More experimental observations can be done with a view to covering a broader range

of flow profiles. Majority of the data deals with turbulent flow. If more observations
are done using lower flow rate, possibly more data covering laminar and transition
regions can be obtained leading to better graphical representation and less
inconsistency between theoretical and empirical values.

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 4 Conclusion

This experiment demonstrated that, in theory, pressure drop in the direction of any internal flow
is regarded as a common phenomenon required for maintaining flow in any horizontal conduit of
uniform diameter from a point of higher pressure to a point of lower pressure. In a perfect fluid,
the pressure decrease is considered reversible. In practice, however, fluid traveling through a
conduit encounters pressure loss due to internal resistance, which is considered irreversible.
When represented in terms of the equivalent fluid column height, this irreversible pressure loss
is known as head loss. Frictional loss is irreversible and cannot be reversed. Friction causes energy
to be dispersed as heat energy in the environment. It is common in chemical engineering practice
to calculate a fluid's head loss as it passes through a conduit. Frictional head losses are a complex
function of system geometry, fluid characteristics, and the system's average flow rate. A simple
and practical approach for detecting head loss in a flow within a circular straight pipe was
demonstrated in this experiment. The head loss as well as the friction factor were effectively
determined. We obtained some insight into frictional energy loss in pipe systems and evaluated
the requirement for pumps after gaining practical experience by completing this experiment.
Further experience in pump design and process operations for commercial and industrial usage
can be learned by examining the findings of this experiment. Understanding the tendency of
frictional head loss is a pre-requisite for being able to design efficient pumping systems, because
pumps can add mechanical energy to the flow to offset head loss. The experimental analysis of
frictional loss in the preceding portion of this report is included in the preceding section of this
report. As a whole, it can be said that the goal of conducting this experiment was accomplished
successfully.

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Reference

1. Daugherty, R. L., Franzini, J. B., & Finnemore, E. J., 1989. Fluid Mechanics with
Engineering

Applications, SI metric ed. Singapore, McGraw-Hill.

2. Mott, R. L., 2000. Applied Fluid Mechanics, 8th edition; Prentice-Hall Inc., New Jersey.

3. Perry, R.H. and Green, D.W., 1984. Perry’s Chemical Engineer’s Handbook, 8th
ed., McGraw- Hill, New York.

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Nomenclature

Symbol Description Unit

Re Reynolds number No unit

v Average velocity m/s

hL Head loss h(m)

g Acceleration due to gravity m/s2

γ Specific weight Cubic meter/kg

ρ density Kg/cubic metre

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