Bao Cao Dtcs

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING
CAN THO UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
POWER ELECTRONICS- KC217H
REPORT PRACTICE POWER

ELECTRONICS
SUPERVISOR GROUP 1:
Dr. Nguyen Hoang Vu Tan Nguyen Nguyen Huynh (B2004405)
Nguyen Tan Phat (B2012922)
Nguyen Duy Khuong (B2012907)
Tran Minh Sang (B2012931)
Major: Electrical engineering – Course: 46
December, 2023
1.1. UNCONTROLLED RECTIFIERS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PART A............................................................................................................8
Chapter 1 Practice on the model......................................................................8
1.1. UNCONTROLLED RECTIFIER..........................................................................8
1.1.1. Uncontrolled single-phase half-wave rectifier circuit...................................8
1.1.1.1. R Load :..................................................................................................8
1.1.1.2. RL Load...............................................................................................10
1.1.2. Uncontrolled single-phase bridge rectifier circuit.......................................13
1.1.2.1. R load...................................................................................................13
1.1.2.2. RL load.................................................................................................15
1.1.3. Uncontrolled 3-phase halfwave rectifier circuit..........................................16
1.1.4. Investigation of the uncontrolled three-phase bridge rectifier circuit.........20
1.2. CONTROLLED SINGLE-PHASE RECTIFIER..................................................24
1.2.1. Controlled half-wave rectifier.....................................................................24
1.2.1.1. R load...................................................................................................24
1.2.1.2. RL load.................................................................................................27
1.2.2. Controlled full-wave bridge rectifier...........................................................29
1.2.2.1. R Load..................................................................................................29
1.2.2.2. RL load.................................................................................................32
1.2.3. Semi-asymmetrical controlled half-wave bridge rectifier...........................34
1.2.3.1. R load...................................................................................................34
1.2.3.2. RL load.................................................................................................37
1.3. THREE-PHASE RECTIFIERS............................................................................42
1.3.1. Controlled Full-Wave rectifier....................................................................42
1.3.1.1. R Load..................................................................................................42
1.3.1.2. RL Load................................................................................................44
1.3.2. Controlled three-phase rectifiers.................................................................47
1.4. AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLERS.........................................................................51
1.4.1. R load..........................................................................................................51
PART B..........................................................................................................61
CHAPTER 1...................................................................................................61
uncontrolled rectifiers.....................................................................................61
1.1. Uncontrolled Single-phase half-wave rectifiers with RL load...........................61
1.1.1. R = 10, L = 0...............................................................................................61
1.1.2. R=10Ω, L=0.01...........................................................................................63
1.1.3. Applied D0 ( Freewheeling diode)..............................................................65
1.2. 3-Phase half-wave rectifier with RL load...........................................................66
Group 1 i
1.2.1. R = 10, L = 0...............................................................................................67

1.2.2. Increase L (L = 5)........................................................................................69
1.3. Single-phase full-wave bridge rectifier with RL load........................................71
1.3.1. R = 10, L = 0...............................................................................................71
1.3.2. Increase L (L = 5)........................................................................................72
1.4. 3-Phase full-wave bridge rectifier with RL load................................................73
1.4.1. R = 10, L = 0...............................................................................................73
1.4.2. Increase L (L = 5)........................................................................................75
CHAPTER 2 Controlled rectifier.................................................................77
2.1. Controlled single-phase half-wave rectifier with RL load..................................77
2.1.1. R = 10, L = 0, delay angle 300.....................................................................77
2.1.2. R = 10, L = 0.1, delay angle 300..................................................................80
2.1.3. Applied Diode D0, delay angle 300.............................................................82
2.2. Controlled 3-phase half-wave rectifier with RL load.........................................86
2.2.1. R = 10, L = 0, delay angle 200.....................................................................86
2.2.2. R=10, L=0.1, delay angle is 200..................................................................88
2.2.3. Applied diode D0, delay angle is 450..........................................................91
2.3. Controlled single-phase asymmetrical full-wave bridge rectifier.......................91
2.3.1. R=10, L=0, delay angle 300.........................................................................92
2.3.2. R=10, L=0.1, delay angle 300......................................................................92
2.4. Controlled single-phase symmetrical full-wave bridge rectifier........................94
2.4.1. R=10, L=0, delay angle 300.........................................................................94
2.4.2. R = 10, L = 0.1, delay angle 300..................................................................95
2.5. Controlled single-phase full-wave bridge rectifier.............................................96
2.5.1. R=10, L=0, delay angle 300.........................................................................97
2.5.2. R=10, L=0.1, delay angle 300......................................................................99
2.6. Controlled 3-phase full-wave bridge rectifier...................................................102
2.6.1. R=10, L=0, delay angle 300.......................................................................102
2.6.2. R=10, L=0.1, delay angle 300....................................................................105
2.6.3. Controlled 3-phase full-wave rectifier with removable components........107
CHAPTER 3 Chopper & Inverter..............................................................109
3.1. Step down chopper...........................................................................................109
3.1.1. Run simulation..........................................................................................109
3.1.2. Increase E to 60V......................................................................................111
3.1.3. In case there is no D0................................................................................113
3.1.4. Closed loop-control of DC Motor.............................................................116
3.2. Step up chopper................................................................................................119
3.2.1. High voltage generating circuit.................................................................122
3.3. Inverter three-phase, six-step............................................................................124
1.5. DC source 100V, Load: R = 10Ω, L = 0,1H, f = 60Hz...................................124
3.4. Inverter sine – PWM.........................................................................................127
Group 1 ii
TABLE OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1. Single-phase half-wave rectifier with resistive load.................................1

Figure 1.2. Waveform of us..........................................................................................1
Figure 1.3. Waveform of ud.........................................................................................2
Figure 1.4. Waveform of id..........................................................................................2
Figure 1.5. The half-wave rectifier with resistive load................................................4
Figure 1.6. Ud waveform..............................................................................................4
Figure 1.7. Id waveform...............................................................................................5
Figure 1.8. Single phase bridge rectifier with R load..................................................6
Figure 1.9. Waveform of us, is:....................................................................................6
Figure 1.10. Ud, id waveform........................................................................................7
Figure 1.11. Single-phase bridge rectifier with RL load.............................................8
Figure 1.12. Ud, id waveform.......................................................................................8
Figure 1.13. Uncontrolled three-phase half-wave rectifier circuit diagram with R
load..............................................................................................................................9
Figure 1.14. Ul1’ waveform........................................................................................10
Figure 1.15. Il2’ waveform.........................................................................................10
Figure 1.17. Ud waveform..........................................................................................11
Figure 1.18. Ud waveform..........................................................................................11
Figure 1.19. Usl1’ waveform.......................................................................................12
Figure 1.20. Isl1 waveform..........................................................................................12
Figure 1.21. Uncontrolled three-phase bridge rectifier circuit diagram with R load.13
Figure 1.22. Ud, id waveforms....................................................................................14
Figure 1.23. Uv4 waveform.........................................................................................15
Figure 1.24. Il1 waveform...........................................................................................15
Figure 1.25. Uv6 waveform.........................................................................................16
Figure 1.27. Uv2, il3’ waveform....................................................................................17
Figure 1.28. Controlled single-phase half-wave rectifier with R load.......................18
Figure 1.29. Waveform of us......................................................................................18
Figure 1.30. Waveform of ud.....................................................................................19
Figure 1.31. Waveform of id......................................................................................19
Figure 1.32. Controlled half-wave rectifier with RL load.........................................21
Figure 1.36. Waveform of ul......................................................................................22
Figure 1.37. Controlled full-wave bridge rectifier with R load.................................23
Group 1 iii
Figure 1.38. Wave form of id.....................................................................................24
Figure 1.39. Wave form of ud....................................................................................24
Figure 1.40. Wave form of iv2....................................................................................25
Figure 1.41. Wave form of iv4....................................................................................25
Figure 1.42. Controlled full-wave bridge rectifier with rl load.................................26
Figure 1.45. Waveform of ul......................................................................................27
Figure 1.46. Semi-asymmetrical controlled half-wave bridge rectifier with R load. 28
Figure 1.49. Waveform of iv2.....................................................................................30
Figure 1.50. Waveform of iv4...................................................................................30
Figure 1.51. Semi-asymmetrical controlled half-wave bridge rectifier with RL load
...................................................................................................................................31
Figure 1.56. Controlled full-wave rectifier with R load............................................36
Figure 1.63. Controlled full-wave rectifier with RL load..........................................39
Figure 1.76. Waveform of uout....................................................................................46
Figure 1.77. Wave form of uv1...................................................................................47
Figure 1.79. Wavefom of us.......................................................................................48
Figure 1.80. Wavefom of uout.....................................................................................49
Group 1 iv
Figure 1.81. Wavefom of uv1......................................................................................50
Figure 1.82. Wavefom of iv1......................................................................................50
Figure 1.83. Wavefom of us.......................................................................................52
Figure 1.85. Wavefom of uv1......................................................................................53
Figure 1.1. Uncontrolled single-phase half-wave rectifier with RL load..................55
Figure 1.2. Single-phase half-wave rectifier with freewheeling diode......................59
Figure 1.3 3-phase half-wave rectifier with rl load...................................................60
Figure 1.5 3-phase full-wave bridge rectifier with rl load.........................................67
Figure 2.1 Controlled single-phase half-wave rectifier with rl load..........................71
Figure 2.2 Applied diode d0......................................................................................76
Figure 2.3 Controlled 3-phase half-wave rectifier with rl load.................................80
Figure 2.4 Controlled single-phase asymmetrical full-wave bridge rectifier............86
Figure 2.5 Controlled single-phase symmetrical full-wave bridge rectifier..............88
Figure 2.6 Controlled single-phase full-wave bridge rectifier...................................90
Figure 2.7 Controlled 3-phase full-wave bridge rectifier..........................................96
Figure 2.8 Controlled 3-phase full-wave rectifier with removable components.....101
Figure 3.1 Step down chopper.................................................................................103
Figure 3.2 Without d0..............................................................................................107
Figure 3.3 Close loop-control of dc motor..............................................................110
Figure 3.4 Step up chopper......................................................................................113
Figure 3.5 High voltage generating circuit..............................................................116
Figure 3.7 Inverter sine - pwm................................................................................121
Group 1 v
1.3. CONTROLLED RECTIFIERS
PART A
Chapter 1
PRACTICE ON THE MODEL
1.1. UNCONTROLLED RECTIFIER
1.1.1. Uncontrolled single-phase half-wave rectifier circuit
1.1.1.1. R Load :
Figure 1.1. Single-phase half-wave rectifier with resistive load

