" .. ~
WELFARE
!:- Always check the following factors at the worksite.
• Toilets are readi ly available and are they kept clean and
properly lit.
There are wash basins, hot and cold (or warm) running
water, soap and towels.
>. Drinking water and cups are provided.
There is somewhere to change, dry and store clothing.
There is a place where workers can sit, make hot drinks
and prepare food.
• Everyone can who needs to use them get to the welfare
facilities easily and safely.
Welfare facilities
Everyone who works on site must have access to adequate toilet
and washing facilities, a place for warming up and eating their food
and somewhere for storing clothing.
Toilets
The numbers of toilets required will depend on the number of
people working on the site.
Wherever possible toilets should be flushed by water, but if this is

not possible, use chemical toilets .
Rooms containing sanitary conveniences should be adequately

ventilated and lit.
A washhand basin with water, soap and towels or dryers should

be close to the toilets if the toilets are not near the other washing
facilities provided on the site. In our country, often it is very difficult
to provide all the facilities to the workers but emphasis should be
given to maximize whatever possible.
I .
o all sites, provide basins large enough to allow people to wash
their faces, hands and forearms. All basins should have a supply
of cJean hot and cord, or warm , water. If main water is not available,
water from a tank may be used. Soap and toweJs (either cloth or
paper) or dryers should also be provided.
Where the work is particularly dirty or workers are exposed to toxic

or corrosive substances (for example, during work in contaminated
ground), showers may be needed.
Rooms containing washing facili ies should be sufficiently ventilated

and lit
Drinking water
Make sure there is a supply of drinking water. It is best if a tap
direct from he mains is available. Otherwise bottles or tanks of
water may be used for storage. If water is stored, it should be
protected from possible contam·nation and changed often enough
to prevent it from becoming stale or contaminated.
The tap should be clearly marked if it is possible to contuse the
drinking water supply with other water supplies or other liquids
such as:
• those not fit for consumption (e.g. water from storage tanks
used for wheel washers)· or
Toxic materials (e g. from taps tc pipelines :n factories).
Cups should be available at the water tap, unless the water is

supplied as an upward jet which can be drunk from easily (e.g. a
drinking fountain).
Storing and changing clothjng

Make sure there are arrangements for storing:
• clothi 19 not worn on s·te (e.g. h' ts and coats);
• Protec1ive clothing needed for site work (e.g. boots, overa s .
Separate lockers might be needed, although on smaller sites the
site office may be a suitable storage area, provided it is kept secure.
.. Where there is a risk of protective site clott1ing contaminating
everyday clothing, store items separately.
There should be s o mewhere to dry wet s ite clothing.

If electrical heaters are used, ensure that they are either fitted with
a high temperature cut-out device or are properly ventilated. Many
fires have been caused by putting clothes to dry on electrical
heaters, making the appliance overheat.
Rest facilities
Facilities for taking breaks and meal breaks should be available.
They should provide shelter from the wind and rain and be heated
as necessary. They should have:
• tables and chairs'
a kettle or urn for boiling wate.
• A means for preparing food.
For small sites rest facilities can often be provided within the site
office or site hut.
. Remember: Open-fluid gas heaters and gas cooking rings

can produce carbon monoxide if not well ventilated. When
poorly maintained, they also give rise to leaks of methane
which can ignite or explode without warning. They should
not be used in site huts, containers or other enclosed
areas unless there is a permanent supply of fresh air, which
cannot be closed off (a window which can be opened is not
adequate as it is likely to be closed in cold weather).
Location of welfare facilities

Welfare facilities should be easily available to people working
" on the site. Toilets need to be easily accessible from where
the work is being done. Wash hand basins should be close t
toilets. Washing facilitres need to be near rest rooms ...,0
that people can wash before eating.
Pakistan State Oil
UIPME T & SA E
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30 P i tal Stat· Oil ........
L..'-'CUlrIVICI\j I &~At't: WURK PRACTICES
SCAFFOLDS
~nsure safety through following checklist
Scaffolds erected , altered and dismantled by competent
people!
• All uprights are provided with base plates (and, where
necessary, timber sole plates)
• All uprights, ledgers, braces and struts are in position.
Scaffold secured to the building or structure in enough
places to prevent col/apse.
• There are double guard rails and toe boards, or other
suitable protection) at every edge, to prevent falling.
.• Additional brick guards are provided to prevent materials
falling from scaffolds.
• Working platforms are fully boarded, and boards arranged
to avoid tipping or tripping.
There effective barriers or warning notices in place to stop
people using an incomplete scaffold, e.g. where working
. platforms are not fully boarded.
• Scaffold is strong enough to carry the weight of materials
stored on it and are these evenly distributed.
Scaffolds are being properly maintained.
A competent person inspects the scaffold regularly, e.g. at
least once a week; and always after it has been
altered damaged and following extreme weather.
• Results of inspections should be recorded.
.. • Proprietary tower scaffolds have been erected and are they

being used in accordance with suppliers instructions.
The wheels of tower scaffolds have been locked when in
use and the platforms are empty when they are moved. rr-..
(
rur any scanola maKe sure:
• it is designed, erected, altered and dismantled by competent

people and the work is directed by a competent supeNlsor;
• it should never be erected over people or busy pavements;
it is based on a firm , level foundation;
• it is braced and tied into a permanent structure or otherwise
stabilized;
It is capable of supporting loads likely to be placed on it.
ScaHolds are not usually designed to support heavy loads
on their working platforms;
platforms are fully boarded and wide enough for the work
and for access;
scaffold boards are properly supported and not overhanging
excessively (e.g. no more than four times the thickness of
the board);
there is safe ladder or other access onto the work
platforms; and
• it is suitable for the task before it is used and checked
whenever it js substantially altered or adversely affected
by, for example, high winds.
Before using any scaffold, make sure that it is safe and suitable
for the intended job.
- ower scaffolds
The tower must be vertical and the legs should rest properly on
firm, level ground.
Lock any wheels and outriggers - base plates provide greater

stability if the tower does not have to be moved.
/:
Provide a safe way to get to and from the work platf(Hnl, for
example, internal ladders. Climbing up the outside of the tower
rnay put! it over.
Pro vide ed ge p ro tect ion (guard rai ls a nd toe b oar ds ).
Provide guard rails and toe boards on any intermediate platforms
whic h are also being used as working platforms or fo r storing
: .materials.
Tie the tower rigidly to the structure it is serving or provide other

additional support if:
• it is likely to be exposed to strong winds;
it is used for carrying out grit blastin g or water jettin g;
• heavy materials are lifted up the outside of the tower; or
• The tower base is too small to ensure stability for the height
of the platform.
If ties are needed , check that they are put in place as required
when the scaffold is erected. Make sure they are checked from
time to time and that necessary ties are kept in place when the
scaffold is dismantled.
Do not:
use a ladder footed on the working platform or apply other
horizontal loads which could tilt the tower;
overload the working platform;
• fix ties to the centers of thin walled aluminum tubes;
move the tower by applying the necessary force at the
platform level; or
• Climb up the outside of the tower to reach the platform.
Moving a mobi le tower

Check that there are no power lines or overhead obstructions in
the way.
Check that there are no holes or dips in the ground.

Do not allow people or materials to remain on it as towers tip over
very easily when being moved.
t- I '''' U I \.., I I IV I V I IV VVI I I~ L I I 0 I... 1\ I I ~ l VV I I t: I t: U ::, II I Y I Cl U U ~ r !:) .
• Ladders are the right way to do the job. Don't work from a
ladder if there is a better way!
• They are in good condition.
• Ladders rest against a solid surface and not on fragile or
insecure materials.
They are secured to prevent them slipping sideways or
outwards.
• Ladders rise a sufficient height above their landing place.
If not, there are other hand-holds available.
Ladders are pOSitioned so that users don't have to
ave r-stretch. .
Ladders are best used as a means of getting to a workplace. They

should only be used as a workplace for short-term work. They are
only suitable for light work.
Using ladders
If ladders are to be used, make sure:
the work only requires one hand to be used

• the work can be reached without stretching
the ladder can be fixed to prevent slipping
• A good handhold is available.
This kind of work can still be dangerous - many ladder

accidents happen during work lasting less than
30 minutes. The longer the ladder, the more problems there are in
using it safely .
Make certain there is no other better means of access before

using a ladder.
them to constantly move the ladder, it is possible that carelessness
•.. will creep in .
In order to use a ladder safely, the person should be able to reach

the work from a position 1 m below the top of the ladder.
Many accidents result from using ladders for a job when a tower
scaffold or mobile access platform would have been safer and
more efficient.
Make sure light tools are carried in a shoulder bag or holster

attached to a belt so that both hands are free for climbing. Heavy
or bulky loads should not be carried up or down the ladders - lifting
equipment should be used instead.
'- Minimum
J: ,.
1 metre
above
roof
sur1ace.
".
Check the condition of the ladder
For safe use the ladder needs to be strong enough for the job and
in good condition.
Check the stiles are not damaged , buckled or warped , no rungs

are cracked or miss ing and any safety feet are not missing.
Do not use makeshift or home-made ladders or carry out makeshift
repairs to a damaged ladder.
Do not use pa inted ladders, as the paint may hide faults .

DO NOT attempt to repair ladders.
Check the ladder is secu re.
Ladders are only safe when they rest on a firm , level surface. Do
not place them on loose bricks or packing. They should also be
secured by rope or other suitable stabilization devices. These must
ensure that the ladder does not run sideways or slide away from
the wall.
Also, make sure:

• the ladder is angled to minimize the risk of slipping outwards;
as a rule of thumb the ladder needs to be 'one out for every
four up';
• the top of the ladder rests against a solid surface; ladders
should not rest on fragile or insecure materials (e.g . cement
sheet, plastic guttering)'
• both fee1 of the ladder are on a firm footing and cannot slip;
• If the ladder is more than 3 m long, or used as a way to and :;
from a workplace, it is secured from falling . This will usually
be by fixing at the top, or sometimes the base;
• if the ladder cannot be fixed, a second person foots the
ladder while it is being used (this also applies while the
ladder is being fixed) ;
• the ladder extends a sufficient height (about 1 m) above
any landing place where people will get on and off it unless
some other adequate handhold is available; and
~"'NIYVI.- I stepladders should I
NEVER be used I
folded up and
I leaning against 1
as rface. I
If possible, brace
,I
" yourself with your
free hand.
....
./
,/ The top two steps \
i' and ucket shelf re 'I
'\",.not safe to stand on. /
//
... . /"
/
/
./
...,
./
.---- --
Climbing or sta ding on \.
,I /
f the rear part of th e "I

- \ ladder can cause it to I
'-
/ ' collapse or tip over.
/
/ . Fully open ----
,. stepladder and
" lock spreaders
in place.
Step-ladders
Step-ladders provide a free-stand ing means of access, but they
need careful use. They are not designed for any degree of side
loading and are re latively easily overturned. Avoid over-reaching.
The top step of a step-ladde r shou ld not be wo rked from unless it
has been designed for this pu rpose.
ROOFWORK
Make sure that following are checked primarily
• There is edge protection to stop people or materials falling.
• During industrial roofing, nets have been provided to stop
people falling from the leading edge of the roof and from
partially fixed sheets.
You have identified fragile materials suc h as cement sheets
and roof lights.
• Have you taken precautions to stop people falling through
fragile materials when working on the roof, e .g. by providing
barriers, covers or working platforms.
• Walking the bo lts' to fo llow roof purloins is dangerous!
• People are kept away from the area below th roof wo rk.
If this is not possible, additional precautions have been tak n

to stop debris falling onto them.
Edge protection
Guard rai ls and toe boards or suitable barriers erected at the edge
of a roof are usually needed to stop people and materials from
falling off.
If work is going to be one on an y roof! make sure the re is:

• safe access onto and off the roof, for example, a gene ral
access or tower scaffold ;
• a safe means of moving cross th e roo f, for e xample,
suitable roof ladders; and (
( I
• A sate means of working on the roof - a guard railed plaUorm
(for example, a scaffold or a MEWP) .
Industnal roofing
ROOF EDGE
PROTECTION
Falls from the Ileading edge' need to be prevented. Leading edges
are created as new roof sheets are laid, or old ones are remove d.
Work at 1he leading edge requires carefu\ planning to develop a
safe system of work. Nets are the preferred method for reducing
the risk of injury from falls at the leading edge, as they provide
protection to everyone on the roof. Nets should be erected by
trained riggers.
Staging J fitted with guard rails or suitable barriers and toe boards,
in advance of the leading edge can provide protection in some
circumstances. But these will need to be used in conjunction with
harnesses attached to a suitable fixing. Close supervision of this
system of work will be needed as it is difficult for harnesses to
. remain clipped on at all times throughout t he work activity.
When developing a safe system of work, also consider:
• how the first sheets will be laid - a separate platform may

be required (a pack of roo f sheets is not a safe working
platform) - and how hip ends and other special details are
to be fitted; and
• How sheets will be raised to roof level - decide whether
lifting machinery such as an inclined hoist can be used.
This will eliminate unnecessary risks when placing packs
of sheets on the roof supports or when breaking open packs
spread over the roof supports.
Fragile materials
Many roof assemblies are, or can become, tragile. Asbestos cement,
fibernlass and plastic generally become more fragile with age. Steel
sheets may rust. Sheets on poorly repaired roofs might not be
properly supported.
Any of these materials could give way without warning. Do not trust
any sheeted root. Do not stand directly on any of them. On a snap
fragile roof, never try to walk along the line of the root bolts above
the purloins, or along the roof ridge, as the sheets can still crack
and give way.
Roof openings and fragile roof lights are an extra hazard. Some
roof lights are difficult to see in certain light conditions and others
may be hidden by paint. Protection from
falling through openings and fragile roof lights
can be provided by barriers or with covers
which are secured or labeled with a warning.
On fragile roofs, the work has to be carefully

planned to prevent falls through the roof. If
access onto the roof ca nn ot be avoided,
working platforms to spread the load (or other
Danger
proprietary access system) will be necessary.
Fragile roof
These should be used with edge protection or harnesses (if a
suitable anchorage position is not available a life line system may
have to be installed).
On sloping roofs, purpose-made roof ladders or boards to spread

the weight of workers and materials will be requ ired.
Passers-by
Do not throw materials such as old slates, tiles etc fro m the roof
or scaffold - someone may be passing by. Use enclosed debris
ch utes or lower the debris in containers.
Protect passers-by with brick guards and/or netting on scaffold ing,
but remember most netting will on ly retain light material. Fans
and/or covered walkways may also be needed wher the risk is
particularly high.
EXCAVATIONS
Check the following parameters before execution
• There is adequate support for the excavation, or has it been
sloped or battered back to a safe angle .
• A safe method is used for putting in the support, without
people working in an unsupported trench.
• There is safe access into the excavation, e.g. a sufficiently
long, secured ladder.
• There are barriers or other protection to stop people and
vehicles falling in.
• Properly secured stop blocks are provided to prevent tipping
vehicles falling in.
• xcavation affect the stability of neighboring structu res or
services.
Materials, spoil and plant stored are away from the edge of
the excavation to reduce the chance of a collapse.
_ t ..l_...... _ _ iI__
Before igging any trenches, pits, tunnels or othe r excavations ,
l
dec,de hat temporary support will be requ ired and plan the
precauti ns you will take against:
c Ilapse of the sides or roof;
• ate rials falling into excavations;
• p eo pie and ve hie I e s f a II i n gin toe xca vat ion s ;
• u dermining nearby structures etc;
• u derground services;
ater inflow; and
• Premature removal of support.
Make su e the equipment needed (trench sheets, props, bau l'ks

etc) is a ailable on site before work starts. If information such as
resul ts 0 soil tests or trial holes is available, it may provide useful
data on c nditions likely to be found on site. This can assist planning.
Put the recautions into practice.
of the sides or roof
e sides from collapsing by battering them to a safe angle

or suppo ing them with sheeting or proprietary sup ort systems.
Take si ilar precautions to prevent the face from collapsing.
Install s pport without delay as the excavation progresses.

Make s re the work is directed by a competent supervisor.
Give the orkers clear instructions.
Inspecti n
A camp tent person who fu lly understands the dange rs and
necessa y precautions should inspect the excavation at the s tart
i
of each S lift. Excavations should a/so be inspected after any event

that may have affected their strength or stability, or after a fal l of
arth. A record of the inspections will be required.
mediately any faults that are found.
falling into excavations

re excavated spoil and other materials or park plant and
vehicles lose to the sides of excavations. The extra loadings from
spoil, v icles, etc can make the sides of excavations more likely
to colla
Loose terials may fall from spoil heaps, etc into the excav tion.
A scaffol board used as a toe board and fixed along the outside
of the t nch sheets will provide extra protection aga inst loose
falling.
will protect those working in the xcavation from small

materials falling either from above, or from the sides of
ation.
nd vehicles falling into excavations

eople from falling by guardin g excavations. Edges of
more than 2 m deep should be protected with substantial
barriers ere people are liable to fal l into them . All excavations
in public places should be suitably fenced off to prevent memb rs
, of the p lic approaching them .
ere is good ladder access or other ways of getting in and

excavation safely.
hazardous fumes - do not use petrol or diesel engines

tions without making arrangements for the fumes to be
safely away or providing fo r forced ve ntilatio n .
.MAN AL HANDLING
81 ual handling is necessary, pre vent injury by :
• voiding unnecessary handling;
entifying, before work is begun, operations which involve
either lifting heavy or awkward loads or repetitive lifting
operations. Find ways of either avoiding the operation
altogether, or using mechanical aids to minimize the amount
of manual handling;
• sharing heavy or awkward loads which have 10 be lifted by
hand ;
• positioning loads by machine and planning to reduce the
height from which they have to be lifted and the distance
over which they have to be carried;
• training workers in safe lifting techniques and sensible
handlin of loads;
Ordering bagged materials in small easily handled siles
where possible; most building products are now available
in 25 kg bags.
nyone injuring their back at work should be encouraged to report

he injury, get early medical attention and return only gradually to
and ling duties.
OISTS
elect a hoist which is suitable for the site and capable of lifting
he loads required.
ake sure:
• the hoist is erected by trained and experienced people
fo ll owing the manufacturer's instructions and properly
secured to the supporting structure;
the hoist operator has been trained and is competent;
loads a re evenly distributed on the hoist pla tform ;
The hoist is thoroughly examined and
tested afts r erection , substantia l
alteration or repair and at relevant
intervals. Regular checks should be
carried out and the resu lts recorded.
As a general guide, weekly checks
should suffice.
Setting u the controls
that:
hoist can be operated from one position only, for example,
und level: and
operator can see all the landfng levels from the operating
ition.
Prevent eople being struck by the platform or other moving

parts
Enclose hoistway at places where people might be struck, for
example, rking platforms or window openings.
Provide tes at all landings and at ground level.
Prevent lling down the hoistway
'. -- ' . hois1way is fenced where people cou ld fall down it;·
gates at landings are kept closed except during loading
d unloading. Gates shou ld be secure and not free to
s .ng into the hoistway;
". edge of the hoist platiorm is close to the edge of the

ding so that there is no gap to fall through.
ing hit by falling materials

Stop I s falling from the platform , for example, m ke sure
wheelb rrows are securely choc ked and are not overfill ed.
Do not loose loads such as bricks. Put loose loads in proper
rs or use a hoist wit h an enclosed platform .
rload the platform. It should be clearly marked with its
lng load.
rgency procedures before work begins and put general

ns in place from the start of work. Some emergencies /'
re evacuation of the site, or part of the site, while others (
Ive the rescue of an injured person.
hen planning emerge cy proc dures, routes and exits, take into
ccount:
• the type of work being done on site;
• the characteristics and size of the site and the I umber and
location of workplaces on the site;
• the plant and equipment being used;
the number of people likely to be present on the site at any
one time; and
• The physical and chemical properties of subs tances or
m 1erial... on or likely to be on the site.
ake sure thn likeliho d of emerg ncies ar~sing is as low as

ossible.
ervic.
ake sure:
• There are arrangements for calling the emergency services.
In particular let the Fire Brigade know abo t ar1Y work in
tunnels, confined spaces or above 18 m and anywhere else
where specialized rescu equipment may be needed;
• there is adequate access to the site for the emergency
services and that access does not become blocked by plant
or material building up;
• If an emergency does arise. someone is posted at the site
entrance, or in another prominent position so that they can
direct th8 em rgency services
ke sure emergency routes are available,

pt clear, signed and adequately lit. Where
cessary provide lighting which will come on
tomatically in an emergency.
ake sure arrangements for tr ating and recovering injured people

