Symbol

Table of Symbols (izrhdksa dh rkfydk)

Appendix   implication

Symbol Reference  negation, equivalence, relation
= equal to
,  quantifier
 not equal to
{} set
 identity  empty set, void set, null set
 approximately equal to ! Factorial
 congruent to i Imaginary unit

r
 approaches, ray  Union

 proportional to
< less than
not less than
 greater than
Si
 Subset of
 Superset
 Intersection
 Subset or equal to

ap
not greater than  Mean (average)
 less than or equal to Conversion of Units
 greater than or equal to Conversion of Length
<< much less than 10 millimetres (mms) = 1 centimetre (cm)

n
t
>> much greater than 10 centimetres = 1 decimetre (dm)
io
ra
 infinity 10 decimetres = 1 metre (m)
at
or  sigma (Summation) 10 metres = 1 decametre (dam)
ic

% percentage 10 decametres = 1 hectometre (hm)

bl

10 hectometres = 1 kilometre (km)

P

+ plus, positive
Pu

Conversion of Area
– minus, negative
 plus or minus 100 square millimetres = 1 square centimetre
on
an

100 square centimetres = 1 square decimetre

a  b 100 square decimetres = 1 square metre
pi

 multiplication
a  b 100 square metres = 1 square decametre
am

100 square decametres = 1 square hectometre

a  b
g

 division 100 square hectometres = 1 square kilometre

Ch

a / b 1 hectare = 10000 square metres

Ga

 therefore Conversion of Volume

 since 1000 cubic millimetres = 1 cubic centimetre
— line segment 1000 cubic centimetres = 1 cubic decimetre
 acute angle 1000 cubic decimetres = 1 cubic metre
 perpendicular 1000 cubic metres = 1 cubic decametre
 parallel 1000 cubic decametres = 1 cubic hectometre
 triangle 1000 cubic hectometres = 1 cubic kilometre
rectangle Conversion of Capacity
10 millilitres = 1 centilitre
square
10 centilitres = 1 decilitre
logba logarithm (to base b)
10 decilitres = 1 litre
log10a common logarithm
10 litres = 1 decalitre
loge a or ln a natural logarithm
10 decalitres = 1 hectolitre
 conjunction (and)
10 hectolitres = 1 kilolitre
 disjunction (or)

1
 Symbol
Conversion of Weight Equivalents of Units
10 milligrams = 1 centigram Units of Lengths
10 centigrams = 1 decigram 12 inches = 1 feet (ft) = 0.3048 metres
10 decigrams = 1 gram (g) 3 feet = 1 yard (d)
10 grams = 1 decagram 1 yard = 0.9144 metres
10 decagrams = 1 hectogram 22 yards = 1 chain
10 hectograms = 1 kilogram (kg) 1 kilometre = 0.621 mile or 103 metres
100 kilograms = 1 quintal 1 mile = 1.6093 kilometres or 1760 yards
10 quintals or 1000 kg = 1 metric tonne 1 inch = 2.54 centimetres
Conversion of Time 1 hectare = 2.471 acres
60 seconds = 1 minute 1 mile = 5280 feet
60 minutes = 1 hour Units of Area

r
24 hours = 1 day 1 square feet = 144 square inches
7 days = 1 week = 0.0929 square metres

Si
15 days = 1 fortnight 1 square metre = 1.196 square yards
28, 29, 30 or 31 days = 1 month 1 square yard = 0.836 square metres
12 months = 1 year 1 square kilometre = 0.3861 square miles
365 days = 1 year = 1000 hectares
366 days
10 years
25 years
=
=
=
1 leap year
decade
silver jubilee ap 1 square mile

1 acre
=
=
=
2.59 square kilometres
640 acres
4840 square yards

n
50 years = golden jubilee = 4046.86 square metres
t
60 years = diamond jubilee 1 hectare
io = 10000 square meters
ra
at
75 years = radium jubilee or
platinum jubilee
ic

100 years = century

bl
P

1000 years = 10 centuries or

Pu

1 millennium
on
an
pi
am
g
Ch
Ga

2
 Geometry

Geometry (Line & Angle) (js•k vkSj dks.k)

Line and Angle (js[kk vkSj dks.k) L

 Point () : Zero dimension figure or a circle with d d
M
zero radius.
AB CD and EF is transversal line
fcanq'kwU;
% vk;keh vkÑfr ;k 'kwU; f=kT;k okyk ,d o`ÙkA AB CD vkSjEF ,d fr;Zd js•k gS
 Types of point/fcUnq ds izdkj
E
(i) Collinear point/ljsa[k fcUnq 2 1
A B

r
3 4
If 3 or more than 3 points lie on a line close to or

Si
far from each other, then they are said to be
collinear. 6 5
C D
7 8
;fn 3 ;k 3 ls vf/d fcanq ,d js[kk ij ,d nwljs ds fudV ;k nwj F
fLFkr gks] rks os ljsa[k dgykrs gSA
Corresponding angles @ laxr dks.k
 1 = 5, 4 = 8

ap
Ex. Point P, Q, R, S are collinear/P, Q, R, S ljsa[k fcanq gSA
2 = 6, 3 = 7
P Q R S Alternate Angles @ ,dkarj dks.k
 3 = 5, 4 = 6
(ii) Non-collinear point/vljsa[k fcanq 4 + 5 = 180°

n
t
3 + 6 = 180°
io
In 3 or more points are not situated on a straight
Concurrent line/leorhZ js[kk
ra

at
line, these all point are called non-collinears
point. Three or more than three lines, which pass from
ic

;fn 3 ;k vf/d fcUnq ,d lh/h js[kk ij fLFkr ugha gSa] rks ;s lHkh
a single point is called concurrent lines.
bl

fcanq vljsa[k fcanq dgykrs gSaA rhu ;k rhu ls vf/d js[kk,a] tks ,d fcanq ls gksdj xqtjrh gSa] leorh
P
Pu

Ex. js[kk,a dgykrh gSaA

on

 Line: (One dimension figure) line is a set of points

an

C
having only length with no ends.   E F
pi

js•k %(,d vk;keh vkÑfr) js•k fcanqvksa dk ,d lewg gS ftlesa

am

A B
dsoy yackbZ gksrh gS ftldk dksbZ var ugha gksrk gSA
g

 Line segment: A line with a fixed length.

Ch

G H
D
js•k •aM %
,d fuf'pr yackbZ okyh js•kA
Ga

P Q  Linear pair angle/jSf[kd ;qXe dks.k

 Ray: A line with uni-direction length. A B
A linear pair is a pair of adjacent angle whose
non-common sides are opposite rays.
fdj.k %,d fn'kk yackbZ okyh js•kA
,d js[kh; ;qXe vklUu dks.kkas dk ;qXe gksrk gS] ftldh xSj mH
 Parallel lines: two or more line that never
intersects L  M
Hkqtk,a foijhr js[kk gksrh gSaA
lekukarj js•k,¡ nks
% ;k vf/d js•k,¡ tks ,d nwljs dks dHkh ugha c°
dkVrh gSaA
L M
 Transversal Line : A line which intersects
y° x°
(touches) two or more lines at distinct point is
called transversal lines of the given lines.
fr;Zd js•k %og js•k tks nks ;k nks ls vf/d js•kvksa dks vyx&vyxx + y = 180°
fcanq ij dkVrh (Li'kZ) gS] nh xbZ js•k dh fr;Zd js•k dgykrhgSA Linear pair angle are supplementry.
 Angle: inclination between two lines is called
angle.

3
 Geometry
dks.k% nks js[kkvksa ds chp ds >qdko dks dks.k dgrs gSaA Types of Angles (dks.kksa ds çdkj)
ABC =  A
A  Acute Angle @ U;wu dks.k
 0° <  < 90°
B C
B C
A
 Adjacent angles/vklUu dks.k  Right Angle @ ledks.k
 90° AB  BC =90°
Two angles are said to be adjacent if B C

A
 Obtuse Angle @ vf/d dks.k
D
Common A
1 90°<<180°
2 B C
C
B @ lh/k ;k js•k dks.k

r
 Straight or line angle 
1 and 2  adjacent angle. = 180°

Si
(i) They have a common vertex (vertex B)
mudk ,d mHk;fu"B 'kh"kZ gS
B) ('kh"kZ
C
(ii) They have a common arm. (BD is common)  Reflex Angle @ o`gÙkdks.k
 B
A
mudh ,d gh Hkqtk gSA
BD lkekU;
( gS)

ap
180°<<360°
 There is one and only one line passing through
two distinct point.
Two or more line are said to be coplanar if they lie  Complete Angle @ iw.kZ dks.k
  = 360°

n
t
in the same plane, otherwise they are said to be
io
ra
non-coplanar.
at
nks fofHkUu fcUnqvksa ls gksdj tkus okyh ,d vkSj dsoy ,d gh js[kk
ic

gSA nks ;k nks ls vf/d js[kk,a leryh; dgykrh gSa ;fn os ,d
gh ryIf AB  CD then find the value of ++?
bl

esa fLFkr gksa] vU;Fkk mUgsa xSj&leryh; dgk tkrk gSA

P

vxj AB  CD rks++dk eku Kkr djsa\

Pu

 Complementary Angle : If sum of two angles is

90º then they are Complementary to each other. B
A
on
an

iwjd dks.k;fn
% nks dks.kksa dk ;ksx
90º gks rks os ,d nwljs ds iwjd 

gksrs gSaA
pi

O

am

C D
 Complementary Angle/ (iwjd dks.k) + = 90°
g

  + + = 360°

Ch

Supplementary Angle : If sum of two angles is

Ga

180º then they are supplementary to each other.  A

a B
c
laiwjd dks.k;fn
% nks dks.kksa dk ;ksxgks rks os ,d nwljs ds
180º C
b
iwjd gksrs gSaA x

Supplementary Angles/( laiwjd dks.k

)   + = 180° D

 Angle Complementary Supplementary b=a+c+x

dks.k iwjd laiwjd
 A  B
43° 47° +90 137°
LHS  RHS
12° 78° +90 168°
C D
 90° –  +90 180° – 
Supplementary angle of an angle is 90° more than Sum of angle on RHS = LHS
complementary angle. ( RHS = LHS ij dks.kksa dk ;ksx)
,d dks.k dk laiwjd dks.k iwjd dks.k
90°lsvf/d gksrk gSA + = +

4
 Geometry

A E 
A a D
a p m
B F B E
b q
C G n
C F
b
c r
D H
AB DE m
= =
BC EF n
a:b:c=p:q:r
p
an+bm
a BE =
= p+q+r m+n

r
a+b+c
 Vertically opposite/('kh"kZfHkeq[k dks.k)

Si
ap
n
t
io
ra
at
ic
bl
P
Pu
on
an
pi
am
g
Ch
Ga

5
 Geometry

Types of Triangles (f=kHkqt ds izdkj)

Triangle (f=kHkqt)  Scalene Triangle @ fo"keckgq f=kHkqt

 A triangle is a 3-sided polygon that consists of three A
edges and three vertices. c b
,d f=kHkqt ,d3&Hkqtkvksa okyk cgqHkqt gS ftlesa rhu fdukjs vkSj rhu
B a C
'kh"kZ gksrs gSaA
three unequal sides@ rhu vleku Hkqtk,¡
 3 sides, 3 vertices, 3 altitudes, 3 angles
three unequal angles @ rhu vleku dks.k
3 Hkqtk,¡]
3 'kh"kZ]
3 Å¡pkbZ]
3 dks.k

r
ABC & abc
(dks.kksa ds vk/kj ij)

Si
A By Angle
 Acute Angle Triangle @ U;wu dks.k f=kHkqt
h1
c b

h2 h3

ap
B a C
@ rhuksa <dks.k
All three angles < 90° 90°
A+B+C=180°
 Right Angle Triangle @ ledks.k f=kHkqt
1 1 1 1

n
A
t
Area  ×a×h1 = bh2 = ch3 = × Base ×
2 2 2 2
io
ra
at
Corresponding height.
 ah1= bh2= ch3 = constant B
ic

C
One angle is 90°. B = 90° and A + C = 90°
bl

1 1 1
P

h1 : h2 : h3 = : :
 Obtuse Angle Triangle @ vf/d dks.k f=kHkqt
Pu

a b c
Type of Triangle (f=kHkqt ds izdkj) C
on
an

One angle > 90° @ ,d dks.k> 90°

A B
pi

By side By Angle
 Let B = largest angle @ ekuk
B ¾ lcls cM+k dks.k
am

Hkqtk ds vk/kj ij dks.k ds vk/kj ij

g

A
By side (Hkqtkvksa ds vk/kj ij)
Ch

c b
 @ leckgq f=kHkqt
Ga

Equilateral Triangle
B a C

 side AC = b = largest side

Hkqtk
AC = b = lcls cM+h Hkqtk
Equilateral triangle has 3 equal sides, each angle Let C = smallest angle (ekukC = lcls NksVk dks.k)
equals 60°.  side AB = c = smallest side
leckgq f=kHkqt esa çR;sd
60°dks.k
rFkk rhuksaa Hkqtk,¡ leku gksrh gSA
Hkqtk
AB = c = lcls NksVh Hkqtk
 Isosceles Triangle @ lef}ckgq f=kHkqt  Inequality of triangle (f=kHkqt dh vlfedk,a)
The triangle inequality states that for any triangle
the sum of the lengths of any two sides must be
greater than the length of the remaining side.
 
f=kHkqt vlekurk crkrh gS fd fdlh Hkh f=kHkqt ds fy, fdlh H
two equal sides@ nks leku Hkqtk,¡ Hkqtkvksa dh yackbZ dk ;ksx 'ks"k Hkqtk dh yackbZ ls vf/d
two angle same @ nks dks.k leku

6
 Geometry
 Conditions for formation of triangle: C = largest @C = lcls cM+k dks.k
A side c = largest @ Hkqtk
c ¾ lcls cM+k
c2 < a2+b2
c b
II. Right Angle Triangle @ ledks.k f=kHkqt
B a C
A
|b–c| < a < b+c
|a–c| < b < a+c b c
|a–b| < c < a+b C a B
 Eg 4, 9, 15  not possible @ f=kHkqt laHko
 4+ugha
9 < 15
C = largest @C = lcls cM+k dks.k
5, 10, 15  not possible @ f=kHkqt laHko
 5 ugha
+ 10 = 15
side c = largest @ Hkqtk
c ¾ lcls cM+k
7, 12, 15  is possible @ f=kHkqt laHko gS 15
 7+12>
c2 = a2 + b2

r
OR 7+15 > 12 OR 12 + 15 > 7
A III. Obtuse Angle Triangle @ vf/d dks.k f=kHkqt

Si
c b A
c
b
B a C
1. Sum of any two sides is always greater than 3rd C a B
side.

a+b > c
ap
C = largest @C = lcls cM+k dks.k
fdUgha Hkh nks Hkqtkvksa dk ;ksx ges'kk rhljh Hkqtk ls cM+k
side c gksrk gSA@ Hkqtk
= largest c ¾ lcls cM+k
c2 > a2 + b2

n
t
b+c > a
io
 sides of triangle : 11.7, 16.9, 23.4. which type of 
c+a > b
ra
it is?
at
2. Difference of any two sides is always less than
f=kHkqt dh Hkqtk,¡
11.7, %
16.9, 23.4. ;g fdl çdkj dk  gS\
ic

3rd side.
Take ratio of sides 11.7 : 16.9 : 23.4
bl

fdUgha nks Hkqtkvksa dk varj lnSo rhljh Hkqtk ls de gksrk gSA

P

9 : 13 : 18
Pu

 b > c–a 182 > 92 + 132  is obtuse angle triangle.

b > a–c Pythagoras Triplets (ikbFkkxksjl f=kXkq.k@f=kd)
on
an

  |c–a| < b < c+a A


pi

 If 10, 17, x are sides of a , x  integer

c b
am

Then 7 < x < 27

 x  {8, 9, 10, .... 26} B a C
g
Ch

2 2 2
xmin = 8, xmax = 26 b =c +a
@19 eku laHko (3,4,5), (5,12,13), (7,24,25),
Ga

xtotal = 19 values possible

(8,15,17), (9,40,41), (11,60,61),
 19 's possible @19 f=kHkqt laHko gSA
(12,35,37), (16,63,65), (13,84,85),
Possible values of x = 2×small side –1 (20,21,29), (28,45,53), (33,56,65),
 2×10–1 = 19 (39,80,89), (36,77,85), (65, 72, 97),
x ds laHkkfor eku2×
¾NksVh Hkqtk
–1  2×10–1 = 19 (20, 99, 101)
Relation between 3 sides of Triangle multiplication and division on these triplets will
(f=kHkqt dh3 Hkqtkvksa ds chp laca/) also result in triplets.
I. Acute Angle Triangle @ U;wu dks.k f=kHkqt bu f=kd ij xq.kk vkSj Hkkx dk ifj.kke Hkh f=kd gksxkA
(5,12, 13)  2  (10, 24, 26)
A
(3,4,5)  (6,8,10), (9,12,15), (12,16,20), (15,20,25)
b c Ex: 1
?
3.5 3
C a B
12 3

7
 Geometry
7 24 25  Vertically Opposite Angle @ ('kh"kkZfHkeq[k dks.k)
÷2 ÷2 ÷2
D A
3.5 12 12.5  3.5 3 , 12 3 , 12.5 3
Ex: 2 180– 180–

14 ? B C
3  2 = 13
2 2
 Some other properties @ dqN vU; xq.k
21
7 ×2 7 ×3 7 × 13 = 7 13
Ex: 3

42 3 6  7  7  3  6 7  21 ++ = 3×360° – 180° = 900°

?

r
 A

Si
18 7 6 7 3
3rd side = 6 7 × 21  9 = 6 7 × 12 = 12 21 B C
1 2
Ex: 4
1 + 2 = 180° + A

ap
9.6 ? 9.6 : 18
×1.2  If angles of a  are in A.P., middle angle is always
8 : 15 1.2  20.4
: 17 
60°/ (;fn  ds dks.k
lekarj Js.khesa gSa] rks eè; dks.k60°
ges'kk
18
 Exterior angle is equal to sum of opposite interior gksrk gS)

n
t
angles. (a–d), a, (a+d)
ckgjh dks.k foijhr vkarfjd dks.kksa ds ;ksx ds cjkcj gSAio  a–d+a+a+d = 180°
ra
at
3a = 180°
A+B+C = 180°
ic

a = 60°
A+B = 180° – C
bl

 A + C = 120° & B = 60°

P

A
Pu

A B C
exterior angle at vertex C   
60°– 60° 60°+
on
an

B C  D C
pi

sum of all exterior angles = 360° y° z°

lHkh ckgjh dks.kksa=dk ;ksx
am

360° x°
A
g

B
Ch

Angle Bisector (dks.k f}Hkktd) B (internal @ vkarfjd

) = 360° – (x+y+z)
Ga

 A
E B (external @ ckgjh
) = x°+y°+z°
D
 A
C 36° B
B 21°
BE  exterior angle bisector of ABC C x
BE  ABC dk cká dks.k lef}Hkktd
19
°

2 + 2 = 180° D
+ = 90° = EBD
 Angle between internal angle bisector and x° = 36° + 21° + 19° = 76°
external angle bisector of an angle is 90°. 
D C
fdlh dks.k ds vkarfjd dks.k lef}Hkktd vkSj cká dks.k lef}Hkktd x°x2 b°
x1
ds chp dk dks.k90° gksrk gSA
y2
BD is interior angle bisector of ABC a° y1 y°
BD, ABC dk vkarfjd dks.k lef}Hkktd gS A B
a+b = x+y

8
 Geometry
x1 + y1 = a° A
x2 + y2 = b°
x1 + x2 +y1+y2 = a+b h1
o
x+y = a+b
h2 h3
 Altitude / Height / Perpendicular B C

'kh"kZ&yac @ ÅapkbZ @ yacor O = circumcentre @ ifjdsUæ

The perpendicular drawn from the vertex of the Cevian (dsfo;u)
triangle to the opposite side.  Cevian  Any line which joins vertex to opposite
f=kHkqt ds 'kh"kZ ls foijhr fn'kk esa •hapk x;k yacA side.

A dsfo;u  dksbZ Hkh js•k tks 'kh"kZ dks foijhr Hkqtk ls tksM+
A
A Position of cevian

r
h
h

Si
B C C
D B D
B C
D E
 A line that splits an angle into two equal angles.
AE are cevians @AD, AE dsfo;u gSa

ap
,d js•k tks ,d dks.k dks nks cjkcj dks.kksa esa foHkkftr djrhAD,
gSA
 ABC is scalene @ABC fo"keckgq  gS
A A

n
t
io
ra
at
B D E F C
B C
D AC > AB
ic

AD is the angle bisector of BAC, BD and DC need   B > C

bl
P

not be equal  AD will be near to largest among B and C i.e

Pu

AD] BAC dk dks.k lef}Hkktd gSBD,

vkSjDC dk cjkcj gksuk angle B and far from small angle C.
vko';d ugha gS  AD, B vkSjC dks.k esa ls lcls cM+s
B ds fudV gksxk vkSj
on
an

Median (ekfè;dk) NksVs dks.k

C ls nwj gksxkA
pi

 Line drawn from a vertex to opposite side which AE  Angle bisector of A

am

divides the opposite side into equal parts. AE A dk dks.k f}Hkktd
g

fdlh 'kh"kZ ls foijhr fn'kk esa •haph xbZ js•k tks foijhr Hkqtk
AF dks
median i.e. BF = FC
Ch

leku Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr djrh gSA AF  ekfè;dk ;kuhBF = FC

Ga

A  AD  Altitude @AD  ÅapkbZ

AE  Angle bisector of A
AE  A dk dks.k f}Hkktd

B C A
D

AD is the median of side BC. @AD Hkqtk

BC dh ekfè;dk gS
BD = DC
Perpendicular bisector (yac f}Hkktd) B D E C
 A Perpendicular bisector is a line that bisects a
line segment in two equal parts and makes an B – C
DAE =
angle of 90° at the point of intersection. 2
yac lef}Hkktd ,d js•k gS tks ,d js•k •aM dks nks cjkcj Hkkxksa esa A
foHkkftr djrh gS vkSj çfrPNsnu 90° dkijdks.k cukrh gSA DAE = 2 – 90° + B
fcanq

9
 Geometry
A A B C  A
= – – – +B
2 2 2 2

A B C B C
 + + =90°
2 2 2
O
B C B –C
= – = A
2 2 2 BOC = 90° –
2
 A+B+C = 180°
A = 2(90°–BOC)
A  In any quadrilateral bisector of A & B meet at P.
fdlh prqHkqZt
Aesa
o B ds lef}HkktdP ij feyrs gSA
C
D

r
I P

Si
2 C/ Q
B/ 2 S
B/2 C/2 R
B C
A
B +C 180° – A B
A = 180° – (B + C)  = C+ D

ap
2 2 APB =
2
 B  C 
BIC = 180° –    A B
 2  APB = 180° –   
 2 2

n
t
 180°  A  A C D
= 180° –   = 90° +
io APB = 
ra
 2  2 2 2
at
A + B + C + D = 360°
ic

A
 BIC = 90° + A B C D 360
2
bl

   = =180°
2 2 2 2 2
P


Pu

A
 A C D B 
180° –  2  2  = 
  2 2
on
an

Bisector of C and D meet at R

pi

I A + B
am

 DRC =
2
g

B C P + R = 180°
Ch

S + Q = 180°
Ga

 PQRS will be a cyclic quadrilateral.

PQRS ,d pØh; prqHkZqt gksxkA
O
 A E
A
BIC = 90° +
2 2 
A D
BOC = 90° –
2
AIO will be a straight line and bisect angle A.
AIO ,d lh/h js•k vkSj dks.k
A f}Hkkftr gksxkA B C F
BIC + BOC = 180°
BICO will be a cyclic quadrilateral. A
BEC =
BICO ,d pØh; prqHkqZt gksxk 2

10
 Geometry

Area side properties (f=kHkqt dk {ks=kiQy)

Area of triangle (f=kHkqt dk {ks=kiQy) h

sinC =  h = bsinC
1 b
 Area of  = × base × height
2 c b
CsinB = bsinC  =
1 sinC sinB
 dk {ks=kiQy
= × vkèkkj× Å¡pkbZ
2 1 1 1
= acsinB = absinC = bcsinA
A 2 2 2

r
Side-Angle ratio of some triangles
a+b+c
c b
s= (dqN f=kHkqtksa dk Hkqtk&dks.k vuqikr)

Si
2
B a C
 B

Area of  = s s  a  s  b  s  c  45°
2

ap
 In any ABC, AD  BC
1
A

45°
C A

n
O
t
1
io
ra
at
45° 45° 90°
B C   
ic

D
AB + OC2 = OB2 + AC2
2
bl

sides  1: 1: 2
P

@O ÅapkbZ ij dksbZ fcanq gS

Pu

O is any point on altitude

Sine Rule (T;k fu;e) B
on
an

A 60°

pi

a c
am

c b
h
g

30°
Ch

C b A
Ga

B C
D a
a:b:c = sin30° : sin60° : sin90°
a b c
= = = K (constant) 1 3
sinA sinB sinC : :1
2 2
a:b:c = KsinA : KsinB : KsinC
a:b:c=1: 3 :2
a:b:c = sinA : sinB : sinC
1 B
Area of ABC = × base × height
2
75°
1
Area of  = ×a×h a c
2

1
= ×a×csinB 15°
2 A
C b
h
sinB =  h = CsinB
c a:b:c= 3 –1 : 3 +1 : 2 2

11
 Geometry
C Length of Angle bisector (dks.k f}Hkktd dh yackbZ)
 CD is angle bisector of BCA
b 120° a
CD, BCA dk dks.k lef}Hkktd gS
C
30° 30°
A c B
a:b:c=1:1: 3 a b
x
Cosine Rule (dksT;k fu;e)
B A
 A m D n
C
x2 = ab – mn
c b Exterior Angle bisector theorem

r
(ckã dks.k lef}Hkktd çes;)

Si
B a C
A
b2 + c 2 – a 2 
cosA =  a2 = b2+c2 –2bc.cosA  AB DB
2bc  =

ap
AC DC
c 2 + a 2 – b2 B
cosB =  b2 = a2+c2 –2accosB C D
2ca
 A
a 2 + b2 – c 2

n
cosC =  c2 = a2+b2 –2abcosC
t
io
2ab
ra
Stewarts Theorem (LVhoVZ çes;)
at
 C
ic

 180-
B C
bl

D
P
Pu

a b 1
x ArADB  AD  BD  sin  BD
C=m+n 2
= =
ArADC 1 DC
on

 AD  DC  sin 180   
an

B m n A 2
ftl ratio esacevian base dksdivide djsxh]Area Hkh
pi

C 
a2n+b2m=x2c+mnc
mlhratio esadivide gksxkA
am

In isosceles triangle a = b
If AD is median BD = DC
g

a2n+a2m = x2c + mnc

Ch

 Ar ADB = Ar ADC
a2(m+n) = c(x2+mn)
Ga

 C D
a2 = x2+mn
x2=a2–mn
Interior Angle bisector theorem
(vkarfjd dks.k lef}Hkktd çes;)
A AB BD
 =
AC DC
A B
 
Ar ABC = Ar ABD AB  CD
If AB  CD, same parallel line ds chp same base ij
B C cus dk Area cjkcj gksrk gSA
D

12
 Geometry

Similarity of triangles (f=kHkqt dh le:irk) (~)

 Similarity of triangles : Two triangles are similar  If two angle is same in a triangle then third angle
if they have the same ratio of corresponding sides will be similar.
and equal pair of corresponding angles. ;fn ,d f=kHkqt esa nks dks.k leku gSa rks rhljk dks.k Hkh le
f=kHkqtksa dh le:irk
nks
%f=kHkqt le:i gksrs gSa ;fn mudh laxr
A = D corresponding
Hkqtkvksa dk vuqikr leku gks vkSj laxr dks.kksa dk ;qXeleku
B= gksA
E Angles
C = F
 Similarity of triangles : size may be different
but shape should be same.
A

r
f=kHkqtksa dh le:irk % vkdkj fHkUu gks ldrs gSa ysfdu vkÑfr D
leku gksuh pkfg,A

Si
50°
50°
~

70° 60°
70° 60° E F
~ B C

ap sides opposite to corresponding angles is called

corresponding sides.
laxr dks.kksa dh lEeq• Hkqtk,¡ laxr Hkqtk,¡ dgykrh gSaA

n
t
4 4 ~ 2 2 io ABC  DEF
ra
at
BC AC AB
2    (Property)
ic

4 EF DF DE
bl

 Conditions of Similarity(le:irk dh 'krsZ)%&  In similar triangle ratio of each corresponding

P

length is equal.
Pu

1. A-A (Angle-Angle) (dks.k&dks.k)

le:i f=kHkqt esa çR;sd laxr yackbZ dk vuqikr cjkcj gksrk g
ABC ~ PQR
on
an

BC AC AB h1 Angle bisector1 median1

  
A P EF DF DE h2 = Angle bisector2 = median2
pi
am

r1 R1 perimeter of ABC
= r = R = perimeter of DEF
g

B CQ R 2 2
Ch

2. S-S-S(Side-Side-Side) (Hkqtk&Hkqtk&Hkqtk)
Ga

1
×BC×h1 2 2 2
AB = PQ, BC = QR, AC = PR Area of ABC 2  BC   AC   AB 
= = = =
Area of DEF 1 ×EF×h2  EF   DF   DE 
A P 2
= Ratio of square of corresponding length.

B C q R laxr yackbZ ds oxZ dk vuqikrA

Thales Theorem (FksYl çes;)
3. S-A-S(Side-Angle-Side) (Hkqtk&dks.k&Hkqtk)
 If a line (DE) is drawn parallel to one side (BC) of
B = Q AB = PQ, QR = BC triangle then it will divide other two sides in the
A P same ratio. Hence AD : DB = AE : EC
;fn f=kHkqt dh ,d Hkqtk
(BC) ds lekarj ,d js•k (DE) •haph tk,
rks og vU; nks Hkqtkvksa dks leku vuqikr esa foHkkftr djs
B C q R AD : DB = AE : EC

13
 Geometry
DE  BC ;fn D, AB dk eè; fcanq gS vkSj
DE BC gS rks
E, AC dk eè;
fcanq gksxkA
A
Similar figures (le:i vkÑfr;k¡)


D E
90- 90-

 90-
B C 
 90- 
ADE  ABC

AD AE DE A
= =

r
AB AC BC
If AD : DB = 8:5 E


Si
D
area ADE 82 64
then  2 
area ABC 13 169

ArADE 64 64

ap
= = B C
Ar DECB 169–64 105
A = common
Convergence of thales theorem
ABC = ADE =  (given)
FksYl çes; dk vfHklj.k  3rd angle will also be equal @ rhljk dks.k Hkh cjkcj gksxk

n
t
If D & E two points on AB and AC such that
io  ABC  ADE
ra
AD AE
at
= then DE  BC  If we make a right angle triangle in an right angle
DB EC triangle then big and small right triangle  are
ic

Mid point theorem (eè; fcanq çes;) always similar.

bl

;fn ge ,d ledks.k f=kHkqt esa ,d ledks.k f=kHkqt cukrs gSa rk

P

 The line segment in a triangle joining the mid

Pu

points of two sides of triangle will be parallel to its vkSj NksVk ledks.k f=kHkqt ges'kk le:i gksrs gSaA
third side and is also half of the length of third
on
an

side. A
f=kHkqt dh nks Hkqtkvksa ds eè; fcanqvksa dks feykus okyk js•k•aM mldh
pi

rhljh Hkqtk ds lekarj gksxk vkSj rhljh Hkqtk dh yackbZ dk vk/k 90-
Hkh gksxkA
am

A D
g

1
Ch

ABC  EDC
Ga

2 E 90- 
D C
B E
1
 A
B C 
D, E  mid points, AD = DB & AE = EC
DE  BC
BC
ADE ABC, DE =
2
Ar ADE : Ar ABC = 1 : 4 
B C
Ar ADE : Ar DECB = 1 : 3 D
 Convergence of mid point theorem
C = common
eè; fcanq çes; dk vfHklj.k A = ADC =  (given)
If D is mid point of AB and DE BC then E will be  3rd angle will be equal ABC = DAC
mid point of AC.
 ABC DAC

14
 Geometry
 A B AO A1 A 4
   
OC A3 A2
O A1×A2 = A3×A4
A1 A4
=
  A3 A2
D C
A1, A 2, A 3 and A 4 are the areas of respective
AB  CD triangles.
AOB  COD A1, A2, A3 and A4 Øe'k% f=kHkqtkas ds {ks=kiQy gSA
Proof:-
 D C

r
y
x
14 O
10

Si
h1 h2

A B
x and y is the heights of triangles.
h1 10

h2 14
h1 : h2  5 : 7
ap Area of  =
1
2
× Base × height

n
1
t
Area of triangle A1 = × AO × x ...(1)
B io 2
ra
at

1
Area of triangle A2 = × OC × y ...(2)
ic

2
D
bl

x
Q
P

1
Pu

y Area of triangle A3 = × CO × x ...(3)

2
Z
A C
P
on

1
an

Area of triangle A4 = × AO × y ...(4)

2
pi

AB  PQ  CD
Multiply eq (1) and eq (2)
am

xy
Z = x y 1  1 
A1 × A2 =   AO  x    CO  y 
g

2  2
Ch


z CP z AP
By commutative property
Ga

 & y  AC
x CA
1  1 
z z CP + AP z z AC A1 × A2 =   CO  x    AO  y 
     =1 2  2 
x y AC x y AC
A1 × A2 = A3 × A4 Hence proved
1 1 1 Alternatively:-
+ = (Result)
x y z
D C
In any quadrilateral (fdlh prqHkZqt esa) A3 –
b 80° c
1
C A1  A2
 D O
A3 A4
a
d
A1 A2
O
A4 A B

[sin (180° – ) = sin]

A B

15
 Geometry
1
(In a trapezium the triangle formed on non-parallel
A1 =  a  b sin ...(1) sides have equal area)
2
(,d leyac prqHkwZt eas] vlekarj Hkqtkvkas
 dk {ks=kiQy
ij cus
1 cjkcj gksrk)gSA
A2 = × c × d sin ...(2)
2
K×K=a×b
1 K=
A3 = × b × c sin ...(3) ab
2
Medial Triangle (eè; dk f=kHkqt)
1
A4 = × a × d sin ...(4)  A
2
[Multiply eq. (1) and (2) or (3) and (4)]
P Q
1 1
× abcd sin2 = × abcd sin2

r
2 2
A1 × A2 = A3 × A4 Hence proved B C

Si
R
In a trapezium (,d leyEc prqHkqZt esa)
P, Q, R are mid points @P, Q, R eè; fcanq gSa
 D C
a 1
Perimeter of  PQR = × perimeter of ABC
2

ap
k k
O
1
b Area of  PQR = × Area of ABC
4

n
t
A B
io
ra
Ar  ADB = Ar  ACB
at
ic

Common Area = AOB

bl

AOB ~ COD
P
Pu

 Ar  AOD = Ar BOC
on
an
pi
am
g
Ch
Ga

16
 Geometry

Congruency of triangle (f=kHkqt dh lok±xlerk)

Congruency of triangle (f=kHkqt dh lok±xlerk) (iv) RHS (Right angle-hypotenuse-side) 

 Two triangles are called congruent if all three RHS (ledks.k&d.kZ Hkqtk)

corresponding sides are equal and all the three A D
corresponding angles are equal.
nks f=kHkqt lok±xle dgykrs gSa ;fn rhuksa laxr Hkqtk,¡ cjkcj gksa vkSj
rhuksa laxr dks.k cjkcj gksaA B C E F
 Congruency of triangle  size and shape is same ADB  ADC

r
ABC  DEF
AD   angle bisector of A @AD  dks.k dk
 f}Hkktd

Si
f=kHkqt dh lok±xlerk
 vkdkj o vkÑfr leku gksrh gSA
AD  Median (ekfè;dk)
ABC  DEF
AD  bisector of BC
A D AD  All 4 centres lie on AD.

ap
A


90-
-
B C E F

90
n
Condition of congruency (lok±xlerk dh 'krZ)
t
I
io H G
ra
(i) SSS (side-side-side)  Corresponding sides are
at
O
equal.
B C
ic

D
SSS (Hkqtk&Hkqtk&Hkqtk)
 laxr Hkqtk,a cjkcj gksA
bl

 P
P

A D
Pu


on
an

B C E F
pi

A B
(ii) SAS (side-angle-side)  Two side and angle C
am

between them is equal.

g

SAS (Hkqtk
-dks.k
-Hkqtk)
 nks Hkqtk,a vkSj muds chp dk dks.k
Ch

PCA  PCB
cjkcj gksrk gSA PA = PB
Ga

P is any point
A D
Mass point geometry (æO;eku fcanq T;kfefr)
  l1 l2

B C E F
m1 m2
(iii) ASA (Angle-side-angle)  Two angle and side
between them is equal. Center of mass(nzO;eku dsUnz)
ASA (dks.k&Hkqtk&dks.k)
 nks dks.k vkSj muds chp dh Hkqtk
m1l1 = m2l2
cjkcj gksrh gSA m1 l 2
=
m2 l1
A D


5m 7.2
   
B C E F
48 kg x kg
Find x = ?

17
 Geometry
48 7.2 100 A
 x= kg = 33.3 kg
x 5 3

7.8 m F E
l1 l2
O
45 kg 72 kg B C
D
Find l1 = ?
m 45 : 72 AF BD CE
× × =1
5 : 8 FB DC EA
l 8 : 5 OD OE OF
  1

r
×0.6 AD BE CF
4.8 m

Si
AO BO CO
  2
 13  7.8
0.6
OD OE OF
Ceva's Theorem (lsok dh çes;)
 In ABC, AD, BE and CF are the cevians i.e. any

ap
line from vertex to opposite side.
f=kHkqt
ABC eas, AD, BE vkSjCF dsfo;u gSa ;kuh 'kh"kZ ls foijhr
Hkqtk ij dksbZ js•kA

n
t
io
ra
at
ic
bl
P
Pu
on
an
pi
am
g
Ch
Ga

18
 Geometry

Centre of Triangle (f=kHkqt ds dsUæ)

Centres of Triangle P, AOB ds dks.k f}Hkktd ij dksbZ fcanq gS


PR = PQ
 ID = IE = IF = r, ADI  AFI
Incentre Orthocentre
(H) A
(I)  BIC = 90° +
Centroid 2
Circumcentre
(C) (G) B
AIC = 90° +
2

r
Incentre (I) (vUr%dsUæ) C
AIB = 90° +

Si
 Incentre is the intersection point of all three 2
internal angle bisectors of ABC. abc
 In ABC  = Semi-perimeter (s)
vUr%dsaæ
ABC ds lHkh rhu vkarfjd dks.k lef}Hkktdksa dk 2
çfrPNsnu fcUnq gSA  Area ABC = =r×s

ap
Δ
r=
A s

Area
Inradius = Semiperimeter

n
t
D io ABC = BIC + AIC + AIB (Area)
ra
at
c r F
r a  b  c
1 1 1
ic

I b = ar + br + cr = r   =r×s
2 2 2  2 
bl

r Incircle
P

 If altitudes h1, h2, h3 are given then

Pu

B
E ;fn Å¡pkbZ
h1, h2, h3 nh xbZ gks rks
C
a
on
an

1 1 1 1
= + + (Result)
r h1 h 2 h 3
pi

Centre of incircle is called incentre and its radius

is called inradius (r)  A
am

var%o`Ùk ds dsaæ dks var%dsaæ vkSj bldh f=kT;k

(r) dgk
dks var%f=kT;k
g
Ch

tkrk gS c b
F E
Ga

 Incentre always lies inside the triangle. I

var%dsaæ ges'kk f=kHkqt ds vanj fLFkr gksrk gSA
B C
 Incentre is equidistant from all three sides of D
triangle. a

var%dsUæ f=kHkqt ds rhuksa vksj ls lenwjLFk gSA AI b  c


ID a
A BI c  a

IE b

R CI a  b

IF c
P Proof:-
AI AC b
In ACD,   ...(i)
B ID CD CD
O Q
AB BD
P is any point on angle bisector of AOB In ABC, 
AC CD

19
 Geometry
c BD P+B – H
 r=
b CD 2
P–r+B–r=H
b  c BD  CD P + B – 2r = H
Add 1 both side  
c CD P BH
=r
b + c AI 2
From eq. (i)  =
d ID Distance between orthocentre and incentre = OI
BI AB C = 2r
In BAE,   ...(ii)
IE AE AE yacdsaæ vkSj var%dsaæ ds chp dh=nwjh
= OI 2r
BC EC Sides (triplet) Radius (r)
In BAC, 
AB AE Hkqtk,a (fVªiysV)f=kT;k
(r)
a c b (3, 4, 5) r=1


r
Add 1 both side 
c AE (3k, 4k, 5k) r=k

Si
a c c (39, 52, 65) r = 13

b AC For equilateral Triangle (leckgq f=kHkqt ds fy,)
a + c BI  A
From eq. (ii) =
b IE

In CBF,

BC AF

CI BC
 
IF BF BF
a
...(iii)
ap a
R
P
a

n
then CAB,
t
AC BF r
Add 1 both side io B C
ra
at
D
ba c ba a a
  
Point (fcanq)
ic

a BF c BF = I, O, G, H (lie at same place P)

bl

b + a CI AP = R, PD = r
P

From eq. (iii), =

Pu

c IF 3
h = AD = a
 2
on
an

A 3
  a2 a h
pi

r r=  4 r= ,r=
s 3a 2 3 3
am

 2
P O

g

r 2h a
Ch

R= =
3 3
Ga

B R 2 Area of circumcircle 4
 , 
r 1 Area of incircle 1
PA = PB
A
AOP  BOP 
In right angle triangle (ledks.k f=kHkqt esa) x x

P R
 P-r
P-r y z

H B C
y Q z
P I S=x+y+z
2r B-r
r r Area of ()ABC = (x  y  z )· xyz
O r B  xyz (x + y + z ) xyz
B-r r= = r=
s (x + y + z ) (x + y + z )
Orthocentre

20
 Geometry
In any quadrilateral (fdlh prqHkZqt esa)  Find relation between r, r1, r2, r3?
 D b C r, r 1, r2, r3 ds chp laca/ Kkr dhft,\
P
d c
Q

A a B
r3
(a + b) – (c + d)
PQ =
2
 A

r2 r
r1 r2

r
r1

Si

O  B
r1 1  sin  r= r1r2  r2 r3  r3 r1
r2 = 1  sin 

ap
In an Equilateral Triangle (leckgq f=kHkqt esa) A
A 

30° 30°

n
r
t
E
io I
ra
R
at
a
3
ic
bl

B b D C
P

B C
Pu

1
1 BI =
r 1  sin 30 2 1 ab = 2r
= =
on

R 1  sin 30 1 3
an

1 r = radius of ABC
2
pi

r 1 Area small circle 1 BI ab

 = = = r= =
am

R 3 Area large circle 9 2 2

(fdlh f=kdks.k esa)
g

 A circle is inscribed in ABC. Three tangents PQ, In Any Triangle

Ch

RS and TU are drawn of this circle PQ  AB, RS 

Ga

AC and TU  BC. Three other incircles are also  A

drawn as shown in figure find correct relation?
,d o`r f=kHkqt
ABC ds vanj cuk;k x;k gSA bl o`r dh rhu Li'kZ
js[kk,a
PQ, RS, vkSjTU bl izdkj [khaph tkrh gSPQ
fd  AB, I
D E
RS  AC vkSjTU  BC gSA rhu vfrfjDr vUr% o`r [khpsa tkrs  
gS tks fp=k eas n'kkZ, x, gSA lgh laca/ gS%  
 
A B C
r1 DE  BC
T U
DI = DB, IE = EC
BDI and CEI are isosceles triangles.
S Q
I = Incentre (I)
r
r2 r3 DE = BD + EC
C
B R P C
r = r1 + r2 + r3

21
 Geometry

Circumcentre and Orthocentre (ifjdsaæ vkSj yEcdsaæ)

Circumcentre (ifjdsUæ)  Circumradius (R) @ ifjf=kT;k

(R)
 Intersection point of all 3 perpendicular bisectors. A
lHkh3 yEc lef}Hkktdksa dk çfrPNsnu fcanqA

c R b
Circumcircle
A o
R
A A

r
R
B a a a C

Si
R 2 2

a a
O sin A =  R = 2 sin A
R 2R
R
B C

ap 

n
t
io
 Centre of circumcircle is called circumcentre (O) x
R = 2sin 
ra
at
ifjo`Ùk ds dsaæ dks ifjdsUæ
(O) dgk tkrk gS
ic

 Radius of circumcircle is called circumradius (R) a b c

R = 2sin A = 2sin B = 2sin C
ifjo`Ùk dh f=kT;k dks ifjf=kT;k
(R) dgk tkrk gSA
bl
P
Pu

 O is equidistant from all 3 vertex of ABC a b c

O, ABC ds lHkh
3 'kh"kks± ls lenwjLFk gS 
sin A
= sin B = sin C = 2R
on
an

 OA = OB = OC = R
1 2
pi

 Circumcentre may lie inside, outside or on the . Area of triangle () = bc sin A  sin A =
2 bc
ifjdsUæ vanj] ckgj ;k f=kHkqt ij fLFkr gks ldrk gSA
am

a abc abc
 O is the intersection point of all 3  bisectors of
g

R= 2 R = 4 or  = 4R
Ch

sides 2
bc
O lHkh3  Hkqtkvksa ds lef}Hkktd dk çfrPNsnu fcanq gS
Ga

Position of circumcentre (ifjdsaæ dh fLFkfr)

 BOC = 2A; AOB = 2C; AOC = 2B
A. Acute angle triangle (Inside the ) :

A
U;wu dks.k f=kHkqt
 ds vanj)
( %

 A
R
o
R
 2 2 R  o
R R
B C R
B C

BOC = 2 + 2 = 2 (+ ) = 2A OA = OB = OC = R

O = Circumcentre @ ifjdsUæ

22
 Geometry
B. Right angle triangle (Mid point of hypotenuse):- 41
ledks.k f=kHkqt (d.kZ dk eè; fcanq) R= = 20.5 cm
2

C 9  40  41
r= = 4 cm
2
 
BI (Distance between orthocentre and incentre)
= r 2 = 4 2 cm
 
A B
R O R BI (yEcdsUæ vkSj vUr%dsUæ ds chp=dh
r nwjh)
2 = 4 2
Circum centre
Distance between orthocentre and circumcentre
OA = OB = OC = R  BO = R = 20.5
yacdsanz vkSj ifjdsanz ds chp
dh
BOnwjh
= R = 20.5
AB
AB = Hypotenuse @ d.kZ
,R= BG (Distance between orthocentre and centroid)

r
2
2 + 2= 180º h 41 2
= 13 cm

Si
= =
+ = 90° 3 3 3

h 41 2
R=
Hypotenuse
=
H BG (yacdsUæ vkSj dsUæd ds chp dh
= nwjh)
= = 13
2 2 3 3 3
lseh
A
R
G Centroid
C.
ap Obtuse angle triangle (Outside triangle)
vf/d dks.k f=kHkqt (f=kHkqt ds ckgj)

n
O
t
R
io
ra
G
at
B C A
ic

o
Orthocentre
bl
P
Pu

BO = R = distance between orthocentre and

circumcentre = median of hypotenuse = B C
on


an

H For any triangle distance between incentre and

shortest median = circumcentre (d)
2
pi

BO = R = yEcdsUæ vkSj ifjdsUæ ds chp dh nwjh ¾ d.kZfdlh

dh Hkh izdkj ds f=kHkqt esa var%dsaæ vkSj ifjdsaæ
(d) ds ch
am

H d= R 2 – 2R·r
g

ekfè;dk ¾ lcls NksVh ekfè;dk

=
Ch

2 Where @ ;gka
Ga

BG : GO = 2 : 1
R  Circumradius @ ifjf=kT;k
GO  distance between centroid and
r  Inradius @ var%f=kT;k
R H
circumcentre = = d  zero
3 6
 R2 – 2Rr  O R2  2Rr R 2r
R H
GO  dsUæd vkSj ifjdsUæ ds chp dh
= nwjh
= R
3 6  2
r
Example (mnkgj.k) :
A R
  =2
 r min
Ex.  r = 6, R = 11.2 cm, find area of 
O
41 R 11.2
9 G  2 Here < 2 ; No  is possible.
r 6
I  Area cannot be determined.
B ({ks=kiQy fu/kZfjr ugha fd;k tk ldrk gS)
40 C

23
 Geometry
Orthocentre (yEcdsUæ)
 A
 Orthocentre (H) is intersection point of all there
altitude of a  and may lie inside, upon and outside

90
the .

°–

yEcdsUæ (H)  dh lHkh ÅapkbZ dk feyu fcanq gS
 ds
vkSj
vanj
;g  E
ckgj ;k 'kh"kZ ij fLFkr gks ldrk gSA F H


A
B 90°– C
D
C b
h2 E AH × HD = BH × HE = CH × HF
F h3
H AHE  BHD

r
AH HE
h1 =

Si
B C BH HD
D
a AH × HD = BH × HE
 Position of orthocentre (yEcdsUæ dh fLFkfr)
1 1 1
Area ABC = ah1 = bh2 = ch3 A. Acute angle triangle:- Always inside the
2 2 2

ap
triangle
ah1 = bh2 = ch3 = 2 × Area = Constant
A. U;wudks.k f=kHkqt%& lnSo f=kHkqt ds vanj gksrk gS
1 1 1 B. Right angle triangle (On 90° vertex):
h1 : h2 : h3 = : :
a b c
B. ledks.k f=kHkqt ( 'kh"kZ ij)%

n
90°
t
io
 AB + BC + CA > AD + BE + CF;
ra
AB > AD, BC > BE, AC > CF
at
A
AB + BC + AC > AD + BE + CF
ic

 BHC = 180° – A
bl
P

AHC = 180° – B Circumcentre

O
Pu

AHB = 180° – C
In Quad AFHE
on
an

F = E = 90° each B
C
Orthocentre
pi

A + °
H = 180° – A
am

AB  BC
BHC = 180° – A (V . opp. Angles)
g

OB = Distance between orthocentre and

@ yEcdsUæ
Ch

 H  Orthocentre
H
O  Circumcentre @ ifjdsUæ circumcentre = R =
Ga

H
OB = yEcdsUæ vkSj ifjdsUæ ds chp =
dhRnwjh
=
A 2
 Obtuse angle triangle (Outside triangle):-
  vf/ddks.k f=kHkqt (f=kHkqt ds ckgj)%&
180°–2
H A
o

90°–
B C
C
AOC = (90 – ) × 2 = 180 – 2 B
OAC = OCA = 
BAH = OAC
(Orthocentre)

24
 Geometry
Euler's line (;wyj dh js•k) h1h2 h1h2
 In any triangle H, G, O always in a straight line h1  h2 > h3 > h1  h2
fdlh Hkh f=kHkqt esaO ges'kk ,d lh/h js•k esa gksaxs
H, G,
A

A

  E
F
2
H AE = median
G H
O  
B C
1
B C AEF  ABC
D E

r
Midpoint of BC.  Interior angle of a cyclic quadrilateral is equal to
the opposite exterior angle.