 The Waveform of us, ud, id:
Figure 1.2. Waveform of uS
Group 1 6
Figure 1.3. Waveform of ud
Figure 1.4. Waveform of id

 Compare us, ud and explain:
The input us waveform is sinusoidal and continuous because this is an un-
rectified source voltage.
The output ud waveform is the positive half-cycle of the u s input. Because in
the positive half-cycle, diode D1 is forward-biased to send current through the load,
resulting in the output voltage now equal to the source voltage us. On the contrary,
at the negative half-phase, diode D1 is reverse biased, not allowing current through
the load, so the output voltage is now 0.
 Compare the measured average rectifier voltage value with the
theoretical value:
Group 1 7
The value displayed on the Oscilloscope: Ud avg = 230 (mV).

Ud 230 ×10−3
Actual value of Ud: U d −P = =
avg
=23V
ku 1/100
U
Ud value calculated according to theory: U d −T = S− peak = √ ≈ 20.257 V
45 2
π π
 Compare and comment on two results:
The measured voltage is higher than the theoretical rectifier voltage due to
the power supply voltage to the transformer being greater than the rated value.
- Turn channel C to the ON position to observe the id waveform:

 Comment and explanation on the id line:
The id waveform is similar to ud, is the positive part of the sine wave, is not
continuous, and is in phase with ud due to diode D1 being directed at the positive
half-cycle, the resistive load does not contain inductive elements causing phase
difference.
 Compare the average value of the measured rectifier current with
the theoretical value:
The value displayed on the Oscilloscope: Id avg = 157 (mV).
I d −avg 157 × 10−3
Actual value of Ud: I d− P= = =0.471( A)
ki 1/3
U d−T 20.257
Ud value calculated according to theory: I d−T = = =0.405 A
R 50
Compare and comment on actual results with theory:
Due to the source voltage at sampling being larger than the rated voltage and
measurement errors, actual results higher than theoretical results.
1.1.1.2. RL Load
- Connect another inductance L=100mH in series with the previous

resistor to replace load R with load RL.
Group 1 8
Figure 1.5. The half-wave rectifier with resistive load

Set the measurement parameter ratio: Channel B: 1/100, channel C: 1/3 V/A.
 The waveform of ud, id:
Figure 1.6. Ud waveform
Group 1 9
Figure 1.7. Id waveform

 There is a phase difference between the current id and the voltage ud
that we can observe on the Oscilloscope, explanation of that phase difference:
During the positive half-cycle, the inductance L is charged and accumulates
an amount of energy. When the source voltage drops to 0, L releases energy,
generating a current that causes the diode to continue to conduct, so the current
extends until the moment coil L discharges all its energy, the diode stops
conducting.
 Compare the rectifier voltage wave in two cases of load R and load
RL:
+ For load R: The output voltage u d is the entire positive half-cycle of the
voltage wave us.
+ For RL load: The output voltage wave in the RL load case is similar to the
R load case but partially appears in the negative half-cycle because In the positive
half-cycle, diode D1 conducts, the load with inductance L will store an amount of
energy and when through the negative half-cycle, diode D 1 stops conducting (not
allowing current to flow through the load), then L discharges energy and for a very
short time the load acts as a generator (current flows in the same direction as the
original current), continue to excite diode D 1, causing an additional negative voltage
to appear.
Group 1 10
1.1.2. Uncontrolled single-phase bridge rectifier circuit
1.1.2.1. R load
Figure 1.8. Single phase bridge rectifier with R load
The Waveform of us, is
Figure 1.9. Waveform of us, is:
Group 1 11
ud
id
Figure 1.10. ud, id waveform
 Compare the current and voltage of the bridge rectifiers with half-wave
rectifiers:
The bridge rectifier's voltage and current waveforms include the rectified
negative half-cycle voltage, so the current will be continuous, without discontinuous
like single-phase half-wave rectifier, only positive half-cycle rectification.
 Compare the measured average rectifier voltage and current values with
the theoretical values:
Voltage displayed on Oscilloscope: Ud avg = 430 (mV)
Ud 430 ×10−3
Actual value of rectifier voltage: U d −P = av
= =43 v
ku 1/100
Theoretically calculated voltage value:
2 U S −peak 2× 45 √ 2
U d −T = = =40.514 V
π π
Current converted from the voltage on Oscilloscope: Id avg = 275 (mV)
I d −avg 276× 10−3
The actual current through load: I d− P= = =0.828 A
ki 1/3
U 40.514
Theoretically calculated average current: I d−T = d−T = ≈ 0.81 A
R 50
 Comment and compare results between theory and practice:
Group 1 12
The actual results are larger than the theoretical ones because the power
supply voltage, in reality, is unstable and larger than in theory.
1.1.2.2. RL load
Replace load R with load RL by connecting an additional inductance L =

100mH in series with the previous resistance.
Figure 1.11. Single-phase bridge rectifier with RL load

 The Waveform of ud, id:
ud
id
Figure 1.12. ud, id waveform

 There is a phase difference between the current i d and the voltage ud that
we can observe on the Oscilloscope, explain that phase difference:
Because the load has an additional reactor, the load is inductive and can store
energy, thereby slowing down the phase of the current compared to the voltage.
 Compare the rectifier voltage wave in two cases of load R and load RL:
The rectifier voltage waveforms in the two load cases R and RL are the
same.
Group 1 13
Voltage displayed on Oscilloscope: Ud avg = 406 (mV).
U d 406 ×10−3
Actual value of rectifier voltage: U d −P = =
av
=40.6 ( V ) .
ku 1 /100
Theoretically calculated voltage value:
2 U S −peak 2× 45 √ 2
U d −T = = =40.514 (V ) .
π π
 Is the current continuous?
The id current is continuous
Current converted from the voltage on Oscilloscope: Id avg = 312 (mV).
I d −avg 312×10−3
Actual current through load: I d− P= = =0.936 ( A ) .
ki 1/3
U 40.514
Theoretically calculated average current: I d−T = d−T = ≈ 0.81 ( A ) .
R 50
 Compare and comment on results between theory and practice:

The actual results are larger than the theoretical ones because the power
supply voltage, in reality, is unstable and larger than in theory.
1.1.3. Uncontrolled 3-phase halfwave rectifier circuit
Figure 1.13. Uncontrolled three-phase half-wave rectifier circuit diagram with R

load
 Observe the waveforms uL1’, uL2’, uL3’, ud:
Group 1 14
Figure 1.14. uL1’ waveform
Figure 1.15. iL2’ waveform
Figure 1.16. iL3’ waveform
Group 1 15
Figure 1.17. ud waveform

 Observe the ud, id, uSL1, iSL1 waveforms:
Figure 1.18. ud waveform
Group 1 16
Figure 1.19. uSL1’ waveform
Figure 1.20. iSL1 waveform
 Compare the measured average rectifier voltage and current values

with the theoretical values:
Voltage displayed on Oscilloscope: Ud avg = 554 (mV).
Ud
554 × 10−3
Actual value of rectifier voltage:U d −P = av
= =55.4 (V ).
ku 1/100
U d 554 × 10−3
U
Theoretically calculated voltage value: d −P = = av
=55.4 (V ).
ku 1/100
Current converted from voltage on Oscilloscope: : Id avg = 390 (mV).
I d −avg 390× 10−3
Actual current through load: I d− P= = =1.17( A ).
ki 1/3

=> The id current is continuous.
U d−T 52.63
Theoretically calculated average current: I d−T = = =1.053( A ).
R 50
=> The average values of rectified voltage and current in practice are larger
than in theory. This value is of course because in reality the power supply voltage to
the transformer is unstable and the value at the time of practice is greater than the
rated value.
 Determine the conduction range of each diode V1, V2, V3:
Group 1 17
=> Each diode conducts for T/3 cycles (each interval is calculated from the
moment two of the three phases of the voltage wave begin to intersect until one of
those two phases intersects the other):
+ Diode V1 conducts in the range of 30o to 150o.
+ Diode V2 conducts in the range of 150o to 270o.
+ Diode V3 conducts in the range of -270o to 30o.
1.1.4. Investigation of the uncontrolled three-phase bridge rectifier circuit
Figure 1.21. Uncontrolled three-phase bridge rectifier circuit diagram with R load
 Observe the ud and id waveforms:
ud
id
Figure 1.22. ud, id waveforms

Voltage displayed on Oscilloscope: Ud avg = 1.06 (V).
Group 1 18
Ud 1.06
Actual value of rectifier voltage: U d −P = =
av
=106 V
k u 1/100
The rectifier voltage value is calculated according to the theory:

3 √ 3U S− peak
=2 × √
3 3 × 45 √ 2
U d −T =2× ≈ 105.259 ( V ) .
2π 2π
I d −avg 737 × 10−3
ki 1/3

U d−T 105.259
Theoretically calculated average current: I d−T = = =2.105 A
R 50

the transformer is unstable and the value at the time of practice is greater than the
rated value.
 Observe the uV4 và iL1 waveform:
Figure 1.23. uv4 waveform
Group 1 19
Figure 1.24. Waveform of iL1

- Turn off the power sources and switch the measurement channels to
OFF.
- Install the circuit to measure the signals as shown.
 Observe uV6, iL2 waveforms:
Figure 1.25. uV6 waveform
Group 1 20
Figure 1.26. waveform of iL2’
- Turn off measurement channels A and B.

- Set the ratio of channel C to 1/100 and channel E to 1/3 V/A.
 Observe uV2, iL3 waveforms:
uv2
iL3’
Figure 1.27. uV2, iL3’ waveform

 When diode V2 conducts, which diode is capable of co-conducting with
it? Explain
+ Diodes V1 and V5 are capable of co-conducting with diode V 2 while it is
conducting.
+ For diode V2 to conduct, uv2 > 0. However, if diode V3 is conductive with
diode V2, it will cause a short circuit at both ends of diode V 2, making Uv2 = 0.
Therefore, diode V1 or V5 must co-conduct with diode V2 so that the voltage
applied to the two ends of diode V2 uv2 > 0, making it forward-biased and
conducting.
Group 1 21
1.2. CONTROLLED SINGLE-PHASE RECTIFIER
1.2.1. Controlled half-wave rectifier
1.2.1.1. R load
- Install the circuit as shown:
- Delay angle α = 90o
Figure 1.28. Controlled single-phase half-wave rectifier with R load

 Observe the waveforms us, ud, id:
Figure 1.29. Waveform of us
Group 1 22

 Compare us, ud and explain:
+ The input us waveform is sinusoidal and continuous because this is an un-
rectified source voltage.
+ The waveform ud is the positive half-cycle of the voltage wave u s, going
from 900 to 1800 (1/4 cycle).
+ Because in the positive half-cycle, thyristor V 1 is forward biased but at first
there is no gate signal so V1 does not conduct yet and the voltage ud is 0. After being
excited with a delay angle of 90o, thyristor V1 conducts so the voltage ud at this will
be equal to the us source voltage. On the contrary, in the negative half-cycle, the
thyristor V1 is reverse biased so the voltage ud is 0.
- Turn off channels A and C.
Group 1 23
 Compare the measured average rectifier voltage value with the

theoretical value:
Voltage displayed on Oscilloscope: Ud avg = 120 (mV)
U d 120 ×10−3
Actual value of rectified voltage: U d −P = =
av
=12V
ku 1/100
U s− peak 45 √ 2
U d −T = ×(1+ cosα)= ×(1+cos 90 °)≈ 10.129V
2π 2π

=> The actual voltage is greater than the theoretical rectifier voltage. The
measured voltage is larger than calculated because the voltage supplied to the
transformer at the time of practice is greater than the rated value.
 Compare ud, id and explain:
=> The actual voltage is higher than the theoretical rectifier voltage. The
measured voltage is greater than calculated because the voltage supplied to the
transformer at the time of practice is greater than the rated value.
 Compare ud, id, and explanation:
=> The waveforms ud and id is the same, are the positive half of the sin wave,
are not continuous, and are in phase with the waveform u d because at the positive
half-cycle thyristor V1 is delayed at α= 90o, a purely resistive load does not contain
inductive elements that cause phase difference.
- Turn off channel B.

 Compare the average value of the measured rectifier current with
the theoretical value:
The value displayed on Oscilloscope: I d avg =86.4 ( mV ) .
I d −avg 86.4 ×10−3
Actual value of Id: I d− P= = =0.259 ( A ) .
ki 1 /3
U 10.129
Theoretical calculated value: I d−T = d−T = =0.203 ( A ) .
R 50
than in theory. This value is of course because in reality, the power supply voltage
to the transformer at the time of practice is greater than the rated value.
Group 1 24
1.2.1.2. RL load
- Replace load R with load RL by connecting an additional inductance L =

100mH in series with the previous resistance.
- Install the circuit as shown.
Figure 1.32. Controlled half-wave rectifier with RL load

- Set the delay angle: α =90 0
 Observe the waveforms us, ud, id, uL:
Group 1 25
Figure 1.36. Waveform of ul

 Observe two waveforms id and uL simultaneously and comment:
From the two graphs, we see that uL only appears when id appears (when the
thyristor is stimulated in the positive half-cycle) and u L decreases continuously
Group 1 26
during this period. However, we still see the appearance of currents i d and uL when
the source has passed the negative half-cycle and the fluctuation of u L for a short
period afterward before returning to 0.
 What is the conduction angle of the load current id?
=> 90o
 Theoretically, what is the maximum lead angle?
=> 180o
 Is the voltage on coil L AC or DC voltage? Explain:
=> It's AC.
+ The voltage across coil L is still AC voltage. Because the L coil in a single-
phase rectifier circuit reduces current fluctuations, it does not convert the voltage
from AC to DC. This means that the voltage across coil L still maintains its
alternating nature, and it just makes the current closer to DC, but not absolute DC.
1.2.2. Controlled full-wave bridge rectifier
1.2.2.1. R Load
Figure 1.37. Controlled full-wave bridge rectifier with R load

 Observe the ud, id waveforms:
Group 1 27
Figure 1.38. Wave form of id
Figure 1.39. Wave form of ud

with the theoretical values: (
Voltage displayed on Oscilloscope: U d avg=192 ( mV ) .
Ud 192 ×10−3
Actual value of rectified voltage: U d −P = =
avg
=19.2 V .
ku 1/100
The rectifier voltage value is calculated according to theory:
U s− peak 45 √ 2
U d −T = × ( 1+cosα )= × ( 1+ cos 90 ° ) ≈ 20.257V .
2π 2π
- Turn off channel A, turn on channel B.