C Available .
r • ~ .... J .
FIRE
Use less sily ignited all fewer flammable material . Fa' example,
use wa er-based or low solvent adhesives and paint .
Keep the quantity of flammables at the workplace to a minimum .
Always eep and carry flammable liquids in suitab le closed
containe .
If work i volves highly flammable liquids or solids, stop people

smoking nd don't allow other work activiLies involving potential
ignition to take place nearby. For example, if floor coverings
are being laid using solvent-based adhesives, don't allow soldering
of pipes the same time .
Ensure t at pipes, barrels , tanks etc whict m y have contained

flammab gases or liquids are purged or otherwise made safe
before u ing hot cutting equipment. Any pipe or container may
',.; appear be empty, but can contain enough material on its sides,
-. or withi n rust or other sediments, to produce a flammable or
explosiv tmosphere within it when heated or dist Jrbed. Advice
from a s ialist may be required .
mabie solids, liquids and gases safely. Separate them

from e other and rrom oxygen cylinders or oxidizing materials.
Keep the in ventilated secure stores or an outdoor storage area .
Do not s re them in or under occupied work areas or where they
could ob ct or endanger escape routes .
inguisher to hand when doing hot work such as welding

disc cutter which produces sparks.
Check site at lunch-time and at the end of the day to see that
all plant d equipment that could cause a f ire is tu rned oft. Stop
hot worki 9 an hour before people go home, as this will allow more
time for oldering fires to be identified.
. Provide lased metal con1ainers to collect r bbish and remove

them fro the site regularly. Collect highly flammable waste such
t-soaked rags separately in closed fire-resisting contain6~$
t and dry risers ready for use and install any new ones
possible.
HAZAR OUS SUBSTANCES

If workers se or are exposed to hazardous substances YOLl need
to assess t e health risks involved and to prevent exposure or else
adequatel control it.
People m y be exposed to hazardous substances either because

they handI or use them directly (e.g. solvents in glues and paints),
or becaus the work itself results in the creation of a hazardous
substanc (e.g. scrabbling concrete generates silica dust).
Identify a d assess both kinds of hazard.
Also, som hazardous substances may be on site before any work
starts, fo example, sewer gases or ground contaminants.
Manufacturers and suppliers of hazardous substances have a legal
duty to pr vide information. Read the label on the container and/or
the safety ata sheet. Approach the manufacturer or supplier directly
for more i formation if necessary.
Look at he way people are exposed to the hazardous

substanc in a particular job. Decide whether it is likely to
harm any ne's health.
Harm cou d be caused by:

• br athing in fumes. vapors, dust;
• dir ct contact with skin or eyes;
• S allowing or eating contaminated material.
Once a full assessment has been completed and where the sa me

work is bing done in the same way under simi lar circumstances
at anum er of sites, the risk assessment does not have to be
repeated before every job. Review the assessment from time to
time, but very few years will probably b enough. However, look ,
out for ew products which could be safer substit utes.
If there are many processes which resu lt in different hazaraou
s
subs ances being used in a wide range of circumstances, a fresh
asse sment may be needed for each job or set of simil ar jobs. This
will ake sure the assessment is relevant to the job being done
and the circu msta nces in wh ich it is be in g carr ied ou
t.
Ass S5 both immediate risks and longer-term health risks.
m from the substance is likely the first step to take is to try

I
and void it completely by not using it at all. This will mean eithe
r:
doing the job in a different way; or
Using a substitute substance. However, always check one
hazard is not simply being replaced by another.
If th substance has to be used because there is no alternative,

or ecause use of the least hazardous alternative still ·leads
to
sig ificant risk, the next step is to try and control exposure. Som
e
of t e ways this could be done include:
• Ensuring good ventilation in the working area by open ing
doors, wind ows and skyli ghts . Mec hani cal vent il atio n
equipment might be needed in some cases;
• using as little of the hazardous substances as poss ible
don't take more to the workplace than is needed;
• rather than spraying solvent-based materials, use a roller
wilh a splash guard or apply by brus h;
• Transferring liquids with a pump or siphon (not one primed
by mouth) rather tha n by hand. Keep containers closed
except when transferring;
• using cutting and grinding tools fitted with exha ust ventilation
or water suppression to control dust; and
• Using blasting equipment fitted with exhaust ventilatio n or
water suppress ion to control dust.
( I
RM VIBRATION
nand-held power tools. they sho Id identifX, assess
or control the risk from vibration.
The man actu rer or supp lier's infor mati on shou ld i dicat e if
there is a vibra tion prob lem . Go back to the man ufa turer or
supp lier if the infor mati on is not clear. Whe re poss ibl choo se
low vibra t n tools .
The info ation from the manufacturer or supplier, the mou nt of

time the Is are used and discussions with the people using the
tools sh Id reve al the tools mos t likely to pres e t a risk.
Make su workers using vibrating tools know about the risks and
what they need to do to minimize them.
Preven
b be don~ in another way which does not inv Ive using
power tools (for example, by using a hydraul c breake r
concrete beam rather than spending long pe ods using
breakers)?
To against vibration, workers should keep their hands warm

od flow of blood into the fingers by:
• aring gloves;
• aving hot food or drinks;
• assaging the finge rs;

at smok ing (as this can caus e narro wing of the blood
• ssels). ,. (
LECTRICITY AND OTHER SERVICES
E ectrical systems and equipment must be properly se lected,
i stalled, used and maintained.
B fore work begins

It is essential that the electricity power supply requirements are
e tablished before any work takes place. Arrangements for the
e ectricity supply should be completed with the local electricity
s pplier and the supply system installed.
here possible. eliminate risks . Cordless tools or tools which

o erate from a 11 OV supply system which is centre-tapped to earth
\ il l effectively eliminate the risk of death and greatly reduce injury
j the event of an electrical accident. For other purposes such as
Ii hting, still lower voltages can be used .
If mains voltage has to be used, residual current devices (RCDs

trip devices) with a rated tripping current not greater than 30 mA
ith no time delay will be needed to ensure that the current is
omptly cut off if contact is made with any live part.
CDs must be installed and treated with great care. They should
b checked daily by operating the test button. If mains voltage
to be used, make sure that tools can only be connected to
s ckets protected by ReDs. RCDs cannot give the assu rance
o safety that cordless equipment or a reduced low voltage (such
110V) system provides .
ains equipment is more appropriate to dry indoor sites where

am age from heavy or sharp materials is unlikely. Where mains
I ads to sockets may be damaged they should be:
• positioned where they are least likely to be damaged, for

example, run cables at ceiling height; or
• Protected inside impact resistant condui t.
Alternatively, special abrasion resistant or armored flexible
leads can be used.
Chec and maintenance
Electr ca l systems should be regular ly c hecked and
maint ned. Everyone using electrical equipmen should know
what look out for.
Before any 230V hand tool, lead or ReO is used, check that:
• bare wires are visible;
• he cable covering is not damaged and is free from cuts
nd abrasions;
• he plug is in good condition, for example, the casing is not
acked, the pins are not bent and the key way is not blocked
"th loose material;
ere are no taped or other non-standard joints in the cable;
• he outer case of the equipment is not damaged or loose
and all screws are in plac ;
• ere are no overheating or burn marks on the plug, cable
or the equipment;
• ReDs are working effectively, by pressing the 'test' button
every day.
should report any of these faults immediately and stop

e loa I or cable as soon as any damage is seen" Managers
so arrange for a formal visual inspection of 230V portable
equi nt on a weekly basis.
ed equipment shou ld be taken out of service as soon as

age is noticed. Do not carry out makeshift repai rs.
systems
hting systems, provide protection for cabl ing in the same
way for tools. Protect bulbs against breakage. If breakage does
occur exposed filaments may present a hazard. Make sure
there " a system for checking bulbs to maintain electrical saf ty
and al to keep the site well lit.
(
uitable equipment
ools and equipment should be suitable for site conditions . DIY
ools and domestic plugs and cables are not desrgned to stand up
o everyday construction work. Also observe other restrictions on
se imposed by manufacturers.
f work is to be done in areas where there is a risk of flammable

. apors, it may be necessary to select specially designed electrical
quipment to prevent it acting as a source of ignition .
verhead power lines

ny work near electric distribution cables or railway power lines
ust be care1ully planned to avoid accidental contact.
here possible all work likely to lea to contact with the overhead
ine should be done in an area well clear of the line itself.
n some cases it may be possible to alter the work to eliminate
he risk, for example, by reducing the length of scaffold tubes,
adders or roof sheets to ensure that the line cannot be contacted
ccidentally. As a general rule no vehicles, plant or equipment
hould be brought closer than :
• 15 m of overhead lines suspended from steel towers; or
• 9 m of overhead lines supported on wooden poles.
In cases where closer approach is likely, it is necessary either

o have the lines made dead or to erect barriers to prevent
. pproach to them.
ROTECTING THE PUBLIC

eeping the public out
In most cases a 2 m perimeter fence will need to be put up and
aintained. If alterations are needed or safeguards have to be
ken down, make sure they are put back when the job is finished,
efore leaving the site for meal breaks, and at the end of the day.
ock the site gates and any other doors and windows at night. .
I work is being done in occupied premises s clear responsibilities

f r maintaining precautions and keeping those not involved in the
ork away need to be agreed with the occupie r of the build ing.
If the sit is near a school or on, or near a housing estate , it may
be help I to contact the head teacher and residents' associatio
n,
etc to ek their help to discourage children from trespassing.
Many ildren see construction sites as adventure playg rounds.

Even th ugh they may be entering the site without authority or may
be tres ing, they should still be protected from site dangers;
many w I be too young to appreciate the risks they are runn ing.
Any sit visitors should r port to the person in charge and know
where go - notices at the site entrance may be requ ired. They
should at be allowed to wand er arou nd the site alone and a
booki in system may be needed for larger sites.
work in stree ts or simil ar area s cons ider:

• igns for traffic and pedestrians;
• emporary traffic controls;
ones or othe r barr iers to mark the safe ty zone ;
• arriers to protect the publi c.
• uitab le temp orary walk ing surfa ces for pede stria ns;
• mporary lighting;
• storage of materials;
• the movement of vehicles and plant into and a t of the work
area ;
• providing high visibility cloth ing for those worki 9 on or next
to the roadway;
• Other hazards.
passers-by with brickguards and/or netting o · scaffolding,

ember, most netting will only retain light aterial. Fans
and/o cove red walk ways may also be needed wer e th e risk
r
is pa icula rly high. Use plast ic shee ting on scaff Ids to retai
n
dust, rips and splashes which may occur when cle ning building
n I .. . ,.. ... c.t ta nil 1fifi

cades. Make sure the sheets do not make-the caNold unstable.
hen using gin wheels or power driven hoists, s lect a safe place
here members of the public are not at risk . Use hooks with safety
c tches when lifting. Use debris chutes when re oving debris into
a skip; cover over the skip to stop flying debris a d cut down dust.
emove loose materials and debris from scaff Id platforms . Do

n t stack materials on scaffolds unless it is ne ded and then not
ove the level of the toe board unless brickguar' s or another way
retaining material has been provided . Remov or tie down loose
aterials and scaffold boards if high winds are p ssible. Make sure
te hoardings will stand up to high winds.
t the end of the working day

. arrier off or cover over excavations, pits etc. .
I alate and immobilize vehicles and plant; if po sible lock them in
compound.
tore building materials, such as pipes, man h Ie rings, cement

. ags etc so that they cannot topple or roll ove . Remove access
I . dders from excavations and scaffolds. Lock away hazardous
ubstances. Security measures may also be n eded. These can
ften strengthen safety measures.
LACE OF WORK REQUIRING IN

orking platforms etc
here it is possible for a person to fall 2 m or m re from a working
latform, the platform and associated parts ne d to be inspected
y a competent person:
• before first use;
• after substantial alteration;
• after any event likely to have affected its s bil£ty, for example,
following strong winds; and
• At regular intervals not exceedi
he person in control mus1 have the inspectior s carried out by a
I .
5 I Pakistan St te all Construction Safety
nt person. Whoever controls the activit' s of others wI 0
ffold also needs to ensure it is safe before ttl y use it for
If the co petent person is not satisfied that work ca be carried

out safe . tlley should advise the person for whom th inspection
ed out as soon as possible. The workplace s~ ould not be
I the defects have been put rigllt. A written r port should
following most inspections.
Excav s which need to be supported or battered ba k to prevent

danger ust be inspected. The person in control of th excavation
must for a competent person to carry out these Inspections:
• the start of the shift before work begins;
• r any event likely to have affected its stabil ty; and
• fter any accidental fall of rock, earth or other aterial.

petent person is not satisfied that work car j be carried
out safe ,they sholiid advise the person for whom 1h inspection
was ed out as soon as possible. The workplace s ould not be
used un il the defects have been put right.
Reme r the passage of construction plant close to a excavation

will put dditional loading on the excavat,on . Any su ports must
be able · 0 carry such loadings .
WOR ING AT HEIGH

Falls a the largest cause 01 accidental death in the onstruction
industry They account for 50% of all fatalities. Mo 1 accidents
involvin falls could have been prevented if the righ equipment
had be n provided and properly used . All fi ls eed to be
preve d. However, specific precautions need to be t ken (guard
rails, ba riers. etc) where it is possible to fall two met rs (2 m) or
more. en if the fall is less than 2 m, it may be n cessary to
protect e worker, for example if they are working a ove starter
bars - a sess the risk.
..,,1.
en planning for work at height, consider here the work will
e done. ObvIously the first choice will be an existing structure
hich allows safe access and provides a s fe working place.
i1 is not possible to work safely from th existing structure,
extra working platform wjll be needed.
utes to prevent falls
Don't work at height unless i1 is essen

• Make SLJre the working platform is se
will support the weight of workers using i and any materials
and equipment they are likely to use or on it;
• Is stable and will not overturn. For examp , scaffolds usually
need to be tied to a supporting structur . Mobile elevating
work platforms (MEWPs) may not be ate on uneven or
sloping ground;
• provides adequate working space; and I
Is footed on stable ground or on a stable pport or structure.
• Provide guard rails, barriers etc at ope edges, including
edges of floors, floor openings, edges roofs and edges
of working platforms.
I., .
cn f
ture or duration of the work may also infll ence what
platform is most appropriate. Traditionally uch work
en done from scaffolding. However, othe means of
such as M WPs, tower scaffolds, personal uspension
ent (such as rope access techniques and oatswain's
and ladders, offer advantages and disad antages. It
ntial to consider what risks there may be in erecting
ess equipment as well as using it.
• Matters which need to be considere when selecting a

type of work platform or means of access to th worl<place
include:
The type of work to be carried out, e.g. It will r quire heavy
loads on the platform.
how long the work will last;
• what risks there will be during erection of the latform;
• ow difficult the platform will be to maintain; I
• many people will need to use the equipm nt;

• an the equipment be stabilized, e.g. can the scaffold be
tied?; and
• Whether part of the structure can be provided early in the
work so that there is a permanent workin platform.
When lecting a means of access, remember:

• only when it is not practicable to provide a w rk platform
with guard rails should other means of access ( pr example,
boatswain's chairs or rope access technique be used;
• only when no other method is practicable, or risk ssessment
shows other methods are safer when work platt rms cannot
comply with all requirements for safe work ( .g. a guard
rail has to be removed to land materials), sho Id a way of
arresting falls (for example, a harness and Ii es or nets)
be relied upon;
• If no other means of providing a safe place of rk at height
is available, then appropriately anchored har ess should
be worn. However, whenever harnesses are u d a method
r ,
. i
: . . • 1i.1 I "q
m st b availa Ie to enable people to b rescued should
th y fall and be left suspended in their h rness;
• nets may also be needed to protect tho e working to put
guard rails or other protection in place;
• Ladders should always be secured if pos ible. They should
be primarily used for access and only be u ed as workplaces
to do light work of short duration and th n only if it is safe
10 do so . It is generally safer to use a ower scaffold or
MEWP even for shari-term work. Heavy ork activity such
as drilling or carrying heavy loads shaul I never be carried.
out from a ladder. When using a ladde ensure that the
parson on the ladder always has three oints of contact,
i.e. two legs and a hand. People should ever have to lean
sideways when up a ladder.
Wilen selecting a safe system of work t heigh1s, all the
risks have to be considered before one elhod is selected.
For example, if nets are selected, is there a equate clearance
under the nets to prevent injury to those ho may fall into
them? If harnesses are used , is there SL icient clearance
from the ground to allow the shock abs rbing lanyard or
inertia reel to fully extend?
Before any work at height , check that t ere is adequate
clearance for eq lipment. For example, overhead power
lines can be a risl< when erecting scaffold or using MEWPs;
there can be a risk of crUShing against earby structures
when mobile access platforms are man vered.
afety harnesses
roviding a safe place of work and system of w rk to prevent falls
hould Iways be the first consideration. Howe cr, there may be
ircumstances in wt1ich it is not practicable fo all or any of the
quirements for guard rails etc to be provided (f r example, where
uard rails are t ken down for short periods t land materials)
here people may still approach an open edg from which they
auld be liable to fall 2 m or more, other form of protection wil l
e needed . In some cases. a suitably attac ed harness and
t mporary horizontal lifeline cou ld allow safe w rking.
Construction Safet
When 'ng harnesses and temporary horizontal lifelines remember:
amesses and lanyards are made of man-mad fibers and
such are prone to degradation by sunlight chemicals
. It is important to carry out tactile pre-use c ecks daily,
n good light, before taking harnesses and lanyards into
se . If there is the slightest doubt about a ha ness or the
anyard, cio not use it. Faults can be noticed by d scoloration,
ittle tears and nicks, grittiness to touch etc.
• harness will not prevent a fall - it can only inimize the
isk of injury if there is a fall. The person who lis may be
njured by the impact load to the body when t e line goes
ight or when they strike against parts of the stru ture during
fall. An energy absorber fitled to the energ -absorbing
anyard can reduce the risk of injury from i pact loads;
• Minimize free-fall distance. eep your ancho as high as
possible, thus red Icing fall di tances .
• onsider how to recove anyone who does ·fa l l ~
• Anyone who needs to attach hemselves shau l be able to