Si
AE = median pØh; prqHkZqt dk vkarfjd dks.k foijhr ckgjh dks.k ds cjkcj g
E is mid point of BC. gSA
HG 2
=

ap
GO 1
AHG  EOG 
D C
HG 2 AH
= = 180–

n
GO 1 OE
t
 If h1, h2, h3 are 3 altitudes of a triangle io
ra
at
;fn h1, h2, h3 ,d f=kHkqt 3ds'kh"kZyac gSa 
A B
ic

h1h2 h1h2
bl

Then h  h < h3 < h  h

P

1 2 1 2
Pu

1 1 1 A
= ah1 = bh2 = ch3 
on

2 2 2
an
pi

2 2 2
a= h ,b= h ,c= h c h b
am

1 2 3
g
Ch

A B C
D
Ga

n circle of equal radii r are made on side 'BC'.

h2 b
c leku f=kT;k
r okysn o`Ùk
'BC' Hkqtk ij cuk, x, gSaA
h3 Area Δ ABC
h1 r = s + (n – 1)·h
B C
a s = semi-perimeter/(v/Zifjeki)
|a – b | < c < | a + b |

2 2 2 2 2
   
h1 h2 h3 h1 h2

h 2  h1 1 h  h1
  2
h1h 2 h3 h1h2

25
 Geometry

Centroid (dsUæd)

Centroid (dsUæd)
A
 Centroid is the intersection point of all 3 medians
of triangle. 2
dsUæd] f=kHkqt dh
3 ekfè;dkvksa
lHkh dk çfrPNsnu fcanq gSA
2 G
 Median divides the triangle into two equal areas.
Centroid
ekfè;dk f=kHkqt dks nks leku {ks=kksa esa foHkkftr djrh gSA 1
1
 Centroid always lies inside the triangle.

r
B D
dsanzd ges'kk f=kHkqt ds vanj fLFkr gksrk gSA

Si
A 2
AG = AD
3
1 1 1
F E
G GD = AD

ap
3
1 1
Apollonius theorem (viksyksfu;l çes;)
1 1
B C  To find length of median.
D

n
ekfè;dk dh yEckbZ Kkr djus ds fy,
t
 6 triangle made by 3 medians have equal area.
3 ekfè;dkvksa }kjk cuk,6 x, io
f=kHkqt dk {ks=kiQy cjkcj gksrk gSA A
ra
at
1
ic

 Area of each triangle= Area of ABC

6
bl
P
Pu

1
Area AGC = Area AGB = Area  BGC = Area
3 180–

ABC
on

B C
an

D
A
cos (180°–) = – cos 
pi
am

2  BC2 
AB2 + AC2 = 2  AD + 4 
 
g

G 2
Ch

2
 AB2 + AC2 = 2 (AD2 + BD2)
Ga

2  AB2 + AC2 = 2 (AD2 + CD2)

(as BD = CD)
B C Proof:-
 Centroid always divides median in the ratio 2 : 1.
cos (180°– ) = –cos
dsanzd ges'kk ekfè;dk
2 :dks
1 ds vuqikr esa foHkkftr djrk gSA AB2 = AD2 + BD2 – 2AD . BD cos
AC2 = AD2 + CD2 + 2AD . CD cos
A
AB2 + AC2 = 2 AD2 + BD2 + CD2
AB2 + AC2 = 2 (AD2 + BD2)
F 1 2 E
 A
1 G

1 1
B C F E
D G

AG BG CG 2
= = = B C
GD GE GF 1
D

26
 Geometry
2
 2 BC   A
AB2 + AC2 = 2  AD  4 
 

 2 AC2  F O E
2
AB + BC = 2 2
 BE  
 4  G

 2 AB2 
2 2
AC + BC = 2  CF   B C
 4  D

BC2 AC2 AO : OG : GD = 3 : 1 : 2
2 (AB2 + BC2 + AC2) = 2AD2 + + 2BE2 + +
2 2 BE and CF are medians.
AFE  ABC
AB2
2CF2 + Let AD = 6 unit

r
2
AG : GD = 2 : 1

Si
3 (AB2 + BC2 + CA2) = 4 (AD2 + BE2 + CF2)
AG = 4 unit and GD = 2 unit
AB2  BC2  CA 2 4
= 6
AD2  BE2  CF 2 3 F, E are mid points AO = OD = = 3 unit
2
AB + BC + CA 4 OG = AG – AO = 4 – 3 = 1 unit

ap
1< <
AD + BE + CF 3  AO : OG : GD = 3 : 1 : 2

 A 1
Area of  GEF = Area of ABC

n
12
t
io 
ra
G
at
B A
ic

C
bl

GB + GC > BC
P

1
Pu

GA + GC > AC F E
1
AG + BG > AB
G
on
an

2
AG = AD
pi

3 B C
D2
am

2
BG = BE
3
g

BC
EFG BCG EF =
Ch

2
2
Ga

CG = CF Side  1 : 2
3
2 (AG + BG + CG) > AB + BC + CA Area  1 : 4
Area ABC = Ar BGC × 3 = 4 × 3 = 12
2
2× (AD + BE + CF) > AB + BC + CA GEF 1
3
 =
4 (AD + BE + CF) > 3 (AB + BC + CA) ABC 12
 AB + AC > 2AD Area EFG = Area DFG = Area DEG = 1
AB + BC > 2BE  Area DEF = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3 unit
AC + BC > 2CF Area  DEF 3 1
2 (AB + BC + CA) > 2 (AD + BE + CF)  =
Area  ABC 12
=
4
 AB + BC + AC > AD + BE + CF  If two medians of a  intersect each other at 90°
AB + BC + AC ;fn  dh nks ekfè;dk,¡ ,d nwljs 90°
dksij çfrPNsn djrh gSa
 >1
AD + BE + CF

27
 Geometry

A 2
 AD = BC
3

3
F E  AD = BC = 1.5 BC
x G y AC 2
AB
2 90°
2 Right Angle Triangle (ledks.k f=kHkqt)
2y 2x
 A
B C
D

BE2 + CF2 = AD2 (AD = 3rd median) O Circumcentre

AB2 + AC2 = 5BC2

:1
2
AB2 G
x2 + 4y2 = C
4 B

r
AC2

Si
y2 + 4x2 = Orthocentre
4 AO = OC = OB = R
BO = Hypotenuse median = Shortest median
AB2  AC2
5 (x2 + y2) =
4 BO ¾ d.kZ dh ekfè;dk ¾ lcls NksVh ekfè;dk

ap
5 (4x2 + 4y2) = AB2 + AC2 H
 5BC2 = AB2 + AC2 (Property) =R=
2
 Special case in isosceles 
H H

n
lef}ckgq esa fo'ks"k ekeyk BG = , GO =
t
3 6
AB = AC BE = CF io
ra
 If D, E are two points on BC and AC respectively.
at
AB2 + AC2 = 5BC2
;fn D, E, BC vkSjAC ij fLFkr nks fcanq gSaA
ic

2AB2 = 5BC2 B
bl
P
Pu

2
 AB  5 AB 5
   =  =
 BC  2 BC 2
D
on
an

 A
pi

A
am

C E
AD2 = CD2 + CA2
g

G
Ch

BE2 = CE2 + BC2

2 2 2 2
Ga

CD  CE
  CA  BC
B D C AD2 + BE2 =  
2

2


DE AB
If AG = BC or AD = 1.5 BC 2
 AD + BE = DE + AB 2 2 2

BGC = 90° If D, E are mid points, AD and BE are medians,

Proof:- G AB
then DE = =R
2

AB
A B ;fn D, E eè; fcanq gSa]
AD vkSjBE ekfè;dk,¡ gSa]
DErks= =R
D 2

G = centroid AD2 + BE2 = DE2 + AB2

AD = AG + GD AB2
AD2 + BE2 = + AB2
BGC = 90° 4
AG 2 5AB2
 by centroid property and AD is median AD2 + BE2 =
GD 1 4
Hence, AG = BC 4 (AD2 + BE2) = 5AB2

28
 Geometry
AB = 2R 
 r1 =
5 Sa
AD2 + BE2 = × 4R2
4

 AD2 + BE2 = 5 × R2 r2 =
Sb
AD2 + BE2 = 5R2

4 r3 =
 Area of ABC = × Area of triangle made by using Sc
3
length of all 3 medians. A
 BO1C = 90° –
2
4
ABC dk {ks=kiQy
= × lHkh3 ekfè;dkvksa dh yackbZ dk mi;ksx
3 rs s (s  b)(s  c)
 r1 = 
djds cuk;k x;k f=kHkqt dk {ks=kiQyA sa sa

r
Example (mnkgj.k) : a bc
Where, s =

Si
Length of 3 medians 15, 36, 39. Then find the area 2
of triangle ABC.
 r1 r 2 + r 2 r 3 + r 3 + r 3 r 1 = s 2
3 ekfè;dkvksa dh yackbZ
15, 36, 39 gS rks f=kHkqt
ABC dk {ks=kiQy
 If we make incircle in  ABC with radius. r then r
Kkr djsA


ap
Area of triangle made by 15, 36, 39 (triplets) =
S
1 
=
2
× 15 × 36 = 270 ;fn ge f=kT;k
r ds lkFk  ABC esa o`Ùk cukrs rgSaA
=
S
rks

n
t
4 1 
io
Area of ABC (main ) = 3   2  15  36  = 360 cm2     4
ra
r · r 1 · r 2 · r3 = · · · = 2
at
  S Sa Sb S–c 
ic

 A r · r1 · r2 · r3 = 2
bl
P

Area () of ABC = r.r1r2r3

Pu

E
F Example (mnkgj.k) :
G
on
an

13 15
pi

C
B D 14
am

AC
r
g

BE = R =
Ch

2
AD2 + CF2 = 5.R2
Ga

AG2 + CG2 = 5BG2 Find r = ?

Exocentre (ckádsaæ)  = 84 cm2, S = 21

84
 r= = 12 cm
21  14

A O2
r2
O3
r3 c b
a
B C
r1

O1

29
 Geometry

Equilateral triangle (leckgq f=kHkqt)

(leckgq f=kdks.k)
Equilateral Triangle  Circumcircle Side of In radius
radius equilqteral 
 All sides are equal. @ lHkh Hkqtk,¡ leku gSaA
  
A
R : a : r
2 : 2 3 (Let) : 1
30° 30°
R a a Area  4 : 3 3 : 
R2

r
I, O, G, H  Circum circle : Triangle : Incircle : Square
O
ifjo`Ùk % f=kHkqt % var%o`Ùk % oxZ

Si
r
60° 60° Area  4 : :  : 2
B C 3 3
a D a
2 2
A
AD  median, angle bisector, altitude,  bisector

of ABC =

AD  ABC
3
2
a

dh ekfè;dk] dks.k f}Hkktd] Å¡pkbZ]

 f}Hkktd
ap a a

n
t
B C
io
3 a
¾ a
ra
at
2
ADB  ADC
 Circle(o`Ùk)
: Square(oxZ)
ic
bl

3 3 2 A   : 2 or 11 : 7
h= a Area = a
P

2 4
Pu

All centre lies at same point. A B

lHkh dsaæ ,d gh fcanq ij fLFkr gSa

on
an

a
pi

2
Circumradius (R) = , R= h,
3 3
am

D C
a 1
g

Inradius (r) = , r= h
2 3
Ch

3
  ABC is an equilateral.  ABC,d leckgq gSA
Ga

R 2 Area of circumcircle 4
= = A
r 1 Area of incircle 1
60°
3
 All 3 medians @ lHkh
3 ekfè;dk,¡= a = Height
2 S R

 Side @ HkqtkHeight @ ÅapkbZArea @ {ks=k a a a

  
60° 60°
B P a Q C
3 3 2
a a a
2 4
 2 
2 cm 3 cm 3 cm
2 Side of Equilateral = a 1  
 3
2
2k 3 k 3k Side of Equilateral   Side of Square
28 cm 14 3 196 3 leckgq dh Hkqtk % oxZ dh Hkqtk

6 6 3 ·3 6  9 2 
3· 3 6 
2
 54 3
 3 2   3

30
 Geometry
Isosceles Triangle (lef}ckgq f=kdks.k)  The triangle formed by joining the mid-point of
 Triangle in which any two sides are equal. an isosceles triangle is also an isosceles .
og f=kHkqt ftldh dksbZ Hkh nks Hkqtk,¡ cjkcj gksaA fdlh lef}ckgq ds eè; fcanqvksaa dks feykdj
 Hkh
fcuklef}ckgq
A f=kHkqt gksrk gSaA
PQ = PR ST = TU
 
A
a I a
H
G V U
O

B C B C
b D b T
2 2

r
b Isosceles Right Angle Triangle
AB = AC (lef}ckgq ledks.k f=kHkqt)

Si
All 4 centre lies on line AD.
lHkh4 dsaæ js•k
AD ij fLFkr gSa 
45° H
2 2 2
b 4a  b 1 2

ap
AD = a2  = = Height
4 2 H
2
b 45°
Area = 4a 2  b2
4

n
1 H
t
Ex:- Find area 17, 17, 16 side
io 2
ra
at
A
ic

1 H H H2
Area = × × =
bl

2 2 2 4
17 17
P

15
Pu

Perimeter @ ifjeki= H  
2 1
B C
8 8
on

16
an
pi

Area of  ABC = 15 × 8 = 120 cm2

am
g
Ch
Ga

31
 Geometry

Right angle Triangle (ledks.k f=kHkqt)

Right Angle Triangle (ledks.k f=kHkqt) How to Find Triplet? (f=kfefr @ f=kd dSls •kstsa\)
 Triangle in which one angle is 90º.  Odd number @ fo"ke la[;k
f=kHkqt ftlesa ,d dks.k
90º dk gksrk gSA
2 4
 Right angle triangle is inscribed in a semi-circle. 3 3 =9
5 (3, 4, 5)
ledks.k f=kHkqt ,d v/Zo`Ùk esa cuk gqvk gksrk gSA 2
no. (no.)
Make two factors at a diff. of 1.

r
Si
P H = 2R 12 84
5 52 = 25 13 169
r I 13 85

2r  Even number @ le la[;k

ap
B
Orthocentre 2
15
8
8 2 = 32
17 (8, 15, 17)
P BH

n
r= no. (no.) 2
t
2
io 2
ra
2r = P + B – H
at
Break in two parts at the diff. of 2.
2r + H = P + B
ic

2r + 2R = P + B
36= 18 8
bl

2r + 2R = P + B 6 2 (6, 8, 10)
P

10
Pu

P+B
r+R=
2 P BH (P  B  H)
on


an

r= = –H
2 2
H
pi

R = BO = Shortest median = r = S – H = S – 2R S = r + 2R

2
am

A
g
Ch

R
Ga

O Circumcentre H
:1 R
2 G P
R
B C

Orthocentre B

2 H =r·S
BG = R=
3 3
= S (S – 2R) Put r = S – 2R
R H  = r · S = r (r + 2R) = r2 + 2rR
GO = =
3 6
Put S = r + 2R
 Area of right angle triangle 

1
PB = r × S = S(S – 2R) = r2 + 2rR.
2

32
 Geometry
A ABD ~ BDC
x BD AD
 =  BD2 = AD × CD
x CD BD
D
AB × BC
r y BD =
AC
r r
Maximum Area of a Square Inscribed in a Triangle
B
r y C (,d f=kHkqt esa vafdr ,d oxZ dk vf/dre {ks=kiQy)
Area of  ABC = x × y xy
s=r+x+y  Side of square (a) = x + y
= r · (r + x + y) = xy
ABC  ASR
(x + r)2 + (y + r)2 = (x + y)2 A
x2 + r2 + 2rx + y2 + r2 + 2yr = x2 + y2 + 2xy

r
2r (r + x + y) = 2xy  r (r + x + y) = xy

Si
A y-a
 S R
y
90
-

D a a a
b c

C

90-
p


ap B

a y a
P
x
Q C

n
a B = y
t
x
ACB  CDB  ADC
io
ra
ay = xy – ax
at
1 1 ab
ab = c.p p = a (x + y) = xy
ic

2 2 c
 Maximum size square inside right angle .
bl

B
P

1 c 1 c 1 a b 2 2 2
Pu

p
=  2 = 2 2  2 =
p p
ab a b a 2 b2
c
on

1 1 1 a
an

 p2 = 2 + 2
a b x
pi

x
am

C A
 A b
g

ab
90

Ch

Side of square (x) =

-

D a+b
Ga

 B


90- 
B C
p c
a y
AB AD
ADB  ABC  =
AC AB
C A
AB2 = AD × AC b
c = hypotenuse
BC CD p = length of perpendicular
BDC  ABC  =
AC BC y = Side of square
BC2 = CD × AC ab
cp c
y= cp = c = abc
AB2 AD ab c2  ab
2 = c
BC CD c

33
 Geometry
abc
Area of shaded part = Area of  ABC
Side of square (y) =
a 2 + b2 + ab
,x>y Nk;kafdr Hkkx dk {ks=kiQy
 ABC ¾
dk {ks=kiQy
 AP = x and QC = y x2 + y2 = z2
Shaded part @ Nk;kafdr Hkkx

Side of square @ oxZ dk Hkqtk
= a = xy
ASP  RCQ A

a y B 2y C 2z
= a = xy + 2x + –
x a
A
B C
x

x 2 y 2 z 2
P = ABC +  

r
2 2 2
 a

Si
a Q  2  2
= ABC + z  z = ABC
S 2 2
a a y
 Area of shaded part = Area of ABC
90- 
B C
R
 A

2x
2z ap
n
t
io
2y
C
ra
B
at
ic
bl
P
Pu
on
an
pi
am
g
Ch
Ga

34
 Geometry

Square and Rectangle (oxZ vkSj vk;r)

Square (oxZ)  Area of circle : Area of square

 A closed figure with all 4 sides equal and all angles o`Ùk dk {ks=kiQy
% oxZ dk {ks=kiQy
90º.
,d can vkÑfr ftldh pkjksa Hkqtk,¡ cjkcj gksa vkSj90º
lHkh dks.k
1
gksa
a
D a C 1
45° 45°

r
45° 45° a
90°

Si
O
(2)2
a 90° 90° a  (1)2 :
2
90°  : 2
45° 45° 11 : 7

ap
45° 45°  P, Q, R, S are mid points of sides of square. PQRS
A a B
is also a square.
d2
 Area @ {ks=k
= a2 = oxZABCD dh Hkqtkvksa ds eè; fcanq
P, Q, R, S PQRSgSa]
Hkh ,d
2
oxZ gksxkA

n
t
@ ifjeki= 4a
 Perimeter
io D R C
ra
at
 Diagonal bisect the vertex angle.
fod.kZ 'kh"kZ dks.k dks lef}Hkkftr djrk gS
ic

1 1
S Q
bl

 AC = a 2 = BD
P

1 1
Pu

AC BD
 AO = BO = CO = DO = =
2 2 A B
P
on
an

 Diagonal bisect each other at 90°

Area of ABCD
Area of PQRS =
fod.kZ ,d nwljs dks
90° ij lef}Hkkftr djrs gSa
pi

2

am

 DOC  AOB  AOD  BOC

D C
g
Ch

R
r
Ga

A a B
a
• Radius of incircle @ var%o`Ùk dh=f=kT;k
r= Bigger : Outer : Medium : Medium : Small : Small
2
a circle square circle square circle square
d
• Radius of circum-circle = R= = (cM+k o`r)
:(ckgjh oxZ)
:(eè;e o`r) :(eè;e oxZ):(NksVk o`r)
:(NksVk
2 2
d a oxZ)
ifjo`Ùk dh f=kT;k
= R= =
2 Area 8 : 16 : 4 : 8 : 2 : 4...
2
R 2
= 1 1 1 1
r 1 2 2 2 2
Area of circumcricle 2 or
=
Area of incircle 1  88 : 56 : 44 : 28 : 22 : 14 ......
 Largest square inscribed in semi-circle 

35
 Geometry
v/Zo`Ùk esa cuk gqvk lcls cM+k
 oxZ Perimeter = 2 (l + b)
Diagonal do not bisect vertex angle.
fod.kZ 'kh"kZ dks.k dks lef}Hkkftr ugha djrk gSA
r AC = BD =
a l 2  b2
ABC  CDA
o
AC BD
AO = OC = BO = DO = =
2 2
a2  Diagonals bisect each other but not at 90°
a2  = r2
4 fod.kZ ,d nwljs dks lef}Hkkftr djrs gSa90°
ysfdu
ij ugha
5 2 4  DOC  BOA and AOD  COB
a = r2  a2 = r2
4 5  BO is median of ABC  Ar AOB = Ar BOC

r
 Similarly Ar AOB = Ar BOC = Ar COD = Ar AOD
2

Si
a= r  In square/rectangle/parallelogram/rhombus
5
ABCD
 P, Q, R, S are mid points of respective sides.
oxZ@vk;r@lekarj prqHkZqt@leprqHkZqt
ABCD esa
P, Q, R, S lacaf/r Hkqtkvksa ds eè; fcanq gSaA

ap
D P C
D R C
x y
4

n
b b
t
2
S Q
io z
ra
at
o 3 A B
ic

1 l
A
bl

B
P
P
Pu

1
l  b
ABCD  Square/Rectangle Area  APB 2 1
= =
on

Area  ABCD lb 2

an

1
Area (1 + 2) = Area (3 + 4) = Area ABCD
2
pi

Shaded Area 1
 =  Area (x + y) = Area z
Rectangle (vk;r) Area ABCD 2
am

 A type of quadrilateral and all the four vertex British Flag Theorem (For Square/Rectnagle)
g

(fczfV'k èot çes; (oxZ@vk;r ds fy,)

Ch

angles are equal to 90º.

,d çdkj dk prqHkZqt ftldh foijhr Hkqtk,¡ ,d nwljs ds cjkcj vkSjD
Ga

 C
lekaUrj gksrh gSa vkSj pkjksa
90º ds 'kh"kZ
cjkcj gksrs gSaA y
P
D l C z w
x
 
 1  A Z W B

Note  AC and BD are not diagonals.

b 1 1 b
o uksVAC vkSjBD fod.kZ ugha gSaA
 P is any point inside @P vanj dksbZ fcanq gS
 1 
  PA2 + PC2 = PB2 + PD2
A l B x2 + z2 + w2 + y2 = x2 + w2 + y2 + z2

In which opposide side are equal and parallel to

each other.
Area = Length × breadth = l × b

36
 Geometry

Parallelogram/Rhombus/Trapezium
leprqHkqZtleyac
(lekarj prqHkZqt@ @ )

Parallelogram (lekarj prqHkZqt)  Area of all 4 triangle is same.

 It is a quadrilateral with opposite sides equal and lHkh4f=kHkqt dk {ks=kiQy leku gSA
parallel.
1
;g ,d prqHkZqt gS ftldh foijhr Hkqtk,¡ cjkcj vkSj lekUrj gSaA
i.e., Ar AOB = Ar BOC = Ar COD = Ar DOA =
4

D C
Ar ABCD

180-  d12 = a2 + b2 – 2ab cos (180° – ) = a2 + b2 + 2ab cos 

r
d22 = a2 + b2 – 2ab cos   d1 > d2

Si
 180- d12 + d 22 = 2 (a2 + b2)
A B
 Area of Parallelogram @ lekUrj prqHkqZt dk {ks=kiQy %
 AB  CD and BC  AD

ap
D a C
 A = C, B = D
 Angle ratio @ dks.k vuqikr
x:y:x:y h2
 Opposite angles are equal b b

n
t
lEeq• dks.k cjkcj gksrs gSa
io h1
ra
 Sum of two adjacent angles is 180°
at
A B
nks vklUu dks.kksa 180°
dk ;ksx
gksrk gS a
ic

 AB = CD and BC = AD
bl

Area of Parallelogram = ab sin 

P

 ABC  CDA
Pu

1
 Diagonal @ fod.kZ
AC  BD Ar of ABD = ab sin  = Ar BDC
2
on
an

  ,   r 1
 Ar of Parallelogram = 2 × ab sin  = ab sin 
pi

 Opposite 's are congruent 2

foijhr  lok±xle gSa
am

Ar of Parallelogram = Base × Height  ah1 = bh2

g

D a a h2
Ch

C
   = h
 1 d1  b 1
Ga

d2
b 1 O  P is any point @P dksbZ fcanq gS
1
b
 D a C
1 
A  
a B y
z P w
COD  AOB b b
h2
AOD  COB
x h1
BD A a B
 BO = DO =
2
1
AC Area (x + y) = Area (z + w) = Area of Parallelogram
AO = CO = 2
2
ABCD
 Diagonal bisect each other but not at 90°.
fod.kZ ijLij lef}Hkkftr djrs gSa ysfdu
90° ij ughaA 1 1
ah1 = bh2
2 2

37
 Geometry
 D P C D C
d2
x y
2 d1
2
z
O a
d2
d1 2
A B 2
1 A a B
Ar APB = Area ABCD
2
d12 d22
 = a2
1 4 4
Ar (x + y) = Ar(z) = Area ABCD
2 d12 + d 22 = 4a2
 D Q C 1
a   d12  d22

r
2

Si
1 d1 d2
P Area BOC =  
2 2 2
1 d1 d2 d1 × d2
Area of rhombus = 4    =
2 2 2 2
A B

ap
Perimeter = 4a
Ar  APQ 3 Kites
=
Ar ABCD 8
 A kite has 2 distinct pairs of equal adjacent sides
Rhombus (leprqHkqZt) (Here AB = AD, CB = CD)

n
t
 Rhombus is a type of parallelogram with all sides
io
,d iarx esa leku vklUu Hkqtkvksa
2 vyx&vyx
ds tksM+s gksrs gS
ra
(;gkaAB = AD, CB = CD)
at
equal and diagonals bisect each other at 90º
leprqHkqZt ,d çdkj dk lekarj prqHkZqt gS ftldh lHkh Hkqtk,¡ leku
ic

 Diagonals cut at 90 (AC  BD)

gksrh gSa vkSj fod.kZ ,d nwljs
90º ijdks
dkVrs gSA fod.kZ90 ij dVs (AC  BD)
bl
P

D a C
Pu

 One of the diagonals bisects the other (AC bisects


180-  BD ; BO = OD)/,d fod.kZ nwljs dks lef}Hkkftr djrk
(AC,gS

on

BD dks lef}Hkkftr djrk gS_

an

BO = OD)
O Perimeter/ifjeki = 2(a + b)
pi

a 
a
am


1 1
 180-  Area = × AC × BD = × d1 × d2

g

2 2
Ch

A a B
 Area = ab sin [ABC = ADC]
 All sides are equal @ lHkh Hkqtk,¡ leku gSa
Ga

 A = C and B = D A
 Diagonal bisect vertex angle. 
b b
fod.kZ 'kh"kZ dks.k dks lef}Hkkftr djrs gSA O
B 90° 90° D
 Diagonal bisect rhombus into two equal areas.
fod.kZ leprqHkZqt dks nks cjkcj {ks=kiQyksa esa foHkkftr djrk gSA a a

 AC  BD
C
 All 4 made by two diagonals are congruent.
nks fod.kks± }kjk cuk, x,4lHkh
lokZaxle gksrs gSaA  If ABC = ADC = 90, the kite ABCD is cylic
quadrilateral.
AC BD
 AO = OC = and BO = OD = ;fn ABC = ADC = 90 gS] rks iraxABCD ,d pØh;
2 2
 Diagonal bisect each other at 90°. prqHkqZt gSA
fod.kZ ijLij90° ij lef}Hkkftr djrs gSaA  AC = diameter of the circle/o`Ùk dk O;kl
 2( + a) = 180 + a = 90

38
 Geometry
 If a = b (i.e. AB = BC) then kite becomes rhombus. 2 2
ma  nb
;fn a = b (vFkkZr~
AB = BC) rks irax leprqHkqZt cu tkrh gSAPQ = mn
Figure Made After Joining Mid Points
(eè; fcUnqvksa dks tksM+us ds ckn cukbZ xbZ vkÑfr) a 2  b2
If m : n = 1 : 1 Then / PQ =
 Scalene quadrilateral  Parallelogram 2
(fo"keckgq prqHkZqt) (lekarj prqHkZqt
)
 b
Square @ oxZ  Square @ oxZ D C

Rectangle @ vk;r  Rhombus @ leprqHkqZt

Rhombus @ leprqHkqZt  Rectangle @ vk;r c O d
Trapezium (leyac prqHkqZt)
 It is a quadrilateral with one pair of parallel d1 d2

r
opposite sides. The parallel sides of a trapezium A a B
is called bases and non-parallel sides are called

Si
legs. d12 + d22 = c2 + d2 + 2ab
lekukarj foijhr Hkqtkvksa dh ,d tksM+h ds lkFk ,d prqHkZqt gSA ,d
1
leyac dh lekukarj Hkqtkvksa dks vkèkkj dgk tkrk gS vkSj
xSj&lekukarj
Area of trapezium / ABCD = × (a + b) × h
2
Hkqtkvksa dks iSj dgk tkrk gSA
AB CD
If AD = BC then it is called isosceles trapezium.
;fn AD = BC gks rks mls lef}ckgq leyac prqHkqZt dgrs gSaA
ap
 D b C

n
t
io
h
ra
D C
at
 
ic

A a B
O
bl

P Q
P

A1 B1 AOB  COD
Pu

Area / AOD = Ar BOC

 
on


an

A B D C
x
pi

If A1 B1 are mid point of diagonal:-

k k
am

AB  CD O
A1B1 =
g

2 y
Ch

AC  BD
Ga

AOB  COD A B

AB + CD k×k=x×y
PQ =
2
k= xy
 M and N are the area of quadrilateral.
b  b
D C D C
m m
m
P Q :P Q:

n n n

A a B A a B

Area DCQP m ma  nb
= PQ =
Area PQBA n mn

39
 Geometry
Isosceles Trapezium (lef}ckgq leyac prqHkqZt) ba
AP = QB =
 D C 2
180- APD  BQC
180-
O Shift  ADP near BQC trapezium converted to
rectangle.

   ADP dksBQC ds ikl f'kÝV djus ijleyEc vk;r esa

A B ifjofrZr gks tkrk gSA
AB CD ; AD = BC
A + C = B + D = 180º C/A
D p1
 Each isosceles trapezium is a cyclic
quadrilateral .
 çR;sd lef}ckgq leyac prqHkqZt ,d pØh; prqHkZqt gksrk gSA

r
or if a trapezium is inscribed in a circle it must
be a isosceles trapezium.

Si
P Q B/D
;k ;fn ,d leyac ,d o`r esa cuk gqvk gS rks ;g ,d lef}ckgq
leyac gksuk pkfg,A
AC = BD
a

ap
D C

 

n
t
io
ra
 
at
A P a Q B
ic

b
bl
P
Pu
on
an
pi
am
g
Ch
Ga

40
 Geometry

Circle (o`Ùk)

Circle (o`Ùk)
 Circle  A round plane figure whose boundary
M Acute angle
consists of points equidistant from a fixed point  Major arc AB
(the centre).
Major segment AMB
o`Ùk
 fdlh ,d fuf'pr fcUnq ls leku nwjh ij fLFkfr fcUnqvksa dk
fcUnqiFk o`Ùk dgykrk gSA ;g fuf'pr fcUnq o`r dk dsanz dgykrkA
gSA
B
Chord  line touches circumference of circle at  Minor segment AOB

r
two points. Obtuse angle
O
thok tks js•k o`Ùk dh ifjf/ dks nks fcUnqvksa ij Li'kZ djrhMinor
gSA arc AB

Si
Tangent Line (Li'kZjs•k)
 A line that touches the circle at only one point is
A B

ap
known as tangent of the circle.
C D
,d js•k tks o`Ùk dks dsoy ,d fcanq ij Li'kZ djrh gS] o`Ùk dh L
AB > CD js•k dgykrh gSA The
Greater chord is near the centre. OPQ = 90°

n
t
cM+h thok dsaæ ds ikl gksrh gSA
io If PQ is tangent to the circle then OP  PQ
ra
at
Radius  It is a straight line from the centre to i.e., radius  PQ
the circumference of the circle.
ic

f=kT;k
 dasnz vkSj o`r dh ifjf/ ds fdlh Hkh fcanq ds chp dh nwjh o`r
bl
P

dh f=kT;k dgykrh gSA

Pu

PQ = radius of circle @ o`Ùk dh f=kT;k =r O

Diameter/O;kl
on
an

r
 The chord across a circle through the center is
pi

called the diameter. Q

P
am

o`Ùk ds dsanz ls xqtjus okyh thok O;kl dgykrh gSA

g

 The lengths of two tangents, drawn from an

Arc/pki
Ch

external point to a circle, are equal.

Ga

 A continuous piece of a circle is called an arc of fdlh ckg~; fcanq ls o`Ùk ij [khaph xbZ nks Li'kZ js[kkvksa dh
the circle.
gksrh gSA
fdlh o`Ùk dk ,d lrr VqdM+k o`Ùk dk pki dgykrk gSA
 P P

r A O

Q i.e. AP = AQ.
Area @ {ks=k
= r2  When tangents drawn from an external point to a
circle
Circumference @ ifjf/ = 2r
PQ = diameter = biggest chord of circle. fdlh ckg~; fcUnq ls o`Ùk ij [khph xbZ Li'kZ js[kk,a
PQ = O;kl ¾ o`Ùk dh lcls cM+h thokA (a) Tangents are equal in length

41
 Geometry
Li'kZ js[kkvksa dh yackbZ leku gksrh gSA A C
(b) QPO = OPR
(c) QOP = POR
 
PQ QS O
(d) QO  SO
B D
(e) PQO  PRO
 Equal chords of a circle are equidistant from the
centre.
Q fdlh o`Ùk dh leku thok,a dasnz ls lenwjLFk gksrh gSA

O P A C
S

r
X Y
R
O

Si
Secant Line (Nsnd js[kk) B D
 A straight line that intersects a circle in two points i.e. if AB = CD, OX  AB and OY  CD, then OX = OY.
is called secant line of circle.
Or if OX = OY, OX  AB and OY  CD then AB = CD

js•k dgykrh gSA

ap
,d lh/h js•k tks ,d o`Ùk dks nks fcanqvksa ij dkVrh gS] o`Ùk
 dh Nsnd
If two chords AB and AC of a circle are equal, then
the bisector of BAC passes through the centre O
of the circle.

n
1 = 2 ;fn fdlh o`Ùk dh nks thok,a
AB vkSjAC leku gSA rc
t
P io BAC dk dks.k lef}Hkktd o`Ùk ds
O dsanz
ls xqtjsxhA
 1 = 2
ra
at
ic

B Secant PBA B
bl
P
Pu

A 1
O
A D
on

1
an

 A perpendicular drawn from the centre of a circle

to a chord bisects the chord. @ ,d o`Ùk ds dsaæ ls thok ij
pi

Mkyk x;k yac thok dks lef}Hkkftr djrk gSA

am

C
OC  AB  AC = BC
g
Ch

or If AC = BC then OC  AB  Angle made by an arc on centre is double the angle

made by the same arc on the circumference of
Ga

centre.
fdlh pki }kjk dsaæ ij cuk;k x;k dks.k mlh pki }kjk dsaæ dh ifjf
O ij cuk, x, dks.k dk nqxquk gksrk gSA
r r

A c B
2
O O
2
 1. Equal chords are equidistant from the centre. A B A B
leku thok,¡ dsaæ ls lenwjLFk gksrh gSaA 

2. Equal chords make equal angle at the centre.  Angle made by an arc on same side of circle are
leku thok,¡ dsaæ ij leku dks.k cukrh gSaA equal.
If AB = CD then AOB = COD ,d pki }kjk o`Ùk ds ,d gh vksj cus dks.k cjkcj gksrs gSaA
or if AOB = COD then AB = CD

42
 Geometry

 A

 
180-
C O D  P
 
A B 90– 90+
2 2

 B

 Angle made in semi-circle is right angle.

v/Zo`Ùk esa cuk dks.k ledks.k gksrk gSA ADB = 90° +

2

r

ACB = 90° –
2

Si
A B APB = 
O

 A


 Angle made in quarter circle is 135°.

pkSFkkbZ o`Ùk esa135°
cukdk
dks.k
gksrk gSA ap P

n
t
180°–(+) 
io B
ra
at
135°
ic

 AB and CD two chords cuts each other internally

bl

270° at point P. Then 

P

AB vkSjCD nks thok,a vkarfjd :i ls fcanq

P ij dkVrh gSaA
fiQj
Pu

AOD  BOC
on

Alternate Segment Theorem (,dkarj o`Ùk[kaM çes;) APD = BPC =

an

2
pi

 Angle made by a chord and tangent is equal to the APC = 180° – APD
angle made by the chord in other segment of the
am

A
circle.
g

,d thok vkSj Li'kZjs•k }kjk cuk;k x;k dks.k thok }kjk o`Ùk ds nwljs
Ch

O D
•aM esa cuk, x, dks.k ds cjkcj gksrk gSA
Ga

B P
 C
B
-

O
90

 AB and CD two chords cuts each other externally

at point P. Then 
AB vkSjCD nks thok,a ckár% P
fcanq
ij dkVrh gSaAfiQj
-


90

P
A 
B APC = BPD =
2

A
B
 O
  P

A D
C

43
 Geometry
 
 COD = 90 
2 R1
R2
AOB R3
COD = C1 M
2 C2 C3

A
90°- 
C 2
R1, R2, R3 are always in GP/;fn R1, R2, R3 xq.kksÙkj Js.kh
O E  P esa gksA
R2 = R1 × R 3


D
B R3
R2

r
R1 
C1
 Perimeter of PCD @PCD dh ifj eki= 2PA = 2PB C2 C3 

Si
A
C
1  sin  r1 r2
 

ap
1  sin  r2 r3  r2  r / r3
E P
 If a circle is inscribed in a quadrilateral or a
D quadrilateral is circumscribing a circle.

n
B
;fn ,d o`Ùk ,d prqHkZqt esa cuk gqvk gS ;k ,d prqHkZqt ,d o
t
io ifjxr gSA
ra
at
PC + CE + ED + PD
D z R
PC + CA + BD + PD y
ic

z C
bl

PA + PB y
P
Pu

2PA or 2PB (  PA = PB)

S Q
 A
on
an

D
B w x
pi

A w x B
am

C P
AB + CD = BC + AD
g

 Two chords AB and CD cuts each other at point P

Ch

internally.
Ga

AD = BD = CD nks thok,¡
AB vkSjCD ,d nwljs dks fcanq
P ij vkarfjd :i ls
ACB = 90° dkVrh gSa
PA × PB = PC × PD
 B PB PD
A =
r2 PC PA
r1
P 
r
 O1 1 r2 O2
C A C
D
 P 
O1O2 = r1 + r2  

r1 1  sin  D B

r2 1  sin 
 Two chords AB and CD cuts each other at point P.
nks thok,¡
AB vkSjCD ,d nwljs dks fcanq
P ij dkVrh gSaA
PB×PA = PD×PC

44
 Geometry
A  When two circles touch each other externally and
B common tangent is given 
tc nks o`Ùk ,d nwljs dks cká :i ls Li'kZ djrs gSa vkSj mHk;fu"B
P
js•k nh tkrh gS

D PAC  PBD
C A
D
 From an external point a secant and tangent is
drawn. Then  
 P
,d ckgjh fcanq ls ,d Nsnd vkSj Li'kZjs•k •haph tkrh
gSA fiQj
PT2 = PB × PA  

B
T C


r
PA PC
=
PB PD

Si
 Two circles intersect each other at two distinct
 points and two common tangents are given then 
A P
B
nks o`Ùk ,d nwljs dks nks fHkUu fcanqvksa ij çfrPNsn djrs g
 TPB  APT
mHk;fu"B Li'kZ js•k,¡ nh xbZ gSa

ap
PB PT
 AB = CD
PT PA
A R
 When a circle is drawn between two parallel lines B
P

n
and a tangent is given intersecting these two
t
parallel lines.
io
ra
tc nks lekukarj js•kvksa ds chp ,d o`Ùk •hapk tkrk gS vkSj bu nks
at
lekukarj js•kvksa dks dkVrh gqbZ ,d Li'kZ js•k nh tkrh gSA Q
ic

COD = 90° C S D
bl
P

2 + 2 = 180° RS2 = AB2 + PQ2

Pu

 +  = 90°  AB × AC + AE × DE = AE2
A
on

r=
an

ab
A a C
pi

 
am

r a
 
g

O  B C
Ch

D 
 E
r
Ga

b E
ABD  AEC
B b D
 When two circle touch each other internally and AD AB
common tangent is given  =
AC AE
tc nks o`Ùk ,d nwljs dks vkarfjd :i ls Li'kZ djrs gSa vkSj mHk;fu"B
 AB×AC = AD × AE
Li'kZjs•k nh tkrhgS Proof:-
PAC  PBD AEB ~ ACD by (AA)
B
AE AB
 A  AE × AD = AB × AC
AC AD
   AB × AC + AE × DC = L.H.S
P
   AE × AD + AE × DE AE (AD + DE)
 C AE = AD + DE
D AE × AE AE2
Hence, L.H.S = R.H.S prooved
PA PC
= AB × AC + AC × DE = AE2
PB PD

45
 Geometry
 If two chords intersect each other at 90°. Maximum common tangent = 1
;fn nks thok,¡ ,d nwljs 90°
dks ij çfrPNsn djrh gSaA vf/dre mHk;fu"V Li'kZjs•k
=1
A
A a
x+y
2
O x O O1 O2 r2 P
x-y r r1
z 2 w
C D C y P D
z+w
b 2
B  If two circles do not touch each other, there can
B
AP = x BP = y PD = w be maximum 4 common tangents.
CP = z BC = b AD = a Direct common tangent = 2

r
Transverse common tangent = 2.
x 2  y2  z 2  w2
r= tc nks o`r vkil eas Li'kZ ugha djrs rks mudh vf/dre
4 Li'kZ

Si
2
js[kk,a gks ldrh gSA
x×y=z×w
A
2 2
z  w  x y  P B
r2 =   + 
 2   2  S

r2 =
z 2  w 2  2zw  x 2  y 2  2xy
4 ap R Q

n
t
C D
r=
x 2  y2  z 2  w2
=
a 2  b2
io DCT = AB & CD
ra
at
2 2 TCT = PQ & RS
Externally Touch (cká Li'kZ)
ic

Maximum common tangent = 4

 vf/dre mHk;fu"B Li'kZjs•k
bl

When two circles touch each other externally. =4

P

Then distance between their centres is sum of

Intersecting circles @ (izfrPNsnh o`Ùk)
Pu


their radii.
tc nks o`r ,d nwljs dks ckÞ; Li'kZ djrs gS rks muds dasnzksa dh chp
on

A
an

dh nwjh mudh f=kT;kvksa dk ;ksx gksrh gSA

pi

A
E
am

B
g
Ch

O1 B
r1 P r1 O2
AB  common chord @ mHk;fu"B thok
Ga

Maximum common tangent = 2

C F D
vf/dre mHk;fu"B Li'kZjs•k
2 ¾
O1PO2  straight line @ lh/h js•k  If one circle is made inside other circle and they
Maximum common tangent = 3 do not touch each other then no common tangent
vf/dre mHk;fu"B Li'kZjs•k
=3 is possible.
AB = CD = EF ;fn ,d o`Ùk nwljs o`Ùk ds vanj cuk;k tkrk gS vkSj os ,d nwlj
Internally touch (vkarfjd :i ls Li'kZ djsa) Li'kZ ugha djrs gSa rks dksbZ mHk;fu"B Li'kZ js•k laHko
 When two circles touch each other internally then
distance between their centres is difference of
their radii.
tc nks o`r ,d nwljs dks vUr% Li'kZ djrs gS rks muds dasnzksa ds chp
dh nwjh mudh f=kT;kvksa dk varj gksrh gSA
O1O2P  straight line @lh/h js•k
O1O2 = d = r1–r2

46
 Geometry
Direct Common Tangent (mHk;fu"V vuqLi'kZ js[kk) tc nks o`Ùk ,d&nwljs dks nks vyx&vyx fcanqvksa ij dkVr
 Length of DCT @DCT dh yackbZ mudh mHk;fu"B thok
AB dh yackbZ
 mHk;fu"B thok gksrh gS

2
d2  r1  r2  A
A
r1–r2 B r1 r2
C P
r1 d O1 O2
r2
O1
d O2
B
C D AB = 2AP = 2PB AP = PB
CB O1O2
1
DCT = AB = CD = d2   r1  r2 
2
Ar O1AO2 =  O1O2  AP
2

r
Transverse Common Tangent
Where tgk¡O1AO2 = 90°
(f=k;Z
d mHk;fu"V vuqLi'kZ js[kk)

Si
O1O2 = C
 Length of TCT @TCT dh yackbZ
2r1 r2
P S  AB 
C
r1 r2

ap
Distance between centres O1 O2 =
O1 d O2
2 2
 AB   AB 
R Q r12   2
  r1   
 2   2 

n
t
@
io
2
TCT = PQ = RS = d2   r1  r2   If two circles pass through each others centre.
ra
;fn nks o`Ùk ,d nwljs ds dsaæ ls xqtjrs gSaA
at
DCT > TCT
ic

Length of common chord AB is 

 AB = DCT = 2 r1r2 mHk;fu"B thok
AB dh yEckbZgS
bl
P

A
Pu

3
B AB = r×2= 3r
r1 2
r2
on
an

A
O1
pi

O2
r r
am

d=r1+r2
O1 O2
g

2 2 r
DCT =  r1  r2    r1  r2  = 4r1r2 = 2 r1r2
Ch

r r
Ga

 AB = AC + BC
A B
C
B  If two circles having centres at A and B touch each
r1 r3
other internally or externally at point P lies on
r2
the line AB joining their centres.
;fn nks o`Ùk ftudkAdsaævkSjB gS] ,d nwljs dks fcanq
P ij vkarfjd
;k cká :i ls Li'kZ djrs gSa] tks muds dsaæksa dks tksM+us
AB oky
ij fLFkr gSA
2 r1r2  2 r1r3  2 r2 r3

Divide by r1r2 r3

1 1 1 A B
P
A PB
= + (Result)
r3 r1 r2

 When two circles intersect each other at two

distinct points then length of their common chord i.e. A, B and P are collinear./vr%A, B rFkk
P ljsa[kh; gSA
AB is  Common chord Distance between their centres (d)

47
 Geometry
(i) When touch internally/tc vkarfjd Li'kZ djrs gS] In the given figure, there are two circles with the
centres O and O' touching each other internally
d = AP – BP
at P. Tangents TQ and TP are drawn to the larger
(ii) When touch externally/tc ckg~; Li'kZ djrs gS] circle and tangents TP and TR are drawn to the
d = AP + BP smaller circle. Then TQ : TR = 1 : 1
 If circles are concentric/tc o`Ùk ladsanz gks rc nh xbZ vkÑfrOeas
vkSjO' dsanz okys nks o`Ùk gS tks ,d nwljs dk
P ij vr% Li'kZ djrk gSA
TQ vkSjTP cM+s o`Ùk ij Mkyh xbZ Li'
js[kk,a vkSj
TP rFkkTR NksVs o`Ùk ij Mkyh xbZ Li'kZ js[kk,a
O TQ : TR = 1 : 1.
r1
r2 Cyclic Quadrilateral (pØh; prqHkqZt)
A C B  If all vertices of a quadrilateral lie on the circle, it
AB is chord of the greater circle be a tangent to is called a cyclic quadrilateral.
;fn fdlh prqHkqZt ds pkjksa 'kh"kZ fdlh o`Ùk dh ifjf/ ij gks

r
smaller circle
cM+s o`Ùk dhAB
thok
NksVs o`Ùk dh Li'kZ js[kk gS ;g prqHkqZt pØh; prqHkqZt dgykrk gSA

Si
Properties/fo'ks"krk,a
Length of AB = 2AC/AB dh yackbZ
= 2AC = 2 r12  r22
 The sum of opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral
 If radius of circle is same/;fn o`Ùkksa dh f=kT;k leku gks]
is 180°./pØh; prqHkqZt ds foijhr dks.kksa dkgksrk
180° ;ksx gSA

ap
r1 = r2 = r
B
A B
A

n
P Q
t
io
ra
D
at
 Direct common tangent/mHk;fu"B Li'kZAB
js[kk]
= PQ
C E
ic

AB = PQ i.e. length of direct common tangent equal

to distance between circle.
bl
P

A = C = B + D = 180°
AB = PQ i.e. mHk;fu"V Li'kZ js[kk dh yackbZ nksukas o`Ùkksa ds dsanzksa ds
Pu

chp dh nwjh ds leku gksrh gSA  The exterior angle of a cyclic quadrilateral is equal
to the opposite interior angle.
on
an


pØh; prqHkqZt dk ckg~; dks.k var% foijhr dks.k ds cjkcj gk
pi

O A DAB = BCE
O' B
am

DAB = BCD = 180°

vkSjBCD + BCE = 180°
g
Ch

Two circles with R and r cm, one circle is inscribed

 DAB = BCE
Ga

in another circle. If the shortest distance between

the circles is S cm. Then the distance between  All angles of cyclic parallelogram is 90°.
the centres is: pØh; lekukarj prqHkqZt ds lHkh
90°dks.k
gksrs gSA
nks o`Ùkksa dhR vkSj
f=kT;k
r cm gS] ,d dks nwljs ds vanj cuk;k x;k
;fn o`Ùkksa ds chp dh lcls NksVh
S cm nwjh
gS rks muds dsanzksa ds chp A B
dh nwjh= OO' = OA – O'B – AB = R – r – S

 T

D C

Q P A + C = 180°
R
O' but according to parallelogram property A = C = 
O
ijarq lekukarj prqHkqZt dsA
vuqlkj
= C = 
 2= 180  = 90°

48
 Geometry
 If non parallel sides of a trapezium are equal then vFkkZr~ABCD ;fn ,d pØh; prqHkqZt gSAPQRS rks Hkh pØh;
it will be a cyclic quadrilateral. gksxkA
;fn fdlh leyac prqHkqZt dh vlekukarj Hkqtk,sa leku gks
 rks
If A;gcyclic trapezium is isosceles and its diagonals
pØh; prqHkqZt gksxkA are equal

A B ,d pØh; leyEc prqHkqZt lef}ckgq gksrk gS rFkk blds fod.kZ l

gksrk gSA
C
 
D C
D
 AB  DC
So, vr%A = 180° – and B = 180° – 
If sum of opposite angles is 180°

r
B
A
foijhr dks.kks dk ;ksx
= 180°

Si
(A + C = B + D = 180°)
i.e. If ABCD is a cyclic trapezium s.t. AB  DC,
then it is cyclic quadrilateral. then AD = BC and AC = BD.
;g ,d pØh; prqHkqZt gSA vFkkZr~ABCD
;fn ,d pØh; leyac prqHkqZt bl izdkj gSAD
fd]
= BC vkSj

ap
 Ptolemy's theorem In a cyclic quadrilateral the AC = BD
sum of products of the measures of the pairs of
 If two opposite sides of a cyclic quadrilateral are
opposite sides is equal to product of its diagonals.
equal, then the other two sides are parallel.
iVksyeh izes;
 fdlh prqHkqZt pØh; eas] foijhr Hkqtkvksa ds
;fn fdlh pØh; prqHkqZt dh nks foijhr Hkqtk,a cjkcj gks] rks v

n
t
xq.kuiQyksa dk ;ksx prqHkqZt ds fod.kks± ds xq.kuiQy ds leku gksrk gSA
io
Hkqtk,a lekukarj gksrh gSA
ra
at
ic

A B
A
bl

B
P
Pu
on
an

D C
pi

D C
am

AC. BD = AB. DC + AD. BC

g

i.e. If AD = BC, then AB  CD./;fn AD = BC, rc AB

Ch

 The quadrilateral formed by angle bisectors of a  CD.