Value displayed on Oscilloscope: I d avg =119 ( mV ) .
Group 1 28
I d−avg 119 ×10−3

Actual value of Id: I d− P= = =0.357 ¿).
ki 1/3
Ud−T 20.257
Theoretical calculated value: I d−T = = ≈ 0.405 ( A ) .
R 50

The average values of rectified voltage and current in practice are smaller
the transformer at the time of practice is unstable and has a value smaller than the
rated value.
- Set the C channel to E channel ratio to 1/3 V/A.

 Observe waveforms iv2, iv4
Figure 1.40. Wave form of iV2
Group 1 29
Figure 1.41. Wave form of iv4
1.2.2.2. RL load
- Replace load R with load RL by connecting an additional inductance L =

100mH in series with the previous resistor.
FIGURE 1.42. Controlled full-wave bridge rectifier with RL load

- Set the ratio of channel A and channel C to 1/100, channel B to 1/3 V/A
 Observe the waveforms ud, id, uL:
Group 1 30
FIGURE 1.43. Waveform of ud
FIGURE 1.44. Waveform of id
Group 1 31
FIGURE 1.45. Waveform of uL
- Turn off channels B and C.

Voltage displayed on Oscilloscope: U d avg=170 ( mV )
U d 170 ×10−3
Actual value of rectified voltage: U d −P = av
= =17 V
ku 1/100
 Is the id current continuous?
=> The id line is not continuous.
2 √ 2U s
 Can the formula to calculate U = cos α be applied?
π
=> No
 Based on the waveform, how do we know that there is a period when
the coil acts as a source?
Based on the waveform, we see that when uL cuts the horizontal axis, the
coil begins to act as a source until the voltage uL = 0 (there is a period when the
voltage and output current are both positive, the energized coil runs from the source
to the load, a subsequent period when the voltage is negative but the current remains
positive at which point the coil releases energy so energy flows from the load to the
source).
1.2.3. Semi-asymmetrical controlled half-wave bridge rectifier
1.2.3.1. R load
Group 1 32
Figure 1.46. Semi-asymmetrical controlled half-wave bridge rectifier with R load

- Set the ratio of channel A to 1/100 and channel C to 1/3 V/A.
 Observe the ud, and id waveforms:
Group 1 33

Voltage displayed on Oscilloscope: U d avg=408 ( mV ).
U d avg 408 ×10−3
Actual value of rectified voltage: U d −P = = =40.8 ( V ) .
ku 1/100
The rectifier voltage value is calculated according to theory:
U s− peak 45 √2
U d −T = × ( 1+cos α )= ×¿
π π
I d avg 266 × 10−3
ki 1/3
Ud
 Is the current continuous? Can the formula I d= R be applied?
Why?
=> The id current is not continuously.
Ud
The I d= formula can be applied because this is the R load and the value to
R
be calculated is the average value.
U d <¿ 37.8
Theoretically calculated average current I d−T = = ≈ 0.756 ( A )¿.
R 50
The average values of rectified voltage and current in practice are larger than
in theory. This value is of course because in reality the power supply voltage to the
transformer is unstable and the value at the time of practice is greater than the rated
value.
- Set the C and E channel ratio to 1/3 V/A.
Group 1 34
Figure 1.49. Waveform of iv2
Figure 1.50. waveform of iv4

Iv2 value displayed on Oscilloscope: I v 2 avg=134 (mV ) .
I d avg 134 ×10−3
Actual value of Iv2 Practice: I v 2 P= = ≈ 0.402( A).
ki 1/3
Iv4 value displayed on Oscilloscope: I v 4 avg =134(mV ).
I v 4 avg 129 × 10−3
Actual value of Iv4 Practice: I v 4 P= = ≈ 0.387 ( A ) .
ki 1/3
 Compare waveforms and values between iv2 and iv4 in two cases:
About waveform: Both cases have the same waveform but are out of phase
Regarding value: Both cases are equal (small deviation due to the error of the
instrument as well as the way we take the data)
Group 1 35
 Compare the waveform and value between iv2 and iv4 with the id
value in two cases:
About waveform: The waveform of id is the sum of the waveforms of i v2 and
iv4.
About value: I d− P=I v 2 P + I v 4 P
1.2.3.2. RL load
- Replace load R with load RL in series (R=50, L=100mH).

Figure 1.51. Semi-asymmetrical controlled half-wave bridge rectifier with RL load

- Set the ratio of channel A to 1/100 and channel B to 1/3 V/A.
 Observe the waveforms of ud, id:
Group 1 36

Voltage displayed on Oscilloscope: U d avg=441 ( mV ) .
U d avg 441 ×10−3
Actual value of rectified voltage: U d −P = = =44.1 (V ) .
ku 1 /100
U s peak 45 √ 2
U d −T = × ( 1+cos α )= ×¿
π π
I d avg 234 ×10−3
ki 1 /3
Ud
 Is the current continuous? Can the formula I d= be applied?
R
Why?
The id current is continuous
Ud
The I d= formula can be applied because L does not affect the average
R
value when calculating.
U d <¿ 37.8
Theoretically calculated average current: I d−T = = ≈ 0.756 ( A ) . ¿
R 50

The average values of rectified voltage and current in practice are larger than
in theory. This value is of course because in reality the power supply voltage to the
Group 1 37
transformer is unstable and the value at the time of practice is greater than the rated
value.
- Set the C and E channel ratio to 1/3 V/A.
FIGURE 1.55. Waveform of iv4
Iv2 value displayed on Oscilloscope: I v 2 avg=170 ( mV ).

I d avg 170 ×10−3
I v 2−P= = ≈ 0.51 ( A ) .
Actual value of Iv2 TT: ki 1
3
Iv4 value displayed on Oscilloscope: I v 4 avg =116 ( mV ) .
Group 1 38
I v 4 avg 116 ×10−3

I = = =0.348( A)
Actual value of Iv4 TT: v 4− P ki 1 .
3
- Turn off channel D.

 Compare waveforms and values between iv2 and iv4:
About waveform: The waveform between iv2 and iv4 is different.
About value: the value of iv2 and iv4 is different.
 Compare waveform and value between iv2 and iv4 with id value:
About waveform: The waveform of id is the sum of the waveforms of i v2 and
iv4.
About value: I dTT =I v2 TT + I v 4 TT
 Compare and comment on the waveform and value between i v2 and
iv4 of the R load with the RL load:
About the waveform: The waveform between iv2 and iv4 of the R load and the
RL load is different.
About value: The value between iv2 and iv4 of load R and load RL is different
(iv2Rl > iv2R; iv4RL > iv4R)
 When is there current through diode D4?
When V1 lock, D1 conduct.
When V2 locks, D2 conducts.
 Why do we have to measure reverse currents iv4 and iD4?
Measuring reverse current iv4 and iD4 aims to determine the reverse current
through the SCR, then the SCR will act as a diode.
Group 1 39
1.3 THREE-PHASE RECTIFIERS
1.3. THREE-PHASE RECTIFIERS
1.3.1. Controlled Full-Wave rectifier
1.3.1.1. R Load
Figure 1.56. Controlled full-wave rectifier with R load

- Channel A ratio setting is 1/100 and channel B is 1/3 V/A.
- Set the delay angle = 450.
 Observe the waveform ud, id:
Group 1 40

- Increase the delay angle =900.