do so from a safe position. They need to be a Ie to attach
themselves before they mov into a position where they
re relying on the protectio provided by t e harness;
• to ensu re that there is an ad quate fall height to allow the
system to deploy and arrest t e fall;
• A twin lanyard may be neces ary in some cas 6 where tre
wearer needs to move ab0 t. A twin lanyar allows the
•
1
wearer to clip on one lanyar in a different po ition be fore
unclipping the other lanyard;
installation of equipment to vyhich harnesses ill be fixed ,
e.g. a suitable anchor, must be supervised y a suitably
qualified person; and
• Make sure everyone who u es a harness k ows how to
check, wear and adjust it be ore use and ho . to connect
themselves to the structu e r safety line as pp ropriate.
EaCh day, harnesses and la yards need to e inspected
visually, before they are use , for signs of ab asion, tears
or gene ral wear and tea r. hey should b thoro ughly
examined periodically, and t ese examinatio s should be
carried out at least every six onths .
I
O o l;i t:.n ~h::lIQ ("Iii \ B1
EMOLITION, DISMA TLING & S RUCTURAL
LTERATION I
emolition nd dismantling ar~ high risk activi ies. Workers are
i jured in falls from edges ahd through ope ings nd fragile
n alerials. Workers and passersrby can be inj by the premature
a d uncontrolled collapse of s~ruclures or parts f structures and
b flying debris. High level~ of dust, nois and other site
c ntamination are also signifkant problems hich need to be
c nSldered and controlled wh~n planning any Id emolition work.
afe riemolitlon requires planning. The key to eveloping a safe

s stcm of work for demolition and dism ntling i choosing a work
thod which keeps people as tar away as poss Ie from the risks.
reposed working methods may be best detail I in a health and
s fety method statement. Everyone involyed in e work needs to
k ow what precautions are to be taken. T~ey sh Id be supervised
s that these precautions are put into practice.
I is essential that demolition is planned ~nd ied out under the

upervision of a competent person. S perv ors should have
k owledge of the particular type of demol n b carried out. its
azards and how to contro l them - In partie lar, they should
nderstand and follow any demolition m tement and know
f any particular demolition sequence r avoid accidental
ollapse of the structure.
nyone who IS not involved in the work pt away. Create

n exclusion zone around the work area, which hould be clearly
arked, where necessary, by it>arriers or hoardi gs. Do not allow
a1erials to fall into any area where peop e are rking or passing
t lrough. Fans, or other protection such a cover walkways, may
e needed to' provide protection where aterial can fall.
ire IS also a risk, especially where hot eing carried out

o make sure the precautions are in pi
TEEL ERECTION
hen designing and planning for the rectio of steel frames,
e first consideration should be 10 elim ate reduce the need
h? 'p~j t I ~Ial DlI

to work t height. Where work at height can ot b avoided ,
mobile atforms or tower scaffolds or other uitab l work ing
platform should be used for access for boltin -up'" d similar
operatio s. Make sure the ground is suitable b fore rk starts,
to allow afe use of mobile platforms or tower affold and safe
standing for a crane.
Steel e ction requires careful planning and ex cution - it is best

left to s ecialists. There is also much potenti I to re uce risks
during d sign and planning by, for example:
e suring erection is sequenced so that s irs an handrails
n go in as early as possible to provi e safe access to
h levels of the structure;
signing connection joints to make oltin -up easy;
• ding bracing into the design to ensure i

structure through all stages of erecti
ra stability of
• uring adequate information is passed to al rt erectors

a out special sequences which need 0 be 1I0wed to
sur stability.
hazards to be controlled on site r

• f lis when working at height;
• e ectors being hit or knocked off the ste ving steel
embers or decking packs being cra position;
e structure collapsing before it s fully braced;
aterials dropping onto people
e manual lifting of heavy steel memb
nd other strains and injuries; and
ranes overturning.
ORK AND REINFORCED CON
aple falling during steel-fixing and e formwork;

apse of the formwork or falsework;
_ .. 1 "
• m a Ie ri a I s fa" i n g wh i I e s rikin I he form work ;1
• man ual hand ling of shut ter • re i ~orCing bars etc;

• being struck by the concrete ski ; .
sil ica dust from scrabbling ope tions;
• arm and back strain for steel-fix

• Cem ent burns from wet concre .
Many of these risks can be reduced ved by design and

careful planning of the formwork . F Ie:
Designers should consider the andling risks when

detailing size and length of the 9 bar.
• Rxing reinforcement steel in p

conditions and crani ng it into p
sections in factory
ark can be done
on work benches to reduce the bending down.
• Usin g form work syste ms that h ve e

access designed in.
e prote ction and
• Minimizing the need for scrabb li 9 by

• Usin g conc rete pUlmps inste d of cran e and skip.
Make sure:
• guard rails or othe r spitable bar' falls are put
in place as work progJresses;
• workers have safe ~ccess to th - it is not safe to
stand on primary or other open
• a ladder or a tower sbaffold is us
• ladd ers are tied - climb ing ica l sect ions of
reinf orce ment or the l wedges of forms should not
be permitted;
• Equipment is in good Qrder before se. not use substitutes
for the man ufacturer'~ pins in adj stabl props;
• the form work , false work and t mpo ry supp o rt s are
checked, properly tied, footed, br d a supported before
loading, and betor e pouring wall
• workers are protected from wet (prov ide gloves
a Wellington boots) and silica dust (p ide spi rators
or avoid the need to scabble by using a r tarde );
• I ds are spread as evenly as possible n the emporary
st cture ~ do not place large loads of ber, einforcing
b rs or wet concrete in a local ized ar - sp ead loads
e enly;
• it s known when back~propping is requi an how soon
e new str cture can be loaded: and
• ere is a planned safe striking proced
GROUND SERVICES
rground services can be easily d excavation
. If the proper precautions are not ta n, it is II too easy
orkers to hit these services, resulting i
• themselves and anyone nearby from

ten metal given off when an electric cab
,flam e and
is struck;
escaping gas when a gas pipe is it; or f m flooding
f the exca vatio n when a wate r pipe is da aged; and
• rom the interruption of services t9
rvices etc.
Before work starts, service plans should be obtai ed . Use the

plans to see whet her the place inten fo diggi ng wil l
working near buried underground se ces. Look out for
services such as manholes, valve cov rs, str et-lights etc.
for pipe s and cabl es befo re star t g to d i g.
Cont a t with serv ices can be avoided by P oper lanning and
execu ion. A safe syste m of work depe nd upo the use of :
• cable or other service plans;
• cable and service locators; and
• Safe digging practices.
W enever possible, keep excavations I awa from existing

s rvices.
Beiore digging, make sure that:
• all workers involved in the digging k ow safe digging
prac tice and eme rgen cy proc edu es an that they are
properly supervised;
• the locator is used to trace as acc~ratelY possible the
actual line of any pipe or cable or t confi that there are
no pipes or cables in the way an the g nd has been
marked accordingly; ,
• There is an emergency plan to deal with mage to cables
or pipes. Have a system for notifyi g the ervice owner in
all circumstances. In the case of as pi damage, ban
smoking and naked flames. Carry 0 t on whenever
necessary (this may include peop e in n arby properties
likely to be affected by leaks). Ere suita Ie signs to warn
everyone of the danger. See also merg Py procedures.
E cava te usin g safe digg ing prac tice:
• Keep a careful watch for evidence f pip r cables during

digging and repeat checks with th loca . If unidentified
services are found , stop work unt I furth
made to confirm it is safe to proce d;
Hand dig trial holes to confirm th posir of the pipes or
cables. This is particularly impo nt in case of plastic
pipes whic h cann ot be dete c d by rmal locat ing
equipment.
• Hand dig near buried pipes or ca se air-powered
excavation devices. Use spades els rather than
.....
pi ks and forks which are more likely to bles. It is
p rticularly important that you:
not use handheld power tools within O. indicated
sition of an electricity cable;
• in O. rp of a gas
• eat all pipes or cables as 'live' unless it i know otherwise.
hat looks like a rusty pipe may be co duit ntaining a
Ii e cable. Do not brea k or cut into ar y ser ce until its
j entity is certain and it is known that t has
s fe'
I
• support services once they are expos d to p vent them

f om being damaged ! and make su re th t they re not used
s hand or footholds when people are 9 tting and out of
t e trench;
• r port any suspected damage to servic s;
• ackfill around pipes or cables with fin mat rial. Backfill
hich is properly compacted, particularl unde cast or rigid
ipes , prevents settlement which cou ld caus damage at
later date;
nce new serv ices have been laid. upda t the plan s .
ING IN CONFINED SPACE

Not kn wing the dangers of confined spaces h sled 0 the death
s
workers. Often those killed include no only t ose working
nfined space but
also t ose who. not
properl equipped, try 10
reseu them . Work in
such pace s requ ires
skilled nd trained people
to ensure safety. If work
canno~ be avoided in a
conf inrd spac e , it wil l
often ble safer to bring in
a speT alist for the job.
or safe working, first try to find a way of doing he job without
oing into the confined space. If en1ry is ssenti I:
identify what work must be done i the c nfined space and
the hazards involved;
• consider if the space could be alter d to m ke it permanently

safe or if the work could be chan ed to ake entry to the
dangerous area unnecessary;
• make sure worke rs have be n tra'ned in the dangers and
precautions, including rescue pro edure ;
• make sure the entrance to the spa e is bi enough to allow
workers wearing all the nece ssar equi ment to climb in
and out easily;
• before entry, ventilate the space a muc as possible, test

the air inside the space and only nter if the test show s i1
is safe;
• after entry, conti nue to test the a r for t xic subs tances,
flamm able gase s and oxyg en de icien c as nece ssary ;
• If there is a flammable risk, the s ace m st be ventilated
until it is safe, When selecting equ pmen t remember heat
or spark s from electrical or other quip ent could ignite
flammable vapors, so air-powered tools ay be required.
The risk from flammable vapors is very h gh when work is
carried out on the tan ks of petrol se ice st tions and similar
sites, This is work which may be afer I ft to a sfJecial ist
contractor;
• distu rbing depo sits and slurries i pipes and tanks may
prod uce extra vapor, resulting in grea r risk, so clear
deposits before entry where possi Ie;
• if the air inside the spac e cann ot e fit to breat he
beca use of a toxic risk or lack of , work ers must
wear breathing apparatus;
akistan Stato Oil i at

• ever try to 'sweeten' the air in a confined pace ith oxygen
s this can produce a fire and explosion risk;
• orkers inside the confined space sh uld w ar rescue
rnesses, with lifelines attached, which un ba k to a point
utside the confined space;
• omeone should be outside to ke p wa ch and to
ommunicate with anyone inside , rais the larm in an
mergency and take charge of rescu pro dures if it
ecomes necessary. It is essential thos outsi th space
ow what to do in an emergency. They need t know how
use breathing apparatus if they are t affect a rescue.
Construction Sa':ety
EL
- -
70 Construction Safety
PER ONNEL HEALTH
If, and nly if exposure cannot be adequately contr lied by any
combin tion of other measures also provide p rson I protective
equipment (PPE). This might take the form of:
• Respirators which can protect against usts, vapors and

gases. Make sure the respirator is of t e con ect type for
the job; dust masks may not protect ag nst v pors or vice
versa. If the respirator has replaceabl cartri ges, make
sure the correct type for the job is titt d , th t it has not
become exhausted or clogged and is till in date (many
filters have a limited shelf life). It is t:~~t:!1 I th l respirators
fit well around the face. Make sure the ser k ows how to
wear the equipment and check for goo face seal.
Respirators do not usually seal well ainst a beard, so
when users have a beard, other p ..,,1-,""'·ion w ich does not
rely on a good face seal is needed;
• Protective clothing, such as overalls, ,glov s. rotection
may be needed against corros ve s bstances;
• I Eye protection, such as goggles or fac visor. Protection
of the eyes is important. If the protectio nee d is against
corrosive splashes, visors can p t the whole face.
Selec PPE with care. Choose good quality quip ent which is
preferably CE-marked . Let the user of the eq en help choose
it whenever possible- they will be more willi to w ar it. Explain
to the user why the equipment has to be wo and he hazard(s)
th e equipment protects against. Users ne to k ow how the
equip{l1ent should be operated and what main anc checks they
should c rry out. Supervise the user to m~ke sure t e equipment
is being' used properly. Regularly maintain the ipm nt and check
it for damage. Store it in a dry, clean place hav replacement
and spare equipment to hand.
Make sure the PPE does not become a sou of ontamination

by keeping the inside of dust masks and gl s cle n. Store them
in a clean box or cupboard - donlt leave the lying around in he
work 'area.
peR SON NEL HYG IEN E
Sups tanc es can also be a haza rd to ea lth when they are
tra~sferred from workers' hands onto foo , ciga ttes etc and so
taken into the body. This can be avoided by good
for example, by:
• washing hands and face before eati g, dri ;ng and smoking
and before using the toilet;
• Eating, drinking and smoking only a the work area.
Make sure as few people as possible are the substances
by exclu ding people not direc tly involve work from the
contaminated area.
Make sure those at risk know the hazards. Pro . good washing
facilities and somewhere clean to eat mea s. G d clean welfare
facil ities can play an impo rtant part in p tecti 9 the health of
everyone involved in the work.
HE~LTH SUR VEi lLA NCE

Sometimes workers' health can be p cking for early
signs of illness. Such surveillance is a Ie in a restricted
range of case s for work invol ving some heal t risks such as
asbestos. Surveillance may be appropri e in her cases: for
example, for workers regularly engaged in last-cI aning surfaces
containing silica, or where workers are d high levels of
nois e or hand -arm vibra tion, espe Ciall y for long perio ds
ASBESTOS
Asbestos -related diseases kill more people than yoth er single
if
work-related cause. All types of asbestos can b dangerous
disturbed. The danger arises when asbestos fi LJU'-Jume airborne.
They form a very fine dust which is ofte Ie. Breathing
asbestos dust can cause serious damage 9 s and cause
cancer. There is no known cure for asbe os-rei ted diseases.
The more asbestos dust inhaled, the grea

Until recently it was thought that those dying
diseases were regularly exposed to large a
is now thought that repeated low exposur
1') I Lo., .,. •.. _ ,.. . I

exposures to asbestos can lead to asbesto
though the exact scale of risk at lower levels of eJ'l.LHJULJ
Therefore precautIons should always be taken prev nt exposure
or where this is not practicable. to keep it to a minim m.
Workers such as plumbers, electricians an heati g engineers

may not cons ider that they work with asbes os , b t they might
regularly drill, cut and handle materials cont sbestos and
need to be protected .
Asbestos is a very durable fiber. It was wide y use in materials

where resistance to heat or chemical attack as im ortant and to
give strength to cement products such as insul tion boards,
corrugated roof sheets and cement guttering pipe ork.. Sprayed
asbestos coatings have also been used to re
For many jobs, building owners will already k ow were asbestos

can be found in their bu ildings. In some cases hey ay even have
labeled it to warn others who may come into co wi h it. However,
often the presence of asbestos will not be
It is sensible to assume that any build ng constructed or

refurbished before the 1980s will conta n as estos-based
materials. No work should be carried out who is Ii ely to expose
employees to asbestos unless an adeq te a sessment of
exposure has been made. This means that the b ilding or area
of the building where work is to be done s ould e checked to
identify the location, type and condition of bestos which
could be disturbed during the work .
.. \
'.. _l_~ (;'+ .... , , , (')il I 7':l.
Some of the most commori materials co tainin asbestos are:
• boiler and pipework coatings and la gings
• spray ed coati ngs provi ding fi re or acou stic insul ation ;
• insulation board;
• ceme nt-ba sed boar ds, shee ts a d tor ed prod ucts ;
• ceiling (and some floor) tiles;
• gaskets and paper products used fo therm I and electricaJ
insulation;
• Some textured surface coatings .
In general the softer the material the more e sily it i damaged and
the more likely it is to release fibers whe distu bed or worked
on . The greater tile fiber release, the grea er the risk to health it
will generate and the higher the standard 0 preca tions requir d
when working with that material.
References
NFPA 5000 : Building Construction and Saf y Cod

NFPA 101: Life Safety Code
http:// www.nfpa.org
74 1Pakistan StRte 0 11 Construction Safety ' ' .

Messa e from the Mana in Director
Pakistan State Oil Company Ltd is the largest oil m rketing company in
Pakistan. Objective of the company is to protect its emplo ees' hea th, minimize
occupational injuries and avoid any environmental impa t of its .roducts and
processes. We are committed to achieve these goa s thro h effective
implementation of HSE standards throu ghout our facilities .
In ord er to implement & maintain Health, Safety and Envi 'onmen standards at
all PSO fa cilities, HSE d epartment has designed sa fety ookle ts for different
business areas of the company. Continuing the same h'a d tion, th d eparhnent
has developed Electrical Safety booklet in order to facilitat our sta f to p erform,
supervise and maintain elech'ical system / ne twork as pe ' HSE s and ards and
best occupational safe ty practices.
We hope that all concerned shall m aintain tIle highest Ie el of el ctrical safety
s tanda rds during their activities as per the instructions stat d in this bookle t.
Man
Foreword by DGM (HSE)
Pakistan State Oil Company Limited has taken great s rides to indoctrinate
Health, Safety and Enviromnent culture in the company. All em loyees have
assimilated the HSE viewpoint and they realize the import nce of i plementing
HSE in the work place.
If safe1ty rules and guidelines are not followed the n activi jes at f cilities entail
elech'ical risks with possible fatalities and serious injuries. ith thi in mind, an
Electrical Safety booklet has been developed for all PSO ngineer, contractors
and stakeholders so that they can carry out activities more" afely an securely by
following the safety guidelines mentioned in this booklet.
It is antiCipated that all concerned will assimilate safety i ormatio highlighted