Ga

cyclic quadrilateral is also cyclic.

 An isosceles trapezium is always cyclic.
fdlh pØh; prqHkqZt ds dks.k lef}Hkktdksa ls cuk prqHkqZt pØh;
,d lef}ckgq prqHkqZt ges'kk pØh; gksrk gSA
gksrk gSA

C
D
A B
4 3
4 3
P
Q S
R 2 A
1 B
1 2
D C
i.e. If AB  DC and AD = BC.
;fn AB  DC vkSjAD = BC.
i.e. If ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral, then PQRS Then, ABCD is a cyclic trapezium.
is also a cyclic.
rks]ABCD pØh; leyac prqHkqZt gSA

49
 Geometry
 If AB is a diameter of the circle (centre O) and APM AB is tanget/AB ,d Li'kZ js[kk gSA
and BQM are its two secants. If POQ = x then BE is secant/BE ,d Nsnd js[kk gSA
;fn O dsanz okys o`Ùk dkABO;kl
gS rFkk nks Nsnd APM
js[kk,a
o AP is Angle bisector of CAE/AP, CAE dk dks.k
BQM tks o`Ùk ls ckgj
M ij dkVrh gS rks
POQ = x
lef}Hkktd gSA
PMQ = 90°–
x In this figure/bl fp=k esa]
2
AB = BP
A
P a2
c=
b.c
O x 90º–
x
2 M ab
AB = BP =
bc
Q

r
B  PQR is an isosceles triangle with PQ = PR A circle

Miscellenous Results
 A
O 2a
Si
through Q touching PR at the middle point and
intersect PQ at M then PM : PQ
PQR ,d lef}ckgq f=kHkqt gSA
PQftlesa
= PR gSA ,d o`ÙkQtks
P ls gksdj xqtjrk gSAPR
vkSj
dks eè; fcanq ij Li'kZ djrk gSA rFkk

ap
PQ dksM ij izfrPNsn djrk gSA
PM rks: PQ
B
P
If/;fn AB = 2a, Radius/f=kT;k
=r

n
t
then length of tangent/rc Li'kZ js[kk dh yackbZ M
io N
ra
ar
at
PA = PB =
r2  a 2
ic

 A Q R
bl
P

 F
Pu

PN2 = PQ × PM
x B
on

1
an

PM =
D 2
pi

E
am

y PM 1 1
 
PQ 2 4
g

2
Ch

C
Ga

AB & AC are secant/AB vkSjAC Nsnd js[kk,a gSA

 C
If/;fn ABE = x r
2b
ACF = y
BAC =  C O
A M B
x y
then/rc]  = 90°–  
 2 
2a


If CD  AB
A
AB = 2a
x   CD = 2b
OM = C and Radius = r then
x
B E
c C a P b a 2  b2  c 2
r=
2

50
 Geometry

 A a D
a
Q A
R
a a

a a

B a a C
P S
In the given figure, radius of smaller circle is/
X nh xbZ vkÑfr esa] NksVs o`Ùk dh f=kT;k%
1 
PQRS is a square (cyclic) of side "A". X is a point   2a
2 
 2 1  
   
2 1 a
on the circle, then/PQRS ,d oxZ gS ftldh Hkqtk
"A" gSX

r
o`Ùk ij ,d fcanq gSA rc]


Si
PX2 + QX2 + RX2 + SX2 = 4A2
A a a D
 R a a

ap
A r r a a
B
r r B a a C
r r

n
C
t
io
ra
In the given figure, find the radius of bigger circle
at
3 circles are of radius r touching each other. A is/nh xbZ vkÑfr esa] cM+s o`Ùk dh f=kT;k Kkr djsa%
ic

large circle is also present touching all three

 
bl

 2a  a  2 1 a
circles.
P
Pu

3 leku f=kT;k
(r) okys o`Ùk ,d nwljs dks Li'kZ djrs gSa rFkk ,d cM+k
o`Ùk(R f=kT;k
) bu rhuksa o`Ùkksa dks Li'kZ djrk gSA 
on
an

The radius of the largest circle/rks cM+s o`Ùk dh

= f=kT;k
pi

O
2 3  R
am

(R) = r  3  1 r
 
A B
g

AB
Ch

 2
Ga

A
r1 r1 AB2
Area of ring [ (R2 – r2)] =
r2 r3 4
B r2 r3 C


With A, B, C centres, three circles are drawn such

O
that they touch each other externally.
The sides of ABC are x cm, y cm, z cm then sum R r
of the radius of the circles = A C D B
A, B vkSj
C dsanzksa okys rhu o`Ùk ,d nwljs dks cká Li'kZ djrs gS ;fn
ABC dh Hkqtk,sa
x cm, y cm, z cm, gks rhukas o`Ùkksa dh f=kT;kvksa
dk ;ksx= 
 AB2  CD2 
Area of ring =  4

 
x y z
r1 + r 2 + r 3 =
2

51
 Co-ordinate geometry

Co-ordinate Geometry (funZs'kkad T;kfefr)

+y
+y
 II quadrant (0,3) I quadrant P (x, y) (r cos, r sin)
(–x,+y) (0,2) (+x,+y) r y
(0,1) –x  +x
x
–x +x
O
(–3,0) (–2,0) (–1,0) (1,0) (2,0) (3,0)
(0,–1)

r
III quadrant IV quadrant
(0,–2) –y

Si
(–x,–y) (0,–3) (+x,–y)
y x
–y sin  = cos =
r r
O (origin) (ewy) (O, O) x2 + y2 = r 2

ap
P (x, y) y
Ordinate tan =
x
abscissa
Mid Point Formula (eè; fcanq lw=k)
Equation of x-axis  y = 0

n
 A mid point is the middle point of a line segment
t
x&v{k dk lehdj.k y = 0
io which is equidistant from both the end points.
ra
Equation of y-axis x = 0
at
Mid point
y&v{k dk lehdj.k x = 0 ,d eè; fcanq ,d js•k •aM dk eè; fcanq gksrk gS tks nksuksa var f
ic

 Representation of points @(fcanqvksa dk fu:i.k@çfr:i.k) ls leku nwjh ij gksrk gSA

bl
P

Mid point/(eè; fcanq)

Pu

C
on

A(x1,y 1) B(x2,y2)
an

Q(–8,5)
P(7,4)
pi

 x1  x 2 y1  y 2 
Mid point @C=  , 
 2 2 
am

O Distance formula (nwjh lw=k)

g
Ch

 Distance between two points is the length of the

S(–5,–5)
Ga

line segment that connects the two points in a

R(10,–8)
plane.
nks fcanqvksa ds chp dh nwjh ml js•k•aM dh yackbZ gS tks
esa nks fcanqvksa dks tksM+rh gSA
Polar co-ordinates of a point (,d fcanq ds èkqzoh; funZs'kkad) 2
A  (x1, y1)  AB =  x 2  x1   (y2  y1 )2
 Pole  Reference point in polar co-ordinate system
the co-ordinates is called a pole. B  (x2, y2)
 When each point on a plane of a 2D co-ordinate  Point of intersection formula@izfrPNsn fcanq dk lw=k
system is decided by a distance from a reference
point and an angle is taken from a reference (A) Internal division @ vkarfjd foHkktu

direction. It is known as the polar co-ordinate m1 : m2
system. A (x1, y1) P B (x2, y2)
tc ,d 2D funsZ'kkad i}fr ds ry ij çR;sd fcanq dks ,d lanHkZ fcanq
ls nwjh }kjk r; fd;k tkrk gS vkSj ,d lanHkZ fn'kk ls ,d dks.k fy;k  m1x 2  m2x1 m1y 2  m2y1 
P   m  m , m  m 
tkrk gSA bls èkzqoh; funsZ'kkad i}fr ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA  1 2 1 2 

52
 Co-ordinate geometry
(B) External division @ cká foHkktu (O, C)
AP : PB = m1 : m2
C
m1 
O
A P (0,0)
(x1,y 1) B m2
(x2,y2)

 m1x 2  m2 x1 m1y2  m2y1 

P   m  m ,   ax + by + c = 0
 1 2 m1  m2 
by = – ax – c
Slope of a Line (js•k dh <yku) ax c
y= 
 The slope of a line is a measure of its steepness. b b

r
It is the change in y co-ordinate with respect to
y = mx + c
the change in x co-ordinate.

Si
fdlh js•k dk <ky mldh <ky dk eki gksrk gSAy funZs'kkad
;g esa compare @ rqyuk djuk –a –coff.of x
m = b = coff. of y
ifjorZu ds laca/ esa
x funZs'kkad esa ifjorZu gSA
Slope of a line/js•k dh <yku(m) = tan (slope)  If two lines are parallel to each other their slope
will be equal  m1 = m2

ap
y2  y1
tan = x  x ;fn nks js•k,¡ ,d nwljs ds lekarj gksa rks mudh ço.krk cjkcj g
2 1
m1 = m2

 a1  a 2

n
(x2, y1) 
t
b1 b2
io
ra
at
(y2–y1) a1 b1
 a  b
ic

(x1–y1)  2 2
x2–x1
bl


P
Pu

a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0
m2 = tan 
on
an

a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0
pi

  m1 = tan 
Standard equation of a line @ ,d js•k dk ekud lehdj.k
am


 ax + by + c = 0
g
Ch

a
slope =
Ga

b
 Point from of a line @ ,d js•k ls fcanq  If two lines are perpendicular to each other 
Slope of line AP = slope of line AB. ;fn nks js•k,¡ ,d nwljs ds yacor gksa

js•kAP dk <ky = js•k AB dk <ky
a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0
A P B m1 = tan 
(x1, y1) (x, y) (x2, y2)

y  y1 y 2  y1 y2  y1 90 + 
 (x  x1 ) 
x  x1 x 2  x1  y – y1 = x 2  x1

y – y1 = m (x – x1) a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0
m2 = tan (90 + ) = – cot 
 Slope @ <yku
=m
Intercept on y-axis @y-v{k ij vojks/u = c
y – c = m (x – 0)  m1m2 = tan (– cot )
y = mx + c  m1m2 = – 1

53
 Co-ordinate geometry
Intercept form of a line (,d js•k dk vojks/u :i) Concurrent Lines (leorhZ js•k,¡)
 Intercept at x-axis = a  Lines passing through a single point
x-v{k ij var%[kaM
a¾ ,d fcanq ls xqtjus okyh js•k,¡
Intercept at y-axis = b
y-v{k ij vojks/u(var%[kaM
)=b
x y
 + =1
a b
(0, b) –b
y – 0 = a (x – a)
x y
 Intercept by line  = 1 between both axis
a b
(a, 0)

r
x y
nksuksa v{kksa ds
 chp
= 1 js•k }kjk vojks/u
a b

Si
y x
 1 = a 2  b2
b a
x y
1= 
a b (O, b)

ap
 Equation of line parallel to line ax + by + c = 0 is ax
+ by = k. a 2  b2

js•kax + by + c = 0 ds lekarj js•k dk lehdj.k ax + by =

O
k gSA

n
t
(a, O)
Equation of line perpendicular to line ax + by + c =
io
ra
at
0 is bx – ay = k.
js•kax + by + c = 0 ij yacor js•k dk lehdj.k bx – ay =
ic

k gSA
bl

 Line ax + by = 0 always passes through origin.

P

(A) If two lines are a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0 and a2x + b2 y + c2

Pu

js•kax + by = 0 ges'kk ewy fcanq ls gksdj xqtjrh gSA

= 0 are parallel to each other then m1 = m2 and
Angle Between Two Lines (nks js•kvksa ds chp dk dks.k)
on

a1 b c
an

 1  1   acute angle @ U;wu dks.k

a 2 b2 c 2
pi

Let angle between two lines =  and their slopes

;fn nks js•k,¡a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0 vkSja2x + b2 y + c2 = 0
am

are m1 and m2 then

a b c eku yhft, fd nks js•kvksa ds chp dk dks.k
 vkSj
¾mudh ço.krk,¡
g

,d nwljs ds lekukarj gSa

m1rks
= m2 vkSja  b  c
1 1 1
Ch

2 2 2 m1 vkSjm2 gSa] rc
Ga

@ dksbZ çfrPNsnu fcanq ugha

No intersecting point
m1  m2
 No solution possible @ dksbZ gy laHko ugha tan = 1  m m
1 2
(B) If two line are co-incidents on each other then
a1 b c m1  m2
 1  1
a 2 b2 c2 and infinite solutions = tan–1
1  m1m2
a1 b1 c1
;fn nks js•k,¡ ,d nwljs ij laikrh gSa rks
 
a 2 b2 c 2
, vuar gy  Distance of line ax + by + c = 0 from a point (x1, y1)
,d fcanq(x1, y1) ls js•k ax + by + c = 0 dh nwjh
laHko gSA
(C) If two lines intersect at single point then m1  m2 ax1  by1  c

a1 b a 2  b2
 1
a 2 b2 , unique solution possible  Distance of line ax + by + c = 0 from origin

;fn nks js•k,¡ ,d fcanq ij çfrPNsn djrh gSa

m1 rks
m 2, ewy fcUnq ls ax
js•k+ by + c = 0 dh nwjh
a1 b1 C

a 2 b2
vf}rh; gy laHko gS =
a  b2
2

54
 Co-ordinate geometry
 Distance between two parallel lines:- 5. Reflection over y = – x  Both co-ordinates
nks lekukarj js•kvksa ds chp dh nwjh % change their place and sign as well.
ax + by + c1 = 0 y ij çfrfcac y = – x  ij ijkorZu nksuksa funZs'kkad viuk L
ax + by + c2 = 0 vkSj fpÉ Hkh cnyrs gSaA
 Reflection of point (x, y) across the line y = – x is
C1  C2 (–y, –x)
distance @nwjh
=
a 2  b2 fcUnq
(x, y) dk js•k y = – x ls ijkorZu gksrk(–y,
gS –x)
Reflection (çfrfcac) Centroid and Incentre (dsUæd vkSj vUr%dsaæ)
 A reflection is the mirror image of the shape.
,d çfrfcac vkdkj dh niZ.k Nfo gSA  A  (x1, y1)

Types of reflection in co-ordinate system

funsZ'kkad i}fr esa çfrfcac ds çdkj

r
c G b

Si
p I

h B a C
(x2, y2) (x3, y3)

h
Mid point

ap G  Centroid @ dsUæd
I  Incentre @ vUr%dsUæ

n
t
1
p  x1 + x 2  x 3 y1  y2  y3 
io G  , 
 3 3 
ra
at
1. If reflection is asked about origin change only
signs  ax1  bx 2  cx 3 ay1  by2  cy3 
ic

I  , 
;fn çfrfcac ewy fcUnq ls iwNk tk, rks dsoy ladsr cnyrs gSa  a  b  c abc 
bl
P

(o`Ùk dk lehdj.k)
Pu

Equation of Circle
–3, + 2
 Where (a, b) are co-ordinates of center of circle
on

and r is the radius.

an

tgk¡(a, b) o`Ùk ds dsaæ ds funZs'kkad

r f=kT;k
gSa vkSj
gSA
pi

Equation of circle @ o`Ùk dk lehdj.k


am

(3, –2)
(x – a)2 + (y – b)2 = r2
g
Ch

2. Reflection over x-axis  x-co-ordinate remains

r
Ga

same but y co-ordinate changes its signs.

x-v{kij ijkorZu  x-funZs'kkad leku jgrk gS yysfdu
(a, b)
&funZs'kkad vius fpÉ cny nsrk gSA
3. Reflection over y-axis  y co-ordinate remains
same but x co-ordinate changes its signs.
y&v{k ij ijkorZu y funZs'kkad ij ijkorZu leku jgrk gS if centre is origin @ vxj dsaæ ewy gS
ysfdux funZs'kkad viuk fpÉ cny ysrk gSA x2 + y2 = r2
4. Reflection over y = x  When a point is reflected  Area enclosed by x+y = a 2a2
across the line y = x, the x-co-ordinates and y x+y = a ls f?kjk {ks=k
2a2
co-ordinates change their places.
y = x  ij ijkorZu tc ,d fcanq js•ky = x] x-funZs'kkadyvkSj
ds ikj ifjyf{kr gksrk gS funZs'kkad viuk LFkku cnyrs gSaA
 Equation of x axis/x v{k dk lehdj.k  y = 0
 Reflection of point (x, y) across the line y = x is
(y, x).  Equation of line parallel to x aixs  y = + a
fcUnq
(x, y) dk js•k y = x ij ijkorZu gS
(y, x)A x v{k ds lekarj js[kk dk lehdj.k
y=+a

55
 Co-ordinate geometry
 Equation of y axis/y v{k dk lehdj.k  x = 0 Area of A triangle (f=kHkqt dk {ks=kiQy)
 Eqaution of line parallel to y axis  x = + a  The area of a triangle the Co-ordinate of whose
 y v{k ds lekarj js[kk dk lehdj.k
x=+a vertices are (x1 y1), (x2, y2) and (x3, y3) is
,d f=kHkqt dk {ks=kiQy ftlds 'kh"kks± ds funsZ'kkad gSa
y 1
|x (y – y3) + x2 (y3 – y1) + x3 (y1 – y2)|
x = –a
y=a 2 1 2

x=a
x1 x
y=0
x=0

r
y = –a

Si
y1

 Point of intersection of two lines

ap
nks js[kkvksa dk izfrPNsu fcanq
a1x + b1y + c1 = 0

 b1c2  b2b1 c1a 2  c 2a1 

n
a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 =  a b  a b , a b  a b 
t
io
 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1
ra
at
ic
bl
P
Pu
on
an
pi
am
g
Ch
Ga

56
 2D

2 Dimension Mensuration ( 2 vk;keh {ks=kfefr)

 Zero-Dimensional figure   (point) A


'kwU;&vk;keh vkÑfr
  (fcanq)
One-Dimensional figure  only length. h1
c b
,d vk;keh vkÑfr dsoy yackbZA
 h2 h3
B C
Two-Dimensional figure (nks vk;keh vkÑfr
) a

1
B Length and Breadth (yackbZ vkSj pkSM+kbZ) Area/{ks=kiQy
() = × Base/vk/kj× Height/mQapkbZ
=

r
L 2
Three-Dimensional figure (f=k&vk;keh vkÑfr)


Si
1 1 1
ah1 = bh2 = ch3
2 2 2
H Length, Breadth & Height
yackbZ] pkSM+kbZ vkSj ÅapkbZ  ah1 = bh2 = ch3 = (constant)
L B
1 1 1

p
 For Any 2D figure (fdlh Hkh nks vk;keh vkÑfr ds 
fy,) a:b:c= : :
h1 h2 h3
(Result)

a 2. Right angle triangle (ledks.k f=kHkqt)

5 7 15 21

n
t
6
18 P
io H
1
ra
 Area() = × PB
t
 If each corresponding length of any 2D figure = K 2
ca
B
times.
Perimeter/ifjeki = P+B+H
i

;fn fdlh Hkh nks vk;keh vkÑfr dh çR;sd laxr=yackbZ

K xquk
bl
P

Then, perimeter = K times @ rc ifjeki = K xquk

Pu

P BH
Inradius/var%f=kT;k
(r) =
2
Area = K2 times @ {ks=kiQy
= K2 xquk
on

Triangle (f=kHkqt)
an

Hypotenuse H
Circumradius/ifjf=kT;k
(R) = =
2 2
Scalene triangle @ fo"keckgq f=kHkqt
pi

1.
3. Isosceles right angle triangle (lef}ckgq ledks.k
am

A
f=kHkqt)
g
Ch

c b
Ga

H H
2
B a C H2
H Area() =
4
Perimeter @ ifjeki= a + b + c 2
a+b+c
Semi-Perimeter/v¼Zifjeki(s) = Perimeter = H+ 2H = H( 2 +1)
2
4. Equilateral triangle (leckgq f=kHkqt)
Area/{ks=kiQy
() = s s  a  s  b  s  c  A

1 1 1
Area/{ks=kiQy
() = bcsinA = absinC = acsinB a
h
a
2 2 2

Area B a C
Inradius/var%f=kT;k
(r) =
S
Side / Hkqtk
=a
abc
Circumradius/ifjf=kT;k
(R) =
4  Area

57
 2D
2 2
a h 114 × (3)  114 × 9  1026 cm
Inradius @ vUr% f=kT;k
(r) = or
2 3 3 5. Isosceles triangle (lef}ckgq f=kHkqt
)%
a 2h A
Circumradius @ ifj=kT;k f=kT;k
(R) =
3
or
3
 
Perimeter @ ifjeki= 3a 2 2
a a
3a o h
Height @ ÅapkbZ
(H) =
2
 
3 2 B C
Area @ {ks=kiQy
()= a b b b
4 2 2
a(side) height Area
4a 2  b2
2 3 3
Height @ ÅapkbZ
=

r
2
 k  k  k 2 b

Si
Area @ {ks=kiQy
= 4a 2  b2
2K 3K 3K
2
(Result) 4

 1
Heronian Triangle: All sides and area is integer. @ {ks=kiQy
= a2· sin 
2
Area
gsjksfu;u f=kHkqt % lHkh Hkqtk,¡ vkSj {ks=kiQy iw.kk±d gSaA
Perimeter @ ifjeki= 2a + b

p
Find the Area of  with side 36, 29, 25
 A
29, 20, 21
15, 20, 25 (use the common triplet)
a c

n
x b x
t
15 + 21 = 36 (Acute )
io Pa
ra
,sls2 lkbM ns•ks 90°
tks ds lkeus gksa triplet
vkSj esa1 length B C
t
x
ca

common gks ABC  Equilateral  with side x and height H.

i

A ABC  Hkqtk
x vkSj Å¡pkbZ
H ds lkFk leckgq f=kHkqtA
bl
P

P  Any point inside triangle./f=kHkqt ds vanj dksbZ fca

Pu

29 25 a,b,c  (Perpendicular) from point P on each side

20
on

a,b,c  çR;sd HkqtkPijls (yEc)

an

B 21 D 15 C
H = a+b+c
pi

1 Area ABC = BPC + APC + APB

Area of triangle @ f=kHkqt dk {ks=kiQy
am

= ×36×20 = 360 cm2

2
3 2 1 1 1
g

 57, 60, 111  Find Area @ {ks=kiQy Kkr djsaA x = xa + xb + xc

Ch

4 2 2 2
Simplify by 3 @3 ls ljy dhft,
Ga

 19, 20, 37
3 2 x 3
12 16 12 35
x = (a+b+c)  x = a+b+c
4 2 2
35–16 = 19 (obtuse)  H = a+b+c

A 2
x= (a+b+c) (Result)
3

1
37 Area of ABC = (a+b+c)2
12 3
20
A
30° 
B 16 19 cm D P
b b
x b a b
1
Area @ {ks=kiQy
= ×19×12 = 114 B a a C Q x x R
2
 Area of original  (ewydk {ks=kiQy)
 Area of ABC = ax = Area of PQR

58
 2D
Scalene Triangle (fo"keckgq f=kHkqt)  Area of Quadrilateral @prqHkZqt dk {ks=kiQy
 All 3 side are unequal. @ rhuksa Hkqtk,¡ vleku gSaA D C
Perimeter @ ifjeki(P) = a + b + c h2
abc h1
Semi-perimeter @ v¼Z ifjf/
=
2 A B

Area of ABC = S  S  a  S  b  S  c  1
Area = × BD × (h1 + h2)
Area of ABC = r × S 2

abc 1
Area of ABC = = × diagonal × (Sum of perpendiculars drawn
4R 2
A on this diagonal)

r
x
1
a c = × fod.kZ× (bl fod.kZ ij •haps x, yacksa dk ;ksx)

Si
2
y
B
z
C  In any Quadrilateral @ fdlh Hkh prqHkZqt esa
b
 If regular polygon have same perimeter then figure A 1, A 2, A 3 and A 4 are the area of respective
with more number of sides have greater area. triangles.

p
A1, A2, A3 vkSj
;fn fu;fer cgqHkqt dk ifjeki leku gks rks vf/d Hkqtkvksa okyh A4 Øe'k% f=kHkqtkas ds {ks=kiQy gSA
vkÑfr dk {ks=kiQy vf/d gksrk gSA
 Area of square > Area of with same perimeter.
D
a A4
C
A3
A2

n
oxZ dk {ks=kiQy
> leku ifjeki okys dk {ks=kiQyA
t
A1
Infinite sides @ vuar Hkqtk,a
 circle @ o`Ùk
A
io B
ra
t
ca
A1 × A3 = A2 × A4
 circle has more area then any other closed

Area of quadrilateral made by joining the mid
i

figure.
bl

points of all sides of given quadrilateral is half of

 o`Ùk dk {ks=kiQy fdlh vU; can vkÑfr ls vf/d gksrk gSAthe original quadrilateral.
P
Pu

 If all the given figure have the same perimeter fn, x, prqHkZqt dh lHkh Hkqtkvksa ds eè; fcanqvksa dks f
then:-
prqHkZqt dk {ks=kiQy ewy prqHkZqt dk vk/k gksrk gSA
on
an

;fn fn xbZ lHkh vkÑfr;k¡ dk ifjeki leku gks rks%& Square (oxZ)
pi
am

> > >  a

D C
g

Triangle Square Pentagon Circle r

Ch

Quadrilateral (prqHkZqt)
Ga

a O a
Quadrilateral
r

A a B
Square Rectangle Parallelogram Rhombus Trapezium

Quadrilateral : A closed shape and a type of polygon Area of AOB = Area of BOC = Area of COD =
that has 4 sides, 4 vertices and 4 angles. a2
prqHkZqt
% ,d can vkÑfr vkSj ,d çdkj dk cgqHkqt ftlesa
4 Hkqtk,¡] Area of AOD =
4
4 'kh"kZ vkSj
4 dks.k gksrs gSaA Perimeter @ ifjf/ = 4a
C
d2
Area @ {ks=kiQy
= a2 =
D 2
B
diameter @O;kl = a 2

a
Inradius @ var%f=kT;k
(r) =
A 2
A + B + C + D = 360°

59
 2D
2
d a 3a
Circumradius @ cká f=kT;k
(R) = =
2
Shaded Area @ Nk;kafdr ={ks=k
2 14

Area of circumcircle 2 D a C
R : r = 2 :1, 
Area of incircle 1
a a 4
 If we make circle inside a square and again make Area of leaf @ iÙkh dk {ks=kiQy
= a2
a square inside the circle and so on... the area 7
will becomes half and so on. A a B
;fn ge ,d oxZ ds Hkhrj ,d o`Ùk cuk nsa vkSj fiQj ls o`Ùk ds Hkhrj
Area of leaf @ iÙkh dk {ks=kiQy
,d oxZ cuk ysa vkSj blh rjg ls cukrs jgs rks {ks=kiQy vk/k gksrk a C
tkrk gSA = a + a –
A a a

r
 2 2   4 2
a –a =   1 a2 =

Si
a
2  2  7
 If side of square @ ;fn oxZ dh Hkqtk
=a

p
r1
Area of largest square : middle : smallest D C

lcls cM+s oxZ dk {ks=kiQy

% eè; % lcls NksVka r3

n
t
4 : 2 : 1
 Largest : smallest @ lcls cM+k % lcls NksVk
4:1 io
ra
t
r2
ca
 y y
a
i

A B
bl
P

x a
Pu

a 3a a
r1= , r2= , r3 =
16 8 6
on
an

y y
 a 3a a 
a r1:r2:r3 =  : :  × 48 = 3 : 18 : 8
pi

16 8 6 
4 2
am

Area of shaded region(Nka;kfdr Hkkx dk {ks=kiQy)

= a Rectangle (vk;r)
7
g

 D C
Ch

1
 1 1 B
Ga

O
A H 1
A B
B G L
Perimeter @ ifjeki(P) = 2(L + B)
Area @{ks=k
(A) = L×B
C F
D E Diagonal @ fod.kZ
= AC = BD = L2  B2
Area of AOB = Area of BOC = Area of COD

Area of A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H is equal LB
= Area of AOD =
4

 Radius of maximum size circle that can be put
Breadth
inside rectangle =
2
a is the side of square. vf/dre vkdkj ds o`Ùk dh f=kT;k ftls vk;r ds vanj j•k tk
a oxZ dh Hkqtk gSA Breadth
ldrk gS =
2

60
 2D
Path Around or Inside a Rectangle Rhombus (leprqHkZqt)
(,d vk;r ds pkjksa vksj ;k vanj iFk)  A a B
1. Crossing road inside rectnagle d1
vk;r ds vanj Øksflax lM+d a
a
d2 90°

D a C
b Perimeter @ ifjeki= 4a
4a2 = d12  d22 (Property)
l 1
area @ {ks=kiQy
=  d1  d2
Area of crossing road (ØkWflax jksM dk {ks=k)
= lx + bx –x 2 2
@ {ks=kiQy
= Base @ vk/kj
× Height @ mQpkbZ

r
= x(l+b–x) Area
@ iFk dh ifjeki= 2(l + b – 2x) Area of  Area of  BOC = Area of COD =

Si
Perimeter of path
Area of AOD
2. Path inside a rectangle @ ,d vk;r ds vanj iFk
Trapezium (leyac prqHkqZt)
x  b
x
D C
x b

p
x h d1
d O c
l d2
Area of path @ iFk dk {ks=k
= 2x (l + b – 2x)
Perimeter of path @ iFk dh ifjeki
A a a
@ ifjeki
B

n
= 4 (l + b – 2x) Perimeter = a +b+c+d
t
Where x is the width of the path. @ tgk¡x iFk dh pkSM+kbZ gS 1 io
ra
Area @ {ks=kiQy
= (Sum of parallel sides) @ lekukarj
t
ca
3. Path Outside a rectangular field 2

,d vk;rkdkj eSnku ds ckgj iFk Hkqtkvksa dk ;ksx

× distance between them @ muds chp dh
i
bl

nwjh
P

x
Pu

x b x 1
l Area @ {ks=kiQy
= (a + b) × h
x 2
on
an

Area of path @ iFk dk {ks=kiQy

= 2x (l + b + 2x) d12  d22 = c2 + d2 + 2ab (Property)
pi

Perimeter of path @ iFk dh ifjf/= 4 (l + b + 2x) Circle (o`Ùk)

am

Where x is the width of path @ tgk¡ x iFk dh pkSM+kbZ

 gS
Parallelogram (lekukUrj prqHkZqt)
g
Ch

r
 D a C
Ga

b b Circumference/ifjf/
= constant =
Diameter/O;kl
A a B C
Perimeter @ ifjeki= 2 (a + b) =  Circumference @ ifjf/= 2r
2r
AC2 + BD2 = 2 (a2 + b2)
4A
2 2 2 2 diameter (d) = (Where, A = Area of circle)
d  d  2(a  b )
1 2 
Area @ {ks=kiQy
= Base @ vk/kj × Height @ mQpkbZZ d2
Area @ {ks=kiQy
= r2 =
If length of one diagonal is d @ ;fn ,d fod.kZ dh yackbZ
d gS 4
radius c=2r A=r2
Then Area @ {ks=kiQy
= 2 s(s  a)(s  b)(s  d)
7 44 154
abd 7K 44K 154K2
Where @ tgka
s=
2 24.5 44×3.5 154×(3.5)2  24.5=7×3.5
28 44×4 154×16

61
 2D
Sector of a circle (,d o`Ùk dk •aM)  Major segment @cM+k o`Ùk•aM
 Area of major segment (cM+s o`Ùk•aM dk {ks=kiQy)


O
r r 210° Major Segment
O
A B
10 150° 10
l
A 7 3 B

 = central angle = (sector is what part of
360
circle) Area of sector (210°) + Area of OAB
f=kT;•aM dk {ks=kiQy
(210°) + OAB dk {ks=kiQy

r

 = dsaæh; dks.k
= (o`Ùk•aM o`Ùk dk dkSu lk Hkkx gS) 210

Si
360 1
 × 100+ ×10×10×sin150°
360 2
Area of sector @ o`Ùk[k.M dk {ks=kiQy
OAB =

θ lr
7 1 1
× r 2 =  ×100+ ×10×10×
360° 2 12 2 2

p
θ  175 
   25  cm2
Length of AB = l =
360°
× 2r
a  3 

n
c
Perimeter of segment
t
° =  ×
180 io
ra
  
•aM dh ifjf/= 2r
t
 360  sin 2 
ca
  
l = r×
180 For semi-circle (v/Zo`Ùk ds fy,)
i
bl


P

l 22
Pu

l = rc or c =
r
(o`Ùk•aM)
Segment
on
an

 Minor segment @NksVs o`Ùk•aM

pi

7 7
Radius Circumference Area
am

7 36 77
g

Perimeter @ ifjf/ = r + diameter

Ch

O 2
Ga

r
7 120° 7 Area =
2
A
30° 30°
B For a quadrant (,d prqFkk±'k ds fy,)
7 3
Minor Segment 
11
7
Area of minor segment = Area of sector – Area of
OAB
7
NksVs o`Ùk•aM dk {ks=kiQy ¾ o`Ùk•aM
OABdk
dk{ks=kiQy
{ks=kiQy&
Radius Circumference Area

120 1
× 154 – × 7 × 7 × sin120° f=kT;k ifjf/ {ks=kiQy
360 2
77
7 25 = 38.5
154 49 3 2
 – ×
3 2 2 2 r r
Perimeter @ ifjf/ = r + r + 4
= 2r +
2
 154 49 3 
  3  4  cm2 r 2
 
Area @ {ks=kiQy
=
4

62
 2D

 R R
3 6

Base Figure
R R
2
R
Length of string = 2r + diameter × number of 4
circles
Mksjh dh yackbZ
= 2r + O;kl× o`Ùkksa dh la[;k
Derived Figure

A r r
B 12

r
r r 24

Si
r r R 12
O radius of shaded part (Nk;kafdr Hkkx dh f=kT;k)
= = =4
C 3 3

ABC = equilateral 

p
OB = circumradius
Derived Figure
Let radius of small circle = x
ekuk NksVs o`Ùk dh xf=kT;k ¾ a
n
side of equilateral 2r 15
t
OB = 
3 3
io
ra
R 15
t
2r radius of shaded part (Nk;kafdr Hkkx dh f=kT;k)
= =
ca
x= –r 6 6
3
i

 n semi-circle (even) drawn on diameter AB

bl

2- 3 
n v¼Zo`Ùk (le) O;kl
AB ij •haps x, gSaA
P

x =  ×r
3 
Pu


If we draw a big circle around these 3 circles, then R
Radius of each small semi-circle =
n
on
an

2r
radius of that big circle  y = +r R
3 çR;sd NksVs v/Zo`Ùk dh
= f=kT;k
pi

n
;fn ge bu 3 o`Ùkksa ds pkjksa vksj ,d cM+k o`Ùk cukrs gSa] rks ml cM+s
am

2r R
g

o`Ùk dh f=kT;k
y= +r +r
Ch

3 n
R–r
Ga

2 3 A B
y = r ×   (Result) O R
 3  2 2
R  R
  r  =   +(R–r)2
 Two circles of equal radius touch each other as n  n
shown in figure, a square of side 'a' is placed R2 R R2
between two circles. One side of square is on 2
 r 2  2   r  2  R 2  r 2 – 2Rr
n n n
direct common tangent of both circles, find r/a?
R
leku f=kT;k
r okys nks o``Ùk ,d nwljs dks Li'kZ
a Hkqtk
djrs gSA
okyk 2  n  r  R – 2Rr
2

,d oxZ bl çdkj fLFkr gS fd oxZ dh ,d Hkqtk nksuksa o``Ùkks

2Rr
ds
mHk;fu"B vuqLi'kZ js[kk ij fLFkr
r/agSA
dk eku
rc gksxk\  2Rr  R2
n
1  n  2
2Rr  R
O1 O2  n 
Rn
r
r 5 2(n  1)
=
a 2

63
 2D
nR
radius of small circle (NksVs o`Ùk dh f=kT;k)
r = 2  n +1 

c2

a2 a c
8
b
Here, n = 2, R = 8
b2
 radius of shaded part (Nk;kafdr Hkkx dh f=kT;k)
28 8
= =
2 3 3
Area ( c) = area ( b) + area ( a)

r
 Find A/B = ? c2 = a2 + b2

Si

A A
c
B B

p
c
b
B B b

A A
a a

n
t
a
io
ra
t
ca
A=B (Property)
i

A
bl

=1:1 Equilateral s
P

B
Pu

Area (c) = area (b) + area (a)

 Ring(oy;)
 Area of Path Inside Square =4d (a–d)
on

Path iFk
an

oxZ ds vanj cus jkLrs dk {ks=kiQy

= 4d (a – d)
pi

 d = length of Path/tgka]d = jkLrs dh pkSM+kbZ

r R
am

a = length of Square/a = oxZ dh yackbZ

g

 Area of Path outside Square/ oxZ ds ckgj cus jkLrs dk

Ch

{ks=kiQy
= 4d (a + d)
Area of ring/oy; dk {ks=kiQy
Ga

= (R2–r2)
 Area of Path midway Square/oxZ ds chpkas&chp cus jkLr
Width of path/iFk dh pkSFkkbZ
= R–r
dk {ks=kiQy
= d (2a – d)
Some important results
 If the side of square increase by x times then the
 B area of the square becomes x2 times.
;fn oxZ dh Hkqtkxdks
xquk c<+k fn;k tk;s rc oxZ dk {ks=kiQy
x2
xquk gks tkrk gSA
c
a 4a
 If the area of the square is a  cm2 , then the

r r r ....... r area of the circle formed by the same perimeter
C A is
b
;fn oxZ dk {ks=kiQy
a lseh2] rc leku ifjeki ls cuk, x, o`Ùk dk
n – identical circles
4a
{ks=kiQy gksrk
 gScm2 @lseh
2
ab 
r = (2n  1)a  b  c

64
 2D
 Area of shadded part/Nka;kfdr Hkkx dk {ks=kiQy Kkr
 djksA
D a C

A B A B a a
2
a
4

A a B
Area of shaded region/Nk;kafdr Hkkx dk {ks=kiQy
a 2 a 2
D C D C = a2 –  (4  )
4 4

 3 2 a 2  2 a 2
a2  4  a   a 2  3a   A B A B
 4 12  3

r
 
 a 2 1  3  
 3

Si
 Room as a Rectangular figure
vk;rkdkj dejk%& D C D C

Area of four walls of room A B A B

p
vk;rkdkj dejs ds pkjksa nhokjksa dk {ks=kiQy


= Perimeter × Height = 2 × (L × B) × H
Area of Roof and 4 walls
a
n
t
pkjkas nhokjksa vkSj Nr dk {ks=kiQy
D io C D C
ra
t
= 2H (L + B) + LB
ca

(This formula can be used when we have to paint Area of shaded region is equal in each case.
i

a whole room
bl

Nk;kafdr Hkkx dk {ks=kiQy izR;sd fLFkfr eas leku gksxk

P

;g lw=k rc iz;ksx dj ldrs gSa tc gesa iwjs dejs dh iqrkbZ djkuh gksA
Pu

 Find the area of shaded part/Nk;kafdr Hkkx dk {ks=kiQy  a

on
an
pi

A r r D 60°
am

r r a a
a a
g
Ch

r r
Ga

B r r C 60° 60°
a

Area of square - sector/oxZ dk {ks=kiQy&pkjkas f=kT;[kaMksa shaded region/Nk;kafdr Hkkx

Area of dk dk {ks=kiQy
{ks=kiQy a2
= 2  3 3 
r2 12  
4r2   90  4  r 2[4  ]
360 = 9.05% of square area/oxZ ds {ks=kiQy dk
9.05%
  a
D C D C

I II

a a
A B A B
Area of shaded region is equal in each case.
Nk;kafdr Hkkx dk {ks=kiQy izR;sd fLFkfr eas leku gksxkA
a

65
 2D
2

Area of (I) = area of (II) =

a
3 3     
2 1 a
12   r
2 1
= 17.1208% of square area/oxZ ds {ks=kiQy dk
r  
2 1 a
 a

 a
3 a2
14
a a
4 a2
a
7

3 a2
14

r
a
a

Si
Area of shaded region/Nk;kafdr Hkkx dk {ks=kiQy
Area of shaded region/Nk;kafdr Hkkx dk {ks=kiQy
a2
=  4  3 3 
12   a2 4
= (  2)  a 2

p
= 61.4166% of square area/oxZ dk {ks=kiQy 2 7
= 57.02% of square area
 a a  a

n
t
io
ra
t
ca
a a
a a
i
bl
P
Pu

a
a
on
an

Area of shaded region/Nk;kafdr Hkkx dk {ks=kiQy

Area of shaded region/Nk;kafdr Hkkx dk {ks=kiQy
pi

a2
am

= 12  2  3 3  = 4.3388% of square area a2

12   
3

3 1 3    
g
Ch

 D r C = 31.5146% of square area

Ga

r r  a
2r
r

a a
a

a
Area of shaded region/Nk;kafdr Hkkx dk {ks=kiQy
a2
A
a B 
12

  12  6 3 
2r  r  a  2a
1
= 12.78% or of square area
r   
2 1  
2 1 a 8

66
 2D


 A

6
4 1
3
R
r
B C
2
5

(i) area (6) = area (1) + area (2) + area (3)

pbh h (ii) area (4) + area (5) = area (3)
r ;R 
2 2

 abc p  b  h

r
r ;R    3
s 4 4

Si
 A

c 1 5 2

p
b

C
a
B a 4

n
t
io
ra
t
Area (c) = area (b) + area (a) Here,
ca

(i) area (1) = area (2)

i

(ii) area (3) = area (4)

bl
P

(iii) area of [(1) + (2) + (3) + (4)] = arae of rectangle (5)

Pu
on
an
pi
am
g
Ch
Ga

67
 2D

Polygon (cgqHkqt)

 Polygon: closed figure of 3 or more sides. 2

(4–2) × 180° = 360°
cgqHkqt3 %
;k vf/d Hkqtkvksa dh can vkÑfrA 1
or 2= 2 × 180° = 360°
.......

Polygon
3 2
 (5–2) × 180° = 540°
1

r
convex/mÙky concave/vory

Si
or 3= 3×180 = 540°
* each interior angle is any one angle is more  Each interior angle of a regular polygon  
less than 180° than 180°  n  2  180
All diagonals lies inside Any one diagonal or more n
will be outside.  n  2  180

p
 ,d fu;fer cgqHkqt dk çR;sd vkarfjd dks.k

* çR;sd vkarfjd dks.k dksbZ Hkh ,d 180°
dks.kls vf/d n
180° ls de gksrk gS gksrk gSaA a  Sum of all exterior angles of a 'n' sided polygon 
* lHkh fod.kZ vanj
gksrs gSa dksbZ ,d ;k vf/d fod.kZ ckgj gksxkA 360°

n
t
'n' Hkqtk okys cgqHkqt ds lHkh cká dks.kksa
 360°dk ;ksx
io
ra
 I + E = 180° × n
t
Ex:
ca
(n–2)180° + E = 180° × n
Regular polygon (fu;fer cgqHkqt) 180°n – 360° + E = 180° n
i
bl

E = 360°
P

 Always a convex polygon @ ges'kk ,d mÙky cgqHkqt

Pu

I + E = 180°
* each side is equal (çR;sd Hkqtk cjkcj gS) Internal angle + External angle = 180°
on
an

* each interior and exterior angle is equal

vkarfjd dks.k+ cká dks.k = 180°
çR;sd vkarfjd vkSj ckgjh dks.k cjkcj gksrs gSA
pi

360°
 Each exterior angle of a regular polygon =
am

n
360°
,d fu;fer cgqHkqt dk çR;sd ckgjh dks.k
g

=
Ch

n
Regular Hexagon: 6 sides/Hkqtk,¡
Ga

360°
No. of sides (Hkqtkvksa dh la[;k)
=
6 vertices/'kh"kZ E
6 integior angles/vkarfjd dks.k n  n – 3
 No. of diagonals in a polygon =
2
6 exterior angles/cká dks.k
n  n  3
 n sides polygon have: n vertices, n interior ,d cgqHkqt esa fod.kks± dh
= la[;k
2
angles, n exterior angles.
Regular Hexagon (fu;fer "kV~Hkqt)
 n Hkqtkvksa okys cgqHkqt
n 'kh"kZ]
nesa%
vkarfjd dks.k vkSj
n cká E a D
dks.k gksrs gSaA
 Sum of all interior angles of a polygon with n sides a a
a a
n Hkqtkvksa okys cgqHkqt ds lHkh vkarfjd dks.kksa dk ;ksx
 (n–2) × 180° F a a C

a 60° a
1  (3–2)×180° = 180° a a

60° 60°
A a B

68
 2D
Each Interior angle @ çR;sd vkarfjd dks.k
= 120° Area  EAC 1
=
Each exterior angle @ çR;sd ckgjh dks.k
= 60° Area ABCDEF 2
 E R D
Total diagonals @ dqy fod.kZ
=9
Large diagonal (cM+k fod.kZ)
= FC = AD = BE = 2a
Perimeter @ ifjeki= 6a
Regular Hexagon = 6 equilateral  = 3 Rhombus
F C
fu;fer "kV~Hkqt
6 leckgq
¾  = 3 leprqHkZqt
3 2 3 3 2 P Q
Area = a ×6 = a
4 2

3 A B
r = Short diagonal (y?kq fod.kZ)
= FD = DB = BF = a
2 P, Q, R are mid points ( P, Q, R eè; fcanq gSa)

r
Circumradius @ ifjf/ (R) = a (side) 2a

Si
F C
E a D

P Q 2a  a 3a
1 1 PQ = =
2 2
a a
A a B

p
1 1 1 1
3a
F C PQR = equilateral  with side
2
1 1 1 1 a 3 9 2
 a

n
a a Area  PQR 3
t
4 4
 = =
io
1 1 Area ABCDEF 3 2 8
ra
6 a
t
A a B 4
ca

6 equilateral formed. ( 6 leckgq

dk xBu gqvkA) Octagon (v"VHkqt)
i

Area of each is same. (çR;sd dk {ks=kiQy leku gSA)

bl

 Regular figure with 8 sides

P

8 Hkqtkvksa okyh fu;fer vkÑfr

Pu

 3 Rhombus of equal area in a regular hexagon.

,d fu;fer "kV~Hkqt esa leku {ks=kiQy
3 leprqHkZqtA
ds Let side of octagon = a
on

eku yhft, v"VHkqt dh Hkqtk

an

E D =a
pi

a a
a a
am
g

a a
Ch

F C a a
Ga

Area @ {ks=k
= 2 
2  1 a2

Perimeter @ ifjeki= 8a
A B
a
E a D Inradius (r) @ f=kT;k
(r) =
 2 22
1
a a a 2 2
Circumradius (R) @ ifjf/(R) = = a
1 2 2 2
F 1 1 C Each interior angle = 135°
1
1 çR;sd vkarfjd dks.k
= 135°
a a
Each exterior angle = 45°
1
çR;sd ckgjh dks.k
= 45°
A a B
Number of diaonal = 20
EAC = equilateral of side 3a
fod.kZ dh la[;k
= 20
EAC = 3a Hkqtk dk leckgq


69
 3D

3 Dimension Mensuration ( 3 vk;keh {ks=kfefr)

 3 Dimension: Length, breadth, height Cube (?ku)

3 foek % yackbZ] pkSM+kbZ] ÅapkbZ  A Solid figure in which length, Breadth and height
are equal.
Lateral surface Area @ik'oZ lrg {ks=kiQy
(LSA):
,d Bksl vkÑfr ftldh yackbZ] pkSM+kbZ vkSj ÅapkbZ cjkc
mQij o uhps ds {ks=kiQy dks NksM+dj ckdh lHkh {ks=kiQy
surrounding area except (of figures having flat 
surface) top and bottom
a
mQij o uhps dks NksM+dj vklikl dk {ks=k (piVh lrg okys vkÑfr)

r
Total surface area @dqy i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy
(TSA) : a

Si
a
Area of all surfaces of a figure (LSA) + area of bases
(top/bottom) @iQyd
6 faces
dqy lrg {ks=kiQy@dqy i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy 8 vertices @'kh"kZ
,d vkÑfr dh lHkh lrgksa dk {ks=kiQy
(LSA) + vk/kjksa dk {ks=kiQy12 edges @fdukjs

Curved surface area (CSA) :

(Åij@uhps)

of figures having curved surfaces like cylinder,

ap Diagonals (fod.kZ)= 4
LSA @ik'oZ lrg {ks=kiQy
= 4a2

n
t
3
cone etc.
io
Volume @vk;ru
 Surface Area 
= a3 =  
ra
oØi`"B {ks=kiQy
(CSA) %
at
 6 
csyu] 'kadq vkfn tSlh oØi`"Bh; vkÑfr;ksa dkA TSA @dqy i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy
ic

= 6a2
CSA : Area of only curved surfaces except top and
bl

Diagonal @fod.kZ= 3 a, Face diagonal = 2a

P

bottom.
Pu

CSA % Åij vkSj uhps dks NksM+dj dsoy oØi`"B dk {ks=kiQyA

Euler's Theorem: for any 3D flat surface figure
Volume capacity (ek=kk {kerk) ;wyj çes;% fdlh Hkh rhu foek okyh lrg vkÑfr ds fy,
on

:
an

V+F–E=2
pi

 When a cube of maximum size put inside a

am

1m hemisphere.
tc ,d v/Zxksys ds vanj vf/dre vkdkj dk ?ku j•k tkrk gSA
g
Ch

1m
1m
Ga

volume = 1×1×1 = 1 m3
a a
1 km = 1000 m r
a
1 m = 100 cm a
2 a 2
1m3 = 1000 Litre
 1m3 = 103L
 1L = 10–3 m3 r r
1L = 10–3 × 106 cm3
 1L = 103 cm3 2
a= r
 1m = 100 cm 3
1m = 1000 mm 3
a2
1 decimetre = 10 cm + a 2 = r2  2 a2 = r2
2
1 km = 100 decametre
2
a (side of cube) = r
3

70
 3D
Cuboid (?kukHk)  If x is the thickness of a cuboid, then volume of
the hollow cuboid = lbh – (l – 2x) (b – 2x) (h – 2x)

;fn x ?kukHk dh eksVkbZ gS] rks •ks•ys ?kukHk lbh –dk vk;ru
H (l – 2x) (b – 2x) (h – 2x)
 Making open rectangular box by cutting 4 corners
B of a retangular sheet.
L ,d vk;rkdkj 'khV ds4 dksuksa dks dkVdj •qyk vk;rkdkj ckWDl cuk
Face/ iQyd = 6 x x
Vertices/ 'kh"kZ
=8 x x
b
Edge/ fdukjk= 12 x x b– x
2x
Adjacent faces (vklUu iQyd) = LH, BH, LB x x
l – 2x
l
LSA = 2(bh + lh) = 2(L+B) × H = Area of 4 walls Volume of rectangular box = (l – 2x) (b – 2x)x.
4 nhokjksa dk {ks=kiQy vk;rkdkj ckWDl dk vk;ru

r
= (l – 2x) (b – 2x)x.

