LESSON 1

Plagiarism is the act of claiming the work and

ideas of others as your own. It is done when
you present their works without citing or
acknowledging them. It is a process of not
giving the credit that is due to the original
authors. Whether it is done intentionally or
not, that practice is deemed unethical.
Plagiarism is taken as an act of disrespecting
the original authors. Citing the sources of
information is very important in doing
research as giving due credit is a universal
norm to be followed.
 Harvard
Harvard is very similar to APA. Where
APA (American Psychological
APA is primarily used in the USA, Harvard
Association)
3 referencing is the most well-used
APA is an author-date citation style
referencing style in UK and Australia and
1 wherein the author and the date of
is encouraged for use with the
publication of such work are given
humanities.
emphasis. This referencing style is used
for the social sciences
Vancouver
4 The Vancouver system is mainly used in
MLA (Modern Language Association)
medical and scientific papers.
MLA is an author-page citation style. It is
2
often applied by the arts and humanities, Chicago and Turabian
particularly in the USA. These are two separate styles but are
5 very similar, just like Harvard and APA.
They are widely used for history and
economics.
 One of the ways of preventing oneself from plagiarizing the work of others is through citing the
sources where the needed existing information of your current study was found. In-text citation
from the term itself means citations that are present within the text of a paper. The purpose of
an in-text citation is to show to the reader while he or she is reading your work that a piece of
information in your paper was found elsewhere, or you have bases on what you had been
writing. An in-text citation may be narrative or parenthetical.
1. In the in-text citation, the surname of the author is used and the date of publication. (Note: As
much as possible, always paraphrase ideas from the source.)
2. If the idea of the original author is quoted directly, then include the page number. (You will
learn paraphrasing and quoting in the next module.)
3. For work with one or two authors, include the author’s name(s) in every citation.
4. For work with three or more authors, include the name of only the first author plus “et al.” in
every citation (even the first citation).
5. Do not include suffixes such as “Jr.” in the in-text citation.
6. The year in the in-text citation should match the year in the reference list entry.
7. Use only the year in the in-text citation, even if the reference list entry contains a more
specific date (e.g., year, month, and day).
8. For works with no date, use “n.d.” in the in-text citation.
9. For works that have been accepted for publication but have not yet been published, use “in
press.”
10.For works with an unknown author, include the title and year of publication in the in-text
citation.
LESSON 2
The bibliography is the directory of all the sources used in a study
or paper. It is a list of books, journals, periodicals, electronic
publications, online resources, and other documents used in a
research paper. It is arranged in alphabetical order according to
the name of the author and then chronologically by year of
publication. It is in a hanging format, that is the first line of the
entry begins flush left while the second and succeeding lines are
indented five to seven spaces from the left.
➢ Who is the creator/s of the source?
➢ When is the source being published?
➢ What is the title of the source?
➢ Where is the source being published? or Where can I retrieve or access this work?
 The following information must be included (if available) in citing a
A. book:

• Author or authors. The surname is followed by the first initials.

• Year of publication of the book (in round brackets).
• Book title (in italics).
• Edition (in round brackets), if other than the first edition.
• Publisher.
• DOI (where a book has a DOI this must be included, even if you
are referring to a print book).
• The first line of each citation is left adjusted. Every subsequent
line is indented 5-7 spaces.
 The following information must be included (if available) in citing a journal
B article:

• Author or authors. The surname is followed by the first initials.

• Year of publication of the article (in round brackets).
• Article title.
• Journal title (in italics).
• Volume of the journal (in italics).
• Issue of the journal (no italics).
• Page range of the article.
• DOI (presented as a hyperlink, for example, https://doi.org/xxxxx).
• The first line of each citation is left adjusted. Every subsequent line is
indented 5-7 spaces.
Books and journal articles are the commonly used
resources in research. However, there are still other
resources that can be used. These include conference
papers, course handout/lecture notes, films, magazines,
newspapers, theses, and many others. To know how they
will be cited in the references section of your proposal,
you may search the APA manual of style or the APA
citation guide 7th edition. You may also access the
internet for more examples, that is if access warrants.
Further, you may also explore auto-referencing
techniques.

The citation of sources on the reference list comes in

numerous patterns. How a source will be cited depends
on its nature. However, if you know how to identify
information correctly like the name of the author, the
date of publication, the publisher, the place of
publication, the title of the article, the name of the
journal, the volume number, the series number, the page
number, and others, then making the references section
of your proposal will be much easier.