in this booklet and make an effort to implement the same t their fc cilities in the
best interest of themselves, PSO and the public at large.
Table of Contents
1. Electricity Bas ics: .... ....... ........... ... ...... .... .... ... ....... .. .. ...... ... .. ......... .. ... .... .... ... .... .... ...... .... .. 10
1.1. Pri nc iples of elect ricit y: ...... ... ... ...... ...... .. .. .. ....... ....... ... ..... ...... ..... .. .. .. ... .... .. ........ .... .. 10
1.2. Bas ic circ uitry : .... ... ... .................. ... ... .. .... .. ........ .. ... .... ....... .. .. .. .... ..... ..... ...... ... ..... ..... . 10
1.3. Vo ltage and Cur rent: ........... ...... ... .... .. ... ....... .. ... ....... ....... ... .... ..... .. ... .... ....... ... .. ... .... . 10
1.4. Relati onship betwee n voltage, cu rre nt and resista nce: ......... .. ... ... ..... ... ...... ...... ....... . 11
1.5. Co nductors, in sulato rs and electro n fl ow : ........... .. ....... ......... ... ........ ... ...... ... ... ... ...... 11
1.5.1. Exam pl esofCo nduct o rs: .. ... .. ... ..... .... .......... ................. .... ............ .... .. ..... .. ....... . 12
1. 5.2. Examp les of Insulato rs: ... ..... .. ... ..... ... .... .. .. ..................... . ... ... ... .. ... ....... ... .. ... .... .. 12
2. Equ ipm ent Se lecti o n: ........ .... .... ........... .... .. .... ......... .... .... ...... ... ..... . .......... .... .. .... ... ... .. .. .... . 15
2.1. Hazardo us Areas: ... .. ......... .......... .. ... .... .. ..... ..... .. ... .......... .. ..... ........... ... ....... .. ....... .... 15
2.2. Ty pes of haza rd (G ro ups): .... ... ...... .... ... ..... .. .... ..... ..... .... ... ... .. . ...... ... ..... .... .. ... .... ....... 15
2.1.1. Gases and Vapo rs: ............................. .... ... ..... ... ...... ............... .... ... .... ... .... ...... .. .15
2.1.2. Dust s and Fi be rs (Group III) .......... ... ............. ... ....... ........ .............. .... ... .. .. ......... 16
2.3. Th e likeli hood of th e hazard bein g prese nt in f lamm able cone ntration (Zo nes) : .. .... 16
2.3.1. Gases and Va po rs: .... ....... .... .. .... .... .. ......... ... .. ..... .... ...... .. .. .... ...... .. ...... ....... ..... .. 16
2.3.2. Dust s: ......... ...... .............. ................. .... ...................................... .. . ..... ... ... ....... .. 16
2.4. The (au t o) igniti on t em pera ture of t he haza rdo us m at e ria l (T m perat u Cla ss es) :.... 17
2.5 . Ingress Protection Rat ing: ..... ..... .... ... ..... ............. ... .. ... ..... .... .. .... ... ....... ... .. ..... .... ...... 18
2.5.1. IP XV: ....... .... .... ... ... .... ......... .. .... ..... ..... ................ .. ........ .. .. ..... ........ .. .... .... .. ..... .. 18
2.6. Expl os io n Protect io n: ............ ...... ... .... .... ............... ...... ... ...... .. ... ... .... .. .. ............ .. ... ... 20
2.6.1. Fl ameproof (EX d): ........... ... .. ..... .... .. ...... ... .... .. ... ....... .... .. ......... .. ... ...... ....... ....... 20
2.6.2. Intrin sica lly Safe (Ex i): .... ............. .................. ... ... ... .. .. .... ........ ... ... .. .................. 21
2.6.3. Increased Sa f ety (Ex e) .... ...... ... ... ........ .......... ... ... ... ... ..... . ... ... ... .. .. . ..... ... ............ 21
2.6.4. Press uri za t ion (Ex p): ... .. .... ..... ..... ... .......... .. .... ..... .......... ... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ....... 21
2.6.5 . Non-S parkin g (Ex n) : .. .. .... ... .... ... ... ... .. .... ... .... ... ..... .. ....... . ............. . ... .... ... .. .. .... .. 22
2.6.6 . Pow der fill ed Ex 'q ' type: .... ..... .. .... .. .. .......... .. ........... ..... ; ....... .. ... ... .. ................. 22
2.6.7 . Oil immersed Ex '0' t ype: ........... .. ... .. ................ ................ ...... ..... . .................... 22
2.7. Ins tall atio n gui de line s of electri ca l equipm ent in haza rdo us a eas: .. .... .. ... .. ...... ....... .. 23
2.8. Mainte nance recom m endations in haza rdo us areas: .. .. .. ........ ... .. ......... ... .. ............... 24
2.9 . Protection methods for hazardous zones: .... .. ........ .. .... .... .. .... ............... .. .... .. ............ 24
2.9.1. Zone '0': .......... ...... .. ....... ........ .. ..................................................... .................... 24
2.9.2. Zone '1': ... .... .. .. ...... .. ... .. ............................. .. ....... .... .. ................... .. .. ... ........ .. .... 25
2.9.3. Zone '2': .... ............. ..... .. ......... .. ... .. .... ... ............ ... .. .. ... .. .... .... ....... ... ........... .. ..... 25
2.10. Typical Ex Marking.. ........................ .. ... .. ............. ............. ... ..... .. ... .. .......... .... ........ 25
2.11. Hazards Associated with Electricity: .. ..... ....... .. .. .. ................ .. .. .. .. .. ..... ... .... ...... ...... 26
2.11.1. Fire hazard: .... ......... ... .............. .... .. .. .. .. .... ....... .. .. ....... .... .. ........... .. .. ........... .... .. 26
2.11.2. Explosion hazards ... .. ..... .. ...... ......... ... .. ..... .. ........... .. ....... ... ............ .. ................. 26
2.11.3. Static electricity: ............. ....................................... ... .. ... . .................... ...... ........ 27
2.12. Hazardous Location Classifications - National Electric Code NEC Han book, Article
500): 28
3. Portable electrical equipment: .. ............ ..... .. .... .. .. .. .......... .. ........... .. ............ . ...... ,.. ..... ..... 32
3.1. Portable appliance: ... .... ........... .. ... ................... ............. .. ....... .. .. .. ... .. ....................... 32
3.1.1. Common accident causes: ................................. ......... ... . ......... .. ........... ... ....... .. 32
3.2. Control measures: .. ........................... .. ............ .. ........ .... ....................... . .. :....... .. ....... 33
3.2.1. Selection and suitability of equipment: ...... ......... .. ...... .. .. ...... ... .... .. .. .... .. ...... .. ... 33
3.2.2. Fuses as control measures: ...... .. ..... .... ............ ... .. .... .. ... ........ .. .. .. .. . ....... ... .. .. ..... 33
3.2.3. Circuit breaker :........ .. ... .. .. .. .. ..... .. .................................. .... ......... .. .................... 34
3.2.4. Isolation as control measures: .. .................... ....... ...... .................... .. ... .............. 34
3.2.5. Reduced low voltage systems as control measures: .... .. .. ... .. ......... . ...... .. ..... ...... 35
3.2.6. Residual current devices as control measures : ............. ... ... ....... .. .. .. .... ............... 35
3.2.7. Inspection and maintenance strategies: ... ... .. .............. .. .. .. .. .. .... ............ ............. 35
3.3. Lockout/Tag out: ........................... ...... ............ .. ........ ..... ......... .. ........... .. ........ .. ....... 36
3.3.1. OSHA's procedure for lockout/tag out: .... ..... ... .... ........... ... ... .. .................... .. .... 37
3.3.2. Lockout Devices ..... ............. ............................ .. .... .................. ...... .. ....... .. ......... 38
3.3.3. Lockout/tag out kit: ............... .. ... .. ....... ...... .. .. .. ........ .................... .. ..... ... .. .. ... ... 38
4. Electrical wiring & Cables: .................. ................................ .......................... ........ ... ........ .40
Electrical wiring in general refers to insulated conductors used to ca y electric ty .......... .. .. ..40
4.1. Wire size: ......... ... .. .................... .. ... .......... .. ......... .. .......... .. .. .. . ........... ... .. ... ..... ... .. ..... 40
4.2. Color code : ...... ................... .. ...... .. ........ .. .. .... .. .. .. .............. ........ .. ....... ... .. ........ .... ..... .40
4.3. Cables: .............. ..... .... ........ ....... .. .... ... ............. .... ......... .......... ... ........... .. .. .. .............. 42
4.3.1. Types of Cables: ..... ..... ...... ..... ...... .. ...... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. ...... . .. .. .......... .. ..... ........... . .42
4.3.2. Factors in determining type of cable : .............. ..... .................... ..... .. ........... ....... 43
4.3.3. Fire protection in cables : ........ .. ...... .......... .... ...... ..... ......... .... .... .... .................... 43
4.4. EXTENSION CORD: ...... .... ........................... .. ............................... .......... ....... ... .......... 44
4.4.1. Requirements of the Natio nal Electrical Code for Extensi n Cords. Article 400 :
Flexible Cords and Cables. 400 .8 Use s Not Permitted): ................................ ...... .............. 45
4.4.2. SAFETY tips for Extension Cords: .......... .... .............. ..... .... .. ............ .. ..... ... ........... 45
4.5. Cable Tray: ....... ........... ....... ................. ... ...... .. ............................. .... ...... .. .................. 46
4.5.1. Cable tray Configurations: ........... ........... ... ....... .... ...... .......... ...... .. ..... ........ ....... 46
4.5.2. Cable tray Material : ... .. .. .............. ... .. ... .. .. ......... .... ........................ . .... ...... ......... 47
4.5.3. Cable tray Size: ........... .. .......... .... .. .. .. ...... ......................... ...... ................ .......... 47
4.5.4. Cable tray Filling: .................... ..... .. ... ....... ... .... .. ..... ......... ... ........... .. ................... 47
4.5.5. Cable tray overloading: ..................... ...... ......... ............... .. ... ...... .. ..... ... ....... .. .... .48
4.5.6. Cable tray Grounding: ... ......... ........... .. .... .. ....... .... .... ........ .............. .. ... ...... ....... .. 48
4.5.7. Recognizing overloaded cable trays: ..... .... .......... ... .... ..... .... .... ...... .. ............. ...... 48
4.5.8. Wiring methods in cab le trays: .. .................. .. ...... .. .................... ...... ................ .. 49
5. Lightning: ........ ... ... .... ............. ...... ..... .. .......... .. ..................................... ........ .. .. ... ... ...... .... 51
5.1. Storm Cloud : ..... ........... .. ..... .. .. ....... ..... .. ....... .. ......... ........................ ... ........... .. ......... 51
5.2. Main effects of lightn ing : ................................ ...... .. .... ....... .... .... .. ....... .. ..... .... ........... 51
5.2. 1. Thermal effects: ..... ............. .. ..... ......... ...... ....... ....... ........... ...... ........................ 51
5.2.2. Effects Due To Arching : ..... ............................. .......... .. ....... .. .. ...... .. .. ................... 51
5.2. 3. Electrodynamics Effects : ................. .......... ..... ................. ......... ..... .. ................... 51
5.2.4. Acoustic Effects - Thunder: ..... .. ....... .. .............. ....... .. ...... ..... ........ .. .. ... .. ... .. ....... 52
5.2. 5. Induction Effects: ............. ......... .. .... .... .... .. .............. .. ... .. .. .. ........ .. .. ......... ... ...... . 52
5.2. 6. Luminous Effects: ... ................................... .. ........ .. ..... .. ......... ... .... ....... ....... ...... 52
5.2.7. Indirect Effects: .................. .. ... ...... .. ............. .. .... ...... ........ ... .. .. .... . .. ....... .. ......... 52
5.3 . Steps of Ligtning Strikes .................... ........ .. .......... .. .... .... ... .................... ............ ... ... 53
5.4. safety gu idelin es: ..... .. .. ..... .. .................................. .. .......... ........ .... ..... .. .......... .. .. ...... 53
5.4.1. Indoors: ......................... ... .......................................................... .. .... .. ... .. ....... .. 53
5.4.2. Outdoors: ........ .. ..... .... ....... .. .. .. ... ...................... ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .................. .. ......... 53
6. Grounding: ... ............... ........ ..... ........ ....... ..... ... ........................... ........ ................... ... .. .... . 56
6.1. Purposes of Grounding: .. ..... ..................... ....... ...... .............. ............... .. .............. .... .. 56
6.1.1. Overvoltage protection: ........ ........ .................. ... .. ..... .... ..... ........... ..... ..... .......... 56
6.1.2. Voltage stabilization : ........... . .. .... .... ............. ......... .... ........... ........ ...... .... .......... 56
6.1.3. Current path in order to facilitate the operation of over- urrent d vices: .... .... ... 56
6.2. Grounding op eration in electrical distribution network: ....................... ...... .. .. .......... 56
6.3. How electric shock happens: .. .. ... ... ... .......... ..... .... ... .............. . ....... ....... .................. ..57
6.4. Metal ca se safety: .. ...... ....... ...... ..... ... ..... ........... .......... ....... .... ....... .. ..... .. .... ......... .. .. .57
6.5. Currents in grounding wire: ... .. .... .. ................... ...... .. .. .... .. .............. ... ... ... ............ ..... 58
6.6. Qualities of a good earting connection : ...... .... .... .... .. ... .......... ... .. .. ........ ........... ... ... .. .58
6.6.1. Factors Affecting Soil Resistivity: .. ......... .............. .. .. .... .. ............ .. .. .... .. .... .......... 59
7. Electric shock & First Aid: ....... .. ... .. ......... .. .......... .. .. ... .. .. .... ....... .. ........ .... ...... .... ...... .. .... .... 62
7.1. Electric Shock: ............ .. ..... .. .............. .. .. ... ....... .. .. ......... ..... ... .. .............. .. .... .. .. ... .. ..... 62
7.1.1. What happens during electric shock? .. .. .. ............................... ... .. . .......... .. ....... . 62
7.1.2. Steps to follow : .. ...... ...... .......... .... .. ... .. ............... ... ..... .. .......... ...... .. ... ... .... ... ... .. 62
7.1.3 . What not to do? .... .... .. .. .... ... .. .. .. ..... .. ... .. .. .. ... .. ....... ... .. ... .... ...... .... ... ................. 62
7.2. First Aid Tips - CPR: .... ... ... .... ... .. ......... ... ..... ... ........................ .. .. .... .. .... .. .... ... .. ... .. .... 63
7.2.1. Call: ....... .... ................... ........... ... ............. ... .. ...... ... ........ . .. .......... .. .................... 63
7.2.2. Blow : .... .. ....... .. .......... .. ............ ..... ........ .. ........ ..... ........ .... ..... .. .. .. .. .. ..... .. ....... .... 63
7.2.3 . Pump: ....... .. ..... ............. .. .... .. .. .. ....... .. .......... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .................. ... ...... .... .. ..... 63
7.2.4. Continue if: ........ .............. .. ........ .. ....... ... ... .. .. ....... .. ......... ... .... ...... . .. ......... .. ....... 63
7.3. First Aid Tips - Recovery Position: . .. ... ... ...... ..... ..... .. .. ... .. ... .. ... .. .......... ... ...... .. .. ........ 64
7.3.1. What to do: ... ............ .... ....... .. ........... .. ......... .... ......... ..... ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ................ .. 64
7.3.2 . What not to do: .... .... .. ..... .... .. ......... .... ..................... .. .. . ............. .. ........ ... .. ..... 64
7.4. First Aid Tips - Burns : .. ............ .. .... .......... .. .... ..... .. .. .... .... ..... ....... ......... . ... ........... ...... 65
7.4.1. Identification / look out for: ............... .. ........................ ... .. ...... ...... .. ...... ...... ... ... 65
7.4.2. What to do: .. .. ......... .... .... .. ... .. .... ................ .. .. .. .. .... ... .................. ... .. .. ............. 65
7.4.3. What not to do: ... .. .. ..... ... .. .. .. .............. .. .. .. .. .... ... .............. .. .... ...... ....... ..... .... .. .. 65
7.5. First Aid Tips - Shock : .. ... ........ .. .. ..... ...... ......... .. ............ .... .... .. .............. ..... .. ............. 66
7.5.1. Identification / look out for: ....... .. ........... .. ....... ....................... .. .. .... .......... .. .... .. 66
7.5.2. What to do: .. .... .... .. .... ............... .. ... .. .. .. .... .... .............. .. .. .............. .. ...... .. .......... 66
7.5.3. what not to do: ................ .. ...................................... .. ....... .. .. ...... .. ............... .. ... 66
7.6. Effects of Electrical Current* on the Body ....... ... ............. ...... .. .... .......... .. .... .. ... .. ....... 67
8. Electrical contractors & Safety: .............. .. ... ............ .. ...... ... .. ....... .. . .......... .. .. .................... 69
8.1. Electrical contractors: ..... ..... ... ......... .... .. .. ....... ..................... .. . .. ... ...... ... ... .. ... .... ... .. ... 69
8.2. Main contractors and subcontractors: ................................... ......... ...... ...... ....... .... ... 69
9. Electri ca l Safety ........ At a Glance: .................................................. .. ....... .... .. ............ ........ 72
9.1. Ten - Golden Points regarding Electrical Safety: ..................................... ...... ........ ...... 74
,.
Pakistan State Oil
•
Electricity B 1 S
1. Electricity Basics:
"'in~ipll'~ of cl(' 'l",jcily:
Most places of work, whether th ey are industrial, sm Il busil sses, shops,
offices, es tablishments will involve people working in ' n envir nment on or
near elech'icity, Almost all of indush'y's motiv e po e r is erived from
elec tricity ,
When misdirec ted or mis used, electrical energy can se 1'n, lllJure or
kiU individuals, About 25 % of accidents involv porta Ie elech'ical
appliances, Whilst o nly about 3% of all industrial ac idents re electrical,
n ea rly 7% of all indus trial fataliti es are caused by electri ity; this ugges ts that
an elec h'ical accident is approximately 20 times more lik 'ly to pr ve fata l than
m os t other types of accident.
1 'J B,lSic c ircuitry!'

• A circuit is an unbroken loop o f conductive materia
to flm'" thro ugh continuo usly without begimun g or e ld.
• If a circuit is "broke n," that m eans its conductive ele l ents n longer form
a complete path, and a continuous electron flO\\i can ot occu r in'it.
Th e location of a break in a circuit is irrelevant to it inabili to sustain

continuous elech'on flow , A lly break, nllywlJere in a cir uit pre nts elech'on
flow through out the circuit,
n l'iL'c tric circ u it is Co n n ed wh en a co ndu ct ive path is cr ea ted to c1 110 vv free

d('ch' ms to co n ti n uo u sly muve , T h is contin u ous m OVCl1l'nt of rec dech'ons
lh rough th ' cond uctors o f it circuit is called a Cll1T(,lI1.
T he force m o tiva tin g I e ~ l ro n ' to "flO\'\''' in a ~ i r ~ llit is ca k d 'po/tr L' . Voltage is

,1 s pe cific m eas ure of pote ntial c nc rg ' th t is ahvays " la ti vc ctwecn two
poin ts . VV lw n we s peak of a cerla in a m o u n t of v o lta e bd n g p resent in a
ircui t, w e are referrin g to the l11e, s ure ment of h ow I 1 uch 1"0 / >// tint en ergy
t'xists to m ov e el '('tro ns fro m o ne pmt ic ular point in t l a t cif _l it to an o ther
p<n licu [ar poin t. \V ith )u t referen ce to fwo p a rt ic ular poi1 ts, the t r m "voltage"
11<15 no nwaning.
Frl'l' eil'ct ron s le ll 1 t move throu gh cond uctors with so He degr '<::' of friction,
or op positio n to m o tio n. This o pposition to mo tion is n ore pl-rlperly called
}"('f;if;{OIlCf'. ci he amo ll n t of cu rrent Il1 CI circuit depen l s on thl, Cl mo llnt of
voltage Clvailahlc to m o tivate th e electrons, and al so th e a moun t of r'sistance

ill the circuit to oppose elccln n fl ow . J ust li ke voltage, r sis tance is a qll<mtity
r elativ e \wt ween tvI/ O p oin ts. For this r eaSOi1, the q Uat litics o f v oltag ' and
resistance arc ofLen sta ted as be ing "be tw een" or "acrpss" twe poi nls in a
circu it.
Ikrc art' the st<l tldard un its o[ I11l'aS Urt'lncnt [or 'l eellleal em {'n t, vollage,
a nd resi. tnnce:
Unit of
Quantity Symbol Unit \.bbreviation
Measurement
Current I Ampere A
Voltage E or V Volt V
Resis tance R Ohm 0
Voltage, current and resis tance can be related by the fo ~owing rn a thematical
expression. In th is i1lgc brai c expression, voltJ.ge (E) it equal 0 curren t (I)
m u llip li t'd by resista nce (R) .
L TR
1.4. r d.ll ionship between YJ.iliage, current an d resist H1ce:
If two points with a potential difference are COImec ed by conductive

p
materiat this potential for work is measured as a voltag . When connected as
described , the surplus electrons at the negatively cl arged jerminal will
attempt to flow to the area of d eficit or positively c larged I :> rminal; this
elech'on flovl is called an electric current. The am ount of oppc sition to this
fl ow will be d etermined by the namre of the conductive materia forming the
current path, and is know as its resistance.
1:;. Conductnr<';1 insulators ilnd electron flow