Si
TSA = 2(LB+BH+HL)  Volume of water flowing through cuboidal pump
Volume @ vk;ru= L×B×H in time 't' / ?kukHkdkj iai
't'ls
le; esa ikuh cgus dk vk;ru
Diagonal @ fod.kZ
= = area of base × (vt) (l × b)
L2  B2  H2
Cylinder (csyu)
 If area of 3 adjacent faces of a cuboid are x, y, z
respectively.
;fn ,d ?kukHk ds
volume
3 vklUu iQydksa dk {ks=kiQy
@vk;ru = xyz
x, Øe'k%
y, z gSA
ap 

h
r

after

n
opening
t
x = lb y = bh z = hl
io r
ra
2 2 2
at
xyz = l b h
(vk;ru) Volume = r2h = Base Area × Height
ic

xyz = lbh = volume

CSA = 2rh = Base Perimeter × Height
bl

 If x, y, z are diagonals of three adjacent faces of a

P

TSA = CSA + 2 × Base Area = 2rh + 2r2 = 2r(r+h)

Pu

cuboid
CSA h
Ratio  =
TSA r + h
on
an

y
H  Folding of rectangular sheet to form a cylinder
z
,d csyu cukus ds fy, vk;rkdkj 'khV dks eksM+uk
pi

x
am

B
L
b
;fn x, y, z ,d ?kukHk ds rhu vklUu iQydksa ds fod.kZ gSa
g
Ch

x= x2+y2+z2=2(l2+b2+h2) l
l 2 +b2
Ga

A Folding along length (yackbZ ds lkFk eksM+uk)

2 2
x 2  y2  z 2
2
y= b 2  h2 l +b +h =
2

x 2  y2  z 2 h=b
z= h2  l 2 D = l 2  b2  h2 =
2

x2  y2  z 2 x 2  y2  z 2 y2  z 2  x2
l= , b= , h= l
2 2 2 2r = l r=
2
x 2
 y 2  z 2  x 2  y 2  z 2  y 2  z 2  x 2  B Folding along breadth (pkSM+kbZ ds lkFk eksM+uk)
Volume =
2 2
 Longest rod that can be put inside a cuboid (Room)
= Diagonal = l 2 + b2 + h 2 h=l
,d ?kukHk (d{k) ds vanj j•h tk ldus okyh lcls yach NM+ ¾ b
fod.kZ ¾l 2 + b2 + h2 2r = b r=
2

71
 3D
Hollow Cylinder ([kks[kyk csyu) a
Radius of cylinder (csyu dh f=kT;k)
=
2
 r
Height of cylinder (csyu dh ÅapkbZ)
=a
vol. of cube 14
Ratio  
h vol. of cylinder 11
 Maximum size cylinder inside a cone
R ,d 'kadq ds vanj vf/dre {ks=kiQy okyk csyu
Thickness

thickness (eksVkbZ)
= t
volume of metal (/krq dk vk;ru) = R2h – r2h
= (R2 – r2)h

r
Volume/vk;ru = (R+r) (R–r)h
Height of cone ('kadq dh Å¡pkbZ)
=H
CSA/oØi`"B {ks=kiQy

Si
= 2(R+r)h Height of cylinder (csyu dh ÅapkbZ)
=h
TSA/dqy i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy
= 2(R+r)h + 2(R2–r2) Radius of cone ('kadq dh f=kT;k)
=R
= 2(R+r) (h+R–r) Radius of cylinder (csyu dh f=kT;k)
=r
 A maximum size cone inside a cylinder

ap
R H
(,d csyu ds vanj ,d vf/dre {ks=kiQy okyk 'kadq) r

Hh
(Property)

Volume of cylinder 4


n
Volume of cone 9
t
io Cone ('kadq)
ra
h
at
Apex
ic

r semi-vertex angle/(v¼Z'kh"kZ dks.k)

bl
P

vol. of cylinder 3 l (slant height)/(fr;Zd mQ¡pkbZ)

Pu

Ratio  
vol. of cone 1  h
 A cylinder encloses a sphere
on
an

r
(,d csyu ,d xksys dks ?ksjrk gS)
pi

l 2 = h2 + r 2 l= h2  r 2 
am
g

1 2
volume = r h
Ch

h = 2r 3
Ga

CSA/oØi`"B dk {ks=kiQy
= rl
r TSA/dqy i`"Bh; {ks=kiQy
= rl + r2 = r (r + l)
Height of cylinder = Diameter of sphere  If H, C and V are the height, curved surface area
and volume of a cone. Then find the value of
(csyu dh Å¡pkbZ ¾ xksys dk O;kl)
3VH3–C2H2+9V2?
vol. of cylinder 3 ;fn H, C vkSjV Øe'k% fdlh 'kadq dh Å¡pkbZ] oØ i`"B {ks=k
Ratio  vol. of sphere  2
vkSj vk;ru dks O;Dr djrs gS]3rcVH3–C2H2+9V2 dk eku
 A maximum size cylinder inside a cube D;k gksxk\
,d ?ku ds vanj vf/dre vkdkj dk ,d csyu Let r = 1, h = 1 l= 2

1
Volume = , C= 2
3
a
1 1
3VH3 – C2H2 + 9V2 = 3× – 22 + 9 2
3 9
 2 – 22 +2 = 0

72
 3D
 If S denotes the area of the curved surface area of 
a right circular cone of height h and semivertical 2r = 2R ×
360
angle  then S equals?
S fdlh 'kadq ds oØ i`"B {ks=kiQy dks O;Dr h djrk
Å¡pkbZ
gS] dks r=R

360
vkSj v/Z 'kh"kZ dks.k dks O;Dr djrkS gS
dk rc
eku gksxk\
slant height of cone = radius of sector, h = R 2  r 2


l ('kadq dh fr;Zd ÅapkbZ ¾ f=kT;•aMhdh= f=kT;k]
R 2  r2 )
h r h
tan= cos=  Rotation of right angle triangle to form a cone
h l
r (,d 'kadq cukus ds fy, ledks.k f=kHkqt dk ?kw.kZu)
r = htan l = hsec A
S =rl = h2sectan b
c

r
 When a cube of maximum volume is cut from a
cone

Si
B a C
(tc ,d 'kadq ls vf/dre vk;ru dk ?ku dkVk tkrk gS)
A Rotation along base a (vk/kj a ds lkFk ?kqekuk)
A

h
h–a a
2 ap B
C
Rotation
Direction

n
t
r=c h=a l=b
a
io
ra
B Rotation along perpendicular BC
at
a a (yacor BC ds lkFk ?kqekuk)
ic

r
A
bl
P
Pu

Rotation
a
on

a ha Direction
an

= B C
2 h 2r
pi

a
r=a h=c l=b
am

2 rh – 2 ra = ah C Rotation along hypotenuse AC (d.kZAC ds lkFk ?kweuk)

g
Ch

a(h + 2 r) = 2 rh A
A c
Ga

2rh b
a (side of cube) = c B r b
2r  h
Rotation
a
 When a sector is folded to make a cone: C Direction
B a
C
(tc ,d f=kT;•aM dks eksM+dj ,d 'kadq cuk;k tkrk gS)
O

A
R
h A
R R
b B r
r c
Or
l B a C
circumference of base of cone = arc l C
('kadq ds vk/kj dh ifjf/ ¾
arc l) Sum of vol. of 2 cones ( 2 'kadq dk vk;ru)=
1 (ac)2

3 b

73
 3D
Cutting of Cone ('kadq dkVuk) CSA = (r1+r2)l
 TSA = (r1+r2)l +   r12  r22 
l1 r 1
h1
  r1  r2  r1r2  × h
2 2
h2 l2 volume =
r1 r 3
Frustum
2
R l= h2   r1  r2 

r2 Sphere (xksyk)
r1 h1 l1 
 
r2 h2 l2
r
2 2 2
small cone CSA r1l1  r1   l1   h1 
Big cone CSA
= r l =   =   =  

r
2 2  r2   l2   h2 
1 2 4  3

Si
r1 h1 3 3 3 Volume = R3 = d
small cone volume 3  r1   l1   h1  3 6
Big cone volume
= 1 2 =  =  = 
r2 h2  r2   l2   h2  CSA = TSA = 4R2  Area R2
3
Volume  R3
(xksyk dkVuk)

ap
Cutting of Sphere

1  Hemi-Sphere
Sphere
2
3

n
t
r
io
4 r
ra
r
at
5
ic
bl

2 3
P

Volume of hemisphere (xksyk¼Z dk vk;ru)

= r
Pu

3
CSA of Hemi-sphere = 2r2
on
an

TSA of Hemi-sphere = 2r2 + r2 = 3r2

TSA of both parts = 4r2+2r2 = 6r2
pi

CSA of 5 parts 
am

 First cut
12 : 22 – 12: 32 – 22 : 42–32 : 52–42
g

r
Ch

1 : 3 : 5 : 7 : 9 (Ratio) Second cut

Volume of 5 parts 
Ga

13 : 23 – 13: 33 – 23 : 43 – 33: 53 – 43
1 : 7 : 19 : 37 : 61 (Ratio) 2 cut (4 pieces) 1 cut  2 circle area  (Increase)
Frustom of Cone ('kadq ds fNUud) 4 parts TSA = 4r2 + 4×r2 = 8r2
 When a cone is cut parallel to its base, lower 8r2
TSA of each part = = 2r2
portion is called frustum. 4
(tc ,d 'kadq dks mlds vk/kj ds lekarj dkVk tkrk gS rks fupyk(Quarter sphere) @ pkSFkkbZ xksyk
Hkkx fNUud dgykrk gSA) If we make 3 cuts at x, y, z axis

r2 ;fn ge x, y, z v{k ij 3 dV cukrs gSa

3 cut  8 parts
3 cut  6 circle area
h h l 8 parts TSA = 4r2 + 6×r2 = 10 r2

10r2 5 2
TSA of each part (çR;sd Hkkx TSA
dk ) = = r
8 4
r1 r1 –r2

74
 3D
 A maximum size sphere inside a cube
4 
(,d ?ku ds vanj ,d vf/dre vkdkj dk xksyk) vk;ru =  3   (r  t)
3
 r3 
 
Prism (fizTe)
 A prism is a solid figure with identical ends, flat
faces and same cross section all along its length.
,d fçTe ,d Bksl vkÑfr gS ftlds fljs leku gksrs gSa] piVs iQyd
a
Diameter of sphere (xksys dk O;kl)
=a gksrs gSa vkSj bldh yackbZ ds lkFk leku vuqçLFk dkV gk
 Base and Top of the prism is same
a
 Radius of sphere (xksys dh f=kT;k)
=  fçTe dk vk/kj vkSj 'kh"kZ leku gSA
2
vol. of cube 21 Surface of prism is lateral and not curved.
Ratio  vol. of sphere  11
fçTe dh lrg ik'oZ gS vkSj ?kqekonkj ugha gSA

r
 A maximum size cube inside a sphere Cube, cuboid are prism but cylinder is not prism
(,d xksys ds vanj ,d vf/dre vkdkj dk ?ku)

Si
(?ku] ?kukHk fçTe gSa ysfdu csyu fçTe ugha gS)
Triangular base prism
(f=kdks.kh; vk/kj fçTe)

Diagonal of cube = Diameter of sphere

ap a

c
b

n
(?ku dk fod.kZ ¾ xksys dk O;kl) h
t
io
a b
ra
vol. of sphere 11 3
at
 c
vol. of cube 7
ic

 A maximum size sphere inside a cone Volume of prism = area of base × height
bl

(,d 'kadq ds vanj ,d vf/dre vkdkj dk xksyk) fçTe dk vk;ru = vk/kj dk {ks=kiQy
× Å¡pkbZ
P
Pu

LSA = perimeter of base × height

( LSA = (vk/kj dh ifjf/ × ÅapkbZ)
on
an

 3 rectangles formed if we open it

bls •ksyus ij3 vk;r curs gSa
pi


am

h = height of cone ( h = 'kadq dh ÅapkbZ) ah + bh + ch = (a + b + c) × h

TSA = LSA + 2 × Base Area
l = slant height of cone ( l = 'kadq dh frjNh Å¡pkbZ)
g
Ch

General formulae for a prism (fçTe ds fy, lkekU; lw=k)

r = radius of base of cone ( r = 'kadq ds vk/kj dh f=kT;k)
Ga

A CSA = Base perimeter × Height = na × h

hr
Radius of sphere (xksys dh f=kT;k)
=R= B TSA = CSA + 2 × Area of two base
l r
na 2 
Hollow Sphere (•ks•yk xksyk) TSA = nah + 2 × cot
4 n

C Volume = Area of base area × Height
R vk;ru = vk/kj {ks=kiQy
× Å¡pkbZ
r
na 2 
Volume = cot  h
4 4
Here (;gka),
n  no. of sides of regular polygon
4
Volume of metal (/krq dh vk;ru) = (R3–r3) n  fu;fer cgqHkqt dh Hkqtkvksa dh la[;k
3
a  side length of regular polygon
TSA = 4R2 + 4r2
a  fu;fer cgqHkqt dh Hkqtk dh yackbZ
Thickness (eksVkbZ)
(t)= R–r
h  height of prism/fçTe dh ÅapkbZ

75
 3D
Pyramid (fijkfeM) 1
 × 4a × slant height
2
 Apex
1
 × base perimeter × slant height
2
slant edge slant height
1
 × vk/kj dh ifjf/ × fr;Zd ÅapkbZ
2
height
(dotted) In square pyramid (oxkZdkj fijkfeMesa)
r=7 a 
2

14 l2 = h 2 +  
14 2
2
a 

r
Square Pyramid Triangular Pyramid If slant edge (vxj frjNk fdukjk)= e  e2 = l2 +  
2
(oxkZdkj fijkfeM) (f=kdks.kh; fijkfeM)

Si
2
Height  Apex to centre of base  a 
2 2
=e =h +  
Å¡pkbZ
 'kh"kZ ls vk/kj ds dsaæ rd  2

slant edge  Apex to vertex of base In triangular pyramid (f=kdks.kh; fijkfeM esa)
fr;Zd fdukjk vk/kj ds 'kh"kZ ls 'kh"kZ rd
slant height  Apex to side of base
fr;Zd ÅapkbZ
 vk/kj ds fdukjs ls 'kh"kZ rd
ap 
e
l 2 2
a 
e = l + 
2

n
2
t
io a a/2
ra
at
slant height/(fr;Zd mQapkbZ) a
ic

e2 = h 2 + R 2
bl
P
Pu

a l
h
on
an

r l2 = h 2 + r 2
pi
am
g

for a regular pyramid/,d fu;fer fijkfeM ds fy, 

Ch
Ga

1
LSA = ×perimeter of base × slant height h e
2 a a
r= ,R=
1 2 3 3
LSA = × vk/kj dk ifjeki × fr;Zd ÅapkbZ R
2
TSA  LSA + Base Area Tetrahedron (leprq"iQyd)
1  All 4 faces and 1 equilateral triangle.
Volume  ×base area × height
3 Pyramid with triangular base.

1
vk;ru  × vk/kj dk {ks=kiQy
× Å¡pkbZ
3
After opening square pyramid  LSA = 4's a
a l a
oxkZdkj fijkfeM •ksyus ds
 ckn
LSA = 4's
a a
1
 4× × a × slant height a
2

76
 3D
3
Pentagonal Prism (iapHkqt fçTe)
Slant height (l) = a
2 

3 2 h
LSA = a ×3
4
a
3 2 2
TSA = a ×4= 3a
4 Area of pentagonal base = 3a 2

2 iapHkqt dk vk/kj {ks=kiQy

= 3a 2
height = a
3 Lateral surface area = 5a × h = 5ah
ik'oZ i`"B dk {ks=kiQy
= 5a × h = 5ah
1 3 2 2 a3
Volume = × a × a= Total surface area = 5ah + 2 3a 2

r
3 4 3 6 2
Frustum of a Pyramid (,d fijkfeM dk fNUud) dqy lrgh {ks=kiQy
= 5ah + 2 3a 2

Si
Volume @ vk;ru= 3a 2  h  3a 2h
 b Hexagonal Prism ("kVHkqt fçTe)

b/2

ap h

n
t
a
io
ra
at
3 3 2
l Base area of hexagonal  a =2.5981a2
2
ic

h
bl

3 3
"kVHkqt dk lrg {ks=kiQy
P

 a2=2.5981a2
Pu

2
Lateral surface area = 6a × h = 6ah
on

ik'oZ i`"B dk {ks=kiQy

an

= 6a × h = 6ah
a–b
pi

a/2 Total surface area = 6ah + 3 3 a2

2
am

dqy lrgh {ks=kiQy

= 6ah + 3 3a
2
g
Ch

3 3 2
a Volume @ vk;ru= a h = 2.5981a2h
Ga

2
Pentagonal Pyramid (iapHkqt fijkfeM)
2
a b 
l= h2   
 2 
s
1
LSA = (P1+P2) × l
2
h
P1, P2  Perimeter of bases (  vk/kjksa dh ifjf/)
a
A1, A2  Area of bases (  vk/kjksa dk {ks=kiQy)
1 5
Lateral surface area = ×5a×s= as
1 2 2
Volume = (A +A + A1  A 2 ) × h
3 1 2 1 5
ik'oZ i`"B dk {ks=kiQy
= ×5a×s= as
2 2

77
 3D
5 1
Total surface area = as+ 3a 2 Lateral surface area = ×6a×s=3as
2 2
5
dqy lrgh {ks=kiQy
= as+ 3a 2
1
ik'oZ i`"B dk {ks=kiQy
= ×6a×s=3as
2 2
1 1 2
Volume @ vk;ru= 3  3a 2  a 3 3 2
3 Total surface area = 3as + a
2
Hexagonal Pyramid ("kVHkqt fijkfeM)
3 3 2
dqy lrgh {ks=kiQy
= 3as + a
 2

3 2
s
Volume @ vk;ru= ah
2

r
h

Si
a

s = slant height @ frjNh ÅapkbZ

ap
n
t
io
ra
at
ic
bl
P
Pu
on
an
pi
am
g
Ch
Ga

78
 3D
Solid figure Figure Volume CSA/LSA TSA

a
Cube@(?ku) a3 4a2 6a2
a
a

H
Cuboid@(?kukHk) L×B×H 2 (L + B) H 2(LB + BH + HL)
L B

Cylinder@(csyu) h r2h 2rh 2r (r + h)

r
r

Si
R 1 2
Cone@('kadq) h r h rl r (r + l)
r 3

Frustum of cone
('kadq dk fNUud)
h
r
R
1
3
ap
(R2 + r2 + Rr)h (R + r)l (R + r)l +(R2+ r2)

n
t

io
ra
at
4 3
Sphere@(xksyk) r r 4r2 4r2
ic

3
bl
P
Pu
on
an

R
Hollow sphere r 4
(R3 – r3) 4R2
([kks[kyk xksyk)
pi

3
am
g
Ch

r
Hemi-sphere 2 3
Ga

r 2r2 3r2
(v/Zxksyk) 3

a b
c
Prism@(fizTe) h
a b
Base area × Height Base peri. × Height LSA+ 2 × Base area
c

e
l 1 1
Pyramid@(fijkfeM) a × Base area × H × Base peri. × Slant h. LSA + Base area
a /2 3 2
a

79
 Number System

Number system (la[;k iz.kkyh)

Numbers Decimal Numbers (n'keyo la[;k,a)

Real number Imaginary Terminating Non-Terminating Non-terminating

numbers decimal Repeating decimal Non-repeating
decimal
Rational Irrational 'kkar n'keyo xSj&'kkar nksgjk, tkusxSj&'kkar@v'kkar
numbers numbers

r
okys n'keyo xSj&nksgjko n'keyo

Si
1 1
Non-integer Integers 0.5 = 0.333333...= 2 =1.414....
2 3
rational
numbers 73 56
0.73 = 0.565656...= 
100 99
Negative Whole

ap
numbers numbers 81 137
0.648 = 0.137137137...= Irrational
125 999
Rational Numbers Numbers
Zero Natural  Integers  All integers are rational no.

n
t
numbers
Classification of Numbers (la[;kvkas dk oxhZdj.k) p io
ra
at
  where q = 1
q
ic

Real Numbers Imaginary Numbers iw.kk±d

 lHkh iw.kk±d ifjes; la[;k,¡ gSaA
bl

Integers (iw.kk±d)
P

okLrfod la[;k,a dkYifud la[;k,a

Pu

which can be denoted can not be denoted on

on number line. number line.
on
an

Negative Integers Non-negative Integers

ftls la[;k js•k ij fu:fir la[;k js•k ij fu:fir ugha ½.kkRed iw.kk±d xSj&½.kkRed iw.kk±d
pi

fd;k tk ldrk gSA fd;k tk ldrk gSA

am

{–, ....–4, –3, –2, –1} {0,1,2,3,4,....}

19 5 0  Neither positive 
g

Ex. +3, –7, 5, , 7 , 3 , 5 , –1 = i

13 7
Ch

nor negative Whole Numbers

0.0675, 5,  –1 = i2
11 ldkjkRed Hkh ugha iw.kZ la[;k
Ga

a+ib 5+3i
u gh udkjkRed
Real Numbers (okLrfod la[;k,a)
 Natural numbers @çkÑfrd la[;k,a

{1,2,3,4,5,....}
Rational Numbers Irrational Numbers Integers (iw.kk±d)
ifjes; la[;k,a vifjes; la[;k,a
which can be written in can not be written in
Even @ le Odd @ fo"ke
p p
q form (q0) p, q  Integer q form. Even  which are divisible by 2. (2K form)
p p le  tks2 ls foHkkT; gSaA
2K :i)(
ftls q esa fy•k tk ldrk gS q esa ugha fy•k tk ldrk {0, 2, 4, 6, 8)
5 13 8 Odd  which are not divisible by 2. (2K1 form)
Ex. , , , 0.5555, 0.1342607532 ....
3 1 1 fo"ke tks 2 ls foHkkT; ugha2K
gSaA
1 :i)
(
22 {1, 3, 5, 7, 11}
q  = 3.141592 ....
7

80
 Number System
 Odd × odd  odd  Composite Numbers  more than two factors.
odd × even  even HkkT; la[;k
 nks ls vf/d dkjd (xq.ku[kaM)A
oddodd  even Ex. 4, 6, 8, 9 etc.
even  even  even 1  Neither prime nor composite
odd ± even  odd 1  u rks vHkkT; vkSj u gh HkkT;@lexz
a + b = odd odd  odd even 4  Smallest composite number.
 a 
a – b = odd 2 2 = Natural No. 4  lcls NksVh HkkT; la[;kA
9  Smallest odd composite number.
a + b = even even  even even
a  9  lcls NksVh fo"ke HkkT; la[;kA
a – b = even 2 2 = Natural No.
 Relatively prime/co-prime numbers  Two numbers
a + b = even even  odd odd in which nothing is common i.e. their HCF = 1

r
a   natural
a – b = odd 2 2 lkis{k vHkkT;@lg&vHkkT; la[;k,¡
 nks la[;k,¡ ftuesa dqN Hkh
mHk;fu"B ugha gS vFkkZr
HCFmudk

Si
=1
Natural numbers (çkÑfrd la[;k,a)
(25, 19) (16, 9) (2, 3) (11, 13)
 Twin-prime numbers  Two prime numbers with a
Prime numbers Composite numbers gap of 2.

ap
vHkkT; la[;k,a HkkT;@lexz la[;k,a tqM+oka&vHkkT;la[;k,¡
2 ds varjky ds lkFk nks vHkkT; la[;k,¡A
Prime Numbers  Only two factors 1 & itself. (3, 5) (5, 7) (11, 13)
vHkkT; la[;k,¡
 dsoy nks xq.ku[kaM
1 vkSj Lo;aA  only pair of prime no. with a gap of 2 is 3, 5, 7.

n
2 ds varjky ds lkFk
3, 5, 7 vHkkT; la[;k dh dsoy ,d tksM+h
t
2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 23, 61, 67, 97 etc.
2  even prime no. & smallest prime no. io
gSA
ra
at
2  le vHkkT; la[;k- vkSj lcls NksVh vHkkT; la[;k  Smallest 3 digit prime  101
ic

3,5,7  only pair of consecutive odd prime no. lcls NksVh

3 vadksa dh vHkkT; la[;k
= 101
bl

3,5,7  yxkrkj fo"ke vHkkT; la[;k dk dsoy ;qXeA

P

largest 3 digit prime  997

Pu

Prime no. 1-50  15 lcls cM+h

3 vadksa dh vHkkT; la[;k
 997
50-100  10 Perfect Numbers (iw.kZ la[;k,¡)
on
an

1-100  25  If the sum of all the factors (excluding that no.) is

pi

1-200  46 equal to that number then it is called a perfect

am

1-1000  168 no.

Each prime number can be written in (6k±1) form. ;fn lHkh xq.ku•aMksa (ml la[;k dks NksM+dj) dk ;ksx ml la
g
Ch

çR;sd vHkkT; la[;k (6k±1)

dks :i esa fy•k tk ldrk gSA cjkcj gks rks mls iw.kZ la[;k,¡ dgrs gSaA
Ga

But every (6k±1) form may not be necessarily prime 6  1,2,3,6 (factors)  1+2+3 = 6
no. (Smallest perfect no.)  6 is perfect no.
ysfdu gj(6k±1) :i vko';d :i ls vHkkT; la[;k ugha gks ldrk 28  1,2,4,7,14,28
gSA (1+2+4+7+14) = 28
13  6×2+1 (prime) Perfect numbers @ iw.kZ la[;k
 6, 28, 496, 8128 ....
25  6×4+1 (not prime)

81
 Number System

Divisibility Rules (foHkkT;rk ds fu;e)

Divisibility Rules (foHkkT;rk fu;e) 17808  1780 – 2 × 8  1764

 1 is not divisible by any number except 1 but 1 is 176 – 2 × 4  168  16 – 16 = 0
a universal factor. 17808 is divisible by 7, 17808 7 ls foHkkT; gksxkA
1, 1 dks NksM+dj fdlh Hkh la[;k ls foHkkT; ugha
1 ,dgS] ysfdu Divisibility Rule of 13
lkoZf=kd xq.ku•aM gSA To check divisibility of 13, we apply following
Divisibility Rule of 2, 4, 8, 16 method
2 Last digit should be divisible by 2.
13dh foHkkT;rk psd djus ds fy;s ge bls djrs gS&

r
2 vafre vad2 ls foHkkT; gksuk pkfg,A
2353  235 + 3 × 4 235 + 12 = 247

Si
4 Last 2 digit should be divisible by 4.
247  24 + 7 × 4 24 + 28 = 52
4 vafre 2 vad 4 ls foHkkT; gksuk pkfg,A 52 is divisible by 13,  2353 will be divisible by 13
8 Last 3 digit should be divisible by 8. 52, 13 ls foHkkT;gS 2353 Hkh13 ls foHkkT; gksxkA
8 vafre 3 vad 8 ls foHkkT; gksuk pkfg,A

ap
Divisibility Rule of 17
16 Last 4 digits should be divisible by 16 To check divisibility of 17, we apply following
method
16 vafre 4 vad 16 ls foHkkT; gksus pkfg,
17 dh foHkkT;rk psd djus ds fy;s ge bl fof/ dks djrs
 gS

n
Divisibility Rule of 3 and 9
t
3 Sum of digits should be divisible by 3. io
3587  358 – 7 × 5 = 358 – 35 323
ra
at
323  32 – 3 × 5 = 32 – 15 = 17
3 vadksa dk ;ksx
3 ls foHkkT; gksuk pkfg,A
3587 will be divisible by 17, 3587, 17 ls foHkkT; gksxkA
ic

9 Sum of digits should be divisible by 9.

bl

Divisibility Rule of 7, 11, 13

9 vadksa dk ;ksx
9 ls foHkkT; gksuk pkfg,A
P
Pu

5922  Make pair of 3 digits from RHS

Divisibility Rule of 5, 25, 125
5922  RHS ls 3 vadks dk ;qXe cuk,a
5  Last digit should be 0 or 5
on
an

 Add alternate pairs & take difference

5  vafre vad 0 ;k 5 gksuk pkfg,
oSdfYid tksM+s dks tksM+sa vkSj varj Kkr djsa
pi


25  Last two digit should be divisible by 25.
 If difference is divisible by 7, 11, 13 then
am

25  vafre nks vad

25 ls foHkkT; gksus pkfg,A number will be divisible by 7, 11, 13
g

125  Last 3 digit should be divisible by 125. respectively.

Ch

125  vafre3 vad 125 ls foHkkT; gksuk pkfg,A ;fn varj 7, 11, 13 ls foHkkT; gS rks la[;k Øe'k%
Ga

Divisibility Rule of 6 7, 11, 13 ls foHkkT; gksxhA

6  6=2×3 (co-prime factors) @ (lg&vHkkT; xq.ku•aM) 7
 If a number is divisible by 2 & 3 both, that 005922  922 – 5 = 917 11 ×
number will also be divisible by 6 13 ×
 ;fn dksbZ la[;k
2 vkSj3 nksuksa ls foHkkT; gS] rks
6 ls
og la[;k 7
Hkh foHkkT; gksxh 6489  489 – 6  483 11 ×
13 ×
Divisibility Rule of 7
7
To check divisibility of 7 we apply following 380247  380–247 133 11 ×
method 13 ×
7dh foHkkT;rk psd djus ds fy;s ge bl fof/ dks djrs
 gS  ABAB  divisible by 101
1071  107 – 1 × 2  105  10 – 5 × 2 = 0 73×101 = 7373
0 is divisible by 7.  ABCABC  divisible by 1001
0, 7 ls foHkkT; 
gSA
1071, 7 ls foHkkT; gksxk 687×1001 = 687687
 7×11×13 = 1001 (Remember)

82
 Number System
Divisibility Rule of 11 Divisibility Rule of 12
 If the difference between the sum of the digits at 12 = 4 × 3
odd places and sum of the digits at even places is
 If a number is divisible by 4 and 3 both then that
zero or multiple of 11.
number will also be divisible by 12.
;fn fo"ke LFkkuksa ds vadksa ds ;ksx vkSj le LFkkuksa ds ;fn
vadksa dsla[;k
dksbZ ;ksx
4 o 3 nksukas ls foHkkftr gksrh gS rks
12 og la[;k
ds chp dk varj 'kwU;11
;k dk xq.kd gSA ls Hkh foHkkftr gksxhA
If diff. is 0 or
Add even place digits
Take diff. multiple of 11
Add odd place digits then no. will be
divisible by 11
166452  1+6+5 = 12
6+4+2 = 12 diff. = 0  div. by 11

r
7945938  28–17 = 11

Si
ap
n
t
io
ra
at
ic
bl
P
Pu
on
an
pi
am
g
Ch
Ga

83
 Number System

Remainder Theorem ('ks"kiQy izes;)

Remainder ('ks"kiQy) Fermat's Theorem (iQesZV dh izes;)

 The remainder is the value left after the division aP-1
if the dividend is not completely divided by the  Fermat's Theorem  = 1 (Remainder)
P
divisor.
fdlh Hkkx esa ;fn Hkktd }kjk HkkT; dks iwjh rjg foHkkftr ugha fd;k dh çes;
Fermat's 
aP-1
= 1('ks"k)
tkrk rks cpk gqvk eku 'ks"kiQy dgykrk gSA P

 If dividend is completely divided by the divisor then @ vHkkT; la[;k

p = prime number

r
in that case remainder will be zero. a, p  co-prime @ lg vHkkT;

Si
;fn Hkktd HkkT; dks iwjh rjg foHkkftr djrk gS rks 'ks"kiQy 'kwU;
5016
gksxkA Ex.
17
R=1

Remainder Theorem ('ks"k çes;) 48 4 12

20 (20 )
 R 1
Dividend @ HkkT;

ap
13 13

Divisor 13 72 5 quotient @ HkkxiQy

(foYlu dh çes;)
Wilson's Theorem
Hkktd 65  P = any prime number @P = dksbZ Hkh vHkkT; la[;k
Remainder @ 'ks"k

n
7
t
 P  1 !
72 = 13 × 5 + 7 io  Remainder = –1 or (P–1)
ra
P
at
Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder
n
ic

HkkT;
= Hkktd× HkkxiQy
+ 'ks"kiQy
 ax  k 
 = Remainder  Kn
bl

a
P

206
Pu

,R=8 n
11  ax  1
 Remainder = 1n = 1
Remainder is always less than divisor. a
on
an

'ks"k ges'kk Hkktd ls NksVk gksrk gSA  ax  k 

n
pi

 Remainder = (–k)n
 a, b, n  natural numbers @ çkÑfrd la[;k a
am

an + bn (n=odd)  a3+b3=(a+b) (a2–ab+b2) n

 ax  1
g

a3+b3=(a+b) [a2b0–a1b1+a0b2]  (a+b) [a2–ab+b2]  Remainder = (–1)n

Ch

a
(+ – + – + – (+ ls start gS rks igys
+ then – goes on)
Ga

(a + b ) = (a+b) [a4b0–a3b1 + a2b2 – a1b3+a0b4]

5 5

n = even n = odd
= (a+b) (a4 – a3b + a2b2 – ab3 + b4) 1 –1
 an + bn  n odd  (a+b) is a factor always.
Euler's Theorem (;wyj dh çes;)

No. of the form Div. by (a+b) Div. by (a–b) a (N)

  R=1 (N)=Toient function of N
N
1. an+bn (n  odd)  ×
a, N  co-prime
2. an+bn (n  even) × ×
N  Natural number / (izkÑfrd la[;k)
3. an–bn (n  odd) × 
How to find (N)
4. an–bn (n  even)  
72 = 23 × 32
 If Power is odd @ ;fn ?kkr fo"kegS
 1  1
an+bn+cn+dn is divisible by (a+b+c+d)em  (72)  72 × 1  2  × 1  3 
   
1 2
= 72 × × = 24
2 3

84
 Number System
 100  22 × 52 4n

  Rem = 4
 1  1 1 4 6
100  100 × 1  2  × 1  5   100 × ×  40
    2 5 10n
  Rem = 4
 (P) = P–1 where P = prime number 6
 (N)  N ls NksVh fdruh la[;k,a
N ds lkFkco-prime gSA Unit digit (UD) (bdkbZ vad)
 Product of any 'n' consecutive (+ve) numbers is  5 × odd  U.D = 5
always divisible by n! 5 × even  UD = 0
fdlh Hkh'n' Øekxr (+ve) la[;kvksa dk xq.kuiQy ges'kk
n! ls one zero = one pair of 5 × 2
foHkkT; gksrk gS!
875 × 64  5 × 5 × 5 × 7 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2
15  16  17  18  19
  5 numbers 3 pair of 5 & 2
5!

r
 3 zero at the end of product @xq.kuiQy
ds var esa
3 'kwU;
15  16  17  18  19

Si
 ,R=0 0 (1370)189  UD = 0
120
No. of zero at the end = 189
Consecutive Remainder (yxkrkj 'ks"kiQy)
 0, 1, 5, 6 dh fdruh Hkh
power gks
unit digit same gh jgrk gSA
 8697 511
17 1 (371)108  371 × 371 .... 108 times
85
19
17
27
17
ap 5  (865) 99
UD = 1
 865 × 865 × .... 99 time
UD = 5 Any power of 5  UD = 5

n
t
10 6  (106)357  106 × 106 × .... 357 times
@ yxkrkj 'ks"k io UD = 6
ra
consecutive remainder = 1, 2, 10
at
Divisor  HCF [85, 17, 17]  Any power of 0, 1, 5, 6  UD = same
ic

 17 4 (4)odd = UD  4
bl

8. Successive Division @ Øfed foHkktu (4)even = UD  6

P
Pu

9  (9)odd  UD = 9
Divide 620 by 8, 5, 6 successively @ Øfed
(9)even  UD = 1
on
an

8 620 77 5 77 15 10. Rule of 2, 3, 7, 8

56 5 15 2 Final Quotient 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 210
6
pi

60 27 12
56 25          
am

3
4 2 UD  2 4 8 6 2 4 8 6 2 4
g

UD repeat after every power 4

Ch

successive remainders @ Øfed 'ks"kiQy

 4, 2, 3
 cyclicity = 4
Ga

8 620 4  UD  2n = 2n+4
5 77 2 Successive remainders
6 15 3 25
 (132)25  , R=1  (132)1  UD = 2
OR 3 2 4
Final quotient 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 310
Some Important points (dqN egRoiw.kZ fcanq)          
UD  3 9 7 1 3 9 7 1 3 9
 If two numbers are divided by same divisor the
remainders are respectively r1 and r2. If sum of  UD repeat after power 4
these two numbers are divided by the same divisor  cyclicity = 4
the remainder is r3. Then divisor is  divisor =
r1 + r2 – r3 337334
 333337
334
  1334  1
4
;fn nks la[;kvksa dks ,d gh Hkktd }kjk Hkkx nsus ij 'ks"kiQy Øe'k%
 3331  UD = 3
r1 o r2 vkrk gS rFkk ;fn nksuksa la[;kvksa ds ;ksx dks mlh Hkktd }kjk
Hkkx nsus ij 'ks"kiQy
r3 gS rks
 Hkktd= r1 + r2 – r3  Similarly cyclicity of 7 & 8 is also 4.
blh çdkj 7 vkSj8 dh pØh;rk Hkh
4 gksrh gSA

85
 Number System

Number of Factors (xq.ku[kaMkas dh la[;k)

Factors (xq.ku[kaM)
a  r n  1
OR Sum of factors @ xq.ku[kaMksa 
dk ;ksx
 Factors are the positive integers that can divide  r  1  GP
a number exactly.
xq.ku•aM /ukRed iw.kk±d gSa tks fdlh la[;k dks lVhd :i ls1 25  1 1 34  1 152  1
 × ×
foHkkftr dj ldrs gSaA 2 1 3 1 5 1
Properties of factors (dkjdksa ds xq.k)  31 × 40 × 6 = 7440

r
1. 1 is a factor of every number.  2160 = 24×33×51
1 gj la[;k dk xq.ku•aM gSA Even factors  minimum 21 @ le dkjd  U;wure
21

Si
2. Every natural number is a factor of itself. NOF = 5×4×2=40
gj çkÑfrd la[;k Lo;a dk ,d xq.ku•aM gSA (20 21 22 23 24) × (30 31 32 33) × (50 51)
3. Apart from 1 all natural numbers have atleast two Even NOF  4 × 4 × 2  32
factors. OR 2160 = 24×33×51  2(23×33×51)

gSaA
Number of Factors (NOF) (xq.ku[kaMkas dh la[;k)
ap
1 ds vfrfjÙkQ lHkh çkÑr la[;kvksa ds de ls de nks xq.ku•aM gksrs 
4×4×2 = 32
Sum of even factors @ le xq.kdksa dk;ksx
30×40×6 

n
t
7200
 12  12, 24, 36, 48, 60 .... (multiples) @ (xq.kt)
io
No. of odd factors @ fo"ke dkjdksa dh 
la[;k
ra
40–32 = 8
at
12  1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12 (factors) @ (xq.ka[kM)
No. of odd factors @ fo"ke dkjdksa dh
la[;k
Absence of
ic

NOF of 12  6
2
bl

perfect square NOF @ iw.kZNOF

oxZ 2
P

 2160 = 24 × 33 × 51  4 × 2 = 8
Pu

Even NOF of 12  4
Sum of odd factors @ fo"ke dkjdksa dk
;ksx
40 × 6 = 240
perfect cube NOF  1 @ iw.kZNOF
?ku = 1.
 2160 = 24 ×33 × 51
on
an

odd NOF of 12  2
(20 21 22 23 24) (30 31 32 33) (50 51)
pi

NOF of multiple of 3  3
Number of factors which are multiple of 18 
am

 72  23 × 32 (write in prime base) 18=21×32

(vHkkT; la[;k ds ?kkr esa fy[kuk gS) dkjdksa dh la[;k tks
18 ds xq.kd gSa
g


Ch

0 1 2 3 0 1 2 18=21×32
Ga

2 2 2 2 3 3 3
 minimum 21 and 32 required for multiple of 18.
OR 4 × 3 = 12 combinations @
 4 × 2 × 2 = 16
 NOF  12 OR 2160 = 24 × 33 × 51  2×32[23×31×51]
Direct: NOF = (power + 1) × (power + 1) .... 
NOF of 72  (3+1) × (2+1)  4 × 3  12 4×2×2= 16
 N = ax × by × cz
 Sum of reciprocal of all factors
a,b,c  prime number @ vHkkT; la[;k
sum of factors
NOF of N = (x+1) (y+1)(z+1) (lHkh xq.ku[kaMksa ds O;qRØe= dk ;ksx)
number
Sum of factors (SOF) (xq.ku[kaMkas dk ;ksx)
 72 [20+21+22+23]×[30+31+32] = 15 × 13 = 195
8  1, 2, 4, 8
 2160  24×33×51
SOF  (20+21+22+23+24)×(30+31+32+33)×(50+51) 1 1 1 1 8  4  2 1
Sum of reciprocal  + + + =
1 2 4 8 8
 31×40×6  7440

86
 Number System
Sumof factors ( xq.ku[kaMkas )dk ;kx
s  Only perfect square number has odd number of
= factors.
number (l[ a ;k)
fdlh iw.kZ oxZ la[;k esa xq.ku•aMksa dh fo"ke la[;k gksrh
 10800  24×33×52
 Perfect square number from 1 to 100  10
Number of factors which are perfect squares 
1 ls 100 rd iw.kZ oxZ la[;k
= 10
xq.ku•.Mksa dh la[;k tks iw.kZ
 oxZ gSa
1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100
a2n = perfect square number @ iw.kZ oxZ la[;k
 Even number of factors @ xq.ku[kaMksa dh 
le la[;k
a3n = perfect cube number @ iw.kZ ?ku la[;k 100–10 = 90
a6n = perfect square as well as perfect cube @ iw.kZ oxZ
 Perfect square of a prime number has exactly 3
vkSj lkFk gh iw.kZ ?ku factors.
(20 22 24) × (30 32) × (50 52) ,d vHkkT; la[;k ds iw.kZ oxZ
3 xq.ku[kaM
esa gksrs gSaA
 3 × 2 × 2 = 12

r
49 72  2 + 1 = 3
OR No. of factors (perfect squares)  1

Si
49
;k xq.ku[kaMksa dh la[;k (iw.kZ
 oxZ) 7
(1–100)  22, 32, 52, 72  4 numbers
Power
2
 Integer  1  Numbers which have exactly 2 factors upto 100 @
100 rd la[;k,¡ ftuds Bhd 2 xq.ku•aM =gSa
25 (Prime

ap
(2+1) (1+1) (1+1)
Numbers)
 3×2×2  12
 Numbers which have exactly 3 factors upto 100 @
 72  1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 72
100 rd la[;k,¡ ftuds Bhd 3 xq.ku•aM=gSa
4 (4, 9, 25, 49)

n
make pairs from 1st & last, NOF = 12
t
 Numbers which have more than 3 factors between
igys vkSj vkf•jh ls tksM+s cuk,a] io
ra
(1 to 100) = ?
at
1×72 = 72 4×18 = 72
(1 ls 100) ds chp 3 ls vf/d xq.ku•aM okyh la[;k ¾ \
ic

2×36 = 72 6×12 = 72
only 1 factor = 1 (1 has only one factor)
bl

3×24 = 72 8×9 = 72
 More than 3 factors @
3 ls vf/d xq.ku•aM
P

Product of factors @ dkjdksa dk xq.kuiQy

Pu

= 726
100 –( 1 + 4 + 25) = 70 numbers
NOF
 Product of factors of N @N ds dkjdksa dk
=  N 2
on
an
pi
am
g
Ch
Ga

87
 Number System

Sequences and Series (vuqØe vkSj Js.kh)

Sequence (vuqØe) 1  1 1 
OR   
 A sequence is an arrangement of numbers in common difference 1st no.of den. Last no.of den. 
definite order according to some rule.
1 1  4
vuqØe fdlh fu;e ds vuqlkj fuf'pr Øe esa la[;kvksa dh O;oLFkk
1  =
 5 25  25
gSA
Progression (Js.kh) 
1
+
1
+
1
+
1
+
1 4  7 4  7  10 7  10  13 10  13  16

r
 A sequence whose terms follow a certain pattern
1 1 1 1  25
is called a progression. = ?  6  1  4  16  19   608

Si
13  16  19  
,d Øe ftlds in ,d fuf'pr iSVuZ dk ikyu djrs gSa] ,d Js.kh
1  1 1 
dgykrh gSA    
diff.of 1st & 3rd no.in den.  1st 2no. last 2 no. 
Series (Ük`a[kyk)

ap
 Series based concepts
 If a1,a2,a3,...,an,... is a sequence, then the sum
expressed as a1+a2+a3+...+an+... is called a series. 10(10n  1)  9n
9 + 99 + 999 + ..... nth terms =
vxj a1,a2,a3,...,an,... ,d vuqØe gS] rks
a1+a2+a3+...+an+... 9

n
t
ds :i esa O;ÙkQ ;ksx dks ,d J`a•yk dgk tkrk gSA 10(10n  1)  9n
io
9 (1 + 11 + 111 + ...nth terms) =
ra
 A series having finite number of terms is called 9
at
finite series.
ic

10(10n  1)  9n
1 + 11+111+ ....nth term =
inksa dh ifjfer la[;k okyh Js.kh dks ifjfer Js.kh dgrs gSa& 81
bl
P

 A series having infinite number of terms is called

Pu

 Bar based concepts:

infinite series. Formulae:-
vuar inksa okyh J`a•yk dks vuar Js.kh dgrs gSaA
on
an

p
0.p 
Special series (fo'ks"k Ük`a[kyk) 9
pi


am

If denominator is same as multiplier pq

0.pq =
;fn gj xq.kd ds leku gS 99
g
Ch

991 pqr  p
Ga

999 ×999 = ? 0.pqr =

999 990
Step 1  ftlls Multiply fd;k gS= 999 pqr
0.pqr =
Step 2  vkxs ftrus9 gS mruh
zero = 000 999
Step 3  Diff. of 999 – 991 = 8 Arithmetic Progression (AP) (vadxf.krh; Js.kh)
 999000 – 8 = 998992  A sequence in which terms increase or decrease
1 1 1 1 1 regularly by a fixed number. This fixed number is
+ + + + .... +
 5×6 6×7 7×8 8×9 24×25 called the common difference of AP.
common difference @ lkekU; varj
=1 ,d Øe ftlesa in ,d fuf'pr la[;k ls fu;fer :i ls c<+rs ;k
65 76 87 98 25  24 ?kVrs gSaA ;g fuf'pr la[;k
AP dk lkoZ varj dgykrh gSA
+ + + +....
56 67 78 89 24  25 Ex. a, a + d, a + 2d,... is an AP
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Where a = first term and d = common difference.
– + – + – + – +.... – + –
5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 23 24 24 25
tgk¡a = igyk in vkSjd = lkoZ varj gSA
1 1 4
– = nth Term (or General Term) of an AP
5 25 25

88
 Number System
fdlh AP dk nokain (;k lkekU; in) linear expression in n, i.e. its nth term is given
 If a is the first term, d is the common difference by An+B, where A and B are constants and A =
and l is the last term of an AP, i.e. the given AP is common difference.
a, a+d, a+2d, a+3d,..., l, then ;fn ,d vuqØe ,d AP gS] rks bldk
nok¡ inn esa ,d jSf•d
;fn a igyk in gS]d lkoZ varj gS vkSj
l fdlh AP dk vafre in O;atd gS] vFkkZr bldk
nok¡ inAn+B }kjk fn;k tkrk gS] tgk¡
A
gS] vFkkZr fn;ka,x;ka+d, a+2d, a+3d,..., l, gS] rks vkSjB fLFkjkad gSaA vkSj
= lkoZ varj gSA
(a) nth term is given by an = a+(n–1)d Selection of Terms in an AP ( AP esa inksa dk p;u)

nok¡ in fn;k x;k gS

an = a+(n–1)d  Any terms in AP can be taken as
(b) nth term of an AP from the last term is given by AP esa dksbZ Hkh
bl :iinesa fy;k tk ldrk gSA
a 'n = l – (n–1)d (i) 3 terms  (a–d), a, (a+d)
(ii) 4 terms (a–3d), (a–d), (a+d), (a+3d)
noka in fdlhAP dk vafre in ls a 'n = l – (n–1)d

r
(iii) 5 terms  (a – 2d), (a – d), a, (a + d), (a + 2d)
@uksV%&

Si
Note
Sum of First n Terms of an AP (fdlh AP ds izFken inksa dk ;ksx)
(i) an+ a 'n = a + l
 Sum of first n terms of AP, is given by
i.e. nth term from the beginning + nth term from
AP ds igys n inksa dk ;ksx] }kjk fn;k x;k gS
the end = first term + last term

ap
n n
vFkkZr çkjaHk
noka
lsin+ var ls noka in= igyk in + vafre Sn = [2a + (n – 1) d] = [a + l]
2 2
in When l = last term
Properties of Arithmetic Progression (vadxf.krh; Js.khds xq.k) @ uksV%&

n
Note
t
(i) If a constant is added or subtracted from each term (i)
io
A sequence is an AP if the sum of its first n terms
ra
at
of an AP, then the resulting sequence is also an is of the form A 2n + Bn, here A and B are constants
AP with same common difference.
ic

and common difference in such case will be 2A.