- Increase the delay angle = 1200.
Group 1 41

 How are the shockwaves on the three SCRs out of phase with each
other?
=> The shockwave on the three SCRs is angularly out of phase 1200.
 At what delay angle do we observe interruption of the id current?
=> α = 300.
 When α = 45o is the current through the load continuous or not, why?
=> The current through the load is not continuous because at α = 300 the current
is not continuous.
1.3.1.2. RL Load
- Replace load R with load RL in series (R=50, L=100mH).

Group 1 42
Figure 1.63. Controlled full-wave rectifier with RL load

- Channel A ratio setting is 1/100 and channel B is 1/3 V/A.
- Setting the delay angle α = 450.
FIGURE 1.64. Waveform of ud

- Increase the delay angle α = 900.
Group 1 43
- Increase the delay angle α = 1200

Group 1 44

 At what delay angle do we observe that the current id is no longer
continuous?
=> α = 700.
 When α = 900 the current through the load still continuous? Why?
=> The current through the load is not continuous because at α = 700 the
current is no longer continuous.
 Any comments on the influence of the inductor L on the continuity of
the current?
=> As the L value increases, the current through the load becomes more
continuous (uninterrupted due to the charging and discharging properties of the
inductor), and when it reaches a very large value (infinity), the current through the
load has an almost uniform form a straight line.
1.3.2. Controlled three-phase rectifiers
- Channel A ratio setting is 1/100 và channel B is 1/3 V/A.
Group 1 45
- Setting the delay angle α = 300.


Voltage displayed above Oscilloscope: Ud avg = 900 (mV).
U d 900× 10−3
Actual value of rectifier voltage: U d −P = av
= =90 ( V ) .
ku 1/100
3 √ 3U S− peak
× cosα= √
3 3 × 45 √2
U d −T = ×cos ( 30 ° ) ≈ 91.157 ( V ) .
2π 2π
Current converted from the above voltage Oscilloscope: I d avg =640 ( mV ) .
I d −avg 640× 10−3
Actual current through load: I d− P= = =1.92 A
ki 1/3
Group 1 46
 Is the current Id when α = 300 continuous?

U d−T 91.157
Theoretically calculated average current: I d−T = = =1.83 A
R 50

The average value of rectified voltage in practice is smaller than in theory,
and the average value of rectified current in practice is smaller than in theory. This
value is of course because in reality the power supply voltage to the transformer is
not stable and the value at the time of large practice we take has errors due to each
person's way of adjusting the Oscilloscope.
- Reinstall the circuit.
- Set the ratio of channels A, B and C to 1/3 V/A.

 Observe waveforms iv4, iv6, iv2:
Group 1 47
 Present the principle of creating rectifier current when three-phase

bridge rectifier is completely controlled by RL load:
The id rectifier current waveform is the total of the current waveforms
through the SCRs, as can be seen by looking at the id waveform on the oscilloscope.
The voltage waveform output appears similar to the R load. However, in the
case of inductive loads, the current passing through the SCRs no longer undulates
like in the R load. Instead, it becomes nearly square pulses that gradually increase
until they reach a steady state. This happens because the current passing through an
Group 1 48
inductive load does not change suddenly when switching. As a result, the load
current continues to increase until it is established, and the current almost becomes
a straight line.
=> The current passing through the SCRs is what is actually the current after
rectification. We get a continuous, uninterrupted current after rectification because the
SCRs operate sequentially and alternately.
Group 1 49
1.4. AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLERS
1.4.1. R load

- Set the ratio of channels A and B to 1/100.
 Observe the us, uout waveforms
Group 1 50
Figure 1.76. Waveform of uout
 Measure the effective value of the controlled voltage (Uout) with an

Oscilloscope and fill in the following table with the corresponding values of α
when changing the delay angle from 00 to 1800
ud avg
 Actual Uout TT value according to the formula: U out P=
ku
 Calculate the theoretical effective value of Uout Pratice and fill in the
table corresponding to the angle value α :
Voltage value Uout LT calculated according to theory:
U
out <¿=U s
√ 1
π (
× π−α +
sin 2 α
2 )¿
1 0° 30 ° 60 ° 90 ° 120 ° 150 ° 180 °

Uout
467 460 441 312 224 65 27
(oscilloscope)
U out −P 46.7 46 44.1 31.2 22.4 6.5 2.7
U out −T 45 44.346 40.362 31.82 19.897 7.641 0
2
U out −P
P= 43.6118 42.32 38.896 19.469 10.035 0.845 0.146
R
- Turn off chanel A.
Group 1 51
- Set the ratio of channel C to 1/100 and channel E to 1/3 V/A
 Observe waveforms uv1, iv1:
Figure 1.77. Wave form of uv1

- Turn off channels C, D.
- Observe and record the moment when u out is interrupted: Starting from
the delay angle α .
 The control range of the delay angle α for load R is: 0 0 ≤ α ≤ 18 00
 Why do we see that the source voltage is slightly distorted compared
to the original when the SCR is activated?
=> Due to the source voltage being disturbed.
4.4.2 L Load
- Replace R load with L load (L=100mH).
Group 1 52
- Set channel B ratio to 1/100
 Observe the us, uout waveforms
Figure 1.79. Wavefom of us
Group 1 53
Figure 1.80. Wavefom of uout
when changing the excitation angle from 00 to 1800
U d avg
 Actual Uout TT value according to the formula: U out P=
ku
 Calculate the theoretical effective value of Uout T and fill in the table
corresponding to the angle value α :
Voltage value Uout T calculated according to theory:
U out T =U s
√ 1
π
×(π −α +
sin 2 α
2
)
450 450 450 450 224 105 20

45 45 45 45 22.4 10.5 2
45 45 45 45 19.897 7.641 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
- Turn off chanel A, B

Group 1 54
 Observe uv1, iv1 waveforms:
Figure 1.81. Wavefom of uv1
Figure 1.82. Wavefom of iv1

- Observe and record the moment when uout is interrupted: Start of delay
angle α .
 The control range of the delay angle α for L load is: 9 0 0 ≤ α ≤ 18 00
 Compare the output voltage wave (controlled) with the resistive load
case and explain?
The output voltage wave with load L is different from load R. Because for
load R, when the delay angle α changes in the range (00,1800), the load voltage has
an effective value that varies in the range (0, Us), and for load L, when the
excitation angle α is in the range (900, 1800), the load voltage cannot be controlled,
Group 1 55
the AC voltage converter acts as a closed switch and the load voltage is equal to the
AC source voltage.
The load has an inductor L, so charging and discharging will occur. When
there is a delay gate signal in the positive half-cycle, T1 will conduct and the output
voltage continuously and change direction to the negative half-cycle until it meets
the delay gate signal of T2. The output voltage is only 0 when the excitation angle
is smaller than the delay angle. Different from the waveform at load R, when the
input voltage changes direction, the output voltage will be 0 (V).
4.4.3 RL load
- Replace L load with RL load connected in series (R=100Ω, L=100mH).

- Set channel B ratio to 1/100
 Observe the us, uout waveforms.
Group 1 56
FIGURE 1.83. Wavefom of us

when changing the excitation angle from 00 to 1800
U d avg
 Actual Uout Practice value according to the formula: U out P=
ku
 Calculate the theoretical effective value of Uout T and fill in the table
corresponding to the angle value α :
Group 1 57
α 0° 30 ° 60 ° 90 ° 120 ° 150 ° 180 °
U out (Oscilloscope) 47.3 48.8 47.2 37.6 23.2 13.6 0
U out −P 64 64 64 68 66 28 0
U out −T 0 31.85 55.2 63.59 53.25 32.92 0
2
U out −P
P= 40.96 40.96 40.96 46.24 31.36 7.84 0
R
Voltage value Uout LT calculated according to theory:
- Turn off channel A

 Observe waveforms uv1, iv1.
FIGURE 1.85. Wavefom of uv1
Group 1 58
 Observe and record the time when uout is interrupted: α =29 0
 The control range of the delay angle α for RL load: 0 0 ≤ α ≤ 18 00
−1 ωL −1 100 π × 0.1 0
¿> φ=tan ( ¿ )=tan ( )≈ 17.44 ¿
R 100
 Compare the output voltage wave (controlled) with the resistive load
case and explain?
The output voltage wave with RL load is different from R load. Because of
the different delay angle. With R load circuit, the control angle is from 0 0 to 1800,
and for RL load, the control angle is from 00 to 1800.
Group 1 59
PART B
SIMULATION RECTIFIER CIRCUITS ON PSIM
Chapter 2
UNCONTROLLED RECTIFIERS
1.1. Uncontrolled Single-phase half-wave rectifiers with RL load
Source: 100V, 50Hz
FIGURE 1.1 UNCONTROLLED SINGLE-PHASE HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER

WITH RL LOAD
1.1.1. R = 10, L = 0
Waveforms of I(R) and Vd, respectively:
Group 1 60
Remark:
The waveforms of the rectified voltage and the current through the load are the
same, in phase with each other due to the purely resistive load. The waveform is
discontinuous due to the diode indicating the positive half-phase.
Average dc voltage calculated according to theory:
Average dc voltage on PSIM = 31.8(V)
Remark:
The value of the average result from simulation is the same as the theory
Group 1 61
1.1.2. R=10Ω, L=0.01
Waveforms of Vd and I(R), respectively:
Waveform of average voltage:
Remark:
The waveform of the rectified voltage has a small portion at the negative half-
wave and the current through the load is no longer in phase (laging) with the voltage.
The load has inductance L, so in the positive half cycle the load stores energy and
in the negative half cycle when diode D1 stops conducting (no current flows through the
load), the load will release the stored energy inside in a short time. very short time. time
(current in the same direction as the original current), continue to excite diode D1 =>
causing an additional negative voltage to appear in each cycle and causing the cycle to
Group 1 62
increase. This leads to a decrease in the average voltage as well as a decrease in the
average current through the load.
1.1.3. Applied D0 ( Freewheeling diode)
Circuit of half-wave rectifier with freewheeling diode are shown in figure 1.2
Figure 1.2 single-phase half-wave rectifier with freewheeling diode
Waveforms of Vd, I(RL1), I(D0), respectively
Group 1 63
Average dc voltage on Psim
There is an additional diode D0 going from 0<α<π.

I(D0) is the inductor energy discharging through half cycle π<α<2π.
The energy from the inductor stored in the first half cycle will be transmitted
through D0 and returned through the load in the second half cycle from π<α<2π..
The average voltage value will increase compared to when the circuit does not
have Diode D0, because after having Diode D0 in cycles π<α<2π, the voltage from the
inductor will not return to the source but flow through D0 and dissipation on load.
Therefore, to overcome the decrease in output voltage quality for single-phase
half-wave rectifiers, an additional diode D0 is often applied to use
1.2. 3-Phase half-wave rectifier with RL load
A 3-phase source with line voltage is 220V, and frequency is 50Hz
Group 1 64
Figure 1.3 3-phase half-wave rectifier with rl load
1.2.1. R = 10, L = 0
Waveform of 3-phase voltage
Waveforms of I(RL1) and Vd, respectively
Group 1 65
The waveform of current flowing through the diode
Average voltage on Psim = 148.95 V
Average voltage calculated according to theory:
Group 1 66
Remark:
Each phase differs by an angle of .

The current waveform through each diode appears when the instantaneous voltage
of the phase corresponding to that diode at that time is the largest.
The load current waveform is the sum of the current waveforms through the diode
while conducting and is greater than 0
Output voltage is continuous.The average voltage on load are equal to the theory
1.2.2. Increase L (L = 5)
Established steady state of waveforms

Output voltage Vd
Current on load
Group 1 67
Current flow through diode
Remark:
Increasing L extremely large has the effect of filtering current noise to produce
square pulses, without affecting the average output voltage. Increasing L does not change
the average voltage.
Relationship between the current through the diode and the load current,i.e the
load current is equal to the sum of the currents through the diode.
Established current through the load: Is a horizontal line with less ripples than in
the case of a purely resistive load.
The steady-state current passing through the load increases respect to time
Group 1 68
1.3. Single-phase full-wave bridge rectifier with RL load
Source 100V, f = 50Hz
Figure 1.4 Single-phase full-wave bridge rectifier with RL load
1.3.1. R = 10, L = 0
Waveforms of Vs, Vd. I(RL1), respectively
Average voltage on load calculated based on theory
Average voltage on Psim = 63.85 V
Group 1 69
Remark:
The input voltage waveform is sinusoidal. The rectifier bridge can rectify the
negative half-cycle of the voltage, so the voltage and current waveforms are continuous
and in the same phase due to the pure resistive load.
Established steady-state of waveforms

Rectified voltage, and current flow through diode
Remark:
The current through the diode is the current through the load and the load current
through L will filter the wave more flat. The sum of the currents through the conduction
diode in the two half-cycles is the current through the load.
Group 1 70
The rectified voltage wave is constant.
1.4. 3-Phase full-wave bridge rectifier with RL load
A 3-phase source with line voltage is 220V and frequency is 50Hz
Figure 1.5 3-phase full-wave bridge rectifier with rl load
1.4.1. R = 10, L = 0
Waveforms of 3-phase voltage and rectified voltage
Current waveform of D1, D3, D5 and D2, D4, D6, respectively
Group 1 71
Group 1 72
Remark:
The current passing through D1, D3, D5 has a phase angle difference of π/3
compared to the current passing through D2, D4, D6. At the same time, there are 3 diodes
conducting. Each conduction position of the diode has 2 undulations because part of it
conducts current to 1 phase and part of it conducts current to the other phase. The current
through the diode and the current through the load are in phase with each other.
The voltage and current waves through the load are in phase (due to purely
resistive loads) and are continuous, the average output voltage is 2 times larger than that
of ray rectifiers.
Waveform of output voltage
Electric current passes Diode
Group 1 73
Group 1 74
Remark:
Time to reach steady state is t > 3s
When L increases, the waveform will be flat-filtered.
The current through the diodes has a square pulse shape, gradually increasing to a
steady state.
Output voltage Ud remains unchanged.
Group 1 75
Chapter 3
CONTROLLED RECTIFIER
1.5. Controlled single-phase half-wave rectifier with RL load
Source 100V, and frequency is 50Hz
Figure 2.1 controlled single-phase half-wave rectifier with rl load
1.5.1. R = 10, L = 0, delay angle 300
Source voltage (Vs) and output voltage (Vd), respectively
Group 1 76
Group 1 77
Current through load I(RL1)
Shockwave (Vgs)
Remark:
The Vd waveform is a sinusoidal waveform but has had the negative cycle omitted
and combined with a firing angle of 30 , so it is partially cut off at the positive
cycle.
Id is a sinusoidal waveform but has had the negative cycle removed and combined
with a 30 delay angle so the positive cycle of the wave has been partially cut off.
The Vgs waveform is a signal pulse with two values 0 and 1 and each pulse is 2 π
apart. The current through the load RL is not continuous.
Group 1 78
Average output voltage on Psim is 29.64 v
Average output voltage calculated based on theory:
The measured value on the simulation is as theory calculated
1.5.2. R = 10, L = 0.1, delay angle 30
Source voltage waveform Vs, rectifier voltage Vd
Group 1 79
Current passes load
Delay voltage (Vgs)
Remark
Output voltage waveform: output voltage waveform is discontinuous. The
unshocked phase is similar to load R. When there is a pulse, the SCR conducts similarly
to a diode.
At the source voltage is 0, the inductor L release energy, causing the SCR to
continue to conduct to a negative half-wave cycle until L release all energy, the SCR
stops, the output voltage returns to 0.
Group 1 80
The current wave passing through the load is later in phase than the voltage wave
due to the presence of inductance. The current through the load is discontinuous because
the SCR does not conduct the entire cycle. The current through the load is not
continuous. into the diode circuit D0, delay angle 30
1.5.3. Applied Diode D0, delay angle 30
Figure 2.2 Applied diode D0
Waveform of source voltage Vs and rectifier voltage Vd
Group 1 81
Group 1 82
Waveform of current through the diode I(D0)
Current passes load I(RL1)
Shockwave (Vgs)
Group 1 83
Average output voltage on Psim is 29.95 V
Remark
The voltage waveform after rectification Vd is no longer negative. The average
voltage value after rectification when Diode D0 is installed is larger than when Diode D0
is not installed. Because when there is Diode D0, the current through the load I(RL) will
still conduct when the source voltage Vs changes to a negative cycle. the negative part is
lost even though the load current is still present.
The current through load I(RL) is continuous and has a larger amplitude when
Diode D0 is not installed because of connecting D0 to the circuit will create a channel for
L to discharge the energy stored in the positive half-cycle without exciting the SCR,
thereby making the average voltage of the circuit unchanged compared to the purely
resistive load. Looking at the waveform, we can also recognize that the current through
the load I(RL) is a combination of the current through SCR and D0 and continuous
Group 1 84
1.6. Controlled 3-phase half-wave rectifier with RL load
The 3-phase source is 220V, 50Hz
Figure 2.3 controlled 3-phase half-wave rectifier with R load
1.6.1. R = 10, L = 0, delay angle 20
3-phase voltage waveform
Group 1 85
Rectifier voltage waveform Vd
Xung kích X1, X2, X3
Current through the load I(RL1)
Remark:
The output voltage waveform is the positive half-wave of the voltage of each
input voltage starting at the SCR position that is pulsed to terminal G.
Group 1 86
The shocks to the SCRs of each phase are 120 degrees apart.
The output voltage and current are continuous.
Increase delay angle to 45
Remark
The current through the load is interrupted because the current reaches 0
To make the current equal to 0, we need to increase the alpha angle = 180
-30 =150
1.6.2. R=10, L=0.1, delay angle is 20
3-phase voltage waveform
Group 1 87
Rectifier voltage waveform Vd
Xung kích X1, X2, X3
Current through load, and current through SCR
Group 1 88
Increase delay angle to 450,
Current through load is continuous

Remark:
The rectified average voltage and current through the load are continuous and
uninterrupted. The peak voltage of the rectified average voltage and the rectified peak
current are high. When increasing alpha to 45 0: the current through the load is
uninterrupted
The current waveform has changed compared to the load R. Due to the
presence of inductance L, the current is slower than the voltage, the undulation of the
current is reduced.
The current through the load is the total current through the 3 SCRs
Group 1 89
1.6.3. Applied diode D0, delay angle is 450
Remark
The three-phase voltage waveform between section 2.2.2 and section 2.2.3 has
no change, still the amplitude source is 220V, 50Hz. The voltage waveform after
rectification Vd in section 2.2.2 has no negative part, while the voltage waveform after
rectification Vd in section 2.2.3 has a negative part. The shock waveforms X1, X2 and
X3 but in seciton 2.2.2 the amplitude is larger than in section 2.2.3. Similar to the
waveform of the current through the load, the waveform of the current through the
SCR (SCR1, SCR2 and SCR3) only differs in that the amplitude in section 2.2.2 is
larger than the amplitude of section 2.2.2.
1.7. Controlled single-phase asymmetrical full-wave bridge rectifier
Source 100V, frequency50HZ
Group 1 90
Figure 2.4. Controlled single-phase asymmetrical full-wave bridge rectifier
1.7.1. R=10, L=0, delay angle 30
Waveforms of source voltage, output voltage and current, respectively
The rectified voltage appear when there is a shockwave applied. The voltage
and current waveforms are in phase and not continuous due to the gap between the
natural switching time and the control pulse generation time.
1.7.2. R=10, L=0.1, delay angle 30
Group 1 91
Current flow through SCR1, SCR2
Current flow through D1, D2
Remark
The inductor has reciprocating properties, causing the current to approach a
straight line, just like the voltage across the capacitor when there is a filter capacitor
The output voltage waveform is unchanged compared to the load R.
When the circuit is naturally reversed, the SCR immediately stops conducting,
the inductance L changes polarity, causing the two forward-biased diodes to become
Group 1 92
energy discharge channels, so the current through the load is SCR current and diode
current.
1.8. Controlled single-phase symmetrical full-wave bridge rectifier
Source 100V, frequency 50Hz
Figure 2.5. Controlled single-phase symmetrical full-wave bridge rectifier
1.8.1. R=10, L=0, delay angle 30
Remark:
The output voltage and current waveforms are not continuous and are exactly
the same as section 2.3a.b. Load R = 10, L = 0.1, delay angle 30
Group 1 93
1.8.2. R = 10, L = 0.1, delay angle 300
Waveforms of source voltage, output voltage
Output current I(RL1)
Waveforms of SCR1, SCR2
Waveforms of D1, D2
Group 1 94
Remark:
The voltage waveform does not change compared to the load R. The current is
continuous due to the charging/discharging process of inductance L.
The current waveform through the SCR has changed compared to section 2.4a.
The current through the load is now equal to the total current through the SCRs,
because the diodes have been installed symmetrically. The natural reversing process
of the source voltage does not cause the SCRs to stop conducting immediately
because the energy in L discharges, causing the current to maintain.
1.9. Controlled single-phase full-wave bridge rectifier
Source 100V, 50Hz
Figure 2.6. Controlled single-phase full-wave bridge rectifier
Group 1 95
1.9.1. R=10, L=0, delay angle 30
Group 1 96
Current waveforms of SCR1, SCR3
Group 1 97
Average output voltage Vd
Average output voltage calculate according to theory
Remark:
At same time, when there is a conduction shock signal, there are 2 conduction
SCRs. The voltage and current waveforms are in phase and discontinuous.
The ouput volage from simulation is equal to theory
1.9.2. R=10, L=0.1, delay angle 30
Group 1 98
Remark:
The output voltage waveform has changed. The output voltage is continuous
and a negative voltage
Group 1 99
The current waveform is continuous and gradually increases to a set value.
At the same time, there are still 2 SCRs running as in the case of R load.
Group 1 100
1.10. Controlled 3-phase full-wave bridge rectifier
Source 220V, 50Hz
Figure 2.7. Controlled 3-phase full-wave bridge rectifier
1.10.1. R=10, L=0, delay angle 30
Waveforms of 3-phase voltage
Group 1 101
Output current waveform I(RL)
Average voltage simulate on Psim
Average voltage calculate according to theory
Group 1 102
Remark:
The output voltage and current through the load are continuous.
The rectifier voltage has a larger value than the source voltage, because at the
same time, there are three SCRs conducting to rectify, so the voltage increases
compared to single-phase rectifier.
Group 1 103
Alpha excitation angle value for load current to be discontinuous: 60
Load current is 0 when delay angle is 90
1.10.2. R=10, L=0.1, delay angle 30
Waveforms of 3-phase voltaeg, output voltage and current, respectively
Group 1 104
Remark:
The output voltage and current through the load are continuous.
The rectifier voltage has a larger value than the source voltage like the load R.
The current waveform changes. Due to the existence of inductance L, the
current through the load gradually increases until it reaches the integration region, the
undulations decrease, and the waveform is relatively flat.
Increase the delay angle to 600, the current is continuous because the inductor is
discharged so there is always current
Remark:
The current through the load decreases in magnitude and increases in
fluctuation. However, it is still continuous because the amount of energy stored in the
charging cycle of L is larger than the amount it discharges, so the current has not
reached 0.
Group 1 105
1.10.3. Controlled 3-phase full-wave rectifier with removable components
Figure 2.8. Controlled 3-phase full-wave rectifier with removable components
Group 1 106
Waveforms of 3-phase voltage
Output current at steady-staet
Group 1 107
CHAPTER 2
CHOPPER & INVERTER
2.1. Step down chopper
Source DC 100V, square shockwave, f = 1kHz, E=20V, R=10 Ω, L=0.1H
Figure 3.1. Step down chopper
2.1.1. Run simulation
Waveform of Vg
Group 1 108
Output voltage Vo
Output current I(RL)
Average output current and voltage
Average output voltage calculated according to theory
Group 1 109
The output voltage and current are matched with simulation result
Remark:
Vo and Vg relationship: When there is a gate signal pulse for the lock, a
voltage appears
The current through the load is continuous.
2.1.2. Increase E to 60V
Waveform of Vo
Waveform of Vg
Group 1 110
Output current I(RL)
Remark:
The voltage Vo has a step in the cycle with a magnitude equal to E (60V).
Because: the discontinuous is the time the inductance L takes to release energy.
Because E has a large load and L stored little energy and has a quick discharge time.
When all the energy has been released, the diode is reverse biased, the two load
terminals are open circuited, the current is 0 so the voltage at both load terminals is
equal to E
The current through the load is intermittent and has an amplitude many times
smaller than part a, because E is too large, causing M to be outside the limit for
continuous current of the chopper at coordinate I.
The average voltage cannot be calculated as in part a, because the voltage
waveform has changed and is no longer a square pulse.
Group 1 111
2.1.3. In case there is no D0
Figure 3.2. Without D0
Group 1 112
Waveform of Vo
Waveform ofVg
Output current waveform I(RL)
Remark:
Group 1 113
The output voltage on the load is continuous and in the form of a square pulse
ranging from 20 - 100V, because when the key is turned off, the load is open
circuited, the voltage on both ends of the load is the voltage of the EMF of the load.
The current through the load is intermittent, because there is no diode, so there
is no discharge channel for the inductance L at the time of locking.
If L continues to increase, the current will still be intermittent
The circuit only has R
Waveform of Vg
Output voltage Vo
Output current IR
Group 1 114
Remark:
The voltage waveform does not change, the current waveform becomes a
square pulse in phase with the voltage due to the load R.
2.1.4. Closed loop-control of DC Motor
FIGURE 3.3 CLOSE LOOP-CONTROL OF DC MOTOR
Gain/time:
5/1200 - 0.01
Waveform of S và S_dat and Vdc
Group 1 115
At steady-state
Remark:
The speed set for the motor is constant over time, however the instantaneous
speed of the motor is an oscillation around the set speed value.
Group 1 116
The chopper's output voltage waveform is trapezoidal and continuous when the
instantaneous speed is in the lower threshold region and gradually changes to
intermittent and sharp when changing to the upper threshold speed.
Change the Gain and timing values of the PI controller
1/1200-0.01
S, S_dat, and Vdc
No longer is the chopper voltage region a straight line, the instantaneous speed
fluctuation increases.
25/1200-0.01
S và S_dat, Vdc
The instantaneous speed fluctuation is reduced, the set speed is more stable.
5/1200-0.001
S S_dat, and Vdc
Group 1 117
Instantaneous speed fluctuations are reduced. The output voltage of the
chopper has a long discontinuous before increasing and remaining continuous.
5/1200-0.1
S , S_dat, Vdc
The output voltage of the chopper has a trapezoidal shape throughout the
waveform, the width of each trapezoidal pulse changes according to the fluctuation of
speed. The instantaneous speed fluctuates with a very small and stable amplitude
compared to the set speed value.
2.2. Step up chopper
Source 120V. R=10 Ω , L=0.1 H, E=100 V, shockwave 1kHz, duty cycle 0.8
Group 1 118
Figure 3.4. Step up chopper
3.2.1. Receives energy from the load

Waveform of voltage Vi
Current flow through diode D1
Output current, at steady-state
Group 1 119
Average of output voltage ViDC on Psim = 24.17
Average of output voltage calculate according to theory
Remark:
There is current flowing through diode D1, proving that the load voltage
generated is larger than the source voltage.
The current through the load is continuous.
Decrease duty cycle to 0.6
Current flow through load is still continuous
Group 1 120
Group 1 121
Average ouput voltage increase
2.2.1. High voltage generating circuit
Source 100V, L=0.1H, R=10 Ω , Load: R=100 Ω, C=0.1uF, shockwave 1kHz,

duty cycle 0.8
Figure 3.5. High voltage generating circuit
Group 1 122
Current flow through load is continuous
Average input and ouput voltage and ViDC1, ViDC2
Average ouput voltage
The measured value is close to the calculation.

Decrease duty cycle to 0.6, voltage is increase
2.3. Inverter three-phase, six-step
3.1. DC source 100V, Load: R = 10Ω, L = 0,1H, f = 60Hz.
a. Chạy mô phỏng xem dạng sóng.
Figure 3.6. Inverter 3-phase, six-step

Waveforms of V1, V2, V3
Group 1 124
Output phase voltage waveform.
Output line voltage
Output line current
Group 1 125
RMS line voltage
Remark :
The phase voltage waveform has 6 steps in one cycle.
The current through the load has a nearly sinusoidal shape, with sharp peaks
remaining. The reason is due to the existence of inductance L, so when the voltage
increases or decreases stepwise, the current does not decrease immediately, thus
creating curves.
b. Decrease L = 0,01H.
Ouput current
Group 1 126
When reducing inductance, sharp peaks appear in the current through the
load, making the current wave more different from a sine wave because the
inductance charges and discharges less energy.
2.4. Inverter sine – PWM.
DC Source 100V, f = 60Hz, biên độ 1V
Figure 3.7. Inverter Sine - Pwm
Group 1 127
a. Run simulation
Waveform of Vc1.
Waveform of Vr.
Waveform of Vg1.
Waveform of Vp. at steady-state
Waveform of Vline.
Waveform of rms line voltage

Waveform of output line current
Remark:
The load's phase voltage increases and decreases continuously and has a
profile similar to a sine wave.
The current is continuous, increasing and decreasing more evenly than in
3.3b.
b. Increase L = 0.01H
Current flow through load
The load current waveform has very low ripple and the wave profile is very
close to a sine wave
Group 1 131

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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING

CAN THO UNIVERSITY

POWER ELECTRONICS- KC217H

REPORT PRACTICE POWER

1.2.1. R = 10, L = 0...............................................................................................67

Figure 1.1. Single-phase half-wave rectifier with resistive load.................................1

PRACTICE ON THE MODEL

1.1. UNCONTROLLED RECTIFIER

1.1.1. Uncontrolled single-phase half-wave rectifier circuit

Figure 1.1. Single-phase half-wave rectifier with resistive load

Figure 1.2. Waveform of uS

Figure 1.3. Waveform of ud

Figure 1.4. Waveform of id

The value displayed on the Oscilloscope: Ud avg = 230 (mV).

- Turn channel C to the ON position to observe the id waveform:

- Connect another inductance L=100mH in series with the previous

Figure 1.5. The half-wave rectifier with resistive load

Figure 1.6. Ud waveform

Figure 1.7. Id waveform

1.1.2. Uncontrolled single-phase bridge rectifier circuit

Figure 1.8. Single phase bridge rectifier with R load

The Waveform of us, is

Figure 1.9. Waveform of us, is:

Figure 1.10. ud, id waveform

 Comment and compare results between theory and practice:

Replace load R with load RL by connecting an additional inductance L =

Figure 1.11. Single-phase bridge rectifier with RL load

Figure 1.12. ud, id waveform

 Compare and comment on results between theory and practice:

1.1.3. Uncontrolled 3-phase halfwave rectifier circuit

Figure 1.13. Uncontrolled three-phase half-wave rectifier circuit diagram with R

Figure 1.14. uL1’ waveform

Figure 1.15. iL2’ waveform

Figure 1.16. iL3’ waveform

Figure 1.17. ud waveform

Figure 1.18. ud waveform

Figure 1.19. uSL1’ waveform

Figure 1.20. iSL1 waveform

 Compare the measured average rectifier voltage and current values

 Is the current continuous?

1.1.4. Investigation of the uncontrolled three-phase bridge rectifier circuit

Figure 1.22. ud, id waveforms

The rectifier voltage value is calculated according to the theory:

 Is the current continuous?

 Compare and comment on results between theory and practice:

Figure 1.23. uv4 waveform

Figure 1.24. Waveform of iL1

 Observe uV6, iL2 waveforms:

Figure 1.25. uV6 waveform

Figure 1.26. waveform of iL2’

- Turn off measurement channels A and B.

Figure 1.27. uV2, iL3’ waveform

1.2. CONTROLLED SINGLE-PHASE RECTIFIER

1.2.1. Controlled half-wave rectifier

- Install the circuit as shown:

- Delay angle α = 90o

Figure 1.28. Controlled single-phase half-wave rectifier with R load

Figure 1.29. Waveform of us

Figure 1.30. Waveform of ud

Figure 1.31. Waveform of id

- Turn off channels A and C.

 Compare the measured average rectifier voltage value with the