The electrons of different types of atoms have different tegrees bf freedom to
move around . With some types of materials, such as Ir e tals, t ne outermost
electrons in the atoms are so loosely bound that th ey cl ao ticalh move in the
space between the atoms of that material by nothing m re than the influence
of room-temperamre h eat energy . Because these virtual y unbo nd elech'ons
are free to leave their respective atoms and float around in the s ace between
adjacent atoms, they are often called free electrons.
In other types of ma tel'ials such as glass, the a toms' ele trons h ve very Ii ttle
freedom to move around. While external forces such as physica r ubbing can
force som.e of these electrons to leave their respective d transfer to
the atoms of another material, they do not move betw within that
material velY easily.
Th is relative mobility of elech-ons within a material is kno n as electric

COlldIlCti-(Jitlj. Conductivily is delermined by the types 0 atoms 'n a material
and how the atoms are linked together with one anothe . Materi Is with high
electron mobility (many free electrons) are called comit ctors, wile materials
with low elech'on mobility (few or no free elech-ons) are alled ill IIlntoTS.
I.S.1. FXJmplt's ilf~(lndltdor.,:
• Silver
• Copper
• Gold
• Aluminum
• Iron
• Steel
• Brass
• Bronze
• Mercury
• Graphite
• Dirty water
• Glass
• Ru bber
• Oil
• Asphalt
• Fiber glass
• Porcelain
• Ceramic
• Quartz
• (Dry) cotton
• (Dry) paper
• (Dry) wood
• Plastic
• Air
• Diamond
• Pure water
Pakistan State Oil
Equipme t
Selectio
2. Equipnlenl Selection:
In order to select electrical equipment for any locati n, folling criteria

should be considered;
• Gas Grouping (based on ignition energy)

• Temperature Classification
• Classified Zones
2.1. !1.lI'..udoll~ AH'.lS:
Hazardous areas are d efined by three main criteria:
• The type of ha zard

• The likelihood of the ha zard being present in flamm ble cone ntrations
• The (auto) ignition tempera ture of the ha zardous ma erial.
The ha za rd will be in the form of a gas, vapor, dus t or fi er.
Cases and vapors are categorized in terms of their i nition 1ergy or the
ma ximum experimental safe gap (in respec t of flame plOof pro ction). This
categorization leads to th e Gas Groups:
• Gas group I
o Methane
• Gas group II A
o Ammonia, CO, Propane, Butane, Benzene, Ac tone,1vf thanol
• Gas group II B
o Butadi ene, Ethy[ene, Ethylene Oxide, Diethyl ther
• Gas group II C
o Hydrogen
Group lIC is the most severe group. Hazards in this roup c n be ignited
very easily indeed.
Dusts and fibers are also defined 111 terms of th ei ignitio 1 properties
including dust cloud ignition properties.
Gas Grou p Rep resentative Gas I~ nition E l ergy (mj

M ethane .2 0
IIA Propane 2 ~O
IlB Ethylene (~
IlC Hydrogen__ _ __ __ _L __ 1~
+-____-+__________ ~
2.1. Th(' likelHlOod o[lb~"lazard bL'illgjneSel l io.1I~ ml\l.1bl~

~rJl1c('nll',lti()n'i (I.(H\()SE
The likelihood of th e haza rd being present in fIammab e concel trations will

vary from place to place. A location very close to an open sou ce of h azard
,vill have a high likelihood of a flammable atmosphere On thE other hand;
outside a flanged pipe containing a fl ammable liquid the li k ~lih oo d of a
flammabl e atmosphere being present is much lower sin( c it will only occur if
the flan ge leaks. Rather than work with an infinite lan ge of possibilities,
three zo nes are defined.
The re are three zones for gases and vapors:
Flammable . a,tmosphere highly likely to be resent

Zone 0
may be present for long periods .o r eVE n contir uously
Flammable atmosphere possi b le bu unlike y to be
Zone 1
present for long periods
Flammable atmosphere unlikely to b e preser t except
Zone 2 for short periods of time - typically as a re ult of a
process fault condition. ,
Zone zero is the most severe zone (the highest prot ability ( f fl ammable
atmosphere presence) . Equipment for this zon e neEds to 1: e very well
protected agains t providing a source of ignition.
~.1.~. I)ll~t~:
There are three zones for dusts:
Zone 20 Dust cloud likely to be present can inuous y_ orf()r .

long periods
Dust cloud likely to be present occasipn~~ly i normal
Zone 21
operation
Dust cloud unlikely to occur in normal opera ion, but
Zone 22
-if it does, will only exist for a short p e iod
The presence of dus t laye rs does not automa tically lead 0 the ch s t zone. The
likelihood of the dust laye r being disturbed to create a cloud needs to be
considered . Dus t la yers also need careful consid eratio in tern s of ignition
temperature. Because the dus t la yer can make the equi pment u Iid er it ho tter
then normal, a factor of safety is applied to the layer ignition tem perature.
2.4. Tht:{llulo)J.gl1ition h.'lllpel'llture oi (he 11" ."ruoll' material

{r~mJ)c"!:.aLlIH· CI,l~_S 'sl;
As w ell as considering the p ro tection agains t elech' cal arcs and sparks
igniting a flammable ahnos phere, conside ration need' to be giv en to the
surface temperature of equipment. (Most electrical appa ra tus d Lsipates some
heat!) Flammable m a terials are ca tegorized accordi 19 to t leir ignition
temperature. Again, rather than w ork with an infinit~ ran ge, tempera ture
classes are defined as follo ws. Th e bigge r the T-nllmlber the lower is the
temperature.
Max: Surface Temp North

European
°C _ American
450 T1 T1
300 T2 T2
280 T2A
260 T2B --
230 T2C --

..
-
215 " .
- .
T2D --
200 T3 T3
. 180 T3A --
165 T3B --
160 T3C -'. --
135 T4 TLJ
120 T4A --
-
j
r;:
or
I~
I....
100 T5
85 T6
The Temperature classification will be marked on i

the ha zardous area in which you are installing e s gases or
vapors with a /071' nllto ignition telllperntllre th en you equ:ipment
with a higger T-NzlIlliJer so as to ensure that any ces on the
equipment will not ignite the ha zard .
For example, if a hazard has an auto ignition temper hue of 80°C, then it
would be safe to use equipment which is marked T6 T5 or . 4. It would
not be safe to u se equipment marke d T3 or T2 or Tlas equipment
could exhibit surface temperatures which are hot gh ignite the
ha zardous a hnospbere.
25. Ingress Prot· lion R3ting.:
Ingress Protection (IP) rating prov ides protection for electr· equipment
enclosure which need s to be taken into account whl e selec electrical
equipment. IP rating gen erally express as
25.1. .II' '\:

..
Where" X" provides d egree of Pro tection of p ersons a

moving parts inside the enclosure & Protection of Eq
ingress whereas, "Y" provides d egree of pro tection agai
Protection from Solids

• •• •
• •
Following explosion pro tec tion m.e th ods / equip ts d used for
hazardous locations / zones;
• Flameproof (EX d)
• Intrinsically Safe (Ex i )
• Increased Safety (Ex e )
• Pressurization (Ex p )
• Non-Sparking (Ex n )
• Powder filled Ex 'q' type
• Oil immersed Ex '0' type
• Special Ex's' type
A type of protection in which the parts can ig nite an a tmosphere

are to be placed in an enclosure, which can withstand developed
during internal explosion of an explosive mixtu re, an which revents the
h'ansmission of the explosion to the explosive a tmospl ere surr ounding the
enclosure
A type of proteclion which a circuit or part of the cirCl ' t is intr nsically safe
when any spark or thermal effect produced normall is inca able, under
prescribed test conditions, of causing ignition of prescr' ed gas or vapor. Ex
'i' or Ex 'ia' apparatus is the one which has all the circui s withi intrinsically
safe
A type of protection by which measures are applied so as to p I vent with a

minor degree of security, the possibility of excessive empera ure and the
occurrence of arcs or sparks in the interior and the extell1al part ' of elech'ical
apparatus which does not produce them in normal servi e
It is a sh'ingiest consh'uction m e thod to ensure that '10 spar ' s, excessive

temperature are produced
• Careful terminal design

• Use of good quality insulation material
• Use of special materials to protect the enclosure agai 1St imp ct, ingress of
dust & moisture
• Can be used for I, II A, B, C gas groups
• Permitted for use in TI, T2, T3 classes only
• Terminal with minimum IP 54 ingress protection
A type of pIOtection by which the enhy of surround in atmos here into the
enclosure of the elech'ical apparatus is prevented by aintaini 19 inside the
said enclosure, a protective gas a t a higher than tha of the surrounding
ah110sphere
Types
• Dynamic Pressurization (DP) or pressurization by ntinuo IS circulation
of protective gas (purging), DP is a method of main aining ressure in an
enclosure in "vhich after purging the protectiv e gas i~ passed ' ontinuously
through the enclosure at a pressure above that of th specifi ' d minimum
and discharged to the outside atmosphere
• Static Pressurization or pressurization with leaka e comp .nsation. Air
supplied & pressurized continuously from a non-ha cardous rea to avoid
ingress of flammable gases / vapor inside the enclos
Pressurized Equipment
Following aspects should be considered w h ile s ~lecting pressurized

equipment
• Ingress protection minimum IP 4X

• Over pressure 1.5 times or 0.2 kPa
• Material of consh·uction should be flame retardant, s If- extin Tuishing and
should not be affected by protective gas
A type of protec tion applied to eleclTical apparatus s ch that, 111 normal

operation it is not capable of igniting a surrounding a 10spher and a fault
capable of causing ignition is not likely to occur
Equipment enclosure fill ed with quartz / sand so that in nom al operating

condition, any arc occurring within the enclosure of ele trical eq ipment will
not ignite the surrounding ah110sphere . No ignition sha 1 be cau ed ei ther by
flam e or by excessive temperature of the surfaces of the ncl osur
Enclosure constructional features:
• High mechanical strength

• Ingress protection
• Po\vder filled
• Insulation of enclosed equipment
It is a protec tion technique in which the equipment or i s parts re immersed

in oil in such a way that an explosive atmosphere which may be above the oil
or outside the enclosure cannot be ignited.
Consb"uctional features:
• Fully enclosed, leak-proof enclosure

• Oillevcl indicator
This type of protection is typically used ll1 Transfo mers, witch gears,
Control gears etc.
2.7. fnsl.l11.1liol1 guidelines (}( ck'ctriGlI cc ui ment i 1

h.l.1ardotls .Hl'.lS:
• Adequate precautions to avoid ESD & Lightning sho dd be i plemented

• Use of light alloy (Mg, AI, Ti, ) material to be I ssessed critically in
hazardous areas d LIe to its properties
• Where reasonably practical, electrical apparalus ge erally nd switch &
control apparatus should be installed outside the Ha ardous reas
• Elec b'ical ap paratus may be installed in open air in a non-haz n dous area
• Equipment designed for higher gas groups can be u . ed for I ss hazardous
gas groups ( for e,g" Equipment certified for II C ca be used for II A, B or
I)
• Portable hand-lamps, communication equipmc 1t and other test
equipment shall be Ex i type
• All equipment shall be installed so as to avoid m echc nica l da nage
• Earthing should be carried out as per standard
• Bonding of all pipeline flanges should be carrie out so as to avoid
Elecb'o-static discharges
• All circuits and apparatus in tazardous Areas sho Id be p "ovid ed with
means to ensure quick disconnection in the ev ent of ny faul
• Protec tion & Conb"ol apparatus should be nom lly loc ted in non
hazardous area but if unavoidable, they ma y be 0 the ri 1t protection
type
• All electrical apparatus (for every apparatus or Sl b-grou s) should be
provided with an effective m eans of isolation, indud ng neut "al
• Metal conduits, armored cables should be used
• Correct terminations using proper sized cable gland should le made
• Unused cable openings of all electrical appar a tus s )QuId b " dosed with
plugs suitable for the type of protection
• Plugs & sockets should have preferably TWIS'I -ON type to
avoid ignition while insertion or removal
• Adequacy of IP equipment
2.K M.1inh:T1.1I1Ce recommendations in hazard HIS an as:
• Light alloy paint even for the purpose of mainte ance sl ould not be
applied on any external surface of the equipment 0 preve""lt inscendve
frictional sparking
.• Equipment should not be tampered to open covers, tc.
• No components should be added or removed or even rtplaced. This
should be done by experienced or authorized person.
• A scheme of regular inspection & maintenance of the itc s should be
made on the basis of guidelines / standards. Any equipm nt which is
originally flameproof may loose its integrity if not m intaine properly
• The equipment should be de-energized before atte repair
• Drawings /Records should be maintained.
• Solid obstruction (steel sh"uctures, walls, other Jech"ica equipment)
effects (close to equipment flanges)
o IIe - 40 mm clearance
o IIB - 30 mm
o II A -10 mm
o I - no clearance envisaged.
• Integrity of IP equipment should be periodically tes ed and 1aintained
• Insulation integrity should be periodically tested an mainta ned
• Maintenance personnel
o Inspection, Ivlaintenance, testing, replace ent an repair in
hazardous areas should be carried out by trail ed pers lU""lelonly
o Refresher training for them is essential
• Maintenance Tests (at an interval not exceeding 2 y . rs)
o Earth elech"ode resistance measurements
o Earth loop resistance measurements
o Operation & Setting of Protection devices
Electrical eql1ipment used in hazardous areas are spe ial and they needs to be
treated special
"
a .-. ( J.
. PI ~lcLli -m methods (or hazardous zones:
;lone '0';
No electrical equipment should be allowed. When this i ' not pra 'ticable, Ex ' i
, (ia or ib) apparatus or circuits should be used
2.9.2.
-~lInl"- -
I':
Ivlotors- Ex d, Ex p
Transformers & Capacitors - Ex d
Control & Instrument Transformers - Ex i
Lighting Fitting - Ex d
Switch Gear & Control Gear - Ex d
Communication/ Telephone equipment/ Meters - Ex i
Portable Hand Lamps- Ex i
2.".1. /:OIH' '2':
Motors- Ex d , Ex p, Ex n, Ex e, I
Transformers & Capacitors - Ex d, fo x p (auxiliary de~ ices to pe located in
pressurized room / hermetically sealed / intrinsically saf~)
Control & Instrument Transformers - Ex i
Lighting Fitting - Ex d , l'; x e, Ex n I
Switch Gear & Control Cear - Ex d, Ex 0, Ex
Communication / Telephone equipment/ Meters - Ex i
Portable Hand Lamps- Ex i
Minimum IP 55 (for UN-insulated parts) and IP 44 (f r instIl, ted parts) if Ex e

protection is used for outdoor applil-ations
2.10. r pi ,11 J. l\'larking
Type of
Protection
Ex d ria] lIe
r
T
Explosion
Protected
J Intrinsically
safe output
j ·"Temperature ..
·· Class
~ . .. '
2.11. I J'.lI:~l'tlS _A~~)c ialed w i ~h Ekctricitv:
2.11.1. I-i I' . ha-'.lr d:

A large p ercen ta ge of fires are of an electrical origin, cau$ed by 0 e or more of
the following:
• Sparks: A spark arises fron1 a sudden discharge thrbu gh th air between
hvo conductors or from one conductor to earth. Th ~ curren produced is
usually small so that serious fir es are unlikely u nl Iss explo ive gases or
vapors are present, or highly fl ammable material is in con act with th e
co nductor. I
• Arcs: An arc is a much large r and bri ghter d i schar ~e wher the current
flow may be hundreds o f amps. It usually arises '''' en a cir u it is broken
or when a conductor m elts or fractures leaving a gap a ross, which
cu rrent continue to flow . \IVhen an arc is es tablished,1the air i the vicinity
becomes ioni zed and forms a conductor which m ay allow Cl rrent to flow
to a n earb y metal framew ork. Any co mbustible m terial it the vicinity
could therefore lead to a fir e . I
• Short circuits: A short circuit is formed when the Icurrent find s a path
fr om the ouhvard conductor wire to th e retu rn wire other han throu gh
th e equipment to which it is connected. The cune t flow 1ay be large
because of the low resistance of the lea ds, and a rci ~ g often ccurs a t the
conta ct be tween the conductors. Insula tion may therefo re b burned and
set fir e to adjacent flammable m aterial. Batteries have a low internal
resis tance and can give rise to very large current under short circuit
conditions, causin g a large arc from which m lten m tal ma y be
splashed.
• Overloading and old wiring: Wiring must no t be ov · rloa d ed otherwise it
will overheat and the insulation w ill be damaged. This can I ad to a short
I
circuit at som e point in the len gth of th e condu1or or n ore likely a t
connection p oints. The insulation of wiring which 1as bee in use for a
number of years tends to beco me brittle and, , here al rations and
addition s are required, the ca ble mus t always be checked by a compe tent
electrician and replaced completely if there are ind ication s of fa ilure of
the insulation. Ins tallati ons should be protected agAinst ove 'Ioa ding and
short circuits by fuses or circuit breakers. 1
2. 11 2. F pl'hi(ln h.l/ I'd ... I