;fn fdlh AP ds çR;sd in esa ,d fLFkjkad tksM+k ;k ?kVk;k tkrk gS]
bl

,d vuqØe ,d AP gS ;fn blds igysn inksa dk ;ksx

P

A 2n + Bn
rks ifj.kkeh vuqØe Hkh leku lkoZ varj okykAP gksrk
,d gSA
Pu

ds :i esa gS] ogka

A vkSjB fLFkj gSa vkSj ,sls ekeys esa lkoZ v
(ii) If each term of an AP is multiplied or divided by a
2A gksxkA
on
an

non-zero constant k, then the resulting sequence

(ii) an = Sn – Sn–1 i.e.
is also an AP, with common difference kd or
pi

d nth term of AP = Sum of first n terms – Sum of

am

respectively, where d = common difference of first (n – 1) terms

k
g

given AP. an = Sn – Sn–1 ;kuh

Ch

;fn fdlh AP ds çR;sd in dks ,d xSj&'kwU; fLFkjkad

k ls xq.kk ;k AP dk nok¡ in= igys n inksa dk ;ksx & çFke
(n – 1) inksa dk
Ga

foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gS] rks ifj.kkeh vuqØeAPHkhgksrk

,d gS] ;ksx
d Ex. 7, 11, 15, 19, 23..... common difference @ lkoZ varj
ftlesa lkoZ varj Øe'k%
kd ;k gksrk gS] tgk¡
d = fn, x, AP
k +4 +4 +4
dk lkoZ varj gksrk gSA (d) = 4

(iii) If an, an+1 and an+2 are three consecutive terms of 1st term @ izFke (a)
in = 7
an AP, then 2an+1 = an + an+2. a, a+d, a+2d, a+3d, ....a+(n–1)d
Tn = nth term = a+(n–1)d = Last term for n term AP
;fn an, an+1 vkSjan+2 ,d AP ds yxkrkj rhu in gSa]2a
rks
n+1

= an + an+2- Tn = nth term = a+(n–1)d = n in AP dk vafre in

(iv) If the terms of an AP are chosen at regular a  l  n

Sum @ tksM+
 n OR@vkSj [2a+(n–1)d]
intervals, then they form an AP. 2 2
;fn fdlh AP ds inksa dks fu;fer varjky ij pquk tkrk gS] rks os l a
Tn = l = a + (n–1)d  =n–1
,d AP cukrs gSaA d
(v) If a sequence is an AP, then its nth term is a

89
 Number System
l –a a  nb
n= +1 A n  a  nd 
d n 1

n  n  1 ba
n = 1+2+3+ .... +n = and@vkSj
d
2 n 1
(b) Sum of n AM's between a and b is nA
n  n  1 2n  1
n2 = 12+22+32+ .... +n2 =
6 a vkSjb ds chp n AM's dk ;ksxnA gS

2 ab
 n  n  1  i.e. A1 + A2 + A3 + ... + An = nA, where A =
3 3 3 3
n = 1 +2 +3 + .... +n =  3
 2
 2 
ab
 Sum of 1st n even natural numbers ;kuhA1 + A2 + A3 + ... + An = nA, tgkaA =
2
1st n le çkÑr la[;kvksa dk ;ksx Important Results on AP ( AP ij egRoiw.kZ ifj.kke)

r
n (i) If@;fn
ap = q and@vkSj
aq = p, then@rcap+q = 0, ar = p+q–

Si
2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + .... +2n = [2+2n] = n(n+1)
2 r
Sum of 1st n odd natural numbers (ii) If@;fn
pap = qaq, then@rcap+q = 0
1st n fo"ke çkÑfrd la[;k dk ;ksx
1 1
(iii) If@;fn
ap = q and@vkSj
aq = p , then@rcapq = 1

ap
n
1 + 3 + 5 + 7 +.... +(2n–1) = [1+2n–1] = n2
2 (iv) If@;fn
Sp = q and@vkSj
Sq = p, then@rcSp+q = –(p+q)
Arithmetic Mean (AM) (vadxf.krh; ekè;) (v) If@;fn
Sp = Sq, then@rcSp+q = 0

n
t
(i) If a, m and b are in AP, then m is called the (vi) If@;fn
a2, b2 and c2 are@vkSj
in AP, then@rc
arithmetic mean of a and b and it is given by io
ra
at
1 1 1 a b c
ab , , and@vkSj , , both
ic

m= bc ca ab bc ca a b

2
are also in AP@nksuksaAP Hkh
esagSa
gksaxsA
bl

;fn a, m vkSjb, AP esa gSa]mrks

dksa vkSjb dk vadxf.krh; (vii) If a , a , ...., a are the non-zero terms of an AP,
P
Pu

1 2 n
ab then
ekè; dgk tkrk gS vkSj m
bls= }kjk fn;k tkrk gS
2 ;fn a1, a2, ...., an fdlh AP ds 'kwU;srj in gSa] rc
on
an

(ii) If a1, a2, a3, ......, an are n numbers, then their AM

1 1 1 1
pi

n 1
a1  a 2  .......a n    .....  
is given by, A  a1a 2 a 2a 3 a 3a 4 a n 1a n a1a n
am

n
Geometric Progression (GP) (T;kferh; Js.kh)
g

;fn a1, a2, a3, ......, an la[;k,¡ gSa] rks mudk

AM fuEu }kjk fn;k
Ch

 A sequence in which the ratio of any term (except

a  a  .......a n
Ga

tkrk gS]A  1 2 first term) to its just preceding term is constant

n
throughout. The constant ratio is called common
(iii) If a, A1, A2, A3, ..... An, b are in AP, tern
ratio (r).
(a) A1, A2, A3, ..... An are called n arithmetic mean
between a and b, where ,d vuqØe ftlesa fdlh Hkh in (igys in dks NksM+dj) dk mlds
;fn a, A1, A2, A3, ..... An, b, AP esa gSa Bhd igys okys in ls vuqikr iwjs le; fLFkj jgrk gSA fLFkj vuq
(a) A1, A2, A3, ..... An dksA vkSjB ds chp vadxf.krh; ekè;
dks lkoZ vuqikr
(r) dgk tkrk gS

dgk tkrk gS] tgka n a

i.e. a = r, n>1
n
na  b
A1  a  d   If a is the first term, r is the common ratio and l
n 1
is the last term of a GP, then the GP can be written
A 2  a  2d 
 n  1 a  2b as a, ar, ar2, ....., arn–1, .... l.
n 1 ;fn a igyk in gS]r lkoZ vuqikr gS vkSj l fdlh GP dk vafre
: : : in gS] rks
GP dksa, ar, ar , ....., ar , .... l ds :i esa fy•k
2 n–1

tk ldrk gSA

90
 Number System
4, 12, 36, 108 r = common ratio @ lkoZ vuqikr (v) If a1, a2, a2, a3, ....., an are non-zero and non-
negative term of a GP, then log a1, log a2, log a3,
a 2 12 ....., log an are in an AP and vice-versa.
r= a = = 3
1 4 ;fn a1, a2, a2, a3, ....., an fdlh GP dk 'kwU;sÙkj vkSj xSj&½.kkR
nth Term (Or General Term) of a GP in gSa] rks
a3, ....., log an AP esa gSa vkSj blds foijhr Hkh lgh gS
GP dk nok¡ in (;k lkekU; in) (vi) If a, b and c are three consecutive terms of a GP,
 If a is the first term, r is the common ratio and l then b2 = ac.
is the last term, then ;fn a, b vkSjc fdlh GP ds yxkrkj rhu in gSa]brks
2
= ac
;fn a igyk in gS]r lkoZ vuqikr gS vkSj
l vafre in gS] rc Selection of Terms in a GP ( GP esa 'krks± dk p;u)
(i) nth term of a GP from the beginning is given by Any terms in a GP can be taken as
an = arn–1 GP esa inksa dks bl :i esa fy;k tk ldrk gSA
;fn a igyk in gS]n lkoZ vuqikr gS vkSj
l vafre in gS] rc
a

r
an = arn–1 (i) 3 terms  , a and ar.
r

Si
' l
(ii) nth term of a GP from the end is given by a n  a a
rn1 (ii) 4 terms  , , ar and ar3.
r3 r
l
fdlh GP dk nok¡ in var ls fn;k tkrk gS
'
an  a a
rn1 (iii) 5 terms  , , a, ar, and ar2.

ap
r2 r
(iii) The nth term from the end of a finite GP
consisting of m terms is arm–n. Sum of First n Terms of a GP ( a GP ds izFke
n inksa dk ;ksx
)
,d ifjfer GP ds var ls nok¡ 'kCn ftlesa arm–n gSA (i)
m 'kCn gSa] Sum of first n terms of a GP is given by

n
GP ds igys n inksa dk ;ksx fdlds }kjk fn;k tkrk gS
t
(iv) ana'n = al
io
ra
i.e. nth term from the beginning × nth term from  a 1  r n 
at
the end = first term × last term  ,if r  1
 1 r
ic

ana'n = al  a rn  1
   ,if r  1
bl

Sn  
vFkkZr çkjaHk nok¡lsin× var ls nok¡ in= igyk in × vafre
P

 r 1
Pu

in ana n = al
' na,if r  1

Properties of Geometric Progression (xq.kksÙkj Js.kh ds xq.k) 
on
an

(i) If all the terms of GP are multiplied or divided by

a  lr lr  a
pi

same non-zero constant, then the resulting (ii) Sn  , r < 1 or Sn = ,r>1

sequence is also a GP with the same common 1 r r 1
am

ratio. where, l = last term of the GP.

g

tgka]l =;kGP dk vafre in

;fn GP dh lHkh 'krks± dks ,d gh xSj&'kwU; fLFkjkad ls xq.kk
Ch

foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gS] rks ifj.kkeh vuqØe Hkh leku Sum
lkekU;
of Infinite Terms of a GP ( a GP dh vuar inksa
dk ;ksx)
Ga

vuqikr okyk
GP gksrk gSA
a
(ii) The reciprocal of terms of a given GP also form a (i) If@;fn |r| < 1, then@rcS =
1 r
GP.
,d cukrk gSA(ii) If@;fn|r|1, then@rcS does not exist.@ekStwn ugha gSA
fdlh fn, x, GP dh inksa dk ikjLifjd HkhGP
(iii) If each term of a GP is raised to same power, then Geometric Mean GM (T;kferh; ekè;)
the resulting sequence also forms a GP. (i) If a, G, b are in GP, then G is called the geometric
;fn fdlh GP ds çR;sd in dks leku ?kkr rd c<+k;k tkrk gS] rksmean of a and b and is given by G = ab .
ifj.kkeh vuqØe Hkh
GP cukrk gSA
;fn a, G, b GP esa gSa]
Grks
dksA vkSjB dk T;kferh; ekè; dgk
(iv) If the terms of a GP are chosen at regular
intervals, then the resulting sequence is also a
tkrk gS vkSj
G= ab }kjk fn;k tkrk gSA
GP. (ii) GM of n positive numbers a1, a2, a3, ......., an are
given by G = (a1a2...an)1/n
;fn ,d GP dh inkas dks fu;fer varjky ij pquk tkrk gS] rks
ifj.kkeh Øe Hkh ,d
GP gksrk gSA n /ukRed la[;kvksa a1, a2, a3, ......., an dk GM ¾ G =
(a1a2...an)1/n }kjk fn;k tkrk gS

91
 Number System
( ii i) If a, G1, G2, G3, ...., Gn b are in GP, then
a1a 2l
;fn a, G1, G2, G3, ...., Gn b esa gSa]
GP rks = a a  l  n  1  a  a  , where l is the last term.
1 2 1 2
(a) G1, G2, G3, ....., Gn, are called n GM's between
a and b, where 1 1 1 1 1 1
(iii) a  a '  a  l  First term of HP  Last term of HP
1 n n

 b  n 1
G1  ar  a   , 1
a 
(iv) a n= a   n  1 d , if a, d are the first term and
2
 b  n 1
2
common difference of the corresponding AP.
G2  ar  a  
a 
: : : 1
an= a   n  1 d ;fn a, d lacaf/r AP dk igyk in vkSj lkoZ
n
b n 1
Gn  ar n  a  
a
and varj gSA

r
1
Note:- There is no formula for determining the

Si
 b  n 1 sum of harmonic series.
r 
a  uksV%& gjkRed
Üka`
•yk dk ;ksx fu/kZfjr djus ds fy, dksbZ lw=k ugha
(b) Product of n GM's, AP = 2, 5, 8, 11 ....
G1×G2×G3×....Gn=Gn, where G = ab 1 1 1 1

ap
HP = , , ,
Harmonic Progression (gjkRed Js.kh) 2 5 8 11
 A sequence a1, a2, a3, ....., an, .... of non-zero Harmonic Mean (gjkRed ekè;)
numbers is called a Harmonic Progression (HP), (i) If a, H and b are in HP, then H is called the

n
t
1 1 1 2ab
io
1
if the sequence a , a , a , ....., a , ... is in AP. harmonic mean of a and b and is given by H=
ra
ab
at
1 2 3 n

xSj&'kwU; la[;kvksa dsa1vuqØe

, a2, a3, ....., an, .... dks ,d ;fn a, H vkSjb HP esa gSa]Hrks
dksa vkSjb dk gjkRed ekè;
ic

2ab
bl

1 1 1 dgk tkrk gS vkSj

H= }kjk fn;k tkrk gSA
gjkRed Js.kh
(HP) dgk tkrk gS] ;fn vuqØe
P

, , , ab
a1 a 2 a 3 .....,
Pu

(ii) Harmonic Mean (HM) of a1, a2, a3, ..., an is given by

1
a n , ... AP esa gSA
on
an

1 1 1 1 1 1 
     ...  
H n  a1 a 2 a 3 an 
pi

1
Important Results on HP ( HP ij egRoiw.kZ ifj.kke)
am

an = a  (n  1)d
(i) If in a HP, am=n and an = m, then
g

nth Term (or General Term) of Harmonic Progressio

Ch

(gjkRed Js.kh dknoka in ;k lkekU; in) mn mn

Ga

(i) nth term of the HP from the beginning am+n= , amn=1, ap= p
mn
HP dk nok¡ in 'kq: ls (ii) If in a HP, ap=qr and aq=pr,
then ar = pq
1
an  (iii) If H is HM between a and b, then
1  1 1
  n  1    (a) (H–2a)(H–2b) = H2
a1 a
 2 a 1

1 1 1 1
(b)   
a1a 2 Ha Hb a b
= a   n  1  a  a 
2 1 2
Ha Hb
(ii) nth term of the HP from the end (c)  2
Ha Hb
HP dk nok¡ in var ls Properties of AM, GM and HM between Two Numbers
(nks la[;kvksa ds chp
AM, GM vkSjHM ds xq.k)
1
a 'n  1. If A, G and H are arithmetic, geometric and
1  1 1
  n  1    harmonic means of two positive numbers a and
l a
 2 a 1
b, then

92
 Number System
;fn A, G vkSjH nks ldkjkRed la[;kvksa
a vkSjb ds vadxf.krh;] (vi) Sum of first n even natural numbers.
T;kferh; vkSj gkjkRed ekè; gSa] rks çFken le çkÑr la[;kvksa dk ;ksxA
i.e. 2+4+6+...+2n=n(n+1)
ab 2ab
(i) A= , G= ab , H = (vii) Sum of first n odd natural numbers.
2 ab
(ii) A  G  H çFken fo"ke çkÑfrd la[;kvksa dk ;ksxA
(iii) G2 = AH and so A,G,H are in GP. i.e. 1+3+5+...(2n–1) = n2
n
2 2 2 2 2 n  n  1 2n  1
 A,if n  0 (viii)  n  1  2  3  ...  n 
 r 1 6
a n 1  bn 1  1
(iv)  G,if n  
a n  bn  2 2
n
3 3 3 3 3  n  n  1 
H,if n  –1 (ix)  n  1  2  3  ...  n   
r 1  2 
Exponential Series (?kkrh; Üka`•yk)

r
n
4
n  n  1  6n 3  9n 2  n  1
(x) n  14  24  3 4  ...  n 4 

Si
1 1 1 1 r 1 30
 The sum of the series 1      ... is
1! 2! 3! 4! (xi) Sum of n terms of series
denoted by the number e.
J`a•yk dsn inksa dk ;ksx
1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1      ... ;ksx n'kkZ;k tkrk gS& 1 – 2 + 3 – 4 + 5 – 6 + 7 – 8 + ...
Üka`[kyk dke }kjk

ap
1! 2! 3! 4!
n  n  1
1 1 1 1 Case I when n is odd =
2
 e = 1     ...
1! 2! 3! 4!
n  n  1

n
fLFkfr
I tc n fo"ke gS
t
(i) e lies between 2 and 3. =
(ii) e is an irrational number. io 2
ra
at
n  n  1
x x2 x3 Case II when n is even =
ic

(iii) e = 1 
x    ..., x  R 2
1! 2! 3!
bl

n  n  1
P

x x2 x3 fLFkfr
II tc n le gS =
Pu

(iv) e–x = 1     ..., x  R 2

1! 2! 3!
on

a
(v) For any a > 0, ax = ex log
an

e
pi

x2 x3
= 1+x(logea) + (logea)2 + (logea)3 +..., x  R
am

2! 3!
g
Ch
Ga

93
 Number System

LCM & HCF (y?kqÙke lekioRkZd vkSj egÙke lekiorZd)

LCM (Least Common Multiple) (y?kqÙke lekiorZd)  The number which when divided by a, b, c leaves
remainder 'r' in each case = LCM(a,b,c) × k + r
 The least common multiple (LCM) is defined as
the smallest multiple that two or more number og la[;k ftls a, b, c ls Hkkx nsus ij çR;sd fLFkfr
'r' 'ks"k
esacprk
have in common. gS= LCM(a,b,c) × k + r
y?kqÙke lekioR;Z
(LCM) dks nks ;k nks ls vf/d la[;kvksaEx.
esaThe least number which when divided by 4, 6, 8,
mHk;fu"B y?kqÙke xq.kt ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gSA
12, and 16 leaves remainder of 2 in each case.

 LCM of the any two number is the value that is og NksVh ls NksVh la[;k Kkr4, djks
6, ftls
8, 12 and 16 ls Hkkx

r
completely divisible by the two given numbers. djus ij izR;sd n'kk 2eas 'ks"k cpsA

Si
fdUgha nks la[;kvksa dk y?kqÙke lekioR;Z og eku gS tksLCM
Sol. nh xbZ nks6, 8, 12 and 16) = 16 × 3 = 48
of (4,
la[;kvksa ls iw.kZr% foHkkT; gSA Required number = 48 + 2 = 50
Ex. Find LCM of 36, 45. Ex. The least multiple of 13 which on dividing by 4, 5,
6, 7 and 8 leaves remainder 2 in each case?
36  36, 72, 108, 144, 180, 216, 252 ....
og 13 dk NksVs ls NksVk xq.kt D;k4,gksxk
5, 6, ftls

ap
7 and 8
45  45, 90, 135, 180, 225, 270 ....
LCM (36, 45)  180 (Least common multiple of ls Hkkx nsus ij izR;sd n'kk
2 'ks"kiQy
esa cps\
both) (nksuksa dk y?kqÙke lekiorZd) Sol. LCM of (4, 5, 6, 7 and 8) = 8 × 7 × 3 × 5 = 840

n
 (840K + 2) will be divisible by 13
t
 Find LCM of 24, 30, 36.
24  23×31 io (840K + 2) 13 ls foHkkT; gksxkA
ra
at
30  21×31×5 840K  2 8K  2
 64K  Put (K = 3)
ic

36  22×32 13 13
bl

LCM=23×32×51 (Take max. power of each) @ (çR;sd  840 × 3 + 2 = 2522

P
Pu

dh vf/dre ?kkr ysa)= 8 × 9 × 5 = 360  The number which when divided by a, b, c

 Find LCM of 55, 66, 60. respectively gives remainder x, y, z such that
on
an

55  5×11 LCM = 22×3×5×11 = 660 og la[;k ftls Øe'k%a, b, c ls foHkkftr djus ij 'ks"kiQy
x, y,
zz çkIr gksrk gS
pi

66  2×3×11
common difference (d) @ lkoZ varj
am

60  22×3×5 (d)= a–x = b–y = c–z

 Find LCM of 13, 29, 41. number = LCM (a, b, c)k – d
g
Ch

13  LCM (prime no.)  their product @ mudk xq.kuiQy

Ex. Find least number which divided by 35, 45, 55
Ga

29   LCM = 13×29×41 leaves 18, 28, and 38 remainder respectively?

41  og NksVh ls NksVh la[;k Kkr35,
djsa45,
ftls55 ls Hkkx djus ij
 Find LCM of 24, 30, 36. 18, 28 and 38 'ks"kiQy cps\
24  12 × 2 Let LCM = 36 Sol. LCM of (35, 45, 55) = 55 × 9 × 7 = 55 × 63 = 3465
30  6 × 5  36 × 5 × 2 = 360 Required number = 3465 – d
d = 35 – 18 = 45 – 28 = 55 – 38 = 17 (Common
36  6, 12 included difference) lkoZvarj
in 36 so skip them Number = 3465 – 17 = 3448
 Find LCM of 55, 66, 60. HCF (Highest common factor) (egÙke lekiorZd)
55  11 × 5 LCM = 66×5×2 = 660
 HCF is used to find the highest common factors of
66  any two or more given integers.

605 × 6 × 2 fdlh Hkh nks ;k vf/d fn, x, iw.kkZadksa ds mPpre lkekU; xq.k
dks •kstus ds fy,
HCF dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
 Product of co-prime number = their LCM
lg&vHkkT; la[;k dk xq.kuiQy ¾LCM
mudk

94
 Number System
 In other words HCF is the largest positive integer 48  48 = 8 × 6
 Difference=8=HCF Difference=1
that divides each of the given integers. 56  56 = 8 × 7
nwljs 'kCnksa
HCFesa
lcls cM+k /ukRed iw.kkZad gS tks fn, x, iw.kk±dksa
 HCF = difference = 8
esa ls çR;sd dks foHkkftr djrk gSA  306, 391  HCF = 17
Ex. Find HCF of 40, 64.
d = 85  17 × 5
40  (1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 10, 20, 40)
64  (1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64)  1518 1840
common-factors of 40, 64  [1,2,4, 8 ] HCF = 8
161×2
40, 64 ds mHk;fu"B xq.ku[kaM
 [1,2,4, 8 ] HCF = 8 D = 322
23 ×7×2
HCF is the greatest common number which divide
 Both number divisible by 23 @ nksuksa23
la[;k,¡
ls foHkkT; gSa
all the given numbers.
HCF Both are even number @ nksuksa le la[;k gSa
og cM+h ls cM+h lekiorZd la[;k gS tks nh xbZ lHkh la[;kvksa

r
 HCF = 23×2 = 46
dks foHkkftr djrh gSA
 323, 456, 703

Si
40  8 × 5
 Co-prime  HCF = 8
64  8 × 8 133
42  6 × 7 19 ×7
Co-prime no.  HCF = 6 19 divide all 3
66  6 ×11
;gh cps gq,co-prime no. HCF fudkyus ds ckn tks

ap
no.  HCF = 19
nksuks la[;kvksa dk
Ratio cprs gS mues dqNcommon
Hkh  1008, 1323, 1722
gksrs gSA ugh cpsxk os vkil co-prime
esa d=315
gksxhA

n
63 ×5
t
40 : 64 42 : 66
io
3× 21
ra
HCF of (1008, 1323) = 63
at
5:8 7 : 11
1722 not divisible by 9  Remove 9 from 63 @
ic

 HCF of two no. = H Ratio of no's = Hx : Hy

Numbers = Hx, Hy x:y Hence not divisible by 63 @ vr%
63 ls foHkkT; ugha gS
bl
P

x, y  co-prime  1722 divisible by 21 @1722 21 ls foHkkT; gS

Pu

LCM = Hxy  HCF (1008, 1323, 1722) = 21

How to find HCF
(yach foHkktu ç.kkyh)
on

Long Division Method

an

Factorization Method (xq.ku•aM fof/)

 693, 945
pi

 Find HCF of 168, 294, 420

HCF = 63
am

168  23 × 3 × 7
693 945 1
@
g

Take minimum power of common in all 693

Ch

lHkh esa leku

dh U;wure ?kkr yks 252 693 2
504
Ga

294  2×3×72  HCF  2×3×7 = 42 189 252 1

420  22×3×5×7 189
Final divisor 63 189 3
Difference Method (varj fof/)
= HCF 189
 HCF of two numbers = H Diff. = Hx – Hy ×
Numbers = Hx, Hy = H(x–y) 1,2,1,3  successive quotient @ Øfed HkkxiQy
x, y  co-prime   Note: If 2 or 3 numbers are even their HCF will be even.
HCF = diff. dk factor If any one number is odd their HCF can not be even.
Diff. = H(x – y) uksV% 2;fn;k 3 la[;k, le gks rks mudk
HCF Hkh le gksxkA
;fn dksbZ ,d la[;k fo"ke gS rks HCF
mudkle ugha gks ldrkA
If(x–y)=1 If(x–y)>1
 If HCF of 2 numbers = H  LCM = Hxy
HCF=diff. HCF=factor of diff. Nos.  Hx, Hy Diff. = H(x–y)
HCF of 2 numbers can not be greater than their x,y  co-prime Sum = H(x+y)
difference.
 HCF is present in LCM, difference & sum of the
2 la[;kvksa dk
HCF muds varj ls vf/d ugha gks ldrkA numbers./ HCF, LCM] la[;kvksa ds varj vkSj la[;kvksa ds ;ks
esa ekStwn gksrk gSA
95
 Number System
 18, 30 HCF = 6 Ex. Let N be greatest number that will divide 1305,
4665, and 6905 leaving same remainder in each
LCM=90
All will be divisible by HCF. case find N?
Diff.=12
lHkhHCF ls foHkkT; gksaxsA
Sum=48 N og cM+h ls cM+h la[;k gS ftls 4665, rFkk
1305, 6905 esa Hkkx
 Hx × Hy = Hxy × H nsus ij leku 'ks"kiQy cprk gS
N rc
dk eku D;k gSA
I × II = LCM × HCF
N 1305 N 4665 N 6905
H2xy = H2xy
Sol. –x –x –x
 I × II = LCM × HCF 0 0 0
1st no. × 2nd no. = LCM × HCF Number tks rhuksaa dks Hkkx
 djsxk
 'K'is the largest number which when divide a,b,c HCF of {(1305 – x), (4665 – x) (6905 – x)}
gives same remainder 'r' & quotients are x,y,z
respectively
lcls cM+h la[;k gS ftls
a,b,c ls foHkkftr djus ij leku

r
'K' 3360 2240
'ks"kiQy
'r' vkSj HkkxiQy Øe'k%
x,y,z gSa

Si
k a x k b y k c z
 Required no. 1120
r r r
a–b, b–c, c–a a c e  LCM  a,c,e 
 LCM  , ,   HCF b,d,f

ap
   b d f   
 k(x–y) k(y–z) k(z–x) HCF  a,c,e 
a c e 
a = kx + r b = ky + r c = kz + r HCF  , ,   LCM b,d,f
 K = HCF [a–b, b–c, c–a] b d f   

n
 HCF [an 1, am 1] = aHCF(n,m)1
t
io
ra
at
ic
bl
P
Pu
on
an
pi
am
g
Ch
Ga

96
 Number System

Calculation (x.kuk)

Multiply two digit number by 11. III. Take only right digit from Ex. 4 12 × 18 = ?
Ex. I45 × 11 = ? step II and forward the carry to
I. Add both digits of two digits step I (18+2) × 10 + (8 × 2)
number 4 + 5 = 9 24 (10) 200 + 16 = 216
II. Place this result between 250 Ex. 512 × 19 = ?
both digits 495 IV. Put 1 at the end 2501 
Ex. 2 87 × 11 = ? Ex. 2 (19 + 2) × 10 + (9 × 2)
51 × 31 = ?
I. Add both digits of two digit 210 + 18 = 228
number 8 + 7 = 15

r
(5×3) (5+3) 1 Ex. 613 × 16 = ?
II. Add carry 1 to the left digit (16 + 3) × 10 + (6 × 3)
1581

Si
when result of step 1 is gerater 190 + 18 = 208
Ex. 3 91 × 71 = ?
than 9
Multiply by 0.2
8+1=8
(9×7) (9+7) (1) Ex. 1 432 × 0.2 = ?
III. Place the result between
(63) (16) (1) I. Multiply by 2
two digits 957

ap
432 × 2 = 864
6461
8 7 × 11 = 957 II. Divide by 10
Ex. 4 81 × 21 = ?
864
8 (8 + 7) 7  86.4
10

n
8 (15) 7 (8×2) (8+2) (1)
t
(16) (10) (1) 2nd method
9 5 7 io 432 × 0.2 = 86.4
ra
at
1701 I. Divide by 5
 Multiply two digit number
ic

having same tens digit and Ex. 5 91 × 11 = ? 432

 86.4
bl

one's digit sum is 10. 5

P

Ex. 1 23 × 27 = ? (9×1) (9+1) (1) Ex. 2 355 × 0.2 = ?

Pu

I. Multiply the first digit by the (9) (10) (1) 355

first digit + 1 I.  71
5
on
an

2 × (2 + 1) = 6 1001 Ex. 3 283 × 0.2 = ?

II. Multiply the right most digits Multiply numbers between 11
pi

and 19. 283

(Take two digits, if result is I.  56.6
am

single digit put a zero before it) Ex. 1 14 × 17 = ? 5

3 × 7 = 21 I. Add the larger no. to the Multiply by 0.25
g
Ch

III. Place the result of step II rightmost digit of the other Ex. 1 355 × 0.25 = ?
next to result of step I number (17 + 4) = 21 I. To multiply the given
Ga

621 II. Multiply by 10 the result of number by 0.25, divide it by 4

Ex. 2 4 6 × 4 4 = ? step I  210 355
  88.75
III. Multiply the rightmost digit 4
4×(4H) (6×4) of two numbers Ex. 2 884 × 0.25 = ?
2024 4 × 7 = 28 84
IV. Add step II and III I.  221
Ex. 3 71 × 79 = ? 4
210 + 28 = 238 Ex. 3 1132 × 0.25 = ?
7×(7+1) (1×9) Ex. 2 14 × 18 = ? 1132
I.  283
5609 4
(18+4) × 10 + (4 × 8) Multiplification by 5
Multiply two digit numbers
ending in 1. 220 + 32 = 252 Ex. 1 163 × 5 = 815
Ex. 1 61 × 41 = ? Ex. 3 11 × 19 = ? Step-I Put 0 after given no. =
I. Multiply left most digits 1630
6 × 4 = 24 (19+1) × 10 + (9 × 1) Step-II Divide step I by 2
II. Add left most digits 1630
200 + 9 = 209  815
6 + 4 = 10 2

97
 Number System
Ex. 2 287 × 5 = ? Ex. 2 163 × 9 = ? Square Techniques
I. 2870 Step-I 163 × (10 – 1)  Square of the number whose
Step-II 1630–163 = 1467 unit digit is 5.
2870
II.  1435 Ex. 3 467 × 99 = ? Ex.1 Find square of 25
2
Step-I 467 × (100–1) Step-I (5)2 = 25
Ex. 3 335 × 5 = ?
Step-II 46700 – 467 = 46233 Step-II (Digits other than 5) × (same
I. 3350 Multiply two numbers whose digit + 1)
3350 difference is even no. 2 × (2 + 1) = 6
II.  1675 Ex. 1 22 × 36 = ?
2  (25)2 = 625
Step-I 36 – 22 = 14 (even) Ex.2 Find square of 125.
Ex. 4 884 × 5 = ?
I. 8840 14 (125)2 = 12 × (12 + 1) (5)2
Step-II 7 (12 × 13) (25)
2
8840 15625
II.  4420 Step-III 22 + 7 Or 36 – 7 = 29
2 Ex.3 Find square of 65.

r
Step-IV (29)2 = 841
Multiplication by 25 (6 × 7) (5)2
Step-V 841 – 72 = 792

Si
Ex. 1 182 × 25 = ? 4225
Ex. 2 78 × 82 = ?
Step-I Put 00 at the end of given Ex.4  Find square of 85.
I. 82 – 78 = 4
number 18200 (8 × 9) (5)2
Step-II Divide it by 4 4 7225
II. 2
2 Ex.5 Find square of 95.

ap
18200
 4550 III. 78 + 2 = 80 (9 × 10) (5)2
4
IV. 802 – 22 = 6400 – 4 = 6396 9025
Ex. 2 292 × 25 = ?
Vedic method of multiply Ex.6 Find square of 205.
Step-I 29200

n
Ex. 1 27 × 78 = ? (20 × 21) (5)2
t
Step-II
29200
 7300 I. 2 7
io 42025
ra
at
4 Ex.7 Find square of 145.
7 8
Ex. 3 1787 × 25 = ? (14 × 15) (5)2d
ic

6 56
Step-I 178700 21025
bl

II. 2 7 16 + 49 Square of the numbers whose

P

178700 = 65 + 5
Pu

Step-II  44675 7 8
unit digit is 1.
4 =7 0
06 Ex. 1 Find square of 31.
Multiplication by 125 III. 2 7 (30)2 + (30+31)
on
an

Ex. 1 187 × 125 = ? 900 + 60 = 961

7 8
pi

Step-I Put 000 at the end of the 7 × 2 = 14 Ex. 2 Find square of 21.
21 06 14 + 7 = 21
number 187000 (20)2 + (20+21)
am

Step-II Divide by 8 Ex. 2 21 × 72 = ?

400 + 40 = 441
g

2 1 I. 2 × 1 = 2 Ex. 3 Find square of 41.

Ch

187000
 23375 II. 2 × 2 + 7 × 1 = 1 1 (40)2 + (40+41)
8
Ga

7 2 III. 2 × 7 + 1 = 15
15 12 1600 + 80 = 1681
Ex. 2 292 × 125 = ?
Ex. 4 Find square of 61.
Step-I 29200 Ex. 3 73 × 65 = ?
(60)2 + (60+61)
292000 7 3 I. 5 × 3 = 1 5 3600 + 121 = 3721
Step-II  36500
8 II. (7 × 5 + 6 × 3) + 1 Ex. 5Find square of 91.
6 5 =54
Ex. 3 587 × 125 = ? (90)2 + (90+91)
47 45 III. 7 × 6 + 5 = 47
Step-I 587000 8100 + 181 = 8281
Ex.4 524 × 19 = ? Ex. 6Find square of 111.
587000
Step-II  73,375 I. 4 × 9 = 3 6 (110)2 + (110+111)
8 5 2 4
II. (9 × 2 + 1 × 4) + 3 = 2 5 12100 + 221 = 12321
Multiplication by the number 1 9
III. (9 × 5 + 1 × 2) + 2 = 4 9 Ex. 7 Find square of 151.
whose unit digit is 9 99 56
IV. (1 × 5) + 4 = 9
Ex. 1 187 × 19 = ? (150)2 + (150+151)
Ex. 537 × 66 = ? 22500 + 301 = 22801
Step-I 187 × (20 – 1)
Step-II 187 × 20 – 187 × 1 3 7 I. 7 × 6 = 4 2 Ex. 8 Find square of 301.
3740 – 187 = 3553 II. (6 × 3 + 6 × 7) + 4 = 6 4 (300)2 + (300+301)
6 6 III. (6 × 3) + 6 = 24 90000 + 601 = 90601
24 42

98

Ex. 9 Find square of 31.
(30)2 + (30+31)
900 + 60 = 961
Square of the numbers whose
unit digit is 9.
Ex. 1 Find square of 19.
(20)2 – (19+20)
400 – 39 = 361
Ex. 2 Find square of 29.
(30)2 – (29+30)
900 – 59 = 841
Ex. 3 Find square of 39.
(40)2 – (39+40)
1600 – 79 = 1521
Ex. 4 Find square of 59.
(60)2 – (59+60)
3600 – 119 = 3481
Ex. 5Find square of 99.
(100)2 – (99+100)
10000 – 199 = 9801
Ex. 6 Find square of 199.
(200)2 – (199+200)
40000 – 399 = 39601
Ex. 7 Find square of 249.
(250)2 – (249+250)
62500 – 499 = 62001
Square of the numbers between
40 and 49.
Base = 50
Ex. 1 Find square of 48.
Step1 25 – (Difference of 50 and
given number)
an
25 – (50 – 48) = 23
Step2 (Difference of 50 and
given number)2 = (2)2 = 04
 482 = 2304
g
Ex. 2 Find square of 49.
Step1 25 – 1 = 24
Ga
Step2 (1)2 = 01
 492 = 2401
Ex. 3 Find square of 47.
Step1 25 – 3 = 22
Step2 (3)2 = 09
 472 = 2209
Ex. 4 Find square of 46.
Step1 25 – 4 = 21
Step2 (4)2 = 16
 462 = 2116
Ex. 5Find square of 44.
Step1 25 – 6 = 19
Step2 (6)2 = 36
 442 = 1936
Number System
Square of the numbers between Ex. 5Find square of 97.
51 and 59. Step1 97 – 3 = 94
Base = 50 Step2 (3)2 = 09
Ex. 1 Find square of 52.  (97)2 = 9409
Step1 25 + (Difference of given Ex. 6Find square of 99.
number and 50)
Step1 99 – 1 = 98
25 + (52 – 50) = 27
Step2 (1)2 = 01
Step2 (Difference of given
 (99)2 = 9901
number and 50)2 = (2)2 = 04
Square of the numbers more
 522 = 2704 than 100(near 100).
Ex. 2 Find square of 59. Base = 100
Step1 25 + (59 – 50) = 34 Ex. 1 Find square of 104.
Step2 (59 – 50)2 = (9)2 = 81 Step1 104 + (difference of 100
 592 = 3481 and given number)
r
Ex. 3 Find square of 58. 104 + 4 = 108
Step1 25 + 8 = 33 Step2 42 = 16
Si
Step2 (8)2 = 64  (104)2 = 10816
 582 = 3364 Ex. 2 Find square of 101.
Ex. 4 Find square of 57. Step1 101 + 1 = 102
Step1 25 + 7 = 32 Step2 12 = 01
ap
Step2 (7)2 = 49  (101)2 = 10201
 572 = 3249 Ex. 3 Find square of 102.
Ex. 5Find square of 54. Step1 102 + 2 = 104
Step1 25 + 4 = 29 Step2 22 = 04
n
t
Step2 (4)2 = 16
io  (102)2 = 10404
ra
 542 = 2916 Ex. 4 Find square of 103.
at
Ex.6 Find square of 53. Step1 103 + 3 = 106
ic
Step1 25 + 3 = 28 Step2 32 = 09
bl
Step2 (3)2 = 09  (103)2 = 10609
P
 532 = 2809
Pu
Ex. 5Find square of 106.
Square of the numbers between Step1 106 + 6 = 112
90 and 99.
Step2 62 = 36
on
Base = 100
 (106)2 = 11236
Ex. 1 Find square of 92.
pi
Ex. 6Find square of 111.
Step1 92 – 8 = 84
Step1 111 + 11 = 122
am
Step2 Subtract from 100
Step2 (11)2 = 1 21 (take 2
100 – 92 = 8
Ch
Step3 (8)2 = 64 digits)
 (106)2 = (122) (121) = 12321
 (92)2 = 8464
Ex. 2 Find square of 93.
Ex. 7 Find square of 113.
Step1 93 – 7 = 86
Step1 113 + 131 = 126
Step2 100 – 93 = 7
Step2 (13)2 = 1 69 (take 2
Step3 (7)2 = 49
 (93)2 = 8649 digits)
Ex. 3 Find square of 94.  (106)2 = (126) (169 ) = 12769
Step1 94 – 6 = 88
Step2 (6)2 = 36
 (94)2 = 8836
Ex. 4 Find square of 96.
Step1 94 – 4 = 92
Step2 (4)2 = 16
 (96)2 = 9216
99
 Number System

Squares - Cubes - Square Root Chart

Number n Square Cube Square root Number n Square Cube Square root
n2 n3 n n2 n3 n

1 1 1 1.0000 41 1681 68921 6.4031

2 4 8 1.4142 42 1764 74088 6.4807
3 9 27 1.7321 43 1849 79507 6.5574
4 16 64 2.0000 44 1936 85184 6.6332
5 25 125 2.2361 45 2025 91125 6.7082
6 36 216 2.4495 46 2116 97336 6.7823

r
7 49 343 2.6458 47 2209 103823 6.8557

Si
8 64 512 2.8284 48 2304 110592 6.9282
9 81 729 3.0000 49 2401 117649 7.0000
10 100 1000 3.1623 50 2500 125000 7.0711
11 121 1331 3.3166 51 2601 132651 7.1414

ap
12 144 1728 3.4641 52 2704 140608 7.2111
13 169 2197 3.6056 53 2809 148877 7.2801
14 196 2744 3.7417 54 2916 157464 7.3485

n
55 3025 166375 7.4162
t
15 225 3375 3.8730
16 256 4096 4.0000 io
56 3136 175616 7.4833
ra
at
17 289 4913 4.1231 57 3249 185193 7.5498
ic

18 324 5832 4.2426 58 3364 195112 7.6158

bl

19 361 6859 4.3589 59 3481 205379 7.6811

P
Pu

20 400 8000 4.4721 60 3600 216000 7.7460

21 441 9261 4.5826 61 3721 226981 7.8102
on
an

22 484 10648 4.6904 62 3844 238328 7.8740

pi

23 529 12167 4.7958 63 3969 250047 7.9373

64 4096 262144 8.0000
am

24 576 13824 4.8990

25 625 15625 5.0000 65 4225 274625 8.0623
g
Ch

26 676 17576 5.0990 66 4356 287496 8.1240

Ga

27 729 19683 5.1962 67 4489 300763 8.1854

28 784 21952 5.2915 68 4624 314432 8.2462
29 841 24389 5.3852 69 4761 328509 8.3066
30 900 27000 5.4772 70 4900 343000 8.3666
31 961 29791 5.5678 71 5041 357911 8.4261
32 1024 32768 5.6569 72 5184 373248 8.4853
33 1089 35937 5.7446 73 5329 389017 8.5440
34 1156 39304 5.8310 74 5476 405224 8.6023
35 1225 42875 5.9161 75 5625 421875 8.6603
36 1296 46656 6.0000 76 5776 438976 8.7178
37 1369 50653 6.0828 77 5929 456533 8.7750
38 1444 54872 6.1644 78 6084 474552 8.8318
39 1521 59319 6.2450 79 6241 493039 8.8882
40 1600 64000 6.3246 80 6400 512000 8.9443

100
 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

×
1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
2 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60
3 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39 42 45 48 51 54 57 60 63 66 69 72 75 78 81 84 87 90
4 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96 100 104 108 112 116 120
5 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150
Ga
6 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 g 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96 102 108 114 120 126 132 138 144 150 156 162 168 174 180
7 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70 77 84 91 98 105 112 119 126 133 140 147 154 161 168 175 182 189 196 203 210
8 8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 72 80 88 96 104 112 120 128 136 144 152 160 168 176 184 192 200 208 216 224 232 240
9 9 18 27 36 45 54 63 72 81
an
10 20
Ch90 99 108 117 126 135 144 153 162 171 180 189 198 207 216 225 234 243 252 261 270
10 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300
11 22 33 44 55
a 121 132 143 154 165 176 187 198 209
11 66 77 88 99 110 m 220 231 242 253 264 275 286 297 308 319 330
12 12 24 36 48 60
p
72 84 96 108 120 132 144
Pr
io 156 168 180 192 204 216 228 240 252 264 276 288 300 312 324 336 348 360
13 13 26 39 52 65 78 91 104 117 130 143 156n 169 182 195 208 221 234 247 260 273 286 299 312 325 338 351 364 377 390
14 14 28 42 56 70 84 98 112 126 140 154 168 182 P196 210 224 238 252 266 280 294 308 322 336 350 364 378 392 406 420
u

101
at
15 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 195 210 225 240 255 270 285 300 315 330 345 360 375 390 405 420 435 450
b
16 16 32 48 64 80 96 112 128 144 160 176 192 208 224 240 368 384 400 416 432 448 464 480
lic 256 272 288 304 320 336 352
a
ap
17 17 34 51 68 85 102 119 136 153 170 187 204 221 238 255 272
ti289 306 323 340 357 374 391 408 425 442 459 476 493 510
18 18 36 54 72 90 108 126 144 162 180 198 216 234 252 270 288 306
on 324 342 360 378 396 414 432 450 468 486 504 522 540
19 19 38 57 76 95 114 133 152 171 190 209 228 247 266 285 304 323 342 361 380 399 418 437 456 475 494 513 532 551 570
20 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600
Si
21 21 42 63 84
r
105 126 147 168 189 210 231 252 273 294 315 336 357 378 399 420 441 462 483 504 525 546 567 588 609 630
22 22 44 66 88 110 132 154 176 198 220 242 264 286 308 330 352 374 396 418 440 462 484 506 528 550 572 594 616 638 660
23 23 46 69 92 115 138 161 184 207 230 253 276 299 322 345 368 391 414 437 460 483 506 529 552 575 598 621 644 667 690
24 24 48 72 96 120 144 168 192 216 240 264 288 312 336 360 384 408 432 456 480 504 528 552 576 600 624 648 672 696 720
25 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350 375 400 425 450 475 500 525 550 575 600 625 650 675 700 725 750
26 26 52 78 104 130 156 182 208 234 260 286 312 338 364 390 416 442 468 494 520 546 572 598 624 650 676 702 728 754 780
27 27 54 81 108 135 162 189 216 243 270 297 324 351 378 405 432 459 486 513 540 567 594 621 648 675 702 729 756 783 810
28 28 56 84 112 140 168 196 224 252 280 308 336 364 392 420 448 476 504 532 560 588 616 644 672 700 728 756 784 812 840
29 29 58 87 116 145 174 203 232 261 290 319 348 377 406 435 464 493 522 551 580 609 638 667 696 725 754 783 812 841 870

30 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420 450 480 510 540 570 600 630 660 690 720 750 780 810 840 870 900
Number System
 M

ADDITION/tksM+uk
(+)

Type-1 (Find Sum) Type-2 (Find Sum) Type-3 (Find Sum)

1. 19 + 3 = ? 16. 88 + 23 = ? 31. 23 + 64 + 12 + 76 + 97 = ?
(a) 12 (b) 16 (a) 109 (b) 108 (a) 282 (b) 272
(c) 20 (d) 22 (c) 111 (d) 110 (c) 275 (d) 279
2. 27 + 8 = ? 17. 79 + 18 = ? 32. 98 + 45 + 93 + 59 + 62 = ?
(a) 34 (b) 39 (a) 99 (b) 98 (a) 382 (b) 352
(c) 45 (d) 35 (c) 97 (d) 96 (c) 357 (d) 379
3. 39 + 8 = ? 18. 16 + 49 = ? 33. 19 + 93 + 75 + 73 + 57 = ?
(a) 52 (b) 57 (a) 62 (b) 67 (a) 328 (b) 317
(c) 47 (d) 58 (c) 65 (d) 69 (c) 375 (d) 379
4. 43 + 8 = ? 19. 37 + 67 = ? 34. 34 + 76 + 38 + 72 + 52 = ?
(a) 49 (b) 55 (a) 105 (b) 108 (a) 282 (b) 272
(c) 51 (d) 53 (c) 104 (d) 110 (c) 275 (d) 279
5. 57 + 8 = ? 20. 39 + 47 = ? 35. 233 + 44 + 126 + 61 + 70 = ?
(a) 67 (b) 65 (a) 70 (b) 86 (a) 482 (b) 534
(c) 69 (d) 63 (c) 73 (d) 77 (c) 635 (d) 439
6. 9 + 58 = ? 21. 57 + 78 = ? 36. 634 + 64 + 122 + 76 + 197 = ?
(a) 67 (b) 62 (a) 133 (b) 136 (a) 1283 (b) 1272
(c) 68 (d) 63 (c) 135 (d) 137
(c) 1093 (d) 1273
7. 7 + 87 = ? 22. 79 + 87 = ?
37. 86 + 164 + 172 + 726 + 97 = ?
(a) 99 (b) 97 (a) 168 (b) 166
(a) 1245 (b) 1272
(c) 95 (d) 94 (c) 167 (d) 169
(c) 1275 (d) 1275
8. 9 + 97 = ? 23. 97 + 13 = ?
38. 23 + 464 + 31 + 576 + 497 = ?
(a) 102 (b) 106 (a) 113 (b) 122
(a) 1282 (b) 1671
(c) 120 (d) 122 (c) 100 (d) 110
9. 93 + 8 = ? (c) 1575 (d) 1591
24. 57 + 71 = ?
(a) 102 (b) 106 39. 923 + 864 + 712 + 676 + 597 = ?
(a) 125 (b) 128
(c) 121 (d) 101 (c) 126 (d) 129 (a) 2282 (b) 3772
10. 67.9 + 5.7 = ? 25. 88 + 95 = ? (c) 3275 (d) 4279
(a) 73.6 (b) 76.3 (a) 180 (b) 181 40. 457 + 164 + 834 + 432 + 78 +
(c) 73.2 (d) 77.8 (c) 183 (d) 182 234 + 923 + 93 = ?
11. 48.2 + 6.6 = ? 26. 88.3 + 27.5 = ? (a) 3285 (b) 3215
(a) 54.8 (b) 56.3 (a) 119.8 (b) 108.6 (c) 3275 (d) 3279
(c) 53.6 (d) 57.1 (c) 115.8 (d) 110.8 41. 723 + 234 + 760 + 219 + 497 +
12. 95.7 + 9.0 = ? 27. 67.89 + 23.07 = ? 896 + 542 + 132 = ?
(a) 102.7 (b) 106.7 (a) 90.96 (b) 90.95 (a) 4003 (b) 4122
(c) 100.7 (d) 104.7 (c) 91.96 (d) 93.66 (c) 4200 (d) 4279
13. 47.3 + 18.8 = ? 28. 34.10 + 45.64 = ? 42. 233 + 335 + 367 + 764 + 917 +
(a) 45.1 (b) 66.1 (a) 79.67 (b) 79.74 134 + 124 + 923 + 913 = ?
(c) 49.1 (d) 61.1 (c) 80.74 (d) 77.89 (a) 4582 (b) 4710
14. 78.9 + 6.6 = ? 29. 12.84 + 91.06 = ? (c) 6275 (d) 5279
(a) 84.5 (b) 85.5 (a) 103.9 (b) 108.9 43. 2326 + 1324 + 245 + 799 + 975
(c) 86.5 (d) 87.3 (c) 111.6 (d) 110.8 + 2356 + 134 + 235 + 2467 = ?
15. 38.5 + 5.5 = ? 30. 65.22 + 23.08 = ? (a) 11282 (b) 10272
(a) 43.0 (b) 46.0 (a) 88.89 (b) 88.30 (c) 10861 (d) 13279
(c) 49.2 (d) 44.0 (c) 87.30 (d) 89.70

ANSWER KEY - ADDITION

1. (d) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (b) 6. (a) 7. (d) 8. (b) 9. (d) 10. (a)
11. (a) 12. (d) 13. (b) 14. (b) 15. (d) 16. (c) 17. (c) 18. (c) 19. (c) 20. (b)
21. (c) 22. (b) 23. (d) 24. (b) 25. (c) 26. (c) 27. (a) 28. (b) 29. (a) 30. (b)
31. (b) 32. (c) 33. (b) 34. (b) 35. (b) 36. (c) 37. (a) 38. (d) 39. (b) 40. (b)
41. (a) 42. (b) 43. (c)

102
 M

SUBTRACTION/?kVko
(–)

Type-1 (Find Difference) Type-2 (Find Difference) Type-3 (Find Difference)

1. 100 – 69 = ? 16. 529 – 452 = ? 31. 9666 – 335 – 234 – 423 – 97 = ?
(a) 21 (b) 41 (a) 87 (b) 78 (a) 8345 (b) 8577
(c) 31 (d) 19 (c) 77 (d) 79 (c) 8766 (d) 8345
2. 100 – 37 = ? 17. 956 – 629 = ? 32. 8245–2352–292–2423–597 = ?
(a) 73 (b) 63 (a) 334 (b) 327 (a) 3345 (b) 3477
(c) 69 (d) 68 (c) 431 (d) 319 (c) 2581 (d) 2845
3. 100 – 53 = ? 18. 823 – 286 = ? 33. 7252–2335–3234–423–1197 = ?
(a) 53 (b) 57 (a) 613 (b) 534 (a) 45 (b) 177
(c) 47 (d) 49 (c) 537 (d) 593 (c) 63 (d) 103
4. 100 – 17 = ? 19. 581 – 396 = ? 34. 6234 – 2114 – 1234 – 1423 –
(a) 83 (b) 41 (a) 189 (b) 141 997 = ?
(c) 31 (d) 19 (c) 185 (d) 182 (a) 345 (b) 536
5. 100 – 78 = ? 20. 923 – 232 = ? (c) 663 (d) 466
(a) 32 (b) 31 (a) 691 (b) 641 35. 1968 – 126 – 383 – 393 – 523 = ?
(c) 22 (d) 25 (c) 731 (d) 719 (a) 345 (b) 543
6. 85 – 27 = ? 21. 2574 – 869 = ? (c) 726 (d) 835
(a) 58 (b) 59 (a) 1721 (b) 1841 36. 999 – 112 – 544 – 123 – 97 = ?
(c) 49 (d) 69 (c) 1705 (d) 1819 (a) 295 (b) 577
7. 93 – 49 = ? 22. 6724 – 4573 = ? (c) 123 (d) 373
(a) 51 (b) 41 (a) 2121 (b) 2147 37. 8340 – 134 – 913 – 1344 – 3331 = ?
(c) 44 (d) 49 (c) 2151 (d) 2229 (a) 2618 (b) 3577
8. 71 – 57 = ? 23. 2343 – 2269 = ? (c) 1766 (d) 2345
(a) 21 (b) 41 (a) 86 (b) 175 38. 4965 – 764 – 1765 – 953 – 1075 = ?
(c) 14 (d) 15 (c) 74 (d) 78 (a) 1045 (b) 1577
9. 73 – 35 = ? 24. 9134 – 8623 = ? (c) 408 (d) 845
(a) 51 (b) 38 (a) 723 (b) 511 39. 8153 – 2974 – 1066 – 854 – 967 = ?
(c) 48 (d) 58 (c) 923 (d) 634 (a) 1345 (b) 2292
10. 67 – 39 = ? 25. 8362 – 6969 = ? (c) 3766 (d) 3345
(a) 28 (b) 29 (a) 1921 (b) 1741 40. 8754 – 754 – 521 – 431 – 865 –
(c) 31 (d) 19 (c) 1393 (d) 1419 234 – 239 – 672 = ?
11. 123 – 69 = ? 26. 2345 – 1069 = ? (a) 5038 (b) 4577
(a) 54 (b) 41 (a) 1521 (b) 1841 (c) 5766 (d) 4845
(c) 51 (d) 73 (c) 1276 (d) 1319 41. 4233 – 1035 + 231 – 423 + 497
12. 183 – 56 = ? 27. 4475 – 1389 = ? + 234 – 342 + 628 – 922 = ?
(a) 123 (b) 141 (a) 4021 (b) 3086 (a) 3342 (b) 3101
(c) 131 (d) 127 (c) 3831 (d) 3119 (c) 4766 (d) 4345
13. 148 – 67 = ? 28. 32624 – 4569 = ? 42. 9476 – 3310 + 3134 – 833 – 257
(a) 61 (b) 88 (a) 28055 (b) 29341 + 133 – 932 + 442 = ?
(c) 81 (d) 87 (c) 28631 (d) 27119 (a) 7853 (b) 8577
14. 175 – 88 = ? 29. 54218 – 34642 = ? (c) 8766 (d) 7345
(a) 67 (b) 77 (a) 18544 (b) 19641 43. 397 – 357 – 239 + 836 – 727 –
(c) 87 (d) 82 (c) 19576 (d) 19526 913 – 385 + 1370 + 923 = ?
15. 143 – 69 = ? 30. 82453 – 27878 = ? (a) 845 (b) 877
(a) 67 (b) 74 (a) 54203 (b) 54575 (c) 905 (d) 395
(c) 77 (d) 78 (c) 52331 (d) 59219

ANSWER KEY - SUBTRACTION

1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (c) 6. (a) 7. (c) 8. (c) 9. (b) 10. (a)
11. (a) 12. (d) 13. (c) 14. (c) 15. (b) 16. (c) 17. (b) 18. (c) 19. (c) 20. (a)
21. (c) 22. (c) 23. (c) 24. (b) 25. (c) 26. (c) 27. (b) 28. (a) 29. (c) 30. (b)
31. (b) 32. (c) 33. (c) 34. (d) 35. (b) 36. (c) 37. (a) 38. (c) 39. (b) 40. (a)
41. (b) 42. (a) 43. (c)

103
 M

MULTIPLICATION/xq.kk
(×)

Type-1 (Find the Product) 13. 626 × 9 = ? 25. 57 × 83 = ?

1. 98 × 7 = ? (a) 6124 (b) 5686 (a) 4731 (b) 3911
(a) 692 (b) 686 (c) 5634 (d) 5694 (c) 4241 (d) 4111
(c) 855 (d) 696 14. 297 × 6 = ? 26. 29 × 72 = ?
2. 87 × 9 = ? (a) 1602 (b) 1782 (a) 2228 (b) 2088
(a) 793 (b) 783 (c) 1852 (d) 1692 (c) 2828 (d) 2448
(c) 781 (d) 883 15. 555 × 7 = ? 27. 68 × 42 = ?
3. 47 × 3 = ? (a) 4695 (b) 4685 (a) 2996 (b) 2106
(a) 141 (b) 151 (c) 3885 (d) 3105 (c) 2026 (d) 2856
(c) 221 (d) 146 Type-2 (Find the Product) 28. 87 × 54 = ?
4. 67 × 4 = ? 16. 88 × 23 = ? (a) 4698 (b) 5108
(a) 258 (b) 268 (a) 2224 (b) 2154 (c) 4908 (d) 5448
(c) 255 (d) 218 (c) 2024 (d) 2444 29. 65 × 85 = ?
5. 89 × 6 = ? 17. 56 × 74 = ? (a) 6225 (b) 5525
(a) 544 (b) 684 (a) 4394 (b) 4294 (c) 5925 (d) 5445
(c) 534 (d) 494 (c) 4144 (d) 4444 30. 56 × 78 = ?
6. 97 × 8 = ? 18. 69 × 48 = ? (a) 4368 (b) 5158
(a) 734 (b) 776 (a) 3312 (b) 3922 (c) 5028 (d) 4448
(c) 556 (d) 866 (c) 2922 (d) 3342 31. 23 × 17 = ?
7. 83 × 7 = ? 19. 97 × 59 = ?
(a) 581 (b) 681 (a) 381 (b) 371
(a) 6123 (b) 5723
(c) 751 (d) 691 (c) 391 (d) 401
(c) 5893 (d) 5373
8. 78 × 6 = ? 20. 73 × 47 = ? 32. 49 × 51 = ?
(a) 578 (b) 468 (a) 3641 (b) 3511 (a) 2399 (b) 2499
(c) 558 (d) 698 (c) 3901 (d) 3431 (c) 2489 (d) 2469
9. 89 × 5 = ? 21. 25 × 68 = ? 33. 97 × 103 = ?
(a) 615 (b) 545 (a) 1700 (b) 1540 (a) 9981 (b) 9891
(c) 445 (d) 555 (c) 1900 (d) 1440 (c) 9971 (d) 9991
10. 167 × 7 = ? 22. 95 × 41 = ? 34. 999 × 99 = ?
(a) 1299 (b) 1169 (a) 4125 (b) 3895 (a) 98901 (b) 99901
(c) 1519 (d) 1099 (c) 3325 (d) 4255
11. 296 × 5 = ? (c) 99801 (d) 98801
23. 71 × 59 = ?
(a) 1480 (b) 1500 35. 85 × 75 = ?
(a) 4189 (b) 4419
(c) 1640 (d) 1140 (c) 3999 (d) 4109 (a) 6475 (b) 6325
12. 798 × 8 = ? 24. 39 × 61 = ? (c) 6375 (d) 6425
(a) 6924 (b) 6384 (a) 2229 (b) 2159
(c) 6855 (d) 6694 (c) 2379 (d) 2449

ANSWER KEY - MULTIPLICATION

1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (c) 6. (b) 7. (a) 8. (b) 9. (c) 10. (b)
11. (a) 12. (b) 13. (c) 14. (b) 15. (c) 16. (c) 17. (c) 18. (a) 19. (b) 20. (d)
21. (a) 22. (b) 23. (a) 24. (c) 25. (a) 26. (b) 27. (d) 28. (a) 29. (b) 30. (a)
31. (c) 32. (b) 33. (d) 34. (a) 35. (c)

104
 M

SQUARE AND CUBE/oxZ vkSj ?ku

Exercise– Type 1 (Find Square)

18. (123)2 = ? Exercise– Type 4
1. (21)2 = ?
(a) 16239 (b) 16099
(a) 461 (b) 441 36. 82 × 9 = ?
(c) 15129 (d) 15869 (a) 516 (b) 576
(c) 471 (d) 391
19. (279)2 = ? (c) 676 (d) 556
2. (45)2 = ?
(a) 76001 (b) 75031
(a) 2755 (b) 3025 37. 92 × 18 = ?
(c) 77841 (d) 78861 (a) 1528 (b) 1408
(c) 2025 (d) 2445
20. (527)2 = ? (c) 1458 (d) 1558
3. (84)2 = ?
(a) 277729 (b) 282039
(a) 7806 (b) 7726 38. 122 × 23 = ?
(c) 283299 (d) 312869 (a) 3312 (b) 3762
(c) 7476 (d) 7056
21. (294)2 = ? (c) 3672 (d) 3052
4. (49)2 = ?
(a) 86436 (b) 88206
(a) 2401 (b) 2441 39. 422 × 4 = ?
(c) 82326 (d) 82866 (a) 6616 (b) 6876
(c) 2471 (d) 2301
22. (361)2 = ? (c) 7056 (d) 7556
5. (63)2 = ?
(a) 130091 (b) 130321
(a) 3969 (b) 4419 40. 392 × 8 = ?
(c) 140321 (d) 132861 (a) 12168 (b) 15768
(c) 3719 (d) 3919
23. (369)2 = ? (c) 16768 (d) 10568
6. (86)2 = ?
(a) 136161 (b) 122031
(a) 7616 (b) 7416 41. 612 × 3 = ?
(c) 132321 (d) 132861 (a) 9163 (b) 11163
(c) 7396 (d) 7716
24. (721)2 = ? (c) 16763 (d) 15563
7. (97)2 = ?
(a) 512001 (b) 519841
(a) 9409 (b) 9909 42. 332 × 18 = ?
(c) 512321 (d) 512861 (a) 19602 (b) 18762
(c) 9099 (d) 9399
25. (896)2 = ? (c) 19762 (d) 18562
8. (29)2 = ?
(a) 802816 (b) 812036
(a) 861 (b) 841 43. 572 × 8 = ?
(c) 812526 (d) 802566 (a) 22162 (b) 25992
(c) 871 (d) 891
Exercise– Type 3 (c) 26762 (d) 20562
9. (37)2 = ?
(a) 1509 (b) 1419 26. (23)3 = ? 44. 672 × 3 = ?
(c) 1369 (d) 1399 (a) 12167 (b) 12857 (a) 13467 (b) 15767
10. (43)2 = ? (c) 12127 (d) 12997 (c) 14767 (d) 14567
(a) 1849 (b) 1989 27. (14)3 = ? 45. 352 × 47 = ?
(c) 1809 (d) 1759 (a) 2144 (b) 2744 (a) 52165 (b) 55775
11. (71)2 = ? (c) 2694 (d) 2994 (c) 56765 (d) 57575
(a) 5111 (b) 5441 28. (19)3 = ? 46. 412 × 19 = ?
(c) 5041 (d) 5391 (a) 6969 (b) 6349 (a) 32169 (b) 35769
12. (52)2 = ? (c) 6859 (d) 6929 (c) 31939 (d) 30569
(a) 3344 (b) 3004 29. (37)3 = ? 47. 232 × 37 = ?
(c) 2004 (d) 2704 (a) 50653 (b) 52853 (a) 18163 (b) 19573
13. (74)2 = ? (c) 52123 (d) 51293 (c) 19763 (d) 18563
(a) 5476 (b) 4486 30. (17)3 = ? 48. 382 × 23 = ?
(c) 5716 (d) 4916 (a) 4163 (b) 4913 (a) 32163 (b) 33212
14. (48)2 = ? (c) 4123 (d) 4593 (c) 33762 (d) 33563
(a) 2214 (b) 2304 31. (33)3 = ? 49. 832 × 23 = ?
(c) 2716 (d) 2106 (a) 35937 (b) 35857 (a) 158447 (b) 133217
15. (77)2 = ? (c) 32127 (d) 32997 (c) 153767 (d) 163567
(a) 5619 (b) 6419 32. (29)3 = ? 50. 782 × 23 = ?
(c) 5929 (d) 4919 (a) 24389 (b) 24859 (a) 132162 (b) 139932
Exercise– Type 2 (c) 22129 (d) 22999 (c) 133762 (d) 133562
33. (43)3 = ? Exercise– Type 5
16. (111)2 = ?
(a) 82167 (b) 79507 51. 422 × 182 = ?
(a) 12001 (b) 12031
(c) 72127 (d) 81297 (a) 587776 (b) 571536
(c) 12321 (d) 12861
34. (27)3 = ? (c) 598846 (d) 527986
17. (167)2 = ?
(a) 19163 (b) 19853 52. 282 × 352 = ?
(a) 27889 (b) 25039
(c) 19123 (d) 19683 (a) 998770 (b) 982240
(c) 26399 (d) 28569
35. (53)3 = ? (c) 960400 (d) 927980
(a) 154478 (b) 147787
(c) 147755 (d) 148877

105
 M
53. 193 × 122 = ? 70. Find square root of 8281. 88. Find cube root of 2197.
(a) 928776 (b) 987696 (a) 89 (b) 91 (a) 11 (b) 13
(c) 929884 (d) 927984 (c) 99 (d) 81 (c) 12 (d) 14
54. 243 × 172 = ?
71. Find square root of 7921. 89. Find cube root of 2744.
(a) 3928774 (b) 3528224
(a) 89 (b) 81 (a) 24 (b) 16
(c) 3995136 (d) 3827984
55. 742 × 143 = ? (c) 99 (d) 91 (c) 17 (d) 14
(a) 15528774 (b) 16128224 72. Find square root of 4761. 90. Find cube root of 3375.
(c) 15629884 (d) 15026144 (a) 79 (b) 71 (a) 15 (b) 17
56. 812 × 93 = ? (c) 81 (d) 69 (c) 25 (d) 19
(a) 4782969 (b) 4828229 73. Find square root of 5929. 91. Find cube root of 4096.
(c) 4429889 (d) 5027984 (a) 71 (b) 73 (a) 26 (b) 16
57. 372 × 163 = ? (c) 77 (d) 67 (c) 14 (d) 18
(a) 6028774 (b) 5607424 74. Find square root of 10201. 92. Find cube root of 4913.
(c) 5529884 (d) 5227984
(a) 93 (b) 99 (a) 27 (b) 13
58. 432 × 133 = ?
(c) 91 (d) 101 (c) 17 (d) 19
(a) 4128773 (b) 4062253
(c) 3929883 (d) 4279843 75. Find square root of 11881. 93. Find cube root of 5832.
59. 283 × 183 = ? (a) 109 (b) 111 (a) 13 (b) 22
(a) 133287734 (c) 101 (d) 107 (c) 16 (d) 18
(b) 123282324 76. Find square root of 12321. 94. Find cube root of 6859.
(c) 128024064 (a) 101 (b) 111 (a) 19 (b) 17
(d) 134237984 (c) 121 (d) 107 (c) 13 (d) 18
60. 373 × 213 = ? 77. Find square root of 39601. 95. Find cube root of 9261.
(a) 428774463
(a) 191 (b) 201 (a) 31 (b) 23
(b) 428368224
(c) 199 (d) 189 (c) 21 (d) 19
(c) 424488423
78. Find square root of 40401. 96. Find cube root of 10648.
(d) 469097433
Exercise– Type 6 (Find Squareroot) (a) 189 (b) 191 (a) 26 (b) 22
(c) 199 (d) 201 (c) 24 (d) 28
61. Find square root of 441.
79. Find square root of 14161. 97. Find cube root of 12167.
(a) 21 (b) 31
(a) 119 (b) 121 (a) 21 (b) 27
(c) 29 (d) 27
(c) 111 (d)117 (c) 26 (d) 23
62. Find square root of 484.
80. Find square root of 1296. 98. Find cube root of 13824.
(a) 26 (b) 22
(a) 46 (b) 36 (a) 24 (b) 21
(c) 32 (d) 42
(c) 39 (d) 33 (c) 22 (d) 26
63. Find square root of 529.
81. Find square root of 2116. 99. Find cube root of 15625.
(a) 29 (b) 27
(a) 36 (b) 56 (a) 35 (b) 25
(c) 23 (d) 26
(c) 46 (d) 66 (c) 15 (d) 33
64. Find square root of 576.
82. Find square root of 3136. 100. Find cube root of 17576.
(a) 26 (b) 34
(a) 66 (b) 46 (a) 36 (b) 32
(c) 28 (d) 24
(c) 59 (d) 56 (c) 26 (d) 38
65. Find square root of 1521.
83. Find square root of 4356. 101. Find cube root of 19683.
(a) 39 (b) 31
(a) 66 (b) 56 (a) 29 (b) 37
(c) 37 (d) 41
(c) 54 (d) 44 (c) 33 (d) 27
66. Find square root of 1681.
84. Find square root of 5776. 102. Find cube root of 21952.
(a) 31 (b) 41
(a) 74 (b) 76 (a) 28 (b) 38
(c) 39 (d) 49
(c) 66 (d) 64 (c) 26 (d) 29
67. Find square root of 3969.
85. Find square root of 7396. 103. Find cube root of 24389.
(a) 53 (b) 67
(a) 82 (b) 88 (a) 27 (b) 31
(c) 63 (d) 59
(c) 86 (d) 84 (c) 29 (d) 39
68. Find square root of 5929.
Exercise– Type 7 (Find Cuberoot) 104. Find cube root of 29791.
(a) 73 (b) 79
(a) 41 (b) 31
(c) 76 (d) 77 86. Find cube root of 1331.
(c) 37 (d) 39
69. Find square root of 9801. (a) 11 (b) 12
105. Find cube root of 32768.
(a) 99 (b) 101 (c) 13 (d) 14
(a) 34 (b) 38
(c) 91 (d) 89 87. Find cube root of 1728.
(c) 36 (d) 32
(a) 14 (b) 11
(c) 12 (d) 13

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106. Find cube root of 35937. 114. Find square root of 99  70 2 .
(a) 33 (b) 31
(c) 27 (d) 29 (a) 5 2  7 (b) 7  5 2
107. Find cube root of 39304. (c) 8  3 2 (d) 6 2  5
(a) 32 (b) 34
(c) 36 (d) 28 115. Find square root of 124  70 3 .
108. Find cube root of 42875. (a) 5 3  7 (b) 6 3  7
(a) 45 (b) 42
(c) 5 3  9 (d) 6 3  5
(c) 29 (d) 35
109. Find cube root of 46656. 116. Find square root of 21  12 3 .
(a) 38 (b) 34
(a) 3 3  3 (b) 2 3  3
(c) 36 (d) 42
110. Find cube root of 50653. (c) 2 3  2 (d) 3 3  2
(a) 41 (b) 37 117. Find square root of 189  36 5 .
(c) 39 (d) 38
Square root of irrational number (a) 5 5  4 (b) 6 5  3

111. Find square root of 7  4 3 . (c) 3 5  6 (d) 9 2  2

(a) 2  3 (b) 2  3 118. Find square root of 21  4 5 .

(c) 4  2 3 (d) 4  2 3 (a) 2 5  1 (b) 3 5  1

112. Find square root of 28  10 3 . (c) 2 5  3 (d) 3 5  3

(a) 6  2 2 (b) 5  3 119. Find square root of 86  60 2 .

(c) 5  3 (d) 6  2 2 (a) 5 2  7 (b) 6 2  5

113. Find square root of 43  24 3 . (c) 5 2  6 (d) 6 2  7

(a) 4  3 3 (b) 5  3 3 120. Find square root of 57  24 3 .
(c) 3 3  5 (d) 3 3  4 (a) 4 3  2 (b) 3 3  4
(c) 4 3  5 (d) 4 3  3

ANSWER KEY - SQUARE AND CUBE

1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (a) 6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (b) 9. (c) 10. (a)
11. (c) 12. (d) 13. (a) 14. (b) 15. (c) 16. (c) 17. (a) 18. (c) 19. (c) 20. (a)
21. (a) 22. (b) 23. (a) 24. (b) 25. (a) 26. (a) 27. (b) 28. (c) 29. (a) 30. (b)
31. (a) 32. (a) 33. (b) 34. (d) 35. (d) 36. (b) 37. (c) 38. (a) 39. (c) 40. (a)
41. (b) 42. (a) 43. (b) 44. (a) 45. (d) 46. (c) 47. (b) 48. (b) 49. (a) 50. (b)
51. (b) 52. (c) 53. (b) 54. (c) 55. (d) 56. (a) 57. (b) 58. (b) 59. (c) 60. (d)
61. (a) 62. (b) 63. (c) 64. (d) 65. (a) 66. (b) 67. (c) 68. (d) 69. (a) 70. (b)
71. (a) 72. (d) 73. (c) 74. (d) 75. (a) 76. (b) 77. (c) 78. (d) 79. (a) 80. (b)
81. (c) 82. (d) 83. (a) 84. (b) 85. (c) 86. (a) 87. (c) 88. (b) 89. (d) 90. (a)
91. (b) 92. (c) 93. (d) 94. (a) 95. (c) 96. (b) 97. (d) 98. (a) 99. (b) 100. (c)
101. (d) 102. (a) 103. (c) 104. (b) 105. (d) 106. (a) 107. (b) 108. (d) 109. (c) 110. (b)
111. (a) 112. (c) 113. (d) 114. (a) 115. (a) 116. (b) 117. (b) 118. (a) 119. (c) 120. (d)

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DIVISION/foHkktu
/Hkkx( ÷ )

Exercise– Type-1 15. 3192 ÷ 152 = ? 29. 156 ÷ 36 = ?

1. 120 ÷ 8 = ? (a) 20 (b) 21 (a) 5.33 (b) 4.33
(a) 10 (b) 11 (c) 25 (d) 23 (c) 4.85 (d) 4.80
(c) 15 (d) 13 Exercise– Type-2 30. 286 ÷ 18 = ?
2. 621 ÷ 27 = ? 16. 15 ÷ 10 = ? (a) 18 (b) 16.18
(a) 20 (b) 23 (a) 1.2 (b) 1.4 (c) 15.88 (d) 17.98
(c) 25 (d) 21 (c) 1.5 (d) 1.6 31. 999999 ÷ 1001
3. 1494 ÷ 83 = ? 17. 117 ÷ 4 = ? (a) 989 (b) 899
(a) 15 (b) 19 (a) 29.95 (b) 29.25 (c) 999 (d) 909
(c) 18 (d) 12 (c) 25.45 (d) 23.85 32. 256256 ÷ 1001 = ?
4. 1178 ÷ 31 = ? 18. 448 ÷ 25 = ? (a) 236 (b) 256
(a) 40 (b) 44 (a) 14.67 (b) 15.62 (c) 246 (d) 266
(c) 38 (d) 48 (c) 17.92 (d) 18.82
33. 9999 ÷ 101 = ?
5. 688 ÷ 86 = ? 19. 103 ÷ 8 = ?
(a) 10 (b) 11 (a) 10.875 (b) 11.975 (a) 99 (b) 189
(c) 8 (d) 9 (c) 12.875 (d) 13.235 (c) 101 (d) 109
6. 693 ÷ 99 = ? 20. 735 ÷ 75 = ? 34. 2424 ÷ 101 = ?
(a) 7 (b) 8 (a) 10.1 (b) 11.8 (a) 26 (b) 24
(c) 9 (d) 10 (c) 9.8 (d) 11.1 (c) 34 (d) 27
7. 444 ÷ 37 = ? 21. 111 ÷ 11 = ? 35. 99 ÷ 0.1 = ?
(a) 10 (b) 11 (a) 10.09 (b) 11.01 (a) 980 (b) 1099
(c) 12 (d) 13 (c) 12.09 (d) 13.01 (c) 990 (d) 1090
8. 301 ÷ 7 = ? 22. 112 ÷ 12 = ?
36. 199 ÷ 0.5 = ?
(a) 42 (b) 43 (a) 10.33 (b) 11.33
(c) 45 (d) 51 (a) 398 (b) 399
(c) 9.33 (d) 13.33
9. 496 ÷ 16 = ? 23. 97 ÷ 9 = ? (c) 385 (d) 395
(a) 30 (b) 31 (a) 10.77 (b) 11.33 37. 355355 ÷ 91 = ?
(c) 45 (d) 33 (c) 15.77 (d) 13.33 (a) 3901 (b) 3905
10. 688 ÷ 43 = ? 24. 357 ÷ 35 = ? (c) 3906 (d) 3910
(a) 14 (b) 16 (a) 10.2 (b) 11.2 38. 3444344 ÷ 1001 = ?
(c) 15 (d) 13 (c) 15.2 (d) 13.2 (a) 366 (b) 346
11. 672 ÷ 16 = ? 25. 58 ÷ 11 = ? (c) 344 (d) 354
(a) 40 (b) 41 (a) 4.68 (b) 7.23 39. 999999 ÷ 99 = ?
(c) 42 (d) 43 (c) 5.27 (d) 6.63
(a) 10100 (b) 10101
12. 322 ÷ 7 = ? 26. 143 ÷ 4 = ?
(c) 11001 (d) 10111
(a) 47 (b) 41 (a) 33.65 (b) 35.75
(c) 55 (d) 46 (c) 37.95 (d) 38.98 40. 9801 ÷ 99 = ?
13. 2491 ÷ 47 = ? 27. 106 ÷ 11 = ? (a) 98 (b) 69
(a) 63 (b) 61 (a) 10.26 (b) 11.47 (c) 99 (d) 101
(c) 55 (d) 53 (c) 9.63 (d) 10.85
14. 2208 ÷ 23 = ? 28. 95 ÷ 7 = ?
(a) 98 (b) 96 (a) 10.47 (b) 11.74
(c) 86 (d) 106 (c) 15.47 (d) 13.57

ANSWER KEY - DIVISION

1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (c) 6. (a) 7. (c) 8. (b) 9. (b) 10. (b)
11. (c) 12. (d) 13. (d) 14. (b) 15. (b) 16. (c) 17. (b) 18. (c) 19. (c) 20. (c)
21. (a) 22. (c) 23. (c) 24. (a) 25. (c) 26. (b) 27. (c) 28. (d) 29. (b) 30. (c)
31. (c) 32. (b) 33. (a) 34. (b) 35. (c) 36. (a) 37. (b) 38. (c) 39. (b) 40. (c)

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DECIMAL/n'keyo ( .)

Exercise– Type-1 Exercise– Type-2 Exercise– Type-3

1. 12.32 ÷ 4 = ? 16. 61.9 × 5 = ? 31. 98.26 – 56.59 = ?
(a) 3.8 (b) 3.08 (a) 300.3 (b) 309.5 (a) 40.83 (b) 41.67
(c) 3.24 (d) 3.88 (c) 305.5 (d) 300.45 (c) 45.87 (d) 42.82
2. 52.56 ÷ 5 = ? 17. 256.93 × 12 = ? 32. 59.036 – 26.685 = ?
(a) 10.51 (b) 11.41 (a) 3080.33 (b) 3083.76 (a) 30.831 (b) 31.671
(c) 12.71 (d) 12.08 (c) 3088.58 (d) 3083.16 (c) 32.351 (d) 32.823
3. 95.95 ÷ 4 = ? 18. 117.95 × 19 = ? 33. 70.26 – 17.63 = ?
(a) 23.90 (b) 23.08 (a) 2241.05 (b) 2204.73 (a) 52.63 (b) 51.63
(c) 23.99 (d) 33.88 (c) 2009.51 (d) 3109.40 (c) 55.83 (d) 52.83
4. 172.6 ÷ 33 = ? 19. 98.92 × 23 = ? 34. 1209.68 – 455.93 = ?
(a) 5.83 (b) 5.23 (a) 2909.35 (b) 3197.57 (a) 740.83 (b) 741.63
(c) 6.23 (d) 4.53 (c) 2275.16 (d) 2906.75 (c) 745.87 (d) 753.75
5. 221 ÷ 52 = ? 20. 96.56 × 34.5 = ? 35. 999.19 – 589.65 = ?
(a) 4.50 (b) 4.25 (a) 3222.43 (b) 3331.32 (a) 409.54 (b) 410.67
(c) 5.24 (d) 5.18 (c) 3223.48 (d) 2332.45 (c) 405.85 (d) 402.87
6. 233.9 ÷ 15 = ? 21. 72.6 × 13.59 = ? 36. 1256 – 125.63 = ?
(a) 15.59 (b) 16.08 (a) 980.27 (b) 986.63 (a) 1130.37 (b) 1128.72
(c) 18.29 (d) 10.78 (c) 1005.57 (d) 1100.49 (c) 1357.08 (d) 1234.85
7. 65.9 ÷ 18 = ? 22. 447.39 × 19 = ? 37. 85.95 – 8.236 = ?
(a) 3.8 (b) 3.08 (a) 9100.36 (b) 8990.58 (a) 79.832 (b) 78.672
(c) 3.66 (d) 3.88 (c) 8500.41 (d) 8300.45 (c) 77.714 (d) 72.822
8. 111.11 ÷ 19 = ? 23. 59.26 × 63.29 = ? 38. 536.56 – 43.86 + 23.95 – 455.95 = ?
(a) 5.84 (b) 5.98 (a) 3750.56 (b) 3809.59 (a) 68.83 (b) 61.67
(c) 4.24 (d) 4.48 (c) 3305.59 (d) 3340.45 (c) 65.87 (d) 60.70
9. 56.89 ÷ 6.6 = ? 24. 579.9 × 13 = ? 39. 256.364 – 59.11 + 94.023 –
(a) 8.33 (b) 8.61 (a) 7900.30 (b) 7889.50 109.26 = ?
(c) 8.24 (d) 7.89 (c) 7772.70 (d) 7538.7 (a) 180.832 (b) 182.017
10. 586.95 ÷ 18.9 = ? 25. 187.43 × 47 = ? (c) 145.872 (d) 192.823
(a) 31.05 (b) 30.08 (a) 8838.39 (b) 8809.21 40. 23.62 – 586.95 – 59.62 + 256.95
(c) 32.24 (d) 33.88 (c) 8923.58 (d) 8694.45 + 903.49 = ?
11. 279.63 ÷ 83.5 = ? 26. 88.26 × 23.8 = ? (a) 549.83 (b) 537.49
(a) 3.96 (b) 3.78 (a) 2100.58 (b) 2286.59 (c) 545.87 (d) 542.82
(c) 3.34 (d) 3.26 (c) 2305.56 (d) 2300.95 41. 737 – 56.03 + 245.97 – 547.08
12. 526.95 ÷ 16.8 = ? 27. 98.19 × 39 = ? + 197.63 + 25.25 = ?
(a) 31.36 (b) 30.06 (a) 3709.37 (b) 3928.59 (a) 590.83 (b) 610.67
(c) 35.96 (d) 32.16 (c) 3829.41 (d) 3899.45 (c) 602.74 (d) 612.82
13. 97.23 ÷ 12.17 = ? 28. 93.88 × 29.2 = ? 42. 10.97 + 239 + 29.089 – 187.22
(a) 6.88 (b) 8.28 (a) 2945.38 (b) 2856.37 + 63.87 – 26.91 = ?
(c) 7.98 (d) 7.88 (c) 2803.59 (d) 2741.29 (a) 180.836 (b) 241.674
14. 9.732 ÷ 2.23 = ? 29. 59.73 × 23.47 = ? (c) 145.873 (d) 128.799
(a) 4.36 (b) 5.39 (a) 1800.39 (b) 1401.86 43. 591.26 – 67.95 + 15.98 – 29.54
(c) 5.24 (d) 4.58 (c) 1305.53 (d) 1600.45 + 3.26 – 9.38 – 123.45 = ?
15. 98.29 ÷ 27.37 = ? 30. 249.83 × 28.8 = ? (a) 375.63 (b) 380.18
(a) 3.85 (b) 3.59 (a) 7195.10 (b) 7809.54 (c) 345.87 (d) 349.82
(c) 3.26 (d) 3.81 (c) 7748.59 (d) 8174.43

ANSWER KEY - DECIMAL

1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (b) 6. (a) 7. (c) 8. (a) 9. (b) 10. (a)
11. (c) 12. (a) 13. (c) 14. (a) 15. (b) 16. (b) 17. (d) 18. (a) 19. (c) 20. (b)
21. (b) 22. (c) 23. (a) 24. (d) 25. (b) 26. (a) 27. (c) 28. (d) 29. (b) 30. (a)
31. (b) 32. (c) 33. (a) 34. (d) 35. (a) 36. (a) 37. (c) 38. (d) 39. (b) 40. (b)
41. (c) 42. (d) 43. (b)

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SURDS AND INDICES/?kkrkad vkSj dj.kh

Exercise– Type-1 Exercise– Type-2

29. ( 5 )2 + (2 × 2 )2 – 7 × (16  49) = ?
1. (2 × 5 )2 = ? 16. ( 7 )2 + ( 4 )2 = ? (a) 11 (b) 14
(a) 25 (b) 24 (c) 9 (d) 10
(c) 20 (d) 22 (a) 11 (b) 11
2. 6 × ( 81 )2 = ? (c) 28 (d) 28 30. ( 37 )3 ÷ 2
37 + (8 × 2 ) = ?
(a) 485 (b) 486 (a) 155 (b) 165
17. ( 11 )2 – ( 7 )2 = ? (c) 175 (d) 170
(c) 480 (d) 482
2 (a) 14 (b) 4 Exercise– Type-3
3. 5 × ( 36 ) = ?
(a) 180 (b) 184 (c)
77 (d) 77 31. 6.24 × 1.70 = ?
(c) 170 (d) 122 (a) 3.70 (b) 4.60
18. ( 13 ) + ( 34 )2 = ?
2

4. 2
9 × ( 12 ) = ? (c) 4.58 (d) 3.25
(a) 47 (b) 47 32.
(a) 110 (b) 108 3
3.375 × 0.49 = ?
(c) 120 (d) 98 (c) 48 (d) 48 (a) 1.05 (b) 2.20
5. 7 × ( 19 )2 = ? 2 2 (c) 1.23 (d) 1.21
19. (8 × 7) ÷( 4) =?
(a) 135 (b) 124 33. 3
1.331 × 0.36 = ?
(c) 133 (d) 122 (a) 112 (b) 112
(a) 0.79 (b) 0.66
6. 15 × ( 18 )2 = ? (c) 118 (d) 118 (c) 0.53 (d) 0.75
(a) 270 (b) 240 2 34. 8 × 3 0.064 = ?
20. (7 × 3 125 ) × (9÷35) = ?
(c) 250 (d) 262 (a) 7.9 (b) 6.6
2
(a) 321 (b) 315
7. 21 × 10 ) = ? (c) 330 (d) 320 (c) 2.3 (d) 3.2
(a) 250 (b) 220 35.
(c) 210 (d) 222 21. (125  3 64)  (4  5) = ? 3 × 0.216 = ?
(a) 1.05 (b) 1.08
8. 2
7 × ( 31 ) = ? (a) 14 (b) 12
(c) 1.03 (d) 1.75
(a) 215 (b) 214 (c) 8 (d) 20
(c) 212 (d) 217 22. (2 × 2 )2 + 64 = ? 36. 1.20 × 3
1.330 = ?
9. 2
5 × ( 50 ) = ? (a) 14 (b) 20 (a) 0.79 (b) 0.66
(c) 18 (d) 16 (c) 2.24 (d) 0.75
(a) 250 (b) 240
(c) 200 (d) 220 23. 17 × 36 ÷ 3 = ? 37. 3
1.331 × 0.36 = ?
10. 2
7 × ( 49 ) = ? (a) 34 (b) 38 (a) 1.21 (b) 0.66
(a) 325 (b) 343 (c) 28 (d) 36 (c) 1.51 (d) 1.15
(c) 329 (d) 322 24. (7 × 5 )2 ÷ (49 × 9 ) = ? 38. 3
0.026 × 2.88 = ?
2
11. 7 × ( 121 ) = ? (a) 1÷5 (b) 5÷3 (a) 1.5 (b) 0.51
(a) 885 (b) 829 (c) 5÷8 (d) 3÷8 (c) 2 (d) 0.75
(c) 847 (d) 882 25. (5)3 × 25 ÷ 3 125 = ? 39. (3 × 2 ) × 3
1.728 = ?
2
12. 9 × ( 64 ) = ? (a) 121 (b) 135 (a) 7.29 (b) 6.96
(a) 576 (b) 524 (c) 155 (d) 125 (c) 5.10 (d) 5.50
(c) 560 (d) 582
26. (36 16)  (52  11) = ? 40. 3
1331 × 0.36 = ?
2
13. 12 × ( 100 ) = ? (a) 0.79 (b) 0.66
(a) 16 (b) 36
(a) 1225 (b) 1200 (c) 30 (d) 28 (c) 0.53 (d) 0.75
(c) 1220 (d) 1222
2 27. (8 × 6 )2 ÷ (4)2 = ? 41. 3
0.520 = ?
14. 3 × ( 99 ) = ?
(a) 32 (b) 20 (a) 0.804 (b) 0.876
(a) 325 (b) 297
(c) 24 (d) 27 (c) 0.853 (d) 0.825
(c) 230 (d) 252
15. 2
13 × ( 43 ) = ? 28. 121 × 7 ÷ 16 = ? 42. 3
0.008 × 0.81 = ?
(a) 559 (b) 524 (a) 121÷2 (b) 77÷4 (a) 0.20 (b) 0.18
(c) 573 (d) 527 (c) 70÷2 (d) 16 (c) 0.51 (d) 0.25

ANSWER KEY - SURDS AND INDICES

1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (c) 6. (a) 7. (c) 8. (d) 9. (a) 10. (b)
11. (c) 12. (a) 13. (b) 14. (b) 15. (a) 16. (b) 17. (b) 18. (b) 19. (b) 20. (b)
21. (d) 22. (d) 23. (a) 24. (b) 25. (d) 26. (c) 27. (c) 28. (b) 29. (c) 30. (b)
31. (a) 32. (b) 33. (b) 34. (d) 35. (c) 36. (c) 37. (b) 38. (c) 39. (c) 40. (b)

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LCM AND HCF/y-l-o- vkSj e-l-o-

Exercise– Type-1 21. HCF of 640, 800, and 960 = ?

1. What is the LCM of 12, 18, and 1 2 3
10. LCM of , , and =? (a) 40 (b) 80
24? 2 3 4
(c) 160 (d) 320
(a) 12 (b) 24 3 3 22. HCF of 1260, 1800, and 2310 = ?
(a) (b)
(c) 36 (d) 72 8 4 (a) 90 (b) 180
2. What is the LCM of 15, 20, and 1 6 (c) 30 (d) 360
25? (c) (d)
2 1 23. HCF of 1764, 2352, and 2940 = ?
(a) 100 (b) 200 (a) 84 (b) 168
1 2 3
(c) 300 (d) 400 11. LCM of 1 , 2 and 3 =? (c) 252 (d) 336
3. What is the LCM of 8, 12, and 2 3 4
(a) 9 (b) 18/1 3 5 7
16? (c) 27 (d) 120/1 24. HCF of , , and =?
(a) 16 (b) 24 8 12 24
2 3 5 1 7
(c) 48 (d) 96 12. LCM of ,3 , and =?
3 4 6 (a) (b)
4. What is the LCM of 21, 28, and 24 12
35? 1 30 5 7
(a) (b)
(a) 210 (b) 420 4 1 (c) (d)
24 8
(c) 630 (d) 840 5 5 2 1 3
(c) (d)
5. What is the LCM of 10, 12, and 12 6 25. HCF of , , and =?
5 3 10
15? 2 1 1
13. LCM of 1 , 2 , and 3 = ? 1 3
(a) 30 (b) 60 3 4 5 (a) (b)
(c) 120 (d) 180 2 5
5 1 3 1
Find the LCM (a) 8 (b) 9
6 10 (c) (d)
1 2 5 10 30
6. LCM of , , and =? 1 720 1 1 1
4 3 6 (c) 10 (d)
15 1 26. HCF of 2 , 3 , and 4 = ?
1 5 4 2 3
(a) (b) 1 1
12 12 Exercise– Type-2 (a) 11 (b)
10 5 Find HCF 12 12
(c) (d) 1 1
1 36 14. HCF of 12, 18, and 24 = ? (c) 18 (d) 19
3 1 7 (a) 2 (b) 3 4 2
7. LCM of , , and =? (c) 4 (d) 6 3 1 1
4 5 8 27. HCF of 1 , 2 , and 3 = ?
15. HCF of 20, 25, and 35 = ? 4 3 5
105 21
(a) (b) (a) 5 (b) 10 1 1
32 8 (c) 15 (d) 20 (a) 7 (b) 9
21 21 2 2
(c) (d) 16. HCF of 36, 54, and 90 = ?
1 10 1 3
(a) 6 (b) 9 (c) (d) 15
2 3 4 (c) 18 (d) 27 60 4
8. LCM of , , and =? 17. HCF of 72, 96, and 120 = ? 1 3 1
3 4 5 28. HCF of 3 , 4 , and 5 = ?
4 3 (a) 12 (b) 24 2 4 6
(a) (b) (c) 36 (d) 48 1 1
5 4 (a) 31 (b) 33
18. HCF of 15, 35, and 45 = ? 12 2
12
(c) 1 (d) (a) 3 (b) 5 1 1
1 (c) 15 (d) 45 (c) 35 (d)
5 1 3 12 12
9. LCM of , , and =? 19. HCF of 1232, 1848, and 2624 = ?
6 2 4 (a) 8 (b) 32 3 1 1
29. HCF of 2 , 3 , and 4 = ?
5 5 (c) 64 (d) 128 8 5 6
(a) (b) 20. HCF of 369, 492, and 615 = ? 1 5
8 12 (a) (b) 38
15 5 (a) 3 (b) 123 120 24
(c) (d) (c) 27 (d) 81 5 3
2 18 (c) 40 (d) 42
24 8
ANSWER KEY - LCM AND HCF
1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (b) 6. (c) 7. (c) 8. (d) 9. (c) 10. (d)
11. (d) 12. (b) 13. (d) 14. (d) 15. (a) 16. (c) 17. (b) 18. (b) 19. (a) 20. (b)
21. (c) 22. (c) 23. (a) 24. (a) 25. (d) 26. (b) 27. (c) 28. (d) 29. (a)

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FRACTION/fHkUu

Exercise– Type-1 Exercise– Type-2

1 2 5 7
1. =? 11. ×7=? 19. 17  ?
3 8 5
4 5 4 5 4 5
(a) (b) (a) 4 (b) 3 (a) 15 (b) 3
3 3 3 3 3 3
4 3 4 3 4 4
(c) (d) (c) 3 (d) 4 (c) 13 (d) 21
5 5 5 8 5 5
22 1 9 3
2. =?+ 12. ×4=? 20. 23   ?
7 7 5 4
(a) 20 (b) 23 4 5 4 1
(c) 3 (d) 5 (a) 7 (b) 6 (a) 17 (b) 17
3 3 3 4
90 6 1 3 4 4
3. - =? (c) 7 (d) 5 (c) 17 (d) 21
7 7 5 5 5 5
(a) 12 (b) 23 Exercise– Type-3
(c) 15 (d) 25 7
13. ×7=?
17 9 1
4. =1–? 21. 9 12 = ?
36 4 4 4
(a) 5 (b) 5 (a) 231 (b) 531
4 19 3 9 (c) 451 (d) 111
(a) (b) 4 3
30 36 (c) 5 (d) 5 1
4 3 5 5 22. 4 12 = ?
11
(c) (d) 10
6 18 14. × 13 = ? 1 10
19 7 7 (a) 49 (b) 8
11 11
5. = +? 4 19
3 3 (a) 18 (b) 8 4 4
(a) 4 (b) 5 30 36 (c) 16 (d) 18
(c) 3 (d) 7 6 7
4 4
28 (c) 16 (d) 18 1
6. =2–? 6 7 23. 4 12  ?
65 11
10
4 102 15. ×7= 1 10
(a) (b) 19 (a) 49 (b) 8
65 65 12 11
4 19
105 3 (a) 16 (b) 7 4 1
(c) (d) 30 36 (c) 16 (d) 49
65 65 6 11
4 13
22 23 (c) 16 (d) 3 2
7. =1- 6 19 24. 4  3 = ?
45 ? 3
15 (a) 21 (b) 13
(a) 23 (b) 53 16. × 11 =
(c) 45 (d) 35 4 (c) 14 (d) 16
67 2 4 1 3
8. + =? (a) 18 (b) 41 25. 91  8 = ?
3 3 7 4 4
(a) 43 (b) 53 (a) 743 (b) 734
4 3 (c) 723 (d) 735
(c) 23 (d) 35 (c) (d)
6 18 3
46 26. 102  7  ?
9. =6+? 4 7
7 17. 22  = ?
5 (a) 743 (b) 734
5 (c) 717 (d) 735
(a) 7 (b) 5
7 (a) 7 (b) 17 2
7 27. 66  3  ?
4 3 3
(c) (d) 3 3
7 7 (c) 17 (d) 17 (a) 243 (b) 200
5 7 (c) 217 (d) 235
45
10. =7+? 5 1
6 18. 27  ? 28. 11 10  ?
11 9
1 1
(a) (b) 3 5 1 10
2 3 (a) 12 (b) 17 (a) 49 (b) 8
11 7 12 11
1 1
(c) (d) 3 3 1 1
6 7 (c) 17 (d) 17 (c) 111 (d) 111
5 7 3 9

112
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1  5  16 1 1 4
29. 7  5 = ? 36. 150 8 
 ? 43. 2 1 1  ?
3   17 3 14 5
3 5 12 13 1 1
(a) 12 (b) 36 (a) 14 (b) 29 (a) 4 (b) 4
11 7 13 17 2 8
3 2 13 104 19 12
(c) 17 (d) 36 (c) 141 (d) 29 (c) 2 (d) 1
5 3 17 119 13 13
2  3  14 2 1
30. 15  4  ? 37. 23 7 
 ? 44. 6  ?
7   23 9 6
1 5 12 13 1 1
(a) 61 (b) 66 (a) 14 (b) 1 (a) 4 (b) 36
7 7 13 17 2 8
3 2 13 6 19 1
(c) 67 (d) 36 (c) 14 (d) 14 (c) 2 (d) 37
5 3 17 23 13 3
Exercise– Type-4 2 3
 11  3 43  36  ?
38. 93 12  31  ? 45.
95 1 3 9
31.  ?  
13 5 (a) 83 (b) 80
11 5 (c) 75 (d) 85
1 5 (a) 6 (b) 6
(a) 6 (b) 6 124 7 3 9
7 7 46. 2 5 ?
13 11 4 7
19 12 (c) 14 (d) 9
(c) (d) 17 124 9 1
13 13 (a) (b)
2 5 5 8
126 1 39. 14   ?
32.  ? 5 7 7 12
14 5 (c) (d)
2 5 8 13
9 5 (a) 10 (b) 10
(a) (b) 7 7 3 1
5 7 47. 7  ?
13 11 5 20
19 12 (c) 10 (d) 9 (a) 183 (b) 152
(c) (d) 17 124
13 13 (c) 175 (d) 185
 4  14
 2 7 40. 55 7 
 ? 5 2
33. 26 3 
 ?   15 48. 3 4  ?
  13 6 3
2 13
12 5 (a) 50 (b) 51 11 5
(a) 14 (b) 16 7 15 (a) 6 (b) 6
13 7 12 7
13 11
3 14 (c) 51 (d) 51 8 8
(c) 67 (d) 14 17 15 (c) 14 (d) 17
13 39 Exercise– Type-5 9 9
 1 6 3 1
34. 33 3 
 ? 9 5 49. 17  ?
  11 41.  ? 8 16
12 8 (a) 188 (b) 158
12 5 9 1 (c) 178 (d) 278
(a) 14 (b) 18 (a) (b)
13 7 5 8 1 1
2 14 50. 33  7  ?
(c) 18 (d) 14 19 12 3 7
11 39 (c) (d)
13 13 11 5
 4 5 (a) 4 (b) 4
1 5 12 7
35. 101 7  17  ? 42. 75  11  ?
  2 6 2 8
(c) 4 (d) 17
12 2 1 3 9
(a) 14 (b) 29 (a) 87 (b) 87
13 6 8
2 104 19 12
(c) 28 (d) 29 (c) 80 (d) 87
119 119 13 13

ANSWER KEY - FRACTION

1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (c) 6. (a) 7. (c) 8. (c) 9. (c) 10. (*)
11. (d) 12. (c) 13. (b) 14. (d) 15. (d) 16. (b) 17. (c) 18. (a) 19. (d) 20. (b)
21. (d) 22. (a) 23. (d) 24. (c) 25. (b) 26. (c) 27. (b) 28. (d) 29. (d) 30. (*)
31. (c) 32. (a) 33. (d) 34. (c) 35. (d) 36. (c) 37. (d) 38. (d) 39. (a) 40. (b)
41. (b) 42. (a) 43. (a) 44. (d) 45. (b) 46. (c) 47. (b) 48. (d) 49. (d) 50. (c)

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PERCENTAGE/çfr'kr

Type-1 (Calculate the %)

19 6
1. 1% of 6.04 = ? 16. =? 26. 42 %  ?
21 7
(a) 0.064 (b) 0.256 (a) 0.51 (b) 0.80
(c) 3.55 (d) 0.0604
(c) 0.83 (d) 0.90 17 1
2. 200% of 3.5 = ? (a) (b) 1
(a) 2.8 (b) 12 17 50 3
17. =?
(c) 35 (d) 7 9 3 13
3. 50% of 122 = ? (a) 1.51 (b) 1.80 (c) (d)
7 20
(a) 28 (b) 70 (c) 1.88 (d) 1.90
(c) 61 (d) 50 6
13 27. 142 %  ?
4. 50% of 511 = ? 18. =? 7
(a) 250.5 (b) 150.2 12
(c) 350.9 (d) 255.5 (a) 1.51 (b) 1.80 10 13
(c) 1.88 (d) 1.08 (a) (b)
5. 10% of 37 = ? 7 20
(a) 2.8 (b) 1.2 21
19. =? 3 1
(c) 3.7 (d) 3.5 25 (c) (d)
6. 13% of 30 = ? 7 3
(a) 0.84 (b) 1.80
(a) 2.8 (b) 1.2 (c) 0.88 (d) 1.08 1
(c) 3.9 (d) 1.5 28. 57 %?
5 7
7. 15% of 80 = ? 20. =?
(a) 10 (b) 12 7 10 13
(c) 20 (d) 15 (a) 0.51 (b) 0.70 (a) (b)
7 20
8. 12% of 600 = ? (c) 0.71 (d) 0.90
(a) 80 (b) 72 Type-3 (Convert into fraction) 3 4
(c) (d)
(c) 70 (d) 75 7 7
9. 18% of 500 = ? 1
21. 33 %  ? 9
(a) 80 (b) 12 3 29. 81 %  ?
(c) 20 (d) 90 11
1
10. 25% of 250 = ? (a) 7 (b) 10 9
3
(a) 70 (b) 62.5 (a) (b)
(c) 60 (d) 55.5 4 3 7 11
(c) (d)
Type-2 (Convert into decimal) 7 7 3 4
(c) (d)
2 7 7
4 22. 66 % = ?
11. =? 3 3
5 30. 18 %?
(a) 0.08 (b) 0.8 1 4
(c) 0.6 (d) 0.7 (a) 7 (b)
3 3 9
9 4 2 (a) (b)
12. =? (c) (d) 16 11
11 7 3
23. 34% = ? 3 4
(a) 0.08 (b) 0.81 (c) (d)
(c) 0.61 (d) 0.71 17 1 7 7
(a) (b) 1 Type-4 (Convert in to Fraction)
7 50 3
13. =? 4 2 31. 47.5%  ?
13 (c) 10 (d) 2
(a) 0.51 (b) 0.81 7 3 9 3
(c) 0.53 (d) 0.71 24. 65% = ? (a) (b)
11 16
8 17 1
(a) (b) 12 19 2
14. =? 50 3 (c) (d)
15 40 6
17 13 32. 21.21%  ?
(a) 0.51 (b) 0.81 (c) (d)
(c) 0.53 (d) 0.61 20 20
25. 85% = ? 9 19
17 (a) (b)
15. =? 17 1 11 90
6 (a) (b) 12
50 3 19 7
(a) 2.51 (b) 2.81 (c) (d)
(c) 2.53 (d) 2.83 17 13 40 33
(c) (d)
20 20

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33. 73.33% = ? 43. 75%  = ? Exercise–Type-6
9 19 8 3 2
(a) (b) (a) (b) 51. 16 %  & 10%  = ?
11 90 5 7 3
19 11 1 2
(c) (d) (c) (d) 8 1
40 15 4 6 (a) (b)
34. 72.5% = ? 44. 25%  = ? 5 12
1 2
9 19 8 3 (c) (d)
(a) (b) (a) (b) 4 6
11 90 5 4
1
29 11 1 2 52. 11 %  & 20%  = ?
(c) (d) (c) (d) 9
40 15 4 6
35. 83.33% = ? 45. 5%  = ? (a) 32.33% (b) 44.33%
(c) 30.33% (d) 33.33%
5 4 18 20
(a) (b) (a) (b) 1 5
6 3 14 22 53. 6 % & 45 % = ?
4 11
2 11 12 21 (a) 54.54% (b) 54.32%
(c) (d) (c) (d)
4 15 14 20 (c) 40.20% (d) 50.52%
36. 100.90% = ?
1 1 1
112 111 46. 11 %  = ? 54. 12 % & 37 %  = ?
9 2 2
(a) (b)
110 110
18 20 18 35
112 11 (a) (b) (a) (b)
(c) (d) 14 22 14 64
118 15
37. 55.45% = ? 12 10 12 21
(c) (d) (c) (d)
14 9 14 20
62 64
(a) (b) 1 2
110 112 47. 9 % =? 55. 30%  & 14 %  = ?
11 7
61 11
(c) (d) 10 20 (a) 11.42% (b) 11.48%
110 15 (c) 40.20% (d) 20.52%
(a) (b)
38. 34.28% = ? 11 22
1
12 64 12 10 56. 11 %  & 25%  = ?
(a) (b) (c) (d) 9
35 112 14 9
(a) 11.42% (b) 11.48%
61 11 1 (c) 12.20% (d) 11.11%
(c) (d) 48. 8 %  = ?
110 15 3 6
39. 46.66% = ? 57. 42 %  & 30%  = ?
10 20 7
12 9 (a) (b)
(a) (b) 11 22 10 20
35 12
11 10 (a) (b)
11 7 11 22
(c) (d) (c) (d)
10 15 12 9 6 10
40. 81.4% = ? 1 (c) (d)
7 9
57 9 49. 87 %  = ?
2 5 4
(a) (b)
70 12 58. 55 %  & 28 %  = ?
10 20 9 7
11 7 (a) (b)
(c) (d) 11 22 (a) 100% (b) 110%
10 15 (c) 114% (d) 98%
Exercise–Type-5 15 10
(c) (d) 1
41. 70%  = ? 8 9 59. 2 %  & 10%  = ?
2
57 17 4
(a) (b) 50. 44 %=? (a) 7.12% (b) 7.75%
70 10 9 (c) 8.90% (d) 8.80%
11 7 10 13 1 2
(c) (d) (a) (b) 60. 57 %  & 16 %  = ?
10 15 11 9 7 3
42. 60%  = ?
15 10 5 4
8 19 (c) (d) (a) (b)
8 9 6 3
(a) (b)
5 90
2 11
19 2 (c) (d)
(c) (d) 4 15
40 6

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Type-7 (Find net increase%) 74. 20%  and 25% = ? 87. 8% and 6% = ?
61. 10%  and 5% = ? (a)55% (b) 45% (a) 14.52% (b) 13.52%
(a) 13.5% (b) 15.8% (c) 52% (d) 50% (c) 13.32% (d) 13.62%
(c) 15.5% (d) 16.5% 75. 50%  and 20%  = ? 88. 5%  and 5% = ?
62. 10%  and 20% = ? (a) 80% (b) 85% (a) 10.25% (b) 9.50%
(c) 75% (d) 77% (c) 9.25% (d) 9.75%
(a) 31% (b) 32%
Type-8 (Find net decrease%) 89. 2%  and 3% 
(c) 34% (d) 35%
(a) 4.96% (b) 4.92%
63. 8%  and 5% = ? 76. 25%  and 20% = ?
(c) 4.94% (d) 4.98%
(a) 13.20% (b) 12.40% (a) 40% (b) 35% 90. 5%  and 10% 
(c) 12.60% (d) 13.04% (c) 45% (d) 47% (a) 14.5% (b) 13.5%
64. 10%  and 15% = ? 77. 25%  and 25% = ? (c) 14.75% (d) 13.75%
(a) 26.5% (b) 24.5% (a) 44.75% (b) 43.75% Type-8 (Find net inc. or dec.%)
(c) 27.5% (d) 23.5% (c) 43.25% (d) 46.25% 91. 15%  and 12% = ?
65. 10%  and 10% = ? 78. 15%  and 10% = ? (a) –1.2% (b) +2.3%
(a) 99% (b) 23% (a) 22.5% (b) 23.8% (c) +1.2% (d) –2.3%
(c) 22% (d) 21% (c) 23.7% (d) 23.5% 92. 50%  and 20% = ?
66. 20%  and 30% = ? 79. 10%  and 20% = ? (a) +20% (b) +25%
(a) 55% (b) 57% (a) 28% (b) 27% (c) +28% (d) +30%
(c) 56% (d) 54% (c) 29% (d) 32% 93. 20%  and 15% = ?
67. 25%  and 4% = ? 80. 25%  and 30% = ? (a) +2% (b) +4%
(a) 29% (b) 30% (c) –1.2% (d) +2.5%
(a) 48.5% (b) 47.25%
(c) 28% (d) 31% 94. 30%  and 20% = ?
(c) 48.75% (d) 47.5%
68. 30%  and 10%= ? (a) +6% (b) +5%
81. 15%  and 9% = ?
(c) +3% (d) +4%
(a) 43% (b) 42% (a) 23.65% (b) 24.25% 95. 20%  and 10% = ?
(c) 44% (d) 45% (c) 22.65% (d) 22.75%
(a) +9% (b) +7%
69. 24%  and 10%= ? 82. 24%  and 10% = ? (c) +8% (d) +10%
(a) 35.40% (b) 33.60% (a) 32.6% (b) 31.6% 96. 15%  and 10% = ?
(c) 37.40% (d) 36.40% (c) 31.4% (d) 32.4% (a) +3% (b) +3.5%
70. 15%  and 12%= ? 83. 16%  and 15% = ? (c) +4% (d) +2.5%
(a) 28.80% (b) 29.80% (a) 24.6% (b) 29.4% 97. 25%  and 4% = ?
(c) 27.60% (d) 27.80% (c) 28.4% (d) 28.6% (a) +16% (b) +18%
71. 12%  and 10% = ? 84. 30%  and 10%= ? (c) +22% (d) +20%
(a) 21.60% (b) 24.20% (a) 37% (b) 36% 98. 10% and 5% = ?
(c) 2320% (d) 22.20% (c) 38% (d) 39% (a) +4% (b) +5%
72. 8%  and 5% = ? 85. 28%  and 5% = ? (c) +4.5% (d) +5.5%
(a) 13.20% (b) 13.40% (a) 32.6% (b) 31.4% 99. 15%  and 10% = ?
(c) 12.60% (d) 13.60% (c) 31.6% (d) 32.4% (a) –6.5% (b) –5.5%
73. 4%  and 5% = ? 86. 25%  and 4% = ? (c) –4.5% (d) –5%
(a) 9.02% (b) 10.20% 100. 25%  and 20% = ?
(a) 27% (b) 29%
(c) 9.80% (d) 9.60% (a) +5% (b) 0%
(c) 28% (d) 27.5%
(c) +4.5% (d) +4%

ANSWER KEY - PERCENTAGE

1. (d) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (c) 6. (c) 7. (b) 8. (b) 9. (d) 10. (b)
11. (b) 12. (b) 13. (c) 14. (c) 15. (d) 16. (d) 17. (c) 18. (d) 19. (a) 20. (c)
21. (b) 22. (d) 23. (a) 24. (d) 25. (c) 26. (c) 27. (a) 28. (d) 29. (b) 30. (a)
31. (c) 32. (d) 33. (d) 34. (c) 35. (a) 36. (b) 37. (c) 38. (a) 39. (d) 40. (a)
41. (b) 42. (a) 43. (c) 44. (b) 45. (d) 46. (d) 47. (a) 48. (a) 49. (c) 50. (b)
51. (b) 52. (d) 53. (a) 54. (b) 55. (a) 56. (d) 57. (c) 58. (a) 59. (b) 60. (a)
61. (c) 62. (b) 63. (d) 64. (a) 65. (d) 66. (c) 67. (b) 68. (a) 69. (d) 70. (a)
71. (c) 72. (b) 73. (a) 74. (d) 75. (a) 76. (a) 77. (b) 78. (d) 79. (a) 80. (d)
81. (c) 82. (b) 83. (d) 84. (a) 85. (c) 86. (c) 87. (b) 88. (d) 89. (c) 90. (a)
91. (c) 92. (a) 93. (a) 94. (d) 95. (c) 96. (b) 97. (d) 98. (c) 99. (a) 100. (b)

116
 M

PROFIT AND LOSS/ykHk vkSj gkfu

Find the profit or loss % given 1 19. MP = 25% Dis. = 40%

9. MP = 33 % & P = 10%
marked price and discount. 3 P/L% = ?
Dis.% = ? (a) 20% (b) 26%
ykHk ;k gkfu izfr'kr Kkr djks ;fn vafdr ewY; (c) 25% (d) 22%
(a) 23.5% (b) 17.5%
vkSj cV~Vk fn;k x;k gSA (c) 33.5% (d) 19.5% 20. MP = 60% & Dis. = 25%
Exercise– Type-1 10. MP = 40% L = 9% P/L% = ?
Dis. = ? (a) 20% (b) 24%
2 1 (a) 35% (b) 37% (c) 25% (d) 22%
1. MP = 16 % , Dis. = 11 %
3 9 (c) 33.5% (d) 27%
P/L% = ? Exercise– Type-3
(a) 3.60% (b) 3.0% 11. MP = 27.9% & Dis = 0%
(c) 3.40% (d) 3.70% P/L% = ?
2 4 (a) 35.9% (b) 37.9%
2. MP = 16 & Dis. = 28 % (c) 33.5% (d) 27.9%
3 7
P/L% = ? 12. MP = 35% & Dis. = 20%
(a) 23.60% (b) 16.66% P/L% = ?
(c) 13.40% (d) 3.70% (a) 8% (b) 6%
3. MP = 45% & Dis. = 16.66% (c) 2% (d) 4%
P/L% = ? 13. MP = ? (20%)
(a) 20.83% (b) 30% P = 8% Dis. = ?
(c) 18.40% (d) 23.50% (a) 6% (b) 4%
4. MP = 20%  & Dis. = 10% (c) 10% (d) 12%
P/L% = ? 14. MP = 30% P = 4%
(a) 4% (b) 6% Dis. = ?
(c) 8% (d) 10% (a) 6% (b) 20%
(c) 10% (d) 12%
1 1 15. MP = 35% Dis = 15%
5. MP = 11 % & Dis. 9 %
9 11 P/L% = ?
P/L% = ? (a) 11% (b) 15%
(a) 4% (b) 1% (c) 13% (d) 17%
(c) 8% (d) 3% 16. MP = 36% Dis. = 40%
6. MP = 50% & Dis. = 25% P/L% = ?
P/L% = ? (a) 18.4% (b) 15%
(a) 12.5% (b) 11% (c) 17.3% (d) 15.3%
(c) 9.5% (d) 12.5% 1 2
Exercise– Type-2 17. MP = 37 % & Dis. = 18 %
2 11
7. MP = 50% & L = 25% P/L% = ?
Dis- = ? (a) 18.4% (b) 12.5%
(a) 45% (b) 40% (c) 17.3% (d) 15.3%
(c) 50% (d) 52% 18. MP = 15% & Dis. = 20%
8. MP = 100% & P = 25% P/L% = ?
Dis- = ? (a) 8% (b) 6%
(a) 37.5% (b) 39.5% (c) 2% (d) 4%
(c) 33.5% (d) 43.5%

ANSWER KEY - PROFIT AND LOSS

1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (b) 6. (d) 7. (c) 8. (a) 9. (b) 10. (a)
11. (d) 12. (a) 13. (c) 14. (b) 15. (b) 16. (a) 17. (b) 18. (a) 19. (c) 20. (a)

117
 M

CI AND SI/pØo`f¼ C;kt vkSj lk/kj.k C;kt

Find Effective Rate of Interest 13. 9% for 2 years = ? 26. 10% CI half yearly in 1.5 years
(Compound Interest) (a) 0.81% (b) 1.67% =?
Exercise– Type-1 (c) 0.15% (d) 1.69%
1. 6% @ CI 2 years = ? 14. 11% for 2 years = ? (a) 15.7625% (b) 15.2576%
(a) 12% (b) 12.30% (a) 0.81% (b) 1.31% (c) 15.75% (d) 15.35%
(c) 11.64% (d) 12.36% (c) 0.15% (d) 1.21% 27. 20% CI half yearly in 1.5 years
2. 12% @ CI 2 years = ? 15. 17% for 2 years = ? =?
(a) 22% (b) 25.30% (a) 2.89% (b) 1.31%
(c) 2.15% (d) 2.21% (a) 32.1% (b) 33.1%
(c) 25.44% (d) 12.36%
3. 13% @ CI 2 years = ? 16. 5% for 3 years = ? (c) 33.5% (d) 33.3%
(a) 12% (b) 27.69% (a) 0.81% (b) 0.7625% 28. 8% pa CI half yearly in 1.5
(c) 26.64% (d) 22.36% (c) 0.225% (d) 0.221% yaers = ?
4. 7% @ CI 2 years = ? 17. 10% for 3 years = ?
(a) 2.1% (b) 1.31% (a) 12.6448% (b) 13.48%
(a) 14% (b) 14.49%
(c) 14.64% (d) 14.36% (c) 3.1% (d) 1.21% (c) 13.64% (d) 12.4864%
1 29. 20% p.a CI half yearly in one
1
5. 33 % @ CI 2 years = ? 18. 11 % for 3 years = ? year= ?
3 9
(a) 2.1% (b) 3.31% (a) 19% (b) 22%
9 5 (c) 3.1% (d) 3.84% (c) 21% (d) 23%
(a) (b)
16 16 19. 10% for 2 years = ? 30. 14% p.a CI half yearly in one
7 7 (a) 2.1% (b) 1.31% year= ?
(c) (d) (c) 3.1% (d) 1%
9 18 (a) 14.71% (b) 14.98%
6. 25% @ CI 2 years = ? 2 1
20. 16 % for 1st & 33 % for 2nd (c) 14.08% (d) 14.49%
(a) 55% (b) 56.25%% 3 3
(c) 50.64% (d) 52.36% =? 2
31. 22 % CI half yearly in one =
1 11 5 9
7. 5% @ CI 2 years = (a) (b) ?
2 18 18
(a) 10.002% (b) 12.000% (a) 23.45% (b) 23.65%
(c) 12.004% (d) 13.006%
7 1
(c) (d) (c) 22.55% (d) 23.85%
18 18
5 Exercise– Type-3 1
8. 14% @ CI 2 years 32. 12 % p.a CI half yearly in one
7 Half Yearly 2
(a) 42% (b) 42.30% 21. 6% Hy in 1 year = ? year= ?
(c) 42.64% (d) 42.96% (a) 3.1% (b) 2.31%
(a) 13.9% (b) 12.9%
2 (c) 3.09% (d) 3.5%
9. 10 × CI 2 years = ? 22. 12% HY in 1 year = ? (c) 12.5% (d) 13.5%
5
(a) 25.84% (b) 25.42% (a) 9.11% (b) 13.31% 33. 12% p.a CI 8 monthly in 2 year
(c) 26% (d) 26.84% (c) 11.09% (d) 12.36% =?
23. 20% HY in 1 year = ? (a) 25.27% (b) 25.25%
2 (a) 21% (b) 23%
10. 20% @ CI 2 years = ? (c) 26.25% (d) 25.97%
5 (c) 19% (d) 11%
(a) 55.52% (b) 62.30% 34. 12% p.a CI 5 monthly in 10
1
(c) 51.64% (d) 52.36% 24. 33 % HY in 1.5 year = ? months = ?
3
Exercise– Type-2 (a) 9.25% (b) 10.5%
(a) 40.58% (b) 50.8%
Difference of Interest (CI–SI) (c) 58.79% (d) 42.56% (c) 10.25% (d) 10.75%
11. 5% for 2 years = ?
2 35. 15% CI 8 monthly in 2 years
(a) 0.30% (b) 0.25%
25. 16 % @ CI for 2nd year = ? (a) 32.1% (b) 33.1%
(c) 0.15% (d) 0.20% 3
12. 13% for 2 years = ? (a) 15.58% (b) 19.44% (c) 33.3% (d) 33.5%
(a) 1.5% (b) 1.67% (c) 18.79% (d) 17.56%
(c) 0.15% (d) 1.69%

ANSWER KEY - CI AND SI

1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (c) 6. (b) 7. (d) 8. (d) 9. (a) 10. (a)
11. (b) 12. (d) 13. (a) 14. (d) 15. (a) 16. (b) 17. (c) 18. (d) 19. (d) 20. (d)
21. (c) 22. (d) 23. (a) 24. (c) 25. (b) 26. (a) 27. (b) 28. (d) 29. (c) 30. (d)
31. (a) 32. (b) 33. (d) 34. (c) 35. (b)

118
 Number System

Simplification (ljyhdj.k)

Conditions to be a perfect square number 1

(,d iw.kZ oxZ la[;k gksus dh 'krs±) 482 = (48–2)22  2304
2
 If a no. ends with 2,3,7,8 it can't be a perfect square
;fn dksbZ la[;k
2,3,7,8 ds lkFk lekIr gksrh gS ;g ,d iw.kZ oxZ 442 = 1 (44–6)62  1936
2
ugha gks ldrhA
 If unit digit is 5 then ten's digit always 2. 1
382 = (38–12)122  13144  1444
;fn bdkbZ dk vad
5 gS rks ngkbZ dk vad ges'kk
2 gksrk gSA 2

r
 No number can be a perfect square unless its 1
672 = (67+17)172  42289  4489

Si
digital root is 0, 1, 4, 7 or 9. 2
dksbZ Hkh la[;k rc rd iw.kZ oxZ ugha gks ldrh tc rd mldk vadh;
Base @vk/kj 200  2 × 100
ewy0, 1, 4, 7 ;k 9 u gksA 2082 = 2(208+8) 82 = 43264
 Last 2 digit of a perfect square number = last two

ap
digits from the squares of numbers between 2192 = 2(219+19) 192 = 476361 47961
(1 to 24). 1942 = 2(194–6) 62 = 37636
,d iw.kZ oxZ la[;k ds vafre
2 vad = ( 1 ls 24) ds chp dh
1822 = 2(182–18) 182 = 328324  33124
la[;kvksa ds oxks± ds vafre nks vadA

n
t
 2K(even) n2=(2k)2=4k2  multiple of 4 io @ vk/kj150 
3
ra
n Base × 100
at
2 2 2 2
2
2K+1(odd) n =(2k+1) =4k +4k+14(k +1)+1
ic

3
R=1 after divisible by 4 1522 = (152+2) 22  23104
bl

2
P

 n2  4K, 4K + 1
Pu

3
51767  Not a perfect square @ iw.kZ oxZ ugha1412 = 2 (141–9)92  19881
on
an

 67   6142 = 6(614+14)142  6×628 196 376996

 ,R  3 
 4
pi

 7932 = 8(793–7)72  8×78649628849

Find squares (oxZ •kstsa) @ ds vafre
2 vad
am

 Last 2 digits of 
 Base @vk/kj 100  18 ,2 2
32 , 68 , 2
82 , 2
1182, 3682
g
Ch

1022 = 102 + 2 22 = 10404   

Ga

1072=107+772 = 11449 (50–18)2 (100–18)2 (350+18)2 = 24

1132 = 113+13132 = 126169  12769

 x2, (50k  x)2, (100k  x)2  Last 2 digits same. @
1212 = 121+21212 = 142441  14641 vafre 2 vad lekuA
 x(x+a) (x+2a)(x+3a) +k is a perfect square then k=?
972 = 97–3 32 = 9409
x(x+a) (x+2a)(x+3a) +k rc ,d iw.kZ oxZ k=?
gS
922 = 92–8 82 = 8464
 (x2+3ax) (x2+3ax +2a2)
83 =83–17 17 = 66289  6889
2 2

2 2 2 2
(x +3ax) +2×a × (x +3ax)
1  + b2 = (a+b)2
@vk/kj 50  ×100
2
Base a +2 a b
2
 to make perfect square add (a2)2 = a4
1
592 = (59+9)92  3481
2
 iw.kZ oxZ cukus ds
(a2fy,
)2 = a4 tksM+sa
 (x2+3ax +a 2) 2 & k = a4
1
542 = (54+4)42  2916
2

119
 Number System
 If I, II, III, IV are in AP with common difference d  n3 UD
;fn If I, II, III, IV lkoZ varjd ds lkFkAP esa gSa 13 1  1
4
Then I × II × III × IV + d = (I × IV +d ) 2 2 23 8  8
 To make perfect square what should add from: 33 27  7
43 64  4
iw.kZ oxZ cukus ds fy, blesa ls D;k tksM+uk pkfg,%
53 125  5
1119 × 1126 × 1133 × 1140
63 216  6
 Gap between these consecutive numbers = 7 73 343  3
bu Øekxr la[;kvksa ds chp dk varj
= 7 83 512  2
 74 = 2401 should be added.
93 729  9

 To make perfect square what should subtract  3

571787  UD = 3
from:
@ vafre3 vadksa dks vuns[kk djsa

r
 Ignore last 3 digit
iw.kZ oxZ cukus ds fy, blesa ls D;k ?kVkuk pkfg,%  Smaller than 571 perfect cube number = 512 = 83

Si
841 × 846 × 851 × 856 + 700
 571 ls NksVk iw.kZ ?ku la[;k= 83
= 512
 841 × 846 × 851 × 856  to make square 54 =
625 should be added  3
571787 = 83
 841 × 846 × 851 × 856  dks oxZ cukus ds 5
fy,
4
=  N2  odd no. of digits N2  even no. of digits
625 tksM+k tkuk pkfg,


841×846×851×856+625 + 75
Perfect square should be
ap
N
odd no.of digits  1

N2  17 digits
2
N
evenno.of digits
2

n
t
subtracted
C. Unit digit of N Unit digit of N2 io 17  1
ra
N = 9 digits
at
2
N dk bdkbZ vad N2 dk bdkbZ vad
ic

N=1, 9 1 N2  24 digits
bl

N=2, 8 4 24
P

N = 12 digits
Pu

N=3, 7 9 2
N=4,6 6 Square Mirrors (oxZ niZ.k)
on
an

N=5 5  142 + 872 = 782 + 412

pi

 If 3 is repeated n times 152 +752 = 572 + 512

I  Before 0 (n–1) times 1 172 + 842 = 482 + 712
am

II  Before 9 (n–1) times 8 262 + 972 = 792 + 622

g
Ch

272 + 962 = 692 + 722

eg.  32 = 09, 333332 = 1111088889 Non-terminating repeating decimal
Ga

332 = 1089 (xSj&lekfIr@v'kkar vkorhZ n'keyo)

3332 = 110889 Let x = 0.55555 ....
 6 is repeated n times (–) 10x = 5.55555 ....
I  Before 3 (n–1) times 4 9x = 5  x = 5
9
II  Before 6 (n–1) times 5
eg.  62 = 36 7
 0.77777 .... = 0.7  (no. of bar = no. of 9)
662 = 4356 9
6662 = 443556 83
0.838383 .... = 0.83 
6666662 = 444443555556 99
 92 = 81 99992 = 99980001 514
0.514514514 .... = 0.514 
2
99 = 9801 999
9992 = 998001 6823  68 6755
0.6823232323 ....= 0.6823  
 9999800001 + 1111088889 – 4444355556 =? 9900 9900
99999 + 33333 – 66666 = 66666 (no. of non bar digit = no. of zero)

120
 Number System
5186  B O D M A S
7.518651865186 ....= 7+
9999      
 Brackets of div. multiply Add subtract
86  8 78 13
 0.866666 .... = 0.86 = = = 
90 90 15
small @( )
531  5 526
0.531313131 .... = 0.531 = = middle @ {}
990 990
Larger @[ ]
437  43 394 of means multiplication
0.43777777 .... = 0.437 = =
900 900 Series Formulae
8169  8 8161
0.8169169 .... = 0.8169 = = 1 1 1 1 
9990 9990   
a  b (b  a)  a b 

r
5816  581 5235
7.5816  7 + 7 1 1 1 1

Si
9000 9000   
a  b  b (c  a)  ab bc 
75816  7581 68235
OR =
9000 9000 1 1  1 1 
  
a  b  c  d (d  a)  abc bcd 

4325  43 4282 2141
11.4325  11 +

ap
 
9900 9900 4950

114325  1143 113182

OR =
9900 9900

n
t
io
ra
at
ic
bl
P
Pu
on
an
pi
am
g
Ch
Ga

121
 Number System

Surds & Indices (?kkrkad vkSj dj.kh)

Law of Indices (dj.kh dk fu;e)

 a × a × a × .... n times = an
  a b    
a  b = a–b, where a and b are
positive
am×an×ap = am+n+p (a  0)

am Useful Result/egÙoiw.kZ ifj.kke

= am–n (m > n)
an
4 ab
1  If x =
= (n > m) a b

r
a n m

Si
=1 (m = n) x 2 a x 2 b
 2
 m n
(a ) = a m×n
=a n×m n m
= (a ) x 2 a x 2 b
 n
(abc) = a ×b ×c n n n
2 ab
 If = x
n a b

ap
n
a  a
   = n (b  0)
b b
x+ a x b
Then,  2
 m n
(a )  a mn x a x b
Laws of Surds (?kkrkad ds fu;e)

n
t
2 4
3   324
io
ra
1
at
38  316  n
a =an
ic

p 1 1 1
 1q  1  n
ab = n
a × n b = a n × b n =  ab  n
bl

p 1
 a = a
p
=  a  =  a p  q
P

q q
 
Pu

1
a n a  a n
 If am = an then m = n  n
= =
b n b  b 
on
an

m m
If a = b then a = b
na
 a° = 1
pi

Radicand

am

1 order of surd
 a–1 = (a  0)
a
g

m m
 a
Ch

n
 = a n = n am
1 1
Ga

 a–n = & an =  n
an a n n

m m
  an
=an = a
a b
   =  1 1
b
  a  n m
a = n a m = a mn
 (–1)n = +1 (n = even) 0
  n 
= –1 (n = odd) m 

z y
 
 a
x


 mno

 = a xyz
 a a a  
 a  b  ab Find Square Root (oxZewy Kkr djsa)

 a 2b  a b 2

2 2
7  4 3 = 2 + 3 + 2 ×2× 3 = 2  3 
2 ab
  a b   a  b  2 ab

= 2 3  (a+b)2=a2+b2+2ab
2
  a b   a  b  2 ab
 28  10 3 = 10 3  2×5 3
52 + 32 =28

122
 Number System


 5 3  2a 2c
=
2b 2d
 (a–b)2 = (b–a)2 = a2+b2–2ab
a c
2 2 a–b  (a>b) = 
a +b –2ab b d
b–a  (b>a)
If we apply C & D two times on a fraction, same
  fraction is achieved.
 43  24 3 = 3 3  4 24 3= 2 ×12 3
4 3 3 ;fn ge ,d fHkUu ij nks ckj
C vkSjD yxkrs gSa] rks leku fHkUu
16+27=43 çkIr gksrh gSA
 99  70 2 = 5 2  7  70 2= 2 ×35 2 x  y x y 2x  y 
 + = x y
7 5 2 x y x y  
49+50=99

r
 x = 5+ 2 6 x  y x – y 4 xy
x  y – x  y = x y

Si
1 1 1 52 6 52 6
=  × 
x 52 6 52 6 52 6 2

52  2 6   x y
2
 – x y
2
 = 4 xy

5  2 6 5–2 6 sign change

ap
= = 
25  24 1 diff. of square a a a a.... = a

1 74 3 1 2n 1
 x=7+4 3  = a a a....n times = a1 2n = a 2n
x 1

n
t
 
49 48
3
io
a 3 a 3 a.... = a n
a n a n a.... = n 1 a
ra
at
1 5 34 2
ic

 x = 5 3 +4 2  = a  a  a.... = 3 a
x 43
bl
P

  4a  1  1
Pu

 a  a  a  .... = =x
75 32 2
 (a+b+c) = a2+b2+c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca
2
on
an

4a  1  1
(a–b+c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 – 2ab – 2bc + 2ca a  a  a  .... = =y
2
pi

(a+b–c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab – 2bc – 2ca

x–y = 1
am

 (x–1) (x+1) = x2–1 xy = a

g

OR Take two factors of a whose difference is 1

Ch

 1 + (x – 1) (x + 1) = x2  1   x  1 x  1 = x
like
Componendo & dividendo (;ksxkarjkuqikr)
Ga

vFkoka ds nks xq.ku•aM yhft, ftudk varj

1 gksA
a c 56 8 72 8
 = 7 9
b d
Apply C & D (Add and subtract den. in number) Then x = Larger factor @ rcx = cM+k xq.kd
y = smaller factor @y = NksVk dkjd
C vkSjD ykxw djsa x+y= 4a  1
a b cd
= 4a  b2  b
a b cd  x = a  b a  b a  .... =
2
Apply again
a  b  a  b c  d  c  d  4a  b2  b
y= a  b a  b a – .... =
a  b  a  b = c  d  c  d  2
x–y = b

123
 Number System
xy = a  a>b>c
x+y = 4a  b2 1 1 1
< <
a b c
4a  3  1
 x= a  a  a  .... =  a × b = 16 (constant)
2
 (a+b)min = 4 + 4 = 8 1×16 16+1=17
4a  3  1 (a2+b2)min = 42+42=32
y= a  a  a  .... =
2
* a×b×c = 125 (constant) for min a=b=c=5 @
x–y = 1 xy = 2(a–1)
(a2+b2+c2)min= 25+25+25 = 75 @
Approx Root Value (yxHkx oxZewy eku)
2
4a  3b  b
 a  b a  b a  .... =
2
 13
2
4a  3b  b 9 16

r
a  b a  b a  .... = 3 4
2

Si
1 1 1  3< 13 <4
 2, 3
3, 4
5 Powers  2 , 3 , 4 LCM = 12
13  9 4 4
12 12 12 3+  3+  3 3.57
16  9 7 7
  2 ,  3 ,  5 
3 4

ap
16 5 5
 26, 34, 53  4
5 >33 > 2 21 4+  4 4.55
25 9 9
  
3
64 81 125 3 27 26

n
53 3+  3.7
t
3
io
 If x + y = 12 (constant) 64 37
ra
(xy)max = diff. of x & y should be min. = 6 × 6 = 36
at
 121 =11 1234321 =1111
(xy)min = diff. of x & y should be max. = 1 × 11 = 11
ic

12321 =111 1234567654321 =1111111

bl
P

 If I, II, III, IV are in AP with common diff. d then

Pu

I×II×III×IV +d4 = (I×IV + d2)2

on
an
pi
am
g
Ch
Ga

124
 Algebra

Algebra (chtxf.kr)

Square Formulae 15. (a+b)3 –(a–b)3 = 2b3+6a2b=2b(b2+3a2)

1. a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b) 16. (a+b)3 +(a–b)3 = 2a3+6ab2=2a(a2+3b2)
2. (a + b)2 = a2 + b2 + 2ab Componendo & Dividendo Rule (;ksxkarjkuqikr fu;e)
2 2 2
3. (a – b) = a + b – 2ab a c a b cd
If =  =
2 b d a b cd
 a  b   a 2  b2 
4. ab =
2 x y a 2x a  b x ab
If x  y =  2y = y =

r
b ab ab
5. 2(a2 + b2) = (a + b)2 + (a – b)2
How to find Conjugate

Si
6. 4ab = (a + b)2 – (a – b)2
vxj square dk difference 1 gS rks conjugate esa fliZQ
7. (a + b)2 = (a – b)2 + 4ab
sign change gksxk vxj difference 1 ugha gSsquare
rks ds
8. (a – b)2 = (a + b)2 – 4ab
difference ls divide dj nsaxsA
9. a2 + b2 = (a + b)2 – 2ab = (a – b)2 + 2ab
10. (a2 – b2)2 = a4 + b4 – 2a2b2
11. a4 + b4 = (a2 + b2)2 – 2a2b2
12. a4 + b4 = (a2 – b2)2 + 2a2b2
ap  If x = 15  4 14 then

 
2
(15)2 – 4 14  225 – 224  1
1
x
=?

n
t
13. (ax+by)2 + (ay–bx)2 =(a2+b2)(x2+y2)
io
ra
1
at
(square dk diff. 1 gS blfy, fliZQ
a  b a  b 2 a  b 
2 2  = sign
x 15  4 14
14. + = a 2  b2
ic

a b a b   change gksxk
)
bl
P

a b a b 4ab 1
Pu

15. – =  If x >
a  b a  b a 2  b2 x
Cube Formulae
on
an

1
3 3 3 2 2
Then x + = 2 × Bigger no. = 2 × 15 = 30
1. (a + b) = a + b + 3a b + 3ab x
pi

2. (a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab (a + b)
am

1
x– = 2 × smaller no. = 2× 4 14 = 8 14
3. a3 + b3 = (a + b)3 – 3ab (a + b) x
g
Ch

4. a3 + b3 = (a + b) [(a + b)2 – 3ab]

1 1
5. a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a2 + b2 – ab) If x < then x + = 2× Big number
Ga

x x
a 3  b3 1
6. a2 + b2 – ab = x– = –2 × small number
ab x
a 3  b3 Power 2 Formulae
7. a+b=
a 2  b2  ab
1 2 1
1. If x  = k  x  2 = k2 – 2
8. (a – b)3 = a3 – b3 – 3a2b + 3ab2 x x
9. (a – b)3 = a3 – b3 – 3ab (a – b) 1
10. a3 – b3 = (a – b)3 + 3ab(a – b)  If x  =k
x
11. a3 – b3 = (a – b) (a2 + b2 + ab) Then x(x – k) = –1 (Important)
12. a3 – b3 = (a – b) [(a – b)2 + 3ab] or x(x – k) + 1 = 0
a 3  b3 or x2 – kx + 1 = 0
13. a2 +b2 + ab =
ab 1 1
2
a 3  b3
2. If x  = k  x  2 =k2+2
x x
14. a–b = 2
a  b2  ab Then

125
 Algebra
1 1
x–k= x+ = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
x x

x(x – k) = 1 (important)
1
x2 – kx – 1 = 0 x3  = 2, 18 52 110 198 322 488 702 970
x3
1 2 1 1
3. If x  =  2 then x  2 = 0 x– = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
x x x
x4 + 1 = 0 
Power difference 4 results in zero 1
x3 – = 14, 36 76 140 234 364 536 756 1030
 x4 + x° = 0 x3
1
1 3. x = t
4. x = k x
x

r
1 3

 1  1
2 x3 
x3
=  t – 3 t = t t  3 t = (t – 3) t

Si
 x  = x  +2 = k + 2
 x x
1
4. If x   t
1 x
x = ± k 2
x 1
x3    t + 3 t
x3
5. x2 

 1
1
x2
2
=k

1
ap5. If
1 1 3
x + x = a, then x x + x x = a – 3a

n
2
 x   = x  2 +2 = k + 2 1 1
t
x x = a, then x x 
io
 x 6. If = a3 + 3a
x x x
ra
at
 1
x  = ± k  2 ab a b
ic

 x 7. If = k or – = k,
ab b a
bl
P

1
x2  3 3
Pu

6. =k
x2  a 2  b 2
then   –   = k3 + 3k
2
b a 
on

 1 1
an

2
x   = x  2 – 2 = k – 2 ab a b
 x x 8. If = k or + =k
pi

ab b a
am

 1
x   = ± k  2
3 3
 x  a 2  b 2
then   +   = k3 – 3k
g

b a 
Ch

Same Power Formulae

Ga

1 3 1
1 1 9. If x  = ± 3 , then x  3  0
 If x  = k, then x  = ± k 2  4 x x
x x
2
 1
1 1 x   = 3
 If x  = k, then x  = ± k 2  4  x
x x
x6 + 1 = 0
AB A B x6 = –1
 If = a, then = ± a2  4
AB AB 7. (a5–b5) = (a – b) (a4 + a3b + a2b2 + ab3 + b4)
(a5 + b5) = (a + b) (a4 – a3b + a2b2 – ab3 + b4)
A B A B
 If + = a, then – = a2  4 Higher Power Formulae
B A B A
Power 3 Formulae 1  2 1  1  1
1. x4 – 4 = 
x  2 x  x  
x  x  x  x
1 3 1
1. If x – = k, then x – 3 = k3 + 3k
x x 1 x2  1 x3  1   x  1 
1 1 2. x5 + = 
x2 
 
x3  

2.
3
If x + = k then x  3 = k3 – 3k x5  x
x x

126
 Algebra
2
 5 1   2 1  3 1   1 x 2
y 2
5 17
3. x  5  = x  2 x  3    x   (v) 2 + 2 =   –2 =
 x   x  x   x y x  2 4

1 x4  1 x3  1   x  1  (vi) x + y = ?

4. x7  =    
x7  x4  x3   x x2 + xy + y2 + xy = 21 + 6
(x + y)2 = 27  x + y = 3 3
1  4 1  3 1   1
5. x 7  7 =  x  4  x  3    x  
x  x  x   x 1 1
(vii) y – =?
x
1  1  1  1  1
6. x8  =  x4  4  x2  2  x   x   x2 – xy + y2 –xy = 9 – 6 = 3
x8  x  x  x  x
(x – y)2 = 3
1
Formulae based on x + (x – y) =
x 3

r
1 1 1 x y 3 1
1. If x  = 2, then x = 1     

Si
x y x xy 6 2 3

1
3
x 6  y 6  x 2   y 2 
3
 x 2  y 2  x 4  y 4  x 2y 2 
2. If x  = –2, then x = –1 3. = =
x x 2  y2 x2  y2  x 2  y2 
= x4 + y4 + x2y2

ap
1
3. If x  = 1, then x3 = –1
x 4. a2 + b2 + ab = a  b  ab   a  b  ab 
1 5. x4 + x2 + 1 = (x2 + x + 1)(x2 – x + 1)
 If x  = 1 then x2 – x + 1 = 0

n
x
t
6. (x2 + y2)2 = x4 + y4 + 2x2y2
x2 – x + 1 = 0 io
(x2 + y2)2 – 2x2y2 = x4 + y4
ra
at
(x + 1) (x2 – x + 1) = 0(x + 1)
2
x3 + 1 = 0  
ic

(x2 + y2)2 – 2xy = x4 + y4

x3 + x0 = 0 power difference 3 results in zero
bl
P

x3 = –1 (x2 + y2 + 2 xy) (x2 + y2 – 2 xy) = x4 + y4

Pu

Concept of Root Value

1
4. If x  = –1 or x2 + x + 1 = 0  (x) = (–x) = x2
2 2
on

x
an

Then x3 = 1
pi

x 2 = +x Root ds ckgj
or x2 + x + 1 = 0
(+ve) value tk;sxh
am

Relation between Power 2 and Power 4 49 = 7

g

1. (x2 + y2)2 = x4 + y4 + 2x2y2 (7)2 = 49

Ch

(x2 + y2)2 – x2y2 = x4 + y4 + x2y2

Ga

a 2  b 2  2ab
(x2 + y2)2 – (xy)2 = x4 + y4 + x2y2
(x2 + y2 + xy) (x2 + y2 – xy) = x4 + y4 + x2y2
2. x2 + y2 + xy = A and x2 + y2 – xy = B (a–b) (b–a)
 
AB A–B if a > b if b > a
x2+y2 = , xy = Concept of Degree
2 2
3 2
 If x4 + x2y2 + y4 = 189, x2 + xy + y2 = 21 3x – 7x y + 8zx ² Degree = 3 (highest powers)
8x + 7  Degree = 1
189
(i) x2 – xy + y2 = =9 25x2 – 10x3 + 19z26x1 + 48w1
21
Degree = 27
21  9
(ii) x2 + y2 = =15 Multiply esa
power add gksxhA
2
Divide esa
power subtract gksxh
21  9
(iii) xy = =6 xy  Degree = 2
2
x y x 2  y 2 21  9 5 x8
(iv) y + = = = Degree = 8 – 3 = 5
x xy 21  9 2 y3

127
 Algebra
Symmetric Function Some other results
 Degree of each term is same on both sides.  (x2 + ax + bx + ab) = (x + a) (x + b)
a + b + c, a2bc + b2ca + c2ab  1 + A + B + AB = (1 + A)(1 + B)
 (1+a) (1+b) (1+c) = 1 + a + b + c + ab + bc + ca + abc
a 3  b3
= a2 – ab + b2  Both side degree is 2 1 1
ab 1
 If xy = 1 or x = y then n +
1  yn = 1
1 x
a 3  b2  c2   b3  c 2  a 2   c3  a 2  b2  2 2 2
 = ab + bc + ca s – a  + s – b + s – c  + s2
a 2  b  c   b2  c  a   c 2  a  b   If a + b + c = 2s, then 2 2 2
a +b +c
=1
a3  b  c  b3   c  a  c3   a  b 

 a  b  a  c  +  b  c  b  a  +  c  a  c  b  
 1
If xy + yz + zx = 0, then  x 2  yz  y 2  zx  z 2  xy 
1 1 
 
= ab + bc + ca

r
= 0 (x, y, z  0)
2 2 2
a  b  c b  c  a  c   a  b

Si
  p2 q2 r2 
 c  a  a  b  +  a  b  b  c  +  b  c  c  a   + +
If pq + qr + rp = 0, then p 2 – qr q 2 – rp r 2 – pq 

 
=a+b+c
=1
x z x m  ym  z m  wm

ap
If   a +b +ab    a +b2 –ab   = 1, then (1 – a 2)
m/2 2 2 2

x  y m  z m  w m 
 If y = then  m = xyzw   
w
3
1 1 (1 – b2) =
 If x = a+ and y = a – then 4 4 2
x  y  2x y = 4 2 4
a a

n
t
z y
 If x 
io  
1  x 2 y  1  y 2 = 1, where x and y are
ra
at
 If x + y = 2z, then the value of +yz = 0 real numbers, then (x + y)2 = 0
x z
ic

y x4 y4
x
bl

 If x + y = 2z, then + yz = 2   x  y  x 2  z 2  +

2 2
y  x y 2  z 2 
2 2
P

x z
Pu

If a + b + c = 0, then following results follows

z4
+  z 2  x 2  z 2  y 2  =1
on

1 1 1
an

1. Then (a  b)(b  c)  (a  c)(b  a)  (c  a)(c  b) = 0

pi

 If a + b + c = abc, then
2 2 2
am

a b c
2. Then + +
a 2 – bc b2 – ca c2 – ab
=2 1 – a 1 – b  + 1 – b 1 – c  + 1 – c 1 – a  = 4
2 2 2 2 2 2
g

ab bc ca
Ch

a2 b2 c2
3. Then + + =1  If bc + ca + ab = abc, then
Ga

2a2 + bc 2b2 + ca 2c2 + ab

b+c c+a a+b
a 2 + b2 + c 2 + +
1 bc  a–1 ca  b–1 ab  c–1 = 1
4. Then a – b 2 + b – c 2 + c – a 2 =
      3
 x y y z z x  1
1 1 1  If xy + yz + xz = 1, then  1  xy  1  yz  1  xz  = xyz
5. Then 2 + + 2 =0  
a + b2 – c2 b2 + c2 – a 2 c + a 2 – b2
a b b c c a
2  a 4 + b4 + c 4   If x  ,y  ,z  ,
a b b c c a
6. Then a 2b2 + b2c2 + c2a 2 = 4
 
1  x 1  y 1  z 
then 1  x 1  y 1  z = 1
a+b 2 b+c 2 c+a    
7. Then (a + b2 – c2) + (b + c2 – a2) +
ab bc ca
 If x2 + y2 = z +1, y2 + z2 = x + 1, z2 + x2 = y + 1, then
(c2 + a2 – b2) = 0
1
xyz = 1 or 
2a 2 2b2 2c 2 8
8. Then  b2 +c2 –a 2  +  a 2 +c2 –b2  +  a 2 +b2 –c2  = –3
 ab(a – b) + bc (b – c) + ca(c – a) = (b – a) (b – c) (c – a)

128
 Algebra
 (a + b + c) (ab + bc + ca) – abc = (a + b) (b + c) (c + a) 7. a3+b3+c3–3abc=(a+b+c)[(a+b+c)2–3(ab+bc+ca)]
 (a + b + c) (ab + bc + ca) = a2b + b2a +b2c + bc2 + a2c If a+b+c=0 then a3+b3+c3–3abc=0
+ a2c + 3abc OR a3+b3+c3=3abc
 (a + b + c) (ab + bc + ca) – 3abc = a2(b + c) + b2 (c + a) 1
+ c2 (a + b) 8. a3+b3+c3–3abc= (a+b+c) [(a–b)2+(b–c)2+(c–a)2]
2
 (a + b + c) (ab + bc + ca) – abc = a2 b + b2a + b2c + bc2 If a3+b3+c3–3abc = 0
+ a2c + ac2 + 2abc = (a + b) (b + c) (c + a) OR a3+b3+c3 = 3abc
1 1 1
 If a   b   c  (where a b c) then abc is
b c a
equal to = 1 a+b+c = 0 a=b=c
3 Variable Formulae  If a, b, c are distinct integers & a3+b3+c3 = 3abc

r
2 2 2
1. If x + y + z = 0, then x = 0, y = 0, z = 0 then a+b+c=0
2. (a+b+c)2 = a2+b2+c2+2(ab+bc+ca)  If a, b, c are +ve integers & a3+b3+c3 = 3abc

Si
a2+b2+c2 = (a+b+c)2 –2(ab+bc+ca) then a = b = c
2  If a, b, c are in A.P. then
 a+b+c  –  a 2 +b2 +c 2 
ab + bc + ca = a3+b3+c3–3abc = 9bd2 (d = common difference)
2

ap
9. (a + b + c)3 = a3 + b3 + c3 + 3 (a + b) (b + c) (c + a)
(a–b+c)2 = a2+b2+c2–2ab–2bc+2ca
(a + b + c)3 = a3 + b3 + c3 + 3 [a2 (b + c) + b2 (c + a) +
(a+b–c)2 = a2+b2+c2+2ab–2bc–2ca c2 (a + b)] + 2abc
1 (a + b + c)3 – a3 – b3 – c3 = 3 (a + b) (b + c) (c + a)

n
3. a2+b2+c2–ab–bc–ca = [(a–b)2+(b–c)2+(c–a)2]
t
2
io 1
10. If x + y = a, y +
1
= b, z +
1
=c
ra
 z x
at
1
ic

1 then xyz + xyz = abc – (a + b + c)

[2a2+2b2+2c2–2ab–2bc–2ca]
2
bl
P

1 1 1
Pu

1 2 2 11. If x – y = a, y – = b, z – =c
[a +b –2ab+b2+c2–2bc+a2+c2–2ca] z x
2
1
on
an

1 then xyz – xyz = abc + (a + b + c)

[(a–b)2+(b–c)2+(c–a)2]
pi

2 12. If a + b + c = x
am

4. If a, b, c are in A.P. with common difference d 1 1 1

and   =y
+d +d a b c
g
Ch

1 a b c a b c
a2+b2+c2–ab–bc–ca = [d2+d2+(2d)2] = 3d2 Then      = xy – 3
2
Ga

b a a c c b

5.
If a2+b2+c2–ab–bc–ca=0  a=b=c
OR a2+b2+c2=ab+bc+ca }
6. a3+b3+c3–3abc = (a+b+c)(a2+b2+c2–ab–bc–ca)
1
= (a+b+c)[(a–b)2+(b–c)2+(c–a)2]
2

a 3  b 3  c 3  3abc a b c
2 2 2 =
a  b    b  c   c  a  2
a3+b3+c3–3abc = (a+b+c) [(a+b+c)2 – 3(ab+bc+ca)]
1
a3+b3+c3–3abc= (a+b+c)[3(a2+b2+c2)–(a+b+c)2]
2

129
 Algebra

Theory of Equations (lehdj.kksa dk fl¼kar)

Polynomial (cgqin) vxj f(x) ,d cgqin] okLrfod ;k tfVy gS] rks

f(x)=0 ,d cgqin
 An algebr aic expression of the f orm lehdj.k dgk tkrk gSA
2 n
a0+a 1x+a 2x +...+a nx , where n  N, is called a Quadratic Equation (f}?kkr lehdj.k)
polynomial. It is generally denoted by p(x), q(x), f(x),  A quadratic polynomial f(x) when equated to zero
g(x) etc. is called quadratic equation.
2
a0+a1x+a2x +...+anx ds :i dk ,d chtxf.krh; O;atd] tgk¡
n
,d f}?kkr cgqinf(x) tc 'kwU; ds cjkcj gks rks f}?kkr lehdj.k
n  N, cgqin dgykrk gSA bls vkerkSjp(x),ij q(x), f(x), g(x) dgykrk gSA

r
vkfn }kjk n'kkZ;k tkrk gSA i.e. ax2+bx +c =0, where a,b,cR and a  0.

Si
Real Polynomial (okLrfod cgqin) Roots of a Quadratic Equation
Let a0,a1,a2,...,an be real numbers and x is a real ,d f}?kkr lehdj.k dh ewy
variable, then, f(x) = a0+a1x+a2x2+...+anxn is called
The values of variable x which satisfy the quadratic

ap
a real polynomial of real variable x with real
equation is called roots of quadratic equation.
coefficients.
pj x ds os eku tks f}?kkr lehdj.k dks larq"V djrs gSa] f}?
ekuk fda0,a1,a2,...,an okLrfod la[;k,a gSa xvkSj
,d okLrfod lehdj.k ds ewy dgykrs gSaA
pj gS] fiQj]
f(x) = a0+a1x+a2x2+...+anxn dks okLrfod xq.kkad

n
t
Solution of Quadratic Equation
ds lkFk okLrfod pj x dk okLrfod cgqin dgk tkrk gSA io
ra
f}?kkr lehdj.k dk gy
at
Degree of a Polynomial (,d cgqin dh fMxzh)
1. Factorisation Method @ xq.ku•aMu fof/
ic

 2 3 n
A Polynomial f(x)=a0+a1x+a2x +a3x +...+anx , real or
bl

Let ax2 + bx + c = a(x–) (x–) = 0. Then, x =  and x

complex is a polynomial of degree n, if an  0.
P

=  will satisfy the given equation.

Pu

,d cgqin f(x)=a0+a1x+a2x2+a3x3+...+anxn, okLrfod ;k

tfVy fMxzh
n dk ,d cgqin gS] vxj ,d an  0A
eku yhft, ax2 + bx + c = a(x–) (x–) = 0. rc] x =  vkSj
x =  fn, x, lehdj.k dks larq"V djsaxsA
on
an

Some Important Deduction

Direct Formula @ çR;{k lw=k
pi

2.
(i) Linear Polynomial A polynomial of degree one
Quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 (a  0) has two
am

is known as linear polynomial.

roots, given by
jSf•; cgqin ,d ?kkr okys cgqin dks jSf•d cgqin dgrs gSaA
g
Ch

f}?kkr lehdj.kax2 + bx + c = 0 (a  0) ds nks ewy gSa] tks

(ii) Quadratic Polynomial A polynomial of second
fuEufyf•r gSa
Ga

degree is known as quadratic polynomial.

f}?kkr cgqin
 nks ?kkr okyh
cgqin dks f}?kkr cgqin ds :i esa =
b  b2  4ac
,
tkuk tkrk gSA 2a

(iii) Cubic Polynomial A polynomial of degree three b  b2  4ac

is known as cubic polynomial. =
2a
f=k?kkr
cgqin rhu ?kkr okyh
cgqin dks ?ku cgqin ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA
b  D b  D
(iv) Biquadratic Polynomial A polynomial of degree or  = ,=
2a 2a
four is known as biquadratic polynomial.
where, D =  = b2 – 4ac is called discriminate of
f}oxhZ; cgqin
 pkj ?kkr okyh cgqin dks f}oxhZ; cgqin ds :i the equation.
esa tkuk tkrk gSA tgk¡]D =  = b2 – 4ac lehdj.k dk fofoÙkQd dgykrk gSA
Polynomial Equation @cgqin lehdj.k Above formulas also known as Sridharacharya
If f(x) is a polynomial, real or complex, then f(x)=0 formula.
is called a polynomial equation. mijksÙkQ lw=kksa dks Jh/jkpk;Z lw=k ds uke ls Hkh tkuk

130
 Algebra
Given quadratic equation (ii) Conjugate Roots The irrational (complex) roots
ax2 + bx + c = 0 of a quadratic equation, whose coefficients are
px2 + qx + r = 0 rational (real) always occur in conjugate pairs.
Thus,
Condition for common root/leku ewy ds fy;s 'krZ@fLFkfr
la;qXeh ewy
 f}?kkr lehdj.k ds vifjes; (tfVy) ewy] ftuds
One root common/tc ,d ewy leku gks (aq – pb) (br xq.kkad ifjes; (okLrfod) gksrs gSa] lnSo la;qXe ;qXeksa esa
– qc) = (cp – ra)2
çdkj]
a b c (a) If one root be  + i, then other root will be  – i.
Both root common/tc nksuksa ewy leku
 gks
 
p q r
;fn ,d ewy  + i gS rks nwljk ewy
– i ib gksxkA
Formation of new quadratic equation by changing
the roots of a given quadratic equation (b) If one root be  +  , then other root will be

fn;s gq;s f}?kkr lehdj.k ds ewy dks cnydj u;h f}?kkr lehdj.k –  . @ ;fn ,d ewy +  gS] rks nwljkewy
–  gksxhA
cukuk&

r
Relation between Roots and Coefficients
1. If new roots are (+ p) and (+ p) (ewy vkSj xq.kkad ds chp laca/)

Si
1. Quadratic Equation @ f}?kkr lehdj.k
;fn u;s ewy(+ p) vkSj(+ p) gSA
If roots of quadratic equation ax2+bx+c = 0 (a  0)
rc Required equation a (x – p)2 + b(x – p) + c = 0 are  and , then
2. If new roots are (– p) and (– p) ;fn f}?kkr lehdj.kax2+bx+c = 0 (a  0) ds ewy vkSj
;fn u;s ewy(– p) vkSj(– p) gSA
Then required equation a (x + p)2 + b (x + p) +c=0
1 1
ap gSa] rks

Sum of roots @ ewyksa dk

=S;ksx
=+=
b
a

n
t
3. If new root are and  Coefficient of x (x dk x.q kkad)

io
=  Coefficient of x 2 (x 2 dk x.q kkd
a )
ra
1
at
1
;fn u;s ewy vkSj gS Product of roots @ ewyksa dk xq.kuiQy

ic

constant term / (vpj in)

2
1 1 c
bl

Then required equation a    b  c  0 = P== = coefficient of x 2 (x 2 dk x.q kkd

a )
P

x x a
Pu

2 2
4. If new roots are  and 
D
;fn u;s ewy2 vkSj2 gS
on

Also, |–| = a
an

2
Then required equation a  x b x c  0
pi

2. Cubic Equation @ ?ku lehdj.k

am

5. If new roots are pand p If , and  are the roots of cubic equation ax3 + bx2
;fn u;s ewypvkSjpgS& + cx + d = 0.
g
Ch

x
2 ;fn , vkSj ?ku lehdj.kax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0 ds ewy a
x
gSaA
Ga

Then required equation a    b  c  0

p
  p
Nature of Roots (ewy dh çÑfr) b
Then,  = +  +  = 
a
(i) Let quadratic equation be ax2 + bx + c = 0, whose
discriminate is D. c
 =  +  +  =
a
Nature of Roots
d
= 
a
If D = 0 If D > 0 If D < 0 3. Biquadratic Equation @ f}oxhZ; lehdj.k
If , ,  and  are the roots of the biquadratic
Roots are real and equal Roots are imaginary equation
(ifjes; rFkk leku) (dkYifud)
;fn ,, vkSj f}oxhZ; lehdj.k ds ewy gSa
ax4 + bx3 + cx2 + dx + e = 0, then
D = Perfect square D = Not square
b
S1 =  +  +  +  =  ,
Roots are real, unequal Roots are real, unequal a
and rational and irrational

131
 Algebra
S2=+++++ 2
4ac  b D
c c U;wure eku
=  ysfdu mudk dksbZ vf/dre
=(–1)2 = 4a 4a
a a eku ugha gSA
c (ii) If a < 0, quadratic expression has greatest value
or S2=(+) (+) ++=
a b
S3 = +++ at x =   This greatest value is given by
2a
d d 4ac  b2 D
=(–1)3 =   But their is no least value.
a a 4a 4a
d b
or S3 =  (+) +(+) =  ;fn a < 0, f}?kkr O;atd dk x=  ij lcls cM+k eku gS] rks
a 2a
4ac  b2 D
e e
and S4 = = (–1)4
= ;g lcls cM+k eku =  ysfdu mudk dksbZ U;wure
a a 4a 4a
eku ugha gSA

r
Formation of Polynomial Equation from Given Roots
fn, x, ewyksa ls cgqin lehdj.k dk fuekZ.k Inequality (vlekurk)

Si
 If 1,2,3,...,an are the roots of an nth degree  A statement involving the symbols >, <,  or  is
equation, then the equation is xn – S1xn–1 + S2xn–2– called an inequality or in equation.
S3xn–3+...+(–1)nSn=0, where Sn denotes the sum of Here, the symbols < (less than), > (greater than),
the products of roots taken n at a time.  (less than or equal to) and (greater than or equal
vxj
n n–1
fMxzh lehdj.k ds ewy gSa] rks lehdj.k
1,2,3,...,an
x – S1x + S2x –S3xn–3+...+(–1)nSn=0] tgkaSn ,d
n–2

le; esa yh xbZ ewyksa ds xq.kuiQy

ds ;ksx dks n'kkZrk gSA ap gS
to) are known as symbol of inequalities.
>, <,  ;k  çrhdksa dks 'kkfey djus okys ,d dFku dks vlekurk
;k lehdj.k dgk tkrk gSA ;gk¡] çrhd< (blls de)] > (blls

n
Quadratic Equation @ f}?kkr lehdj.k cM+k)] (blls de ;k blds cjkcj) vkSj (blls cM+k ;k blds
t
1.
If  and  are the roots of a quadratic equation, io
cjkcj) dks vlekurkvksa ds çrhd ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA
ra
at
then the equation is x2–S1x+S2=0, where S1 = sum e.g. 5<7, x  2, x + y  11
ic

of roots and S2= product of roots

Types of Inequalities @ vlekurkvksa ds izdkj
;fn vkSj f}?kkr lehdj.k ds ewy gSa] rks lehdj.k
bl

 x2–
P

(i) Numerical inequality An inequality which

S1x+S2=0 gS] tgk¡S1 = ewyksa dk ;ksx
S2vkSj
= ewyksa dk xq.kuiQy
Pu

does not involve any variable is called a numerical

2. Cubic Equation @ ?ku lehdj.k inequality.
on

la[;kRed vlekurk ,d vlekurk ftlesa dksbZ pj 'kkfey ugha

an

If ,  and  are the roots of cubic equation, then

the equation is gksrk gS] la[;kRed vlekurk dgykrh gSA
pi

;fn ,  vkSj ?ku lehdj.k ds ewy gSa] rks lehdj.k gS e.g. 4 > 2, 8 < 21
am

x3–S1x2+S2x–S3=0 (ii) Literal inequality An inequality which have

g

i.e. x3–(++)x2+(++)x – = 0 variables is called literal inequality.

Ch

3. Biquadratic Equation @ f}oxhZ; lehdj.k 'kkfCnd vlekurk

 ,d vlekurk ftlesa pj gksrs gSa] 'kkfCnd
Ga

If ,  ,  and  are the roots of a biquadratic vlekurk dgykrh gSA

equation, then the equation is e.g. x < 7, y  11, x – y  4
;fn ,, vkSj f}oxhZ; lehdj.k ds ewy gSa] rks lehdj.k gS (iii) Strict inequality An inequality which have
x4–S x3+S x2–S x+S = 0 only <or> is called strict inequality.
1 2 3 4
i.e. x4–(+++)x3 dBksj vlekurk ,slh vlekurk ftlesa dsoy< ;k > gks] dBksj
+ (+++++)x2 vlekurk dgykrh gSA
– (+++)x +  = 0 e.g. 3x + y < 0, x > 7
Maximum and Minimum Values of Quadratic Expression (iv) Slack inequality An inequality which have
(f}?kkr O;atd dk vf/dre vkSj U;wure eku) only
(i) If a > 0, quadratic expression has least value at lqLr vlekurk ,d vlekurk tks dsoy gS
b 4ac  b2 D or is called slack inequality.
x=  This least value is given by  
2a 4a 4a ;k  dks lqLr vlekurk dgk tkrk gSA
But their is no greatest value.
e.g. 3x + 2y  0, y  4
b
;fn a > 0, x = ij f}?kkr O;atd dk eku U;wure gS] rks ;g
2a

132
 Algebra

Maximum and Minimum value in Algebra

(chtxf.kr esa vf/dre ,oa U;wure eku)

MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM VALUES (vf/dre vkSj U;wure eku)

 Concept-1
Max. value Min.value
Odd power  (x)  + –
Even power  (x2) + 0
Max +
Ex.(i) 10 + x2

r
Min 0
Min. value of (10 + x2) = 10 + 0 = 10

Si
Max. value of (10 + x2) = 10 +  = –
Max –
(ii) 10 + x3
Min +

ap
Min. value of (10 + x3) = 10 –  = – 
Max. value of (10 + x3) = 10 +  = + 
Max +
(iii) 10 – x2

n
Min 0
t
Min. value of 10 – x2 = 10 –  = –  io
ra
at
Max. value of 10 + x2 = 10 – 0 = 10
ic

 If x + y = a then the value of x × y will be maximum at x = y

bl

Ex. If a, b, c, d are + we number such that a + b + c + d = 1 then find the maximum value of abcd?
P
Pu

Sol. a + b + c + d = 1 (abcd)max.
1 1 1 1 1 1
a=b=c=d=     
on
an

4 4 4 4 4 256
pi

S. Pair of lines a1 b1 c1 Compare Graphical Algberic

am

no. or equation a2 b2 c2 of ratios representation representation

x–2y=0
g

1 2 0 a1 b1 Intersecting Exactly one

1. 
Ch

3x+4y-20=0 3 4 20 a 2 b2 lines solution (unique)

Ga

2x+3y-9=0 2 3 9 a1 b1 c1 Coincident
2.   Many
4x+6y-18=0 4 6 18 a 2 b2 c2 lines solutions
x+2y-4=0 1 2 4 a1 b1 c1 Parallel
3.   No. solution
2x+4y-12=0 2 4 12 a 2 b2 c2 lines

 Quadratic equation and positive/negative roots

Quadratic equation
If quadratic equation is like Then
(a) ax2 + bx + c = 0
(b) ax2 – bx + c = 0
2
(c) ax + bx – c = 0
and one is negative
(d) ax2 – bx – c = 0
and one is negative
Positive/Negative roots
both value of x is
negative
both value of x is positive
One value of x is positive
One value of x is positive

133
 Trigonometry

Trigonometry (f=kdks.kfefr)

Basic Triplets Theory (ewy f=kd fl¼kar)

27( 3–1) 123( 3–1)
Hypotenuse (H)  H
P B 
1.  120( 3–1)
B P
P  Perpendicular @ yEc 9, 40, 41  Triplet
×3 ×3 ×3
B  Base @ vk/kj
27 120 123

r
H2 = P2 + B 2 Pythagoras Theorem @ ikbFkkxksjl çes;

Si
2. A Pythagoras triplet is a set of Positive integers a,
12.5 32.5
b and c that fits the rule : a2 + b2 = c2
,d ikbFkkxksjl f=kxq.k /u iw.kk±dksa
a, b vkSjc dk ,d lsV gS tks x
a + b = c fu;e dk ikyu djrk gS%
2 2 2
12.5 : 32.5 5, 12, 13  Triplet

3.
32 + 42 = 52
@ f=kxq.k gSa
 3, 4, 5 are triplets
Some Pythagorean Triplets @ dqN ikbFkkxksjl f=kd %
ap 5 : 13
 x = 12 × 2.5 = 30
tc Triplet uk cus

n
t
(3, 4, 5) (5, 12, 13) (7, 24, 25)

io
ra
(8, 15, 17) (9, 40, 41) (11, 60, 61)
at
16 x
(12, 35, 37) (13, 84, 85) (16, 63, 65)
ic

(20, 21, 29) (28, 45, 53) (33, 56, 65) 24

bl

(36, 77, 85) (39, 80, 89) (48, 55, 73)

P

16 : 24 : x
Pu

(65, 72, 97) (20, 99, 101)


 In a triplet largest side is hypotenuse
8×2 : 8×3 : 8 9  4 = 8 13
on

,d f=kd esa lcls cM+h Hkqtk d.kZ gksrh gS

an

Basic Trigonometry Ratios (ewy f=kdks.kfefr vuqikr)

pi

5
am

3 3
32  42  25  5
P H
g

4 4 1.
Ch


B
Ga

2 2
a +b
2ab triplets P B
sin = cot=
H P
(a2–b2)
B H
cos= sec =
 2 2
a –b , 2ab, a +b
2 2
H B
2 2
x –1, 2 x, x +1 Triplets form
P H
a–b, 2 ab, a+b Tan = cosec=
B P
4. Multiplication and division of basic triplets results
1
into other triplets 2. Cosec =  sin × cosec = 1
sin 
ewy f=kd dk xq.ku vkSj foHkktu vU; f=kd esa cny tkrk gS
1
(3, 4, 5) ×2 (6, 8, 10) ×2 (12, 16, 20) Sec =  cos × sec = 1
cos 
(5, 12, 13) ×2 (10, 24, 26) ×1.5 (15, 36, 39)
1
Cot=  tan × cot = 1
(3, 4, 5) × 2 3 2,4 2,5 2  t an 

134
 Trigonometry
sin  sec  2. (sin2+cos2= 1)  cos2
3. Tan= = tan2+1 = sec2
cos  cos ec
tan2 = sec2 – 1  tan2=(sec+1)(sec–1)
cos  cos ec 
Cot= =
sin  sec 
Tan   sec   1
Basic Trigonometric Identities ( ewyf=kdks.kferh; igpku)  sec   1

tan 

 sec2 – tan2 = 1
P H (sec– tan) (sec + tan) = 1
 1
B (sec – tan) =  sec   tan 
P2 + B2 = H2
(sec2 – tan2)2 = (1)2
2 2
 P  B

r
1.   +   =1  sin2 + cos2 = 1
sec4 + tan4 – 2sec2tan2 = 1
H H sec4 + tan4 = 1 + 2sec2tan2

Si
sin2 + cos2 = 1 (sec2 – tan2)3 = (1)3
sin  1  cos  sec6 – tan6 – 3sec2tan2 × 1 = 1
sin2=1–cos2   sec6 – tan6 = 1 + 3sec2tan2
1  cos  sin 
3. (sin2 + cos2 = 1)  sin2
cos2 = 1–sin2 

(sin2 + cos2)2 = 12
cos 
1  sin 

1  sin 
cos 
ap 1+cot2 = cosec2

cot2 = cosec2–1 
cot 
cos ec  1

cos ec  1
cot 

n
sin4 + cos4 + 2sin2cos2 = 1
t
cosec2–cot2= 1
sin4 + cos4 = 1–2sin2cos2 io
ra
(cosec+cot)(cosec–cot)=1
at
(sin2 + cos2)3 = (1)3
1
ic

sin6 + cos6 + 3sin2cos2 = 1 (cosec + cot) =  cos ec  cot  

sin6+cos6=1–3sin2cos2
bl

cosec4+ cot4= 1+2cosec2cot2

P
Pu

cosec6 – cot6 = 1 + 3 cosec2cot2

on
an

Trigonometry Ratio Table (f=kdks.kfefr vuqikr rkfydk)

pi
am

Angle (In
0º 30º 45º 60º 90º 180º 270º 360º
Degrees)
g
Ch

Angle (In     3
0  2
Ga

Radians) 6 4 3 2 2
1 1 3
sin 0 1 0 1 0
2 2 2
3 1 1
cos 1 0 1 0 1
2 2 2
1 Not Not
tan 0 1 3 0 0
3 Defined Defined
Not 1 Not Not
cot 3 1 0 0
Defined 3 Defined Defined
2 Not Not
sec 1 2 2 1 1
3 Defined Defined
Not 2 Not Not
cosec 2 2 1 1
Defined 3 Defined Defined

135
 Trigonometry
 sec2 + cosec2 = sec2cosec2 2. Change of T-Ratio @ f=kdks.kfefr&vuqikr dk ifjorZu
tan2–sin2 = tan2sin2 90°, 270° .... (90° ds odd multiple ij change)
cot2–cos2 = cot2cos2
180°, 360° .... no change (90° ds even multiple ij
sinθ cosθ 1 no change)
tan+cot= + =
cosθ sinθ sinθcosθ sin  cos, tan  cot, sec  cosec
=seccosec=2cosec2
Range 90– 5
3 4
1. –1  sin  + 1  sin(90°–) = = cos
5
4
P
sin= , H > P ( Always between –1 and +1)  cos(90°–) = sin
H
–1  cos  + 1 (–1)2 = 1 tan(90°–) = cot sec(90°–) = cosec

r
–  tan, cot  +  cot(90°–) = tan cosec(90°–) = sec
 Sin(90°+) = cos

Si
 0 sin2, cos2  +1
Cos(90°+) = –sin
0°  90° sin increases from 0 to 1
0°  90° cos decreases from 1 to 0 Tan(90°+) = –cot
sin61° > cos32°  cos32° = sin58° Cot(90°+) = –tan

ap
 sin61° > sin58° Sec(90°+) = –cosec
 sin61° > cos32° Cosec(90°+) = sec
2. 0° <  < 45° sin < cos sin19° < cos 1
Tan150° = Tan(90°+60°) = –cot 60° = 

n
45° <  < 90° sin > cos sin71° > cos
t
3
3. If 0 < x < 1, x > x2 io
ra
at
3
Quadrant theory (prqFkk±'k fl¼kar) Sin120°=sin(90°+30°) = cos30° =
2
ic
bl

90°, 450° 1
1.
P

Cos120°=cos(180°–60°) = –cos60° =
2
Pu

II I
90° + 
180° –  0° +   Sin(180°–) = sin
on

90° – 
an

cos(180°–) = –cos
180°, 540° 0°, 360° cot(180°–) = –cot
pi

IV
III 180° +  270° + 
270° –  2
am

360° –  Sec150°=sec(180°–30°) = –sec30°=

0° –  3
g
Ch

270° Tan135° = Tan(180°–45°) = –Tan45° = –1

Ga

 Sin(180°+) = –sin
  Any Acute Angle @ dksbZ U;wu dks.k Cos(180°+) = –cos

II  3
I Cos210° = cos(180°+30°) = –cos30° =
sin 2
+ve All +ve
cosec ASTC
1
Sin225°=sin(180°+45°) = –sin45° =
2
III IV
tan cos 1
+ve +ve Cot240° = Cot(270°–30°) = Tan30° =
cot sec 3
 Cos(270°–) = –Sin
sin iV  sin +ve in I, II Tan(270°–) = cot
cos [kM+k
 cos +ve in I, IV Cosec(270°–) = –sec
tan frjNk Tan +ve in I, III Sec240° = sec(270°–30°)= –cosec30°= –2

136
 Trigonometry
 Sin(270°+) = –cos 2. 1C  57°16'22''
Cos(270°+) = sin  radian = 180°
Tan(270°+) = –cot 180 180  7 630 3
1 rad (1c) = =   57 
 3  22 11 11
Sin300° = sin(270°+30°) = –cos30° =
2
180' 4'
Cot315° = cot(270°+45°)= –Tan45°= –1  3°=180'  =16'+  1C=57°16'22''
11 11
Cosec330°=Cosec(360°–30) = –cosec30°= –2
240
 Sin(360°–) = –sin  4' =240''  = 22''
11
Sin(–) = –sin
Tan780°= Tan(360°×2+60) = Tan60°= 3

r
Cosec1125°= Cosec(360°×3+45) = Cosec45°= 2 O
Cos(–) = cos r r

Si
3. °
sin180° = 0 A B

tan(–) = –tan L

cot(–) = –cot 

ap
cos180° = –1 AB = L = 2r × 360

sec(–) = sec

tan180° = 0 L=r×
180

n
t
cosec(–) = –cosec
If A+B = 90° then io
L = r × C
ra
at

1. If A+B=90°  A, B are complementary to each other C =  ×
180
ic

2. sinA = cosB  sinAsecB=1

Some Important Properties (dqN egRoiw.kZ xq.k)
bl

3. TanA=cotB  TanATanB=1 or cotAcotB = 1

P
Pu

4. secA=cosecB  cosAcosecB = 1 If asin  + bcos = c

1. square and add
Tan31×Tan59°=1 acos – bsin = x (let)
on
an

5. sin2A+sin2B=1  sin2A+sin2(90–A) 2 2 2 2 2
a sin  + b cos  + 2 × asin×bcos = c
6. cos2A+cos2B=1  sin2A+cos2A=1
pi

2 2 2 2 2
a cos  + b sin  – 2 × asin ×bcos= x
Radian Angle Theory (jsfM;u dks.k fl¼kar)
am

a2 + b2 = c2 + x2
g

circumference x2 = a2 + b2 + c2
1. = fixed number
Ch

diameter
x = a2 + b2 – c2
Ga

=  (Irrational numer)
 If asin + bcos = c and a2 + b2 = c2
  
r P B H
O
180° c
 =1 a sin+ b cos= 1
c c compare
r sinsin+ coscos= 1

2r  360° a b
sin= , cos=
c c
360 180
r = = 1 radian
2 
c
ds Radius dh cjkcj dh Arc centre ij 1 radian
circle a

dk Angle cuk,xhA b
 radian (c) = 180°
1°=60', 1'= 60''

137
 Trigonometry
2 2
55 a  b  2ab
 If 48sin + 55cos = 73 then cot = 
48 a 2  b2
   2
a  b
P B H =
 a  b  a  b 
 (sin+sec)2+(cos+cosec)2 = (1+seccosec)2
 (1–sec+tan)(1+cosec+cot) = 2 ab

a b
2.
If asecA+btanA = c
Then atanA+bsecA = x (Let) ) square and
subtract Formula form - (A+B)
a2–b2=c2–x2  x2 = c2 – a2+b2 1. sin(A+B) = sinAcosB+cosAsinB
sin(A–B) = sinAcosB – cosAsinB
x =  c2 – a2 + b2
cos(A+B) = cosAcosB – sinAsinB
 If asecA – btanA = c

r
cos(A–B) = cosAcosB + sinAsinB
atanA – bsecA= x (let)

Si
2. 2sinAcosB = sin(A+B) + sin(A–B)
 a2–b2=c2–x2
2cosAsinB = sin(A+B) – sin(A–B)
 If asec–btan = c and a2=b2+c2 2cosAcosB = cos(A+B) + cos(A–B)
a 2sinAsinB = cos(A–B) – cos(A+B)
a sec– b tan =1 sec= c
c
)
ap
c compare
secsec –tan=1 b 3. sin(A+B)sin(A–B) = sin2Acos2B – cos2Asin2B
tan= c
= sin2A(1–sin2B)–(1–sin2A)sin2B
asec–btan = c
= sin2A–sin2B = cos2B–cos2A
  

n
t
cos(A+B)cos(A–B) = cos2A–sin2B=cos2B–sin2A
H P B
io
ra
CD CD
at
4. sinC + sinD = 2sin cos
a 2 2
ic

b
CD CD
bl


 sinC – sinD = 2cos sin
P

c 2 2
Pu

a a+b CD CD

3. If secx + tanx = then cosecx + cotx =  cosC + cosD = 2cos cos
on

b a–b 2 2
an

(a > b)
pi

CD CD
a  cosD – cosC = 2sin sin
2 2
am

secx + tanx =
b
g

CD DC

Ch

b cosC – cosD = 2sin sin

secx – tanx = 2 2
Ga

a
Multiples of Angle (dks.k ds xq.kd)
2 2
a b
2secx = 2 Tan A
ab 1. sin2A = 2sinAcosA =
1  Tan2 A
a 2  b2
secx = A A 1  cos 2A
2ab sinA = 2sin cos =
2 2 2
a 2  b2  H
secx = Sec A.Cos ecA
2ab  B cosec2A =
2
 P = a2–b2
1  tan2 A
 2. cos2A=cos2A–sin2A=1–2sin2A=2cos2A–1=
1  tan2 A
H B HB
+ = cot 2 A  1
P P P =
cot 2 A  1

1  cos 2A
cosA =
2

138
 Trigonometry
2 Tan A 3
3. Tan2A = 7. cos3A+cos3(120°–A)+cos3(120°+A)= cos3A
1  tan2 A 4
4. Sin3A = 3sinA–4sin3A 8. Tan –Tan(60–)+tan(60+)=3tan3
Cos3A = 4cos3A – 3cosA cot–cot(60–)+cot(60+)=3cot3

3 tan A  tan3 A 1
Tan3A = 9. sinsin(60– )sin(60+)= sin3
1  3 tan2 A 4

Tan A  Tan B 1
5. Tan(A+B) = coscos(60–)cos(60+)= cos3
1  Tan A TanB 4

Tan A  Tan B tantan(60–)tan(60+)=tan3

Tan(A–B) =
1  Tan A TanB sin2n 1 
10. coscos2cos22cos23......cos2n=

r
cot A cot B  1 2n 1 sin 
6. Cot(A+B) =

Si
cot B  cot A
5 1 10  2 5
11. sin18° = cos18°=
cot A cot B  1 4 4
Cot(A–B) =
cot B  cot A
5 1 10  2 5
Some special formulae (dqN •kl lw=k) cos36° = sin36°=

ap
4 4
1  tan  1  tan 
1. Tan(45–) = , Tan(45+)= 3 1
1  tan  1  tan  12. Sin75° = cos15° =
2 2
2. If A+B = 45° or 225°  (1+TanA) (1+TanB) = 2

n
t
tan(A+B) = tan45°
io 3 1
ra
Sin15° = cos75° =
at
tan A  tan B 2 2
=1  tanA+tanB+tanAtanB = 1
ic

1  tan A tanB
3 1
bl

1+tanA+tanB+tanAtanB=1+1  Tan75° = cot15°= = 2+ 3

3 1
P
Pu

 (1+tanA) (1+tanB) = 2
3. If A+B = 45° or 225°  (cotA–1) (cotB–1) = 2 3 1
 Tan15° = cot75°= = 2– 3
on

3 1
an

OR (1–cotA) (1–cotB) = 2
Some other formulae (dqN vU; lw=k)
pi

tan A  tanB  tan C  tan A tanB tanC

4. Tan(A+B+C) = 1. 2 2
(sin A+cos A – sinAcosA) (sinA+cosA)
am

1  tan A tanB  tanB tanC  tanC tan A

= sin3A + cos3A
g

3 TanA – tan3 A
Ch

Put B = C = 'A'  Tan3A =

1 – 3 tan2A cot A  tanB
2. = tanBcotA (Åij okyh term direct
Ga

cot B  tan A
If A+B+C=90°
multiply esa fy[k nsrs gS)
sin90 1 tan A  tanB  tanC  tan A tanBtanC
= = 2
cos 90 0 1  tan A tanB  tanBtanC  tanC tan A  1  tan  
3.   = tan2
 TanATanB+TanBTanC+tanCTanA = 1  1  cot  

OR cotA+cotB+cotC = cotAcotBcotC
1  sin  1  sin  1  sin  1  sin 
4. =  = =sec–tan
 If A+B+C = 180° 1  sin  1  sin  1 – sin  cos 
 TanA + TanB + TanC = TanATanBTanC
 cotA.cotB + cotBcotC + cotCcotA = 1 1  cos  1  cos  1  cos  1  cos 
5. =  =
1  cos  1  cos  1  cos  sin 
4 tan  1  tan2  
5. Tan4= =cosec+cot
1  6 tan2   tan4 
cos ecA  1 1  sin 
3 6. = =sec+tan
6. 2 2 2
cos  + cos (60–) +cos (60+) = cos ecA  1 1  sin 
2

139
 Trigonometry

sec   tan  1 1
2    2sec 2 
7.
sec   tan 
= sec   tan   =sec+tan 1  sin  1  sin 

cos  1  sin 
cot   cos   
8. = sec+tan 1  sin  cos 
cot   cos 
9. sin1º.sin2º.sin3º ...... sin180º = 0 cos  1  sin 
 
1  sin  cos 
cos1º.cos2º.cos3º ..... cos90º = 0
tan1º.tan2º.tan3º ..... tan89º = 1  cosec2 + sec2 = cosec2 sec2
 (1 + tan2) (1 + sin) (1 – sin) = 1
If A + B = 30°,  3  tan A  
3  tanB  4
 (1 + cot2) (1 – cos) (1 + cos) = 1

 
If A + B = 60°, 1  3 tan A 1  3 tanB  4  1  cos 
 cosec  cot 


r
1  cos 
If angles are in AP/;fn dks.k lekUrj Js.kh eas gS&

Si
sin+ sin (+ ) + sin ( + 2) + ....... sin (+(n–1)) 1  sin 
  sec  tan 
1  sin 
n
sin
2 sin    (n  1) 
=    1  sin 
sin  2    cosec  cot 

ap
2 1  sin 

cos+ cos(+ ) + cos ( + 2) ...... cos ( + (n–1)) 1  sin 

  (sec  – tan)2
1  sin 
n

n
sin
t
2 cos    (n  1)  
io
1  cos  sin 
=     
ra
 2 sin  1  cos 
at
sin
2
ic

sin 
Relation between degree, radian, and grade   cosec  +cot
1  cos 
bl

22 radian = 1260 degree

P
Pu

100 grade = 90 degree 1  cos 

  (cosec  -cot)2
1  cos 
D G 2C
on

 
an

90 100  cos  cos 

   2sec 
pi

Some important Results ( dqN egÙoiw.kZ ifj.kke

) 1  sin  1  sin 
am

If A+B+C = 180,  tan2  + cot2 + 2 = sec2  + cosec2 

g

A B B C C A sec2   cosec2  tan   cot 

Ch

1. tan . tan + tan . tan + tan . tan =1

2 2 2 2 2 2
cos2 B  cos2 A sin2 A  sin2 B
Ga

2. sin2A + sin2B+ sin2C = H sinA. sinB. sinC  tan2A – tan2B = 

cos2 Bcos2 A cos 2 A cos 2 B
3. cos2A + cos2B + cos2C = – (1+4 cosA.cosB.cosC)
sin A  sinB cos A  cos B
A B C   0
4. cosA + cosB + cosC = 1 + 4 sin . sin sin cos A  cos B sin A  sinB
2 2 2
1 1
A B C    2sec 2 A
5. sinA + sinB + sinC = 4cos . cos . cos 1  sin A 1  sin A
2 2 2
 (sec2– 1) (cosec2  –1) = 1 tan2 A cot 2 A
  1
1  tan A 1  cot2 A
2

1
 cos2   1  sin2A cos2B – cos2A sin2B = sin2A – sin2B
1  cot 2 
cot A  tanB
2 1   cot A tanB
 sin A  1 cot B  tan A
1  tan2 A
tan A  tanB
1   tan A tan B
 tan    sec  cosec cot A  cot B
tan 

140
 Trigonometry
 cot2 A cosec2B – cot2B cosec2 A = cot2A – cot2B  If cos + sin = 2 cos 
 tan2A sec2B – sec2 A tan2B = tan2A – tan2B
then cos – sin = 2 sin
 (1 + cot – cosec ) (1 + tan + sec ) = 2
Proof:-  If x = a sin
(1 + cot – cosec) (1 + tan+ sec) = 2 y = b tan
L.H.S
a 2 b2
then  1
 cos  1  sin  1  x2 y2
 1    1   
 sin  sin    cos  cos    If x sin3 + y cos3 = sin cos and x sin = y cos
then x2 + y2 = 1
 sin   cos   1   cos  sin   1 
    or x = cos and y = sin
 sin   cos  
sin A cos A

r
(sin   cos  )2  1 (sin2   cos 2   2sin   cos  )  1  If  p and q
  sinB cos B
sin .cos  sin .cos 

Si
p q2  1
1  2sin  cos   1 then tanA = 
 = 2 Hence proved. q 1  p2
sin .cos 
 If tan + sin = m and tan – sin = n then m2 – n2
q2  1

ap
= 4 mn tanB = 
1  p2

n
t
io
ra
at
ic
bl
P
Pu

Interchange of Trigonometry Ratio Table (f=kdks.kfefr vuqikr rkfydk dk cnyko)

on
an
pi

θ
sin θ
cos θ
tan θ
cot θ
sec θ
cosec
am
g

θ tan  1 sec2   1 1
1  cos2 
Ch

sin sin 
1  tan  2
1  cot 2 sec  cosec 
Ga

θ 1 cot  1 cosec 2  1
cos 1  sin2  cos 
1  tan2  1  cot2  sec  cose 

θ sin  1  cos2  1 1
tan tan  sec2   1
1  sin  2 cos  cot  cosec 2  1

θ 1  sin2  cos  1 1
cot cot  cosec2   1
sin  1  cos 2 tan  sec 2   1

θ 1 1 1  cot2  cosec 
sec 1  tan2  sec 
1  sin  2 cos  cot  cosec2  1

θ 1 1 1  tan2  sec 
cosec 1  cot2  cosec 
sin  1  cos 2 tan  sec2   1

141
 Trigonometry
Trigonometric Functions, Identities and Equations Graph of Trigonometric Functions
f=kdks.kferh; dk;Z] igpku vkSj lehdj.k f=kdks.kferh; dk;ks± dk xzkiQ
1. Gr aph of si n x 5. Graph of sec x
1

0.5

O 90° 180° 270° 360° 2

–0.5 1
–  2
x’ – x
–1 O 3
–1 2 2
(i) Domain = R (ii) Range = [–1,1] (iii) Period = 2 –2

r
2. Graph of cos x

Si
1
y’
0.5 y = sec x

O 90° 180° 270° 360°

ap
–0.5 
(i) Domain = R  (2n + 1) ,nI
2
–1
(ii) Range = (–, –1]  [1, )
(i) Domain = R (ii) Range = [–1, 1]

n
(iii) Period = 2
t
(iii) Period = 2
6. io
Graph of cosec x
ra
3. Graph of tan x
at
1
ic
bl

0.5
P
Pu

2
O 90° 180° 270° 360° – 3
– 2 1  2
–0.5
on

x’ x
an

O –1 
–1 2
pi

–2
am


(i) Domain = R  (2n+1) ,nI
2
g
Ch

(ii) Range = (–, )

y’
Ga

(iii) Period =  y = cosec x

4. Graph of cot x
(i) Domain = R  n, n I
(ii) Range = (–, –1] [1, )
2 (iii)Period = 2
– 3
– 1 Note |sin|  1,|cos| 1,|sec|1,|cosec|| for all
2 2 2
x’ x values of , for which the functions are defined.
– O
–1
2
–2

y
y = cot x
(i) Domain = Rn, n  I (ii) Range = (–, )
(iii) Period = 

142
 Trigonometry

Maxima & Minima (vf/dre vkSj U;wure)

P 5. asin+bcos  max = + a 2  b2
1. –1sin+ 1 sin = ,HP
H
 min = – a 2  b2
–1cos+ 1
6. asin2+bcosec2 min = 2 ab (when a>b)
P 2 2
– tan+  Tan = (We can take any acos +bsec  min = a+b (when a < b)
B
max = 
value of P and B)

r
2
– cot+  7. min value
asec2+bcosec2    a b 
– sec, cosec+ But –1 ls 1 ds chp ugha gksxhA

Si
 If a and b are positive numbers then the value of
H a sec – b tan  = ?
cosec = ...H (B, P)
P Min. value = a 2  b2

ap
H Max. volue = 
sec=
B 8. sin2m + cos2n  max = +1 m, n  natural no.
2
2. If x = Real  x  +ve 9. If y = cos2x + sec2x then y  2

n
2
x min = 0 at x = 0
t
0sin2, cos2 + 1 io T - ratio min max
ra
at
–1sin3, cos3 + 1 1. sin,cosθ(odd power) 1 1
ic

0tan2, cot2 +  2. sin2θ,cos 2θ(even power) 0 1

bl

3. tanθ,cotθ(odd power)  
–tan3, cot3 + 
P

4. tan2θ,cot 2θ(even power) 0 

Pu

+1sec2, cosec2 + 
5. secθ,cosec θ(odd power)  
–sec3, cosec3 + But –1 ls +1 ds chp ugha gksxhA 6. sec 2θ,cosec 2 θ(even power) 1 
on
an

3. asin2+bcos2 max value = max [a,b]

pi

 min value = min [a, b] 10. sin2m + cos2n

am

37 sin2 + 45cos2  maximum = 45 max value = 1

minimum = 37
g

min value = put  45°

Ch

1 11. atan2+ bcot2

max = 2n
Ga

n n
sin cos  when n=odd
4. min value = 2 ab
min = –1
2n max value = 
1
max = 2n
sinncosn when n=even
min = 0

143
 Trigonometry

Height & Distance (yackbZ vkSj nwjh)

Elevation Angle (mUu;u dks.k) Change of Angle (dks.k dk ifjorZu)

1. When elevation angle changes from 30º to 45º
Object
ht

tc mUu;u dks.k
30º ls 45º gks tkrk gS
sig
of

D
ne

Angle of Elevation
Li


Horizontal
1

r
Angle of Depression (voueu dks.k)

Si
45º 30º
 Angle of Depression B C
A 1 3–1
3
 2. When elevation angle changes from 30º to 60º

ap
Object
tc mUu;u dks.k
30º ls 60º gks tkrk gS
Angle-side Ratio (dks.k&Hkqtk vuqikr) D
A

n
t
45º 2
45 45 90
3 io
ra
1
at
  
1. 
1: 1: 2
ic

45º
60º 30º
B 1 C
bl

A 1 B 3–1=2 C
P

A 3
Pu

3. When elevation angle changes from 45º to 60º

60º 2 30 60 90 tc mUu;u dks.k
45º ls 60º gks tkrk gS
on
an

1
  
2. D
pi

30º 1: 3: 2
B 3 C
am
g

1 AB 3
Ch

Tan30° = =
3 BC
Ga

A 3  1 AB 60º 45º
3. Tan15°= =
3  1 BC A 1 B 3–1 C
75º 2 2 3
3 –1
4. When elevation angle changes from 15º to 30º
15º
B C tc mUu;u dks.k
15º ls 30º gks tkrk gS
3 +1
A
15 75 90
  
3 1 3 1 2 2
1
4. A
30 30 120
120° 30º 15º
1 1    B C 2 D
3
1: 1: 3
30° 30°
B C
3

144
 Trigonometry
5. When elevation angle changes from .... A
3.
tc mUu;u dks.k
.... ls cnyrk gS
A A D h

a
asin h 1 2
B C
F
a
 
B acos C B hcot C a = h (cot1 + cot2)
6. When elevation angle changes from º to 2 D
4.
tc mUu;u dks.k
º ls cnydj 2 gks tkrk gS

1
C h
A

r
Si
a

h 2
2 2
h =y –x 2 A B

2 a cot 1

ap
 h=
B x C y D co t 1  cot  2

A 5. D
7.

n
t
io A
ra
h H1
at
H2
ic

2 1  
bl

C x B
P

B C d D
Pu

d = h (cot1 – cot2) +  = 90º

x = h1h2
on
an

Some other results (dqN vU; ifj.kke)

6. D A
pi

1. If Angles of elevation are complimentary

am

;fn mUu;u dks.k iwjd gSa

g

H1 H2
Ch

A
a
Ga

C B
h
1 1 1
= +
a H1 H2
90– 
B x C D 
y  If AB = CD, then x = y tan  2 
 
h  xy A
2. A D y

h h D
1 2
B a C
a = h (cot1 + cot2) C x B E

145
 Trigonometry
hcot h cot cot
 H=  x
cot (cot – cot)
D

B
H x

h h 
 
A C
 H = x cottan ( + )

r
Si
BH

 x

ap

D x C

n
t
io
ra
at
ic
bl
P
Pu
on
an
pi
am
g
Ch
Ga

146
 Arithmetic

Percentage (izfr'kr)

Percentage is a number or ratio expressed as a fraction of 100.

çfr'kr ,d la[;k ;k vuqikr gS ftls100 ds va'k ds :i esa O;fÙkQ fd;k tkrk gSA
15 400
15% = 400% =
100 100
Fraction percentage chart (fHkUu çfr'kr pkVZ)
Fraction Percentage Percentage Fraction Percentage Percentage
1 100% 100% 1 16

r
4.76% 4 %
1 21 21

Si
50% 50%
2
1 1 1 6
33.33% 33 % 4.54% 4 %
3 3 22 11
1 1 8
4.34% 4 %

p
25% 25% 23 23
4
1 1 1
5
20% 20% a 24
4.16% 4 %
6

n
1 2 1
t
16.66% 16 % 4% 4%
6 3 25
io
ra
t
1 2 1 1
ca
14.28% 14 % 2.5% 2 %
7 7 40 2
i

1 1 3 1
bl

12.5% 12 % 37.5% 37 %
P

8 2 8 2
Pu

1 1 5 1
11.11% 11 % 62.5% 62 %
9 9 8 2
on
an

1 4 1
10% 10% 57.14% 57 %
pi

10 7 7
am

1 1 5 3
9.09% 9 % 71.42% 71 %
11 11 7 7
g
Ch

1 1 2 2
8.33% 8 % 66.66% 66 %
12 3
Ga

3 3
1 9 4
7.69% 7 % 80% 80%
13 13 5
1 1 3
7.14% 7 % 75% 75%
14 7 4
1 2 5 5
6.66% 6 % 45 %
15 3 45.45%
11 11
1 1 7 7
6.25% 6 % 63 %
16 4 63.63%
11 11
1 15
5.88% 5 % 10 10
17 17 90.90% 90 %
11 11
1 5
5.55% 5 % 4 4
18 9 44.44% 44 %
9 9
1 5
5.26% 5 % 7 7
19 19 77.77% 77 %
9 9
1
5% 5%
20

147
 Arithmetic
Derived fraction from base fractions 11 1 1 2
(vk/kj fHkUu ls O;qRiUu fHkUu) 12
 1
12
 100% -8 %  91 %
3 3

 1 19 5  1 
4
 25%   1  100%-5 4 % 
24 24 6
 3
3 5 1
 75%  100%-20 %  79 %
4 6 6
40 4
1 2
 = 4   400% + 44.44%  444.44%
9 9
  14 %
7 7
43 1
4 1   7   700% + 16.66%  716.66%
 57 % 6 6
7 7
5 3 13 6 5 5
 71 %   1   100% + 85 %  185 7 %

r
7 7 7 7 7
35 5 1 1

Si
1   5   500% + 83 %  583 %
 = 20% 6 6 3 3
5
29 2 2 2
3
 3  20% = 60%   9   900%  66 %  966 %
5 3 3 3 3

p
71 11  1  2
 500% + 11 8 3 %   500% + 91 3 %
1 2  5
 = 16 % 12 12
6 3
5 2 1
= 5×16 % = 83 %
a 2
 591 3 %

n
6 3 3
t
1 2 37
io
 2
7 2 2
ra
 6 %   200% + 46 %  246 %
t
15 3 15 15 3 3
ca

Percentage to fraction conversion

11 2 1
(fHkUu :ikarj.k dk çfr'kr)
i

=11×6 % =73 %
bl

15 3 3
P

1 7
Pu

1 1
6 %
 17.5%  17.5×  or
 100 40
16 4
 
on

2.5%  1   7 7
an

11 1 3  17.5%=
=11×6 %= 68 %  40  40
16 4 4
pi

164 41
1 1 164%  
am

 4 % 
24 6 100 25
g

5 125 125 5
Ch

1 1  15 %  %  
=2 % 8 8 800 32
48 12
Ga

17 1 5 5 1 1 5
= 17×2 % = 35 %  35 %  5×7 %  5× 
48 12 12 7 7 14 14
1 1 1 1 7

1 1
6 %  29 %  25% + 4 %   
16 4 6 6 4 24 24
1 1 7
13 1 1  23.33%  20% + 3.33%   =
=13×6 % = 81 % 5 30 30
16 4 4
1 1 3 1 47
or
13
= 1–
3 3 1
= 100% – 18 % = 81 %  78 %  75% + 3 %   
16 16 4 4 3 3 4 30 60

1 2 2 1 7
  14 %  46.66%  40%+6.66%  + 
7 7 5 15 15

6 1 2 5 4 1 33
 1  =100-14 % = 85 %  82.5%  80% + 2.5%  +  40
7 7 7 7 5 40

1 1 1 2 1 5
 8 %  83 %  100%-16 %  1- 
12 3 3 3 6 6

148
 Arithmetic
3 19 A  Ao
 237.5%  200% + 37.5%  2 +  reduce% =  100%
8 8 A
3 24 eg. If cost of an item is reduced from 100 to 80
 342.84%  300% + 42.84%  3+ 
7 7 find. reduce%
9 121 100  80
 756.25  7+   Reduce% =  100%  20%
16 16 100
3 1 323  If A is increased to A1, Then
 538.33  500% + 30% + 8.33%  5 +   60
10 12
A1  A
2 37 Increase% =  100%
 528.56%  5+  A1
7 7
Some Rules of percentage eg. If cost of an item is increased from 120 to
150. Find increase %
 (a + b)% of x = a% of x + b% of x

r
150  120
 (a + b)% of (x + y) = a% of (x + y) + b% of (x + y) Sol. Increase% =  100%  25%

Si
120
 If you have to find the y% of a number x.
 a% of b = b% of a
y
It will be  x 5
100 Ex. 840% of 62.5  62.5% of 840   840  525
8

p
Eg.Find 25% of 300
3
25 Ex. 7.44% of 3750  37.50% of 744  ×744  279
8
100
 300  75 a  99 is what % less than 135

n
t
 If x is to be expressed as a percentage of y. Then 99 135
io
36
 100% or
ra
x –36 135
t
required percentage = y  100%
ca

4 2
15 : 4   26 %
i

Ex. 99 is what % of 135 15 3

bl


P

99 1 180 is what % of 125

Pu

×100% = 73 % or
135 3 180
× 100% = 144%
135  100% 125
on
an

100
or
1  % 125 : 180
pi

135
×0.8
am

100
99  99  %
135 100 144
g

or
Ch

15 : 11 +44%
Ga

Scaling factor/multiplying factor

1 2
=6 %  x 
15 3  x %  K+kx%=K(1+x%)=K 1 
 K  100

 
11 1
= 73 %  
15 3
multiplying multiplying
 If a fraction is to be converted into a percentage
factor factor
multiply the fraction by 100 and put a % sign.
Initial Final
4 4 100% 128%
eg.   100%  80%
5 5 +1.28
 To convert a percentage to a fraction or decimal Change in value
fraction, remove the % sign and divide by 100. +7
28% =
25 Initial value
15 3
eg. 15%    Initial Final
100 20 32
25
 If A is reduced to Ao, Then
+7

149
 Arithmetic
11 Change in net income & tax will be same
 -44%  44% = 'kq¼ vk; vkSj dj esa ifjorZu leku gksxk
25
Initial value Final value Constant Concept
25 14  A × B = Constant
-11  × 
7  × 
 +35%  35% = Expenditure/[kpZ
= Price/ewY;
× Consumption/[kir
20
Initial value Final value Work/dk;Z= Men/vkneh× Time/le;
20 27 Distance/nwjh
= Speed/pky × Time/le;
+7 Income tax/vk;dj = Income/vk; × Rate/nj
9 40 : 31 Area/{ks=kiQy
= Length/yackbZ
× Breadth/pkSM+kbZ
 -22.5%  
40 -9 Volume/vk;ru = Area/{ks=kiQy
× Height/mQapkbZ

r
 26%
x   x  x  26%  Ex. Expenditure/[kpZ
= Price/ewY;
× Consumption/[kir

Si
26  26  450 = `25 × `18
x+x× = x 1  

100 100 +20% –16.66%
= x × 1.26 450 = `30 15kg
multiplying factor (m.F) P 5:6

p
Initial value Change Final value Reverse Ratio
C 6:5
 37 
1.37x = 1  x Ex. A × B
x +37%


a 100 
45 
×2
5 : 9
×
1 = 45
2 = 45

n
10 : 4.5
0.55y = 1 
t
y -45% y
100 
io
A =1:2
ra
t
B =2:1
5
ca
z +45.45% z+z×
11 esachance gksaxsA
(Reverse ratio )
Concept of deviation (fopyu dh vo/kj.kk)
i


bl
P

 5     Rice Dal Sugar

  1  5  ×z = 16 z
Pu

11  11 11 Exp ([kpZ)

 7 : 13 : 5
 5 21 % Change  +17% +20% +19%
1   w =
on
an

w +31.25% 
w Deviation  –1% +2% +1%
16  16
@ ekuk dqy ifjorZu gS
pi

  Let overall change is 18% 18%

u -46 %
2 1  7  u = 8 u
 15 
am

3 15 Deviation Deviation Deviation

 in rice in dal in sugar
g
Ch

 7 
 
15 
Ga

(-1% × 7 + 2% × 13 + 1%×5)
 Net income = Income – Income Tax
7+13+5
'kq¼ vk;= vk; – vk;dj
Ex. `700 = `800 – `100
Total deviation dks lc esadivide dj nsaxsA
Rate of income tax @vk;dj dh nj=  7  26  5 
 18% +  % 

25
100
Ex. ×100% = 12.5% 18% + 0.96% = 18.96%
800
or
Income Tax Rice : Dal : Sugar
= Total income 100%
Exp  7 : 13 : 5
Net Income = Income – Income Tax % Change 17% 17+3% 17%+2%
'kq¼ vk;= vk; – vk;dj Let overall % change = 17%
700 = 800 – 100 deviation = 13 × 3% + 5 × 2% = 49%
bldks lHkh divide