The main causes of electrically-induced ex plosions are Ii ted bel w:
• In sihJations where flammable gases o r vapors are 'esen t s tha t a spa rk
cou ld ignite an event. In such environments all elech'ic L equipment
should be fl am e proof.
• Wh ere elec tri c arcing takes place in a confined sp ace caus in intense local
hea tin g w ith a consequent bursting of the encI osur by th e xp an sion of
tr apped air.
• Rechargeable ba tteri es emitting hydr ogen when being charg i, giving ri se
to an explosive atm osphere. Such opera tions shoulD. be car 'ied out ina
well-ventila ted area, the tempera ture of whi ch s nould n t exceed 18
degrees C
Static elec h'ici ty is ' trapped ' electri city: either trapped on n insula tin g
m a terial o r tra pped on a conductin g materi al which is, i turn, i s ula ted from
the rest of the environment.
Th e key to the conh'ol of sta tic elech'i city is to pro vid e a condu ' tin g path so
that the cha rge will n o t continue to build up but wil fl o w a ay to earth
withou t causing harm .
Many differ ent indus h'ial processes are liable to genera te elec tros tatic
ch arges:
• Flow of liquid through pipelines
• Movem ent of m aterial (animal feed s tocks, coal granu ' ted plas tic,
cu stard p owd er) alon g conveyors, sliding d own a cl ute into s torage bins,
sliding thr ou gh discharge va lv es and so o n
• Transfer of pow ered m a terial by blowing (thi s is often use in the bulk
Transfer of pow d ered / fin e grained m a terial) I
• The m ovem ent of vehicles and p eople on insula ting flo ors,
In addition to the fir e/ explosi on h aza rds, the sudden disch rge of s ta tic
elech'icity can damage elech'onic equipment/co mp on ents - d 'Cuit board s,
control panels and so on .
During the m anufac hlre, assem bly and opera tion lof su e v ulnerable
equipment, sa fegua rd s will need to be taken to prevent sta tic harges fro m
building up ,
2.12. 1Ll.I.1rdoll s I ()(,llinll Cl.l'l,·;jiication'i - Nat olla! E celric
Cod '(NI:C 11.1I1dbr~ I~rlidc .500t r-
CLASS DIVISION I GROUP
Class I: DIVIS ION 1: GROUP A:
Locati ons in which Lo ca t ions 111 w h ich ign ita b Ie A / mosph er s co ntainin g: acety lene
Il ammable gases or co nce ntrati ons of Ilammable gases or
vapors are (o r may vapors ca n ex ist und er no rma I GROUPB:
be) prese nt In th e operating co nditions. A ~mos ph e r s co ntaining: aCl"O lein
a ir In qua nt ities OR (inh ibited), all y l glyc id y l, eth er 1,3
su ffic ient to Loca tions in whic h ignitable butadiene, n-but yl, gl yc idyl ether,
pl"O du ce explos ive co nce ntrations o f suc h gases or va pors ct y lene m ide, torm aldehyde (gas),
or ignitable may exist treq uently beca use of repai r h)~d roge n , ropy l nitrate, propy lene
111 ixtures . or maintenance o pera tions or beca use oxid e, and process gases co ntain ing
o f leakage. mOre thai 30% hydrogen by
OR vo lume.
Loca t io ns In w hich brea kd own or
faulty operation o f equipment or GnOUp c:.
processes mig ht release ignitabl e A 1110spher s co ntainin g: allyl
co nce ntrations of fl ammable gases or alyoho l, ca bon monoxide, diethy l
vapors and might a Iso ca use ether, eth\ lene, hydroge n sul fi de,
simultaneo us fa ilure of elec tri cal I11t th y l e [~ er, n-propy l eth er and
equipment in su ch a wa y as to directly other gases or vapors.
cau se the elec trica l equi pme nt to
beco me a source of ig nition. Group D:
A Imospher s conta inin g: Aceto ne,
D1VISION 2: A monla, Denze ne, n-butane,
Locations in w hi ch vo latile fl ammabl e bLllyl alcoh ) l, cyc lopropane, ethane,
liquid s or fl amm abl e gases are handled, etry l alco h I, gaso line, n heptane, n
processed , or used, but In w hic h hexa ne, I eth ane (n atural gas),
liquids, vapors, or gases w ill normall y m thyl alcc ho i,
be co nfined within c lo sed co ntainers or m th yl eth) I keto ne, nap htha,
closed systems fi·o m whi ch they ca n n- ctane, n-penta ne, propa ne,
escape on Iy 111 case 0 f acc identa I styre ne, to ue ne, xy len e and other
ru pture or breakd own of suc h g ses or va ors
co ntainers or systems or 111 case of
abn orma I operati on of eq u ipment.
OR
Loca tions in w hich ig nita bl e
conce ntrations of gases or va pors are
no rma II y prevented by pos it ive
mechanical ventilation and w hich
might beco me hazardo us through
fa ilure or abnormal operation of the
ventil at ing eq u ipment.
OR
Loca tio ns th at are adjacent to a C lass I,
Divi sio n I locat ion, and to wh ich
ignitable co nce ntrations of gas or
vapors might occa sionall y be
commu nicated unless suc h
communication IS prevented by
adeq uate positive-pressure ve ntilation
fi·om a so urce of clea n air and erfec tive
safeguards against ventilation fai lure
are provided.
CLASS II: DIVISION 1: GROUP E:
Locations those are Locations in vvhich co mbu stible dust is A 1110sph er s containing
hazardous because In the air und er norma l operation co mbu stibl( metal dusts, inclu d ing
of the presence of co nditions 111 quantities suffic ient to A luminum, mag nesi um , and their
combustible dust. produce explo sive or ign ita b le co nmerc ia l alloys, or other
mixtures. combustiblt dusts wh ose partic les
OR si t e, abrasi weness, and co nductivi ty
Locat ions where mec hanica l failure or prese nt sim lar hazards in the use of
abnorma l operation of machinery or I . I .
e I ct rlca e( u Ipment.
eq uipment mi ght cause suc h explo sive
or ignit ible mixtures to be produced, GROUP F:
and mi ght also provide a so urce of A ·mos pher s co ntai ning
ignitio n th ro ugh simultaneo us failure of combustibl carbonaceous dusts that
elec trical eq uip ment, thro ugh operat ion halve more than 8% total entrapped
of protection de vices, or ft·om other va lat i les or t hat have been se nsit ized
ca uses. bother naterials so that they
OR present ,n exp lo sion hazard.
Locations in which combu stible dust of E amples c f carbonaceous du sts are:
an electrica ll y co nductive nature ma y coal, ca rbL n black, charcoa l, and
be present in hazard ous quantities. coke du sts .
DIVISION 2: I GROUP G:
Locat ions where co mbu st ibl e du st is A nmos pher conta ining co mbu stib le
not normally in the all· In quantit ies dL st s not in lud ed in Gro up E or F,
suf fi c ient to prod uce ex plos ive or in ' Iudin g fl pur, gra in, wood, plastic,
ignit ible mi xtures, and du st al d chemic l ls.
aCCl! l11ulat ions are norma lIy in suftic ient
to inter fere with the normal operation
of e lec trica I eq u ipment or ot her
apparatus, but combustible dust may be
in suspens ion in the air as a result of
in freq uent malfunctioning of hand lin g
or processing equipment.
AND
Locations where combu st ible dust
accumulations on, in, or in the vici nity
or' the electrical equipment may be
su ffic ient to interfere with the sa fe
dissipation of heat fi·om electrical
equipment or may be ignitible by
abnormal operation or [ailure of
electric equi pment.
CLASS III: DIVISION 1: (N( ~T GROUPED):
Locations that are Locations In which easily ignitable Lc cations nclude: cotton gins and
hazardous because fiber s or materia Is prod uc ing
cotton-seed mills; combustible fiber
the presence of combustible flying are manufactu r ng
handled, and processing
easi Iy ignitedmanu factured, or used. pla nts; nax processing plants;
fibers or flying, but clothing manufacturing plants;
111 which such DIVISION 2: woodworking plants; and parts of
!~bers or flying are Locations in which easily ignitable Rh on, cc tton and other textile
not likely to be in fibers are stored or hand led other than m lis. Easil y ignitable fibers include:
suspension In in the process of manu tacture. ra on, cot on, sisal or henequen,
the air in quantities isule, jute, hemp, tow, cocoa fiber,
su ffic ient to oc kum, bal t>d wa ste kopal<., Spanish
produce ignitable moss, exce sior, and other materials
mixtures 01isirhilar I ~ ture
Pakistan State Oil
. I
Electrical
e uipme t &
Control measu es
3. Portable elech'ical equipluent:
Portable appliances are d efined as:

• Anything with a plu g on it
• Anything capable of being readily disconnected fro 11 and r connected to
the electrical syste m.
Any electrical appliance, whether portable or not, is part of th system and

must th erefore be safe at all times .
The reasons for emphasizing portable appliances include:

• Increased likelihood of mechanical damage duriIlg mov nent of the
equipment
• The variety of potential w ork environments, partiqularly il the case of
equipment used outdoors
• The need for id entification so as to ensure tha t
subjected to appropriate tests and examinations
• For ease of tracea bility and to assist record keeping.
• The use of unsuitable equipment: e.g. fl ex ible able be ng dra gged

through areas where oils, greases or solvents are pre ' ent. In hese areas, a
cable should be selected which has a sheath resistant to those hemicals.
• Use of defective equipment: e. g. badly-mad e joints in flexibl e cabl es which
can expose bare live conductors. Operators should e instru ted never to
make their own repairs, n ever to use d efec tive equiRment, t withdraw it
from use and no t re-llse it until repaired a.nd chet ked by a competent
person. I
• Misuse of equipment: e.g. attempting to service equip ent without
disconnecting it fr om the electricity supply rather than wi hdrawing it
from service for inspection by a competent person.
• Inadequate maintenance: e.g. n o system of regular inspecti n or testing
and repair of equipment. Regular inspec tions of potable el uipment are
particularly important due to the hard lIse which it often suff [s.
~ ') ('onlrol 11('.1'.,( l' '0:;:
H azards may result fr om inad equate design, con, truction installation,

selection, maintenance or use of elecb'ic equipme nt. An elec tricc1 system may
be dangerous because it contains a fault or it is being used in a dangerolls
malU1el'. Frequently, those working on or near systems are no t lly aware of
the dangers. The main techniques of co nh'olling a 1d min mizing risks
associated \vith electricity are the correct selecli n, ins alIa tion and
maintenance of equipment, the insulation of liv e par t and th ' retention of
the electric current in the correct place at the correctly r ted valli '.
Control measures include:
• Selection and suitability of eq u ipment
• Fuses
• Earthing
• Isolation
• Reduced low voltage sys tems
• Residual current devices
• Double insula tion
• Inspection and maintenance strategies:
o User checks
o Formal inspection and tests
o Frequency of inspection and testing
o Records of inspection and testing
o Inspection and testing of Po rtable Appliance
, ., d 'cliull TId <,uil, hility of !:,~}lJiplllenl:

The selection and suitability of equipment IS the first onsideration.
Appropriate elecb"ical equipment should be selected as per th e job
req uirement.
Control of Over current:

There are two d efinable types of over curre nt
• Ov erload current
• Fault current.
Ov erl oad current occurs in a health y circuit where equipm n t has been
-m echanicall y overloaded or an excessiv e number of applianc s have been
added to a system . The consequences of overload usuall y involv overheatin g
(l n d, if lU1controlled, fir e.
Overload protection r elies up on the d etectio n of excess current and
disconnection when predetermined time limits have been e ceed ed. Two
detection m ethods are employed:
• Thermal: using wire fuses
• Ma g netic: using circuit breakers.
The two m ethods may be combined for certain cond ition . It w ill be
ap preciated that the Clu-rent IE'vel for overload discormection wil al w ays be in
excess of the n or m al w orking load . This will usually be measu r d in terms of
amps and inevitably will be grea ter than human electric sh x k tolerance
which is m easured in thousandth s of an amp (mA).
Wh en a fault current arises from phase-to-earth or phase-to-I euh"al, a low
resis tance "fault loop impedance" will ca use sufficient over curr'nt to flow , to
melt a fuse or trip a circuit breaker (i. e. disconnect the supply).
A circuit brea ker is a m echanical device in the form of ( switch that

automatically opens if the circuit is overload ed . These ly pes of pro tective
d evin's should be chosen so their r a ting is above the op en ting current
required by the equipment but 1(,5s than the curre nt ratin g of tl e cable in the
circui t.
1.2 . ("'01 !lio!:l ,l).i:~lJt!:.(l1 1\1 ',l'>lIl'l'S:
With ev ery electrical system, provision mus t be made for swi ching off the
s upply . Th ere is an absolute duty to provide suitable m eans fj st for cutting
off the suppl y and secondly for isolation. 111is is the corners t ne for a safe
system of w ork based on d e-en ergized plant.
Isolation is the disconnec tion and se para tion of the electrical eq ipment from
every source of electrical ener gy in su ch a w ay tha t both disc lmection and
sepa ra tion are secure. There are various fo rms of isolation inv o ving ' locking
off or rem oval of parts of the circuit.
.~ '"'5 I'l'Juu'd low vultage .,ystem<; .1.<; control me.1sure1-l:
Where environmental conditions are harsh, as on conshTlcti n sites or in
areas that are wet, the usC' of safe or low voltages is advisable an an excellent
way of reducin g shock risk.
Rechargeable battery operated tools - In addition to safe ty, tl ese hav e the
advanlage that no supply connection is required and leads are a oided. These
tools require regular maintenance to ensure good battery connections.
Ba tteries should be h andled with care and n ot carried w th terminals
unprotected in pockets or in tool boxes.
1.:2 (l. ['l' idll.lictll'rl'lll dt'\'il'~s as control m",l<;Ufl'S:
No elech'o-mechanical device can be 100% reliabl e. An RC relies upon

moving parts and speed of contact separation. For this reason a , ensitive RCD
may only be used to provide supplementary personal shock p o tec tion. The
primary protection against contact with live parts must b by way of
insulation and appropriate m echanical protection. Supplem ntary shock
protection may then be added with an RCD which will discom ect 30 mA in
200 mS (milli-seconds) - equivalent to 0.2 seconds - and 150 mA in 40 mS
(0.04 second s).
Higher rating may be used to give protection against fir e or lar ' earth faults
in circumstances where there is an inherent ear th leakage as 'ocia ted with
equipment. Over sensitive operation is not d esirable. In some ca 'es rapid, low
fault current d isconnection ma y be inconvenient or ev n introduce
consequential dangers. A residual current device may be co bined with a
ci rcuit breaker over current mechanism in which case the con bined unit is
termed a Resid ual Current Circuit Breaker (RCCB).
2'7 In<>pection and lllainkll.1I1cc strah'l;i('s:

An on -site judgment must be mad e to take into account the conditions of
service and type of equipment.
Basically a frequent visual check by the u ser of th e equip m nt should be
undertaken. The intend ed user req uires some basic ins truction 0 know wha t
to look for.
Th e physical inspection:
The m os t imp ortant and relevant test is the visual ins ection since
approximately 80% of equipment d efec ts are found at this s ta e. A detailed
physical inspection by a competent and conscientious p will make a
significant contribution to hazard elimination.
Typica l hazards may include:
• Incorrectly wired plugs
• Loose plug top connections
• Wrong value fuses or fuses replaced with a metal foil or bar
• Plug cord grips not gripping the cord outer sheath
• Damaged flexible cord
• Unsafe cable joints
• Damaged case mounted components (e.g. fuse holders, vol ge selectors,
neo n indicators, etc).
All physical defects must be corrected at this stage, before any lech'ical tes ts
are attempted. Unless a cable is damaged near to its end it may be
shortened, all fle xible cords which show any sign of da should be
rep laced since cable repairs and joints are unlikely to meet the s
req uirements.
To ensure the safety of personnel working with the IS

re moved and the equipment must be locked out
and tagged out.
• Lockout is the process of removing the source of
electrical power and installing a lock which
prevents th e power from being turned ON.
• Tag out is the process of placing a danger tag on
the source of electrical power which indicates
that the equipment may not be operated until
the danger tag is removed.
A danger tag has the same importance and purpose

ClS Cl lock and is used alone only when a lock does
not fit the discOlmect device. The danger tag shall

be attached at the discolmect device with a tag tie
or equivalent and shall have space for the worker's
name, craft, and other required information. A danger tag must
elements and expected atmosphere for as long as the tag rema'
A lockout/ tag 01.1 t is used when:
• Servicing electrical equipment that does not require power to be ON to

perform the service
• Removing or bypassing a m.achine guard or other safety dev i e
• The possibility exists of being injured or caugh t in moving m chinery
• Clearing jammed equipment
• The danger exists of being injured if equipm.ent power is tur ed ON
Lockouts and tag outs do not by themselves remove power fron a circuit. An
ap proved procedure is followed when applying a lockout/ tag ut. Lockou ts
and tag outs are attached only after the equipment is turned 0 F and tested
to ensure that power is OFF. The lockout/ tag out procedure L required for
the safety of workers due to modern equipment hazards.
3.3.1. OSIJA's prol'edul"L' for Iocklwt/r.1g (/1ft:
o HA provides a standard procedure for equipment loc out/ tag out.

OSHA's procedure is:
• Prepare for machinery shu t down.
• Machinery or equipment shut down.
• Machinery or equipment isolation.
• Lockout or tag out application.
• Release of stored energy.
• Verification of isolation.
A lockout/tag out shall not be removed by any person other thm the person
that installed it, except in an emergency. In an emergency, th lockout/tag
out may be removed only by authorized personnel. The authori d persOlU1el
should follow approved proced ures. A list of company rules a1 d procedures
are given to any person that may use a lockout/ tag out. Always 'emember:
• Use a lockout and tag out when possible
• Use a tag out when a lockout is impracticaL A tag out is us 'd alone only
when a lock does not fit the disconnect device
• Use a multiple lockout when individual employee lockout 0 equipment is
impractical
• Notify all employees affected before using a lockout/ tag out
• Remove all power sources including primary and secondary
• Measure for voltage using a voltmeter to ensure that power i OfF
- - c~
3.1.:!. LIll+olIl-Devi
Lockout devices are lightweight

enclosures that allow the lockout of
standard control devices. Lockout
devices are available in various shapes
and sizes that allow for the lockout of
ball valves, gate valves, and electrical
equipment su h as plugs, discolmects
etc.
Lockout devices resist chemicals, cracking, abrasion, and

changes. Lockout devices are sized to fit standard industry
sizes. Locks used to lock out a device may be color coded
keyed. The locks are rust-resistant and are available with various size
shackles.
Danger tags provide additional lockout and warning

tags may include warnings such as "Do Not Start," "Do Not rate," or may
provide space to en ter "vorker, date, and lockout reason' tion. Tag ties
must be strong enough to prevent accidental removal ust be self-
locking and no n reusable .
A lockout/ tag out kit contains items

required to comply with the
lockout/ tag out standards.
Lockout/ tag out kits contains reusable
danger tags, tag ties, multi ple
lockouts, locks, magnetic signs, and
information on lockout/ tag out
R EUSABLE
proced ures. Be sure the source of DAN GE R ., A(~ \
electricity remai ns open or o

disconnected when returning to work
w henever leaving a job for any reason
or wh enever the job cannot be
comple ted th e same day.
LO CK S
Pakistan State Oil
Electrical wirin &

Cables:
4. Electrical wiring & Cables:
Electrical wiring in general refers to insulated conductors used t< ca rry

electricity
4.1 . ""'in' :-.i.l.c:
The international standard wire sizes are given in the lEe 6022 standard of
the International Electro teclmical Commission which is ( s below. In
engineering applications, it is often most convenient to desCT be a wire in
terms of its cross-s ection area, rather than its diameter, beca se the cross
section is directly proportional to its strength and weight, nd inversely
proportional to its resistance. Th e cross-sec tional area is also elated to the
ma ximum current that a wire can carry sa fely.
International standard wire sizes (lEe 6022 )
0.5 mm 2 0.75 mm 2 1mm2 1.5 mm2 2.5 mm 2
6mm 2 10mm2 16 mm 2 25mm 2 35 mm 2 50 mm 2
70mm 2 95mm2 120 mm 2 150 mm 2 185 mm2 240 mm 2
300 mm 2 400 m m 2 500 mm 2 630 mm 2 800 mm 2 1000 mm 2
4.2. Cnlor code:
To enable wires to be easily and safely identified all common wiring safety
Lodes mandate a color scheme for the insulation on power cone tIc tors. Many
local rules and exceptio ns exist. Older installations vary in col r codes, and
colors may change with heat and age of insulation.
World
Region,
Protect ve
country Live Neutral
earth/grc und
or other
entity(ies)
EU, Au s tralia
& South
brown blue green & y pllow
Afri ca
(IEC 60446)
Australia &
N ew Zea la nd
(AS/N ZS brown light blue green /YE\low
3000:2007
3.8.1)
United Sta tes

black (brass) white (silve r) green (g ee II)
and CclJ1a da
I I I , II III
I I III IJ I , L1 )
Protect ve
Region Live Neutral
earth/grc und
EU
(IEC 60446)
including UK bro wn blue green & yell ~ w
from 31
March 2004
, Green & yel ow

(co re is usua ly bare
and should 1 e
sleeved at
Au s tralia and termina hons . In
red black
South Africa Australia th( earth
core has bee 11
se parately i l sulated
with green 0
green/ yello Iv plastic
,"-'
since about 980.
120/208/240V:
green (green )
black, red,
120/208/240V: or bare copp pr wire
United States blue(hrnss)
white (sil'uer) Isolated grol nd :
and Canada 277/480V:
277/ 480V: grey Green with ) e1low
brown, orange,
stripe
yellow
INOk : th e edors in th is I"L)lc: l'eprl'SL'n t lite lll u::,l C()1lll11un a nd preferred st,l l d,lrd
C(]itHS for si ngle p ll' l ~ \' \\' il' in r, huwl' er oth ers may be i ll use, l>"pec i,dl y in \ Id eI'
i n~ tel n ,ll iOlls .
.1. C.1bll' "

Electrical ca bles are llsed to transmit elech·icity. They are made l p of tvv o or
more wires bonded toge ther (through tvvisting or braiding) . The 'c w ires are
covered by pro tec tive and insulating material.
Cables may be ca tegori zed, depend in g on su ch factors as
• According to use
• Electrical ma terial
• Type of insulation
• Type of protector (or cove ring)
• Weight, cos t, and sp ecific uses.
4.1.1. IxI'l'S nil.. 'ab lt's;
rhe re Me so ma n y d iffe ren t ty p cs of cab le. These includes 3lu n inum cable,
~O p p('T cdblp, tpnon cab le, tungsten cab le, e tc
• Th e aluminum cahle IS w idel r-used be 'ause al llminl11 is a good
cond u ~ l or of eit'c tricily, high l ' res istan t to corrosio n, lig tltwe ight and
econol 1ical (casily m anu[(lctu rcd and [ 'cyel l'd). it can cfl icil'ntly ca rry
power even th.rou gh iLmg dis tances .
• Teflon ha 'l' v l'ry high melting lemperatures so it is USl ally USE'd to
provid e ins ulatio n to o ther cables. It is co r-I- iLic red a higl -pe rformance
cable .
• T ungs ten cables Clre also kn ow n for its resislance to high tel l pcrall.l rCS as
we ll as ils durability even in h arsh envi ronnwnts; it is ty picc ll y u sed in its
pu re fo rms for electrical cables.
• op per ca hIes arc consid r 'd to be the bes t for use as sine' . t is re gemi eli
to b e one of the best condu~tor of electricity. It is Rlso mall 'able, ductile,
highly I'P<.;j') tan t to corwsion and light w l'ight.
• PVC cllbles or pol lvinyl chloride cables , re ma de up of poJ
chloride.
There exists some ot her ty pes of cables also su ch as;

• Coax ial CilblC's (u sed for differen t applicahons sllch ,~s com u te.r lletwork
co nnections and cable TV sif,'11RI d is h·ibution)
• Ar mort d cables
• Fiber optic cables ("vh ich is composed of h'cH1s pnrent fibers) <1 d
• Rib bon cab ll:'s (u sed mosll y in com p u ter h a rdvv ar~ S li 11 as
h ar d d rives) .
Factors that determine th e type of electrical cables includ e

• Voltage rating
• Type of protective covering
• Fiber core size
• Cable weight and
• CabJe diame ter.
Dir 'c t-burie d or underg ro und ca bles are m ean t to be buri d b e·low th e
gro und . T hey arc thus specially desig-Iled to have a higll tole'dllce to such
fa ctors as soil dcidity, heat a nd moi stu re,
4.3,3, Fin' Hot~'ction ill c'1b l ('s~
In electrical cable jackets material is a potential source of fu e for fires. To

limit the spread of fire along cable jacketing, one may us e able coating
materials or one may use cables with jackehng that is il lerently fire
retardant, The plastic cove ring on some metal clad cables may e stripped off
at installation to reduce the fuel source for accidental fir es
1'0 provide fir e protection to a cable, there are tvvo methods:
• Insulation material is deliberately added up with fire retard a t materials

• The copper conductor itself is covered with mineral insli anon (MICC
cables)
rVli neraJ -insu Ja t "d co p pe r-clad cables have -ircu it integri t.,', whi Jl nlt:'c1l1S that
it can withsta nd ex treme cond itio ns (su ch a· a fir e) and are thu . u ' >d in sLlch
eljuip nlen t as fire p un: ps a nd fire a larm 'yst<::'l11 S; pow er s tatio n. , tunnels and
111 me '.
4.4. E'TENSION COP _

----- 11:.
Just because the first ex tension cord you find in your garage ha the length to
reach the outlet across the room, it doesn't m ean it's th e proper ne to use for
the task at hand . If a power tool is drawing more current than an extension
cord can carry, it may cause the cord and tool to ove rheat an crea te a fire.
Before using any extension cord to help power an electrical tool or appliance,
the safety professionals at Underwriters labora tories Inc. (U ) encourages
consumers to ask th emselves three important questions:
• Will I use the cord ind oors or outdoors?

• What is the total w a ttage rating of the appliances I will use w ' th the cord?
• How far is the n eares t outle t from where I will be working?
Extension cords are labeled with valuable inform a tion as to the use, size and
wattage rating of the cord. Cords are offered in m any lengths aI d are marked
with a size or "gauge." The gauge is base d on the American Wire Gauge
(AWG) System, in which the larger the wire, the smaller the WG number.
For example, a 12 gauge wire would be larger, and can power 1 rger wattage
ap pliances, than a 14 gauge wire.
Before deciding which ex tension cord to use, first careft 11y read the
manufacturer's instructions bookle t for the pow er tools you " ill be using.
These bookle ts contain important information about your t ols and will
provide insh'uctions on their use. T he booklets w ill also indicat ' whether the
tools are suitable for use outdoors . likewise, the first step il determining
which ex tension cord yo u will n eed is to d ecide whether you wi 1 be using the
applia nce indoors or outdoors. Extension cords that can be l ed o utdoors
will be clearly marked "Suitable for Use with Outdoor Applianc S." N ever u se
an indoor ex tension cord outd oors; it could result in an electri shock or fire
hazard .
To d etermine what size -- or gauge -- cord you will need, you ,ill also have
to d e termine how long YOll need the cord to be. A cord, based on its gauge,
can power an appliance of a certain wattage only at specific dis ances. As the
cord gets longer, the current carrying capacity of the cord g ts lower. For
example, a 16 gauge extension cord less than 50 fe et in lengtl can power a
1625 watt (W) appliance. A 16 gauge cord th at is longer than 50 feet in length
can only pow er an appliance up to 1250W. All appliances indic te how much
wattage is consumed when O perated. That rating can be ound on the
appliance itself and often within th e use and care bookle t tha accompanies
the product. Other appliances will indicate power usage in am 5, rather than
watts.
If you are going to use the extension cord with two or more a pliances, you
must add together the wattage rating for all appliances used on the cord. The
total of those wattage ratings will help you determine which K uge size you
will need.
4.4.1. Rl"ll1irenwllts 1)1" the N.:Jtion,ll Electric,.l Code for Extl'llsion Cords.
(Article 40U: Fl('xible Cord~ and Cables -lOO.S Uses Not
Unless specifically permitted in NEC ART 400.7, fl exible cor s and cables
shall not be used for the following:
• As a substitute for the fi xed wiring o f a structure

• Where run through ho les in walls, structural ceilings, suspended ceilings,
dropped ceilings, or floors
• Where run through doorways, windows, or similar openings
• Where attached to building surfaces (Exception to (4): Flexible cord and
cable shall be permitted to be attached to building surfaces in accordance
with the provisions of 368.56(B))
• Where concealed by walls, floors, or ceilings or located above suspended
or dropped ceilings
• Where ins talled in raceways, except as o therwise permitted in the Code
• Whe re subject to physical damage.
11.'1.2. SAI;!<l'Y lip" for F I '118iol1 Cords:
• Use ex tension cords only when necessary and only on a temporary ba sis .
• Use polarized ex tension cords with polarized app liances.
• Make sure cords do not dangle from the counter or tabl e tops where they
can be pulled down or tripped over.
• Replace cracked or worn ex tension cords with n ew one that have th e
listing of a nationally-recogni zed testing laboratory, safety closures, and
other safety fea tures.
• With cords lacking safety closures, cover any unused outlets with
electrical tape or with plastic caps to preven t the chance of a child making
contact with the live circuit.
• Insert plugs fully so that n o part of th e prongs are exposed when th e
extension cord is in use.
• When disconnecting cords, pull the plug rath er than the cord itself.
• Use only three-wire extension cords for ap pliances with three-prong
plugs. Never remove the third (round or U-shaped) prong, which is a
safe ty fea ture designed to red uce the risk of shock and electrocution.
• In locations where furniture or beds may be pushed against an ex tension
cord where the cord joins the plug, use a special "angle extension cord,"
which is specifically designed for use in these instances
• Check the plug and the body of the ex tension cord while the cord is in use .
Noticeable warming of these plastic parts is expec ted when cords are
being used at their maximum rating, however, if the cord feels hot or if
there is a softening of the plastic, this is a wanting that the plug wires or
connections are failing and that the extension cord should be discarded
and replaced.
• Never use an ex tension cord while it is coiled or looped . Never cover any
part of an extension cord with newspapers, clothing, rugs, or any objects
while the cord is in use.
• Never place an ex tension cord where it is likely to be damaged by h eavy
furniture or foot traffic.
• Don't use staples or nails to a ttach extension cords to a baseboard or to
another surface. This could damage the cord and present a shock or fire
hazard .
• Don't overload extension cords by plugging in appliances that draw a
total of more watts than the rating of the cord.
• Use special, heavy duty extension cords for high wattage appliances such
as air conditioners, portable electric heaters, and free zers.
4.5. Cable Tr .... y:.
According to the National Electrical Code® (NEC), a cable h·ay system is "a
unit or assembly of units or sections and associated fittings forming a
sh·uctural system used to securely fasten or support cables and racew ays. "
Cable trays support cable across open spans in the same manner that
roadway bridges support traffic. Cable trays are n ot raceways, and are treated
as a structural component of a facility's electrical system. Cable h·ays are a
part of a planned cable management system to support, route, protect and
provide a pathway for cable systems. Cable trays feature flexibility
unmatched by conduit, as cables are easier to mark, remove and find in cable
trays.
able trays are availa ble in a number of different configurations including
• Ladder
• Ventilated trough
• Ventilated channel
• Solid bottom
• Wire mesh
• Single rail and other similar sh'uctures.
4.5.2. C.lhk tray 1\l.:Jleri,ll:
Cable trays are manufactured in

• Steel
• Aluminum and
• Fiber reinforced plastic (FRP)
Although aluminum accounts for about 70 % of the cable trays used 111
indus h'y today.
Cable trays come in a wide varie ty of sizes. The appropriate size and number
of cable trays d epends direc tly on the number and size of conductors
intend ed and the allow a ble fi ll area as specified in the NEe. Also, since cable
h'ays offer fl exibility for modification and expansion, engineers and designers
should plan cable h'a y systems to be sized and designed to anticipate both
current and future n eeds.
Cable h'ay fill is addressed in NEC Sections 392.8, 392.9, 392.10, and 392,12,
The type of cable h'ay (e.g" solid, ventilated), amp acity requirements, and the
type and voltage rating of cable used d e termines the allowable fill for each
cable tra y - ventilated cable trays provide for the grea test allowable fill du e
to increased airflow, A generic guideline provid ed by The Cable Tray
Institute indicates that cable trays should not be filled in excess of 40-50 % of
the inside area of the tray or of the maximum weight based on the cable tray
specifica tions, The N EC provid es specific and more detailed requirem ents for
cdble h'ay fill. In any case, the best strategy is to review and follow the rules
set out in the EC and the manufacturer's installation guides when installing
cables in cable trays,
455. (~bl(' lra~s'!,l()ading:
Overfilling and improperly securing wires in cable h'ays can lead to a number
of serious hazard s. Weight is one issue; all cable trays and th eir associated
supports are rated for a specific ma ximum weight, based partly on th e
allowable fill area and the spacing of the cable tray supports. Overloading
cable trays can lead to a breakd ow n of the h'ay, its connecting points, and/ or
supports, causing hazards to persons underneath the cable tray and even
lea ding to possible elec tric shock and arc flash/ blast events from component
fa ilure when the cables are suddenly no longer supported.
Additionally, cables in trays can be dama ged by improperly securing and

installing o ther cables and wires in the same cable tray. The NEC
requirements for cable tray fill also consider th e heat buildup in conductors
\·vhile current flows . When cable trays are overloaded, excessive hea t buildup
in and around live conductors can cause the insulation to break d own,
leading to p o tential shock ha za rd s or fires . Fires can occur either in the cable
h'ay (which may provide a fir e path) or in combustible materials near the
cable h'ay. Furthermore, th e i.mproper use of fl exible cord could lead to the
spread of to xic fum es if a fir e were to occur.
4.s.b. 'ahh' tray Grounding:
Grounding of cable tray sys tems is essential for p ersonal safety and
protection against arcing that can occur anywhere in the wiring system.
Proper grounding must be done before cables are installed and tes ted before
cables are energized.
Recogni zing overloaded cable trays is not difficult. The fill values for cable
trays specified in NEC range from a single layer to roughly a 50 % fill of the
cross-sectional area of the cable tray. If visual observation reveals a cable tray
that is completely full and/ or overflowing with cables, chances are that the
cable h'ay is in violation of both the National Electrical Code and OSHA
requirements. One of the major culprits asso ia ted with overloaded cable
h'ays are aband oned cables within the tray . These abandoned cables should
be removed; and in fact, section 590.3(D) and various sections in Chapter 8 of
EC specifically require removal of abandoned tempora ry wiring and
communication cable installed within a cable tray.
·!,Ii H. ~~iting mdhod .. ill cabl(' lJ'.ly~_~
Any wiring methods used in cable trays must be listed by a Nationally

Recognized Testing Laboratory as suitable for use in cable trays and in the
environment in which it is installed. Table 392.3(A) of the NEC and OSHA's
1910.305(a) (3)(i) provide corresponding lists o f conductors and raceways
permitted in cable tray systems.
Additionally, NEC Section 392.3(B) and OSHA's 1910.305(a)(3)(i)(B) allow

other specific conductors in industrial establishments where maintenance and
supervision assure that only qualified persons will service the cable tray
systems. Flexible cords are not currently listed
Pakistan State Oil
Lightning
5. Lightning:
Lighh1ing is an important event which no one can avoid from its danger, but
also it can be observed easily. It possesses millions of volts, capable of
shattering insulating obstacles, but flows through small diameter conductors.
5.1. ,'lurm Cloud:

---
Lighh1ing is produced by storm clouds. The upper part of the cloud is made
up of positively charged ice crystals, while th e base contains negatively
charged water droplets. This separation of charges is caused by atmospheric
turbulence.
A highly intense electrical field is created between the charges and when this
field reaches its breakdown point, an elech"ical discharge occurs, either as
lightning flashes behveen clouds or cloud zones or as lightning behveen the
cloud and the ground. During fine weather, the elech'ical field on the ground
is around 100V / m. As the storm (negative storm) approaches, this becomes a
positive value possibly reaching 10 to 25 Kv / m. The potential difference
behveen the cloud and the ground is then of some several tens of megavolts.
5.2.1. Therm .li effL'l·tS:
These effects are linked to the quantity of charges involved when lightning
strikes. For materials with high resistivity, they cause various melting points
a t large amount of energy is released the form of heat. The moisture they
contain causes a sudden overpressure that may result in explosion.
The resistivity of the soil makes earthing resistant and therefore unable to
prevent a sudden rise in the facilily's potential when lightning current passes
through it . This creates differences in potential between the various metal
parts. Earthlings and connections behveen the metal parts must therefore be
carefully designed to down conductors.
These effects are produced if part of the path along which the lightning
current travels is within the magnetic field of another part. This may produce
repulsion and attraction forces when lightning travels through conductors
close to each o ther.
5.:2.4. .\coll<;lil' t:rfecls - Thunder:
Thunder is du e to the sudden pressure rise (2

to 3 atmospheres) in the discharge channel
subject to elec h'od ynamics forces during the
lightning sh'ike. The duration of the thund er
depends on the length of the ioni zed charmel.
5.~.5. I nL! ~('linn EHt'cl s:
Induction effects are often th e biggest

challenge to protection systems. When
lighhung approaches a site and flows
throu gh its conductors, it creates magnetic
flu x that produces high , and sometimes
d estructive induced voltages.
Elec h'omagnetic loops may be formed
be tween lighh1ing conductor down leads and elech'ical circuit.
5.2.(i. J lIlllinous Effects:
A lighhling strike creates an ima ge on

the observer's retina which may leave
him dazzled for several seconds
before regaining sight.
Dispe rsion of lightning currents in the soil depends on the nature of the
terra in. A h e terogeneous soil may crea te danger ous differences of potential
between tw o neighboring points.
5.1. SkI's of Ligtning Strikes
5.4. ~lfd ' gu idcli ncs:
Seek a safe shelter immediately! If you're unable to find shelter in a building

or residence that is equipped with a lightning protection system, it is
suggested the following safety guidelines:
5.4.1. Jf1doors:
- .
• Stand clear from windows, doors and elec trical appliances.

• Unplug appliances well before a storm nears - never during.
• Avoid contact with piping including sinks, baths and faucets.
• Do not use the telephone except for emergencies.
~ .1. Outdoor.. . :
• Look for a shelter equipped with a lightning protection system like those
found at golf courses, public parks and pools.
• if you're caught outside and u np rotected:
• Get in a hard topped car.
• Never use a tree as a shelter.
• Avoid areas that are higher than the surrounding landscape.
• Keep away from metal objects including bikes, golf carts, fencing,
machinery, etc.
• Avoid standing near tall objects.
~
• Immediately get out and away from pools, lakes, and other bodies of
water.
• Spread out - don't stand in a crowd of people.
• If you feel a tingling sensation or your hair stands on end, lighh1ing may
be about to strike! Immediately crouch down and cover your ears. Do not
lie down or place your hands on the ground.
Pakistan State Oil
Grounding:
6. Grounding:
In Britain, peo ple have 'earth' and in Northern A merica they have 'ground' . The y are
exactl y the same thing and di fferent term s are used in different co untries.
(-d. Pur 1(1SeS of (;rollndilll":
Gro unding sys tem has three main purpo ses:
L ightn i ng, Iine surges or un intention aI co ntact 1ServlcI!:

wit h higher voltage lines can cau se ~I e n tc'a nee
pan", 1
dangerous Iy high vo Itages to the electr ica I
d istributi on system w ires . Ground ing prov ides
an alternative path around the electrical
system o f home o r workplace & minimizes
damage t!'om such occurrence s.
.....'-\..,
Gr<l1J no r...' 0 .,I",c trod..
co",duct:-or
\\\
There are many so urces of electric it y. Every
transfo rmer can be co nsidered a separate , I'Jc..n rne1:.a fl lc ( N M )
.. he il e;h",d CD p i e
so urce. If there w ere not a common reference
po int for all these vo ltage sources it would be
extremel y difficul t to calculate their
• -I.' "'-,
relationships to each other. T he earth is the
most univ ersal co nductive surtace, and so it .-/ ~ Gr:;"d ing
~
w as adopted in the very beginnings of \\ wi re",
electrica l di stribution systems as a nearl y G roundl n .a t..erml nll l '"'

G roLu1din G es.G r c .....
universal stand ard for all electric sys tems.
(d.J. CUifeoi pilth in ~)rdt'r_ to LH:i\itate lht: t~rl'r"!ion of over-current

dttY ict'~:
Thi s purpose of gro unding is the mo st important o ne to und erstand . Grounding

system provid es certain leve! of safety to humans and property in case of equipment
da mage s.
6.2. Groundi.!.!.K.Qper.llion in electrical distribution network:
Th e main reaso n why gro unding is used in electrical di stribution network is the
SAF ETY . G ro unding sys tems are desig ned so that they provid e the necessary safet y
f unctio ns. When all metallic parts in el ectrical equipments are ground ed and
insulation in side the equipments fails or th e live wire louches the grounded case then
the circuit JS effectively shorted and fuse will blow or circuit breaker got trip
immediately. Due to the blowing of fuse or tripping of circuit breaker, the electric
circuit discontinued & no danger ofelectric shock wil l be there.
The "hot" wire is at 220 volts and the other wire is neutral or ground. If a person were
to touch the neutral wire only, no shock would result simply because there is no
voltage on it. If he were to touch the hot wire only, again nothing would happen to
him unless some other part of his body touching the ground or neutral. A person is
considered to be grounded if he comes in contact with a water pipe, metal conduit, the
neutral or ground wire, or stands barefoot on a concrete floor.
In other words, neither wire is a shocking hazard unless a person is grounded, and
then only the hot is a potential shock hazard. Of course, ira person were to touch both
wires at the same time, he would be shocked simply because his body is completing
connect ion between "hot wire" and "ground".
In the early days, equipment and appliances fitted with the two wire power plug and
readily accepted to be safe from shock hazard because the metal housing was not
connected to either wire of the line cord (called floating case).
One of the problems with appliances and equipment which have a "floating metal
case" is that a shock hazard exists if the case comes into contact with the hot wire.
This so called "fault condition" may happen in many ways with some of the more
common causes being a "pinched" line cord, failure of installation systems, or
Illovement of components due to shock or vibration which will cause the "hot wire"
term ina I to touch the case.
Naturally, if for any reason the case docs become "live, "then a person touching it
may be shocked if he is grounded. If this "hot chassis" is connected to another chassis
or instrument by a typical shielded cord, then that chassis or instrument will become
hot also. The entire purpose of the presence of three wire system is to provide a
separate ground path which will effectively eliminate any possibility ofshock.
If the live wire touches the grounded metal case, the ground connection in the case
causes short circuit as shown in thel~gLlre belov\'.
Ser,ij ce
Entrance Panelboard
Receptacle Svstem
Fault ~J_~
vi . /
f------+------+~N
['.
N ./
?-------&
~<
Equipment .....&----'
r3rounel
This shol't circuit situatio n causes very high current surge to tlow in the c ircuit which
will cause the distribution panel fuse/ circuit breaker to blow/trip imm ediate ly. The
current in short circuit situation can be pretty high because of the low resistance of
the mains distribution wiring.
Ground wires should ca rr y almost zero current except during faults. If the ground
wire carries la l'ge current, there will be a large potential difference between different
grounding po ints (because the current flowing in wire causes voltage drop due to wire
resistance). That's why a common wire which works as neutral and grounding wire is
very bad thing.
When there is separate wlrll1g for grounding you can't still completely avoid the
current tlowin g in grounding wires! There will alw ays be some capacitive leakage
current form the live wire to the ground wire. This capacitive leakage current is
ca used by the fact that the wiring, transformers and interference filters all have some
capacitance between the gro und and live wire. The amount of current is limited to be
quite low (limited to be between 0.6 mA to 10 mA depending on equipment type) so
il does not cause dangers and big problems. Becau se of this leakege current there is
always some current flowing in the ground wire and the ground potential s of different
electrical power outlets are never equal.
66. Q!lil1iJil'S of a gnod c.Jrting connection:
A good t'Ml h connection s ho ul d hav e th e foll owing
• Lo"\' l' il'c Lriclll res istll nce to ea r lh

• CllOt\ COJ'rnsicH1 resis ta nce
• Ability [0 carry high ClllT (' nls J'l' pl'a tl'dl 1
• / reliable li fe of a t leas t:lO \ ' -'drS
I).fl.l I actor., Afft'ding Soil ({csisli fity:
Phvsical Composition:
Differ· n t soil compositions give different averageresistivities.
Effect of soil type on resistivity
Soil type Typical

resis ti vi ty
ohm-m
Ma rshy Gro und 2 - 2.7
Loam an d clay 4 -150
Chalk 600 - 400
Sand 90 - 8000
Peat 200 upwards
Sandy Gravel 300 - 500
Rock 1000 up wards
Moisture:
Increased moisture content of the ground can rapidly d ecrease its reSistivity.
It is especially important to consider moisture content in areas of high
seasonal variation in rainfall. Wherever possible the earth electrod e should be
installed deep enough to reach the "water table" or "permanent moisture
lev el" .
Effect of soil type on tesistivity
Moisture Resistivity ohm-m

content Top Soil Sand y
% by Loam
weight
0 1,000 x 10 1,000 x 10 I
J
power 4 power 4
2.5 2500 1500 I
5 1650 430
10 530 185
15 310 105
20 120 6~
30 r 64 42
Chemical Composition:
Certain minerals and salts can affect soil resistivity. Their levels can vary with
time due to rainfall or flowing water.
Effect of Salt on Resistivity

For sandy loam, 15.2'Yo moisture
Added salt . ('10 Resistivity olun-m .
by weight of
moisture)
0.0 1 107.0
0.1 18.0
1.0 4.6
5.0 1.9
-~-
\ 10.0 1.3
20.0 1.0
Although the addition of salt can lower soil r esistivity, they are no t recommended
due to corrosion and leachi ng.
Temperature:
When the ground becomes frozen, its resistivity rises dramatically. An earth
that rnay be effective during te mperate weather may become ineffective in
winter.
Effect of Salt on Resistivity

For sandy loam, 15.2°;;1 moisture
C " "
Temperature
Resistivity ohm-m
Deg C DegF
20 68 72
10 50 99
o 32 (water) 138
o 32 (ice) 300
-5 23 790
-15 14 3300
Please note that jf the soil temperature decreases from +20°C to -SoC the
resistivity increasE's more than ten times.
Pakistan State Oil
Electric shock ~
First Ai
7. Electric shock & First Aid:
7.1. El~ctric Shod:
lnjuries are caused ""hen electric current passes through body. The source of
electric current may be natural or man-made
7."1.1. Wbat happens during electri shock?
Electric shock may .. .
• Makes you fall down

• Muscl e contraction
• Seizures
• Dehydration
• Burns
• Fractures
• Clotting of blood
• Tissu e death (narcosis)
• Respiratory /Heart/Kidney failure
• Do not attempt to move th e victim from current

source
• First step is to switch off the current source
• Otherwise, move the source using a wood en stick
• Attend to the victim
• Check for brea thing
• No breathing, do Cardio pulmonary resuscitation
(CPR)
• CalJ emergency m edical aid
• If breathing, do a physical examination: Recovery
Position
• Treat for m.inor burns
• Trea t for Shock
7.1.1. \Vh,ll not 10 do?
1. Touch the patient direc tly.

2. Go near the area if high voltage electricity IS suspected and call for
immediate help / ambulance.
7.2.1. C.l1t
Check the victim for unresponsiveness. [fthere is no

response, Cal! for medical help.
7.1.:?'. Blow;
Tilt the head back and listen for breathing. If not

brea thing normally, pinch nose and cover the mouth
with yours and blow until you see the chest rise. Give
2 breaths. Each breath should take 1 second.
7.~.3. hll11 1:
If the victim is still not breathing normally, coughing

or moving, begin chest compressions. Push down on
the chest 11/2 to 2 inches 30 times right between the
nipples. Pump at the rate of lOO/minute, faster than
once per second.
Continue with 2 breaths and 30 pumps until help

arnves
73. Fil'<.;l Aid Tip....:." - Recovery Position:
In unconscious patient with intact breathing and pulse recovery position ensures
the prevention of tongue falling back and blocking the airway.
• Place the patient on their back.

• Lift the chin to ensure the airway is open.
• Patient's arm on your side should be
positioned so as to make a right angle with h is
body, with elbow bent and palm facing out.
• Patient's other arm on opposite side should be
placed across the chest, with back of their
hand against the cheek on your side of the
patient.
• Pull up the patient's knee joint (side away from
you) as it bends with the foot flat on the
ground.
• Roll over the patient in this position towards
your side.
• By tilting the patient's head back ensure that
the airway is open.
• The uppermost leg should be adjusted in such
a way that the hip and knee are at right
angles.
• Seek immediate medical help / ambulance.
7.3.2. \-Vhal nnt to do:
• Move the patient ira spinal injury is sLispected.

Tissue injury resulting from excessive exposure to:
• Heat
• Chem ica I
• Electrical
• Radioactive agents.
Depending upon the type, duration and intensity of agent and the site and
depth of burns, the effects may vary.
7.4.1. ldentific.\tion I Jonl out for:
• Identify the agent

o Treatment varies according to agent.
• Skin
o Red
o Blistered
• Pain
• In severe cases
o Dark red, charred.
7.4.2. _~Yhat to do:
• The affected area should be immediately kept under

cold running water for 10 min utes
o Has cooling affects
o Dissipates the localized high heat and reduces
further burns.
• Clothing and jewellery including rings should be
removed.
• Burnt area should be covered with sterile, non-fluffy
dressing / cling film.
• Chemical burns need prolonged washing.
• Monitor respiration and pulse as patient invariably
goes into Shock.
7.43. Wh.1l not til un:
• Burst skin blisters.

•
•
Remove skin.
Apply creams, lotions on the b u rns. /
• .t\/Iake the patient m ove unless you need to for treatment.
• Waste time, as bur~c; can result into death.
• Feed by mouth - liquid or solids.
7.S. First Aid Tips - Shnck~
Develop when oxygen delivery to tlle tissu es is inadequate to m ee t the

metabolic requirements of the tissues. It can be caused by Trauma, Fear, Loss
of Body Fluids or Allergic Reaction.
• Sweating
• Reduced consciousness or unconscious
• Confused and anxiety
• Unresponsiveness
• Rapid breathing
• Rapid and weak pulse
• Thirst
• Pale cold clammy skin
• Nausea and vomiting
• Loosen any tight clothing.

• Ensure th e patient is kept warm, but no
artificial hea t.
• If the cause can be removed such as - bleeding
/ burns.
• If no fr ac ture make the patients lie down and
raise and support his legs.
• If u nconscious place in Recovery Position.
• Monitor and reassure the casualty
• Seek immediate medical help / ambulance.
1. Feed the patient by mouth inspite of thirst.

2. Make the patient stand up or walk or run.
3. Allow the patient to smoke.
tow voltage does not mean low hazard!
7.h.
Current Reaction
1 milliamp Just a faint tingle.
Slight shock felt. Disturbing, but not painful. Most people
5 milliamps can "let go." However, strong involuntary movements
can cause injuries.
6-25 milliamps Painful shock. Muscular con h'ol is lost. This is the range
(women) where "freezing currents" start. It may not be possible to
9:30 mmiamps (men) "let go."
EXh'emely painful shock, resp iratory arrest (breathing
..
stops), severe muscle contractions. Flexor muscles may
50-150 milliamps
--.-.. cause holding on; extensor muscles may cause intense
0. - ..-.
" pushing away. Death is possible.
Ventricular fibrillation (hear t pumping action not
1,000-4,300 milliamps
rhythmic) occurs. Muscles contract; nerve damage occurs,
. (1-4.3 amps)
Death is likely.
10,000 milliamps (10 Cardiac arrest and severe burns occur. Death is probable.
..
anips)
15,000 milliamps (15 Lowest over current at which a ty pical fuse or circuit
amps) breaker opens a circuit!
Pakistan State Oil
Electrical contractors
& Safety
8. Electrical contractors & Safety:
H.I. EI 'ctric;ll COnlr.lctorS:
Electricians are particularly at risk of death or serious lllJury from electric

shock or burns if they fail to follow safe working procedures. It is therefore
important to comply ''''ith all health and safety requirements, in particular the
ones to do with working safely.
Electrical contractors should not allow dangerous work practices, such as

working with live electricity or switching elechoicity on before they have
finish ed their work and everything has been installed correctly. It is never
absolutely safe to work on or near live electrical equipment.
Main contractors and their non-elech'ical subcontl"actors should be aware that

they also have Jegal responsibilities that no work is done on or near live
circuits where there is a risk of touching live conductors, unless
• The work cannot be done if the electricity is switched oft and

• It is reasonable to ,,,,ark on or near the live conductors, and
• Suitable steps have been taken to prevent the person doing the work and
others from getting injured.
All workers, supervisors and managers on construction sites should be made

aware that it is not considered reasonable to work on or near live conductors
solely on the grounds of convenience, or of saving time or cost.
Electrical contractors should not switch on the elech'icity before they have
finished their work unless:
• They have a written request from the main conhoactor or the main
contractor's agent and
• The circuits have been fully inspected, tested and are safe to use, and
• The electrical contractor agrees it is safe to do so.
When the elechoicity is switched on following the above process, the main
conhoactor is responsible for making sure that everyone working on site is
aware of any live circuits in an area. They are also responsible for making
sure that their elechoical subconh'actors use safe isolation procedmes before
working on any circuits that could possibly be live. The elech'ical
subcontractor has the same duty and responsibility to use safe isolation
practices when required.
Pakistan State Oil
Electrical
Safety .. ......At a
Glance:
9. Elech"ical Safety ........ At a Glance:
~~-+
---:.~~-
10 I1W:J rlc-t'c I'r~, (KJY {Xm,wlor r!I/('/II">n ,~,hil!' ·.".cr'mQ ''',

1I~IIC/l rv.;rrs - ,.
..
'"
"
cormIIV'" (he/l1!(all ran 11 ,mnqr mq;larrd, Ircn.: \'.'11'1'1
/J
/
d
r or :/o,){ Q','/n sole!.'! ana thor' I OI(1':IS, are plu(l sInsteod ()I
JIH' Jnq r/rcm ~ ~'Nrs dl((''''r '/ /, ro m !{(liS
PUt pur!·ulur allen,,'j) /0 ft C/1M) eieWK "" I.'!!) unO O'l :() 1\,11"
,,'rwl fn:,illlf) I!':P ''ldd.'1 ,·vhl'n C"0ngm9!f1 ck'({f1( "'I>!(i,fly
/,Iwuys keep phgs In C)cod I-O.'1G1!,r;n,
O~ r'awf:lI ,'.ItlC'n I'll' /'!oar I~!.' r
q.l. Jen - Colden Points regi.lrJing Elecll'ic~1 Safety.

• Check all protec tive d evices of the electrical installations ( uch as fuses
and circuit breake rs) to ensure that they are functioning pro erly.
• Check electrical appliances before use . Repair or replace da aged. / faulty
parts immediately.
• If portable electrical appliances are not double insulated,
earthed. Plugs and socke ts complying with safety standar s should be
used in conjunction with residual current device (RCD) for earth leakage
pro tection.
• Workers should not use electrical appliances if their clothe or hands are
wet.
• Avoid using electrical equipment in congested and wet w rkplace. Use
suitable personal protec tive equipment such as insulating g ves and mat
if necessary.
• If protective device of the electrical equipment (such as se w circuit
breaker) had operated and interrupted th e electric current the cause of
fault should be identified and rectified before p utting it bacl< ·nto service.
• lnstalla tion of electrical appliances, cOIU1ec tion of electric w i es and repair
& maintena nce of electrical appliances must be conductec by qualified
and recognized elech"icians. Remember to isolate the elec "ici ty supply
before work.
• Before working in the vicinity of overhead power Jines, con ult the power
company on the safety/precautionary measures, such as
safe working distance, the setting up of barr iers, access 1'0 te, goalposts,
fencings and display of warning signs.
• Prior to excavation in the vicinity of underground cabl s, detect the
alignment and depth of the cables. Adopt safe excavatio practices to
prevent damaging the cables.
• Before working in electricity substation or switch room, isol te the supply
to the electrical equipment and circuits to be \"lorked on. h e associated
circuit breakers or switches should h e locked up with arning signs
posted outside the s\"litchboard panels to indicate that work s in progress.
The keys should be kept by authorized persons or superviso s.

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CONTRACTOR SA FETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

APPENDIX C - CONTRACTORS' PRE JOB ACTIVITY CHECKLIST

Work Order No.

Contractor Representative : ___ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _

Contractors ' Pre Job Activity Checklist

No. Item Yes No N/A Remarks

1.3 Ha s the contractor's equipment, related to the Job to be

1.4 Is Contractor' s safety representative available & has sufficient

1.5 Does following minim um HSE requirements will be fulfilled and

1. 51 Supervisor HSE background & experience? (CV provided)

1.52 Training o f new emp loyees? (Contractor HSE Induc tion

1.5.3 ToolB ox talk malerials?

1.5.4 Joi nt aud it reports (frequ ency to be dec ided)?

1.5.6 Emergency drills records (setf and wit h PSO)?

1.5.7 Incident reporting?

2.2 Do they know how and who to report an emergency?

2.5 Is Contractor's Contact Person avaitabte during emergency?

No. Item Yes No N/A Remarks

5.1 .2 ts (Are) con tractor tay-down area(s) (stora ge. temporary

5. 1.3 ts contractor and his workers briefed abo ut Site Waste

3. 3 Have exit rout es and gathe ring areas been communicated to

3.4 Are emergency telephone numbers posted clear ly on site?

No. Item Yes No N/A Remarks

4. 1.1 Crane/Fork lift Operator

4.1.2 Electri cian

4.1.4 Any Other

APPENDIX D - CONTRACTORS' WORK IN PROGRESS HSE C HECKLIST

Contra ctor Representative:

CONTRACTORS' WORK IN PROGRESS HSE CHECKLIST

1.1 Job-sile looks neal

1.2 Raw materials stored properly

1.3 W alking surfaces neal and clean

1.4 Escape raules clean and clearly marked

1.5 "No smoking" properl y posled

1.6 Trash emplied regularly

1.7 Malerials nol in danger of falling

1.8 Nails removed from wood plank s/scrap

1.9 Lighling adequale

2.2 Proper safe ty shoes worn

2.3 Hearing pral eclion where needed

2.• Eye/face pral eclion where needed

2. 5 Gloves/pralec" ve clolhing where needed

2.6 Inspeclion procedure for PPE

2.7 Proper coverall worn

2.8 Proper re spirators where needed

2.9 Fall proleclion for work over 2m high

3.1 Proper fire exti nguisher available for use.

32 Fire extingu ish er inspecled. lagged

3.3 Employees Irained in procedlJres

3.4 Wooden malenal slored properl y

3.5 Flammable malerials slored properly

3.7 Proper containe rs are used for Fuel

3.8 Hoi work permlls used

4 1 Hazards barn caded praperly

4.2 Hazards marked properly

4.3 Unsate lools lagged

5. 1 Lisl ot hazardous chemcals MSDS fi le mainlained & communicaled

5.2 Chemicals properly labeled

53 Eme rgency spill conlrol malerials available

6. 1 Equi pment inspected regularly. Records to be maintained In Log Book

6.2 Damaged equipment removed from service

6.3 Ground ing is not defeated

6.5 Proper sWitche s on tools working

66 TOO ls stored securely when not in use

Contractor Representative : _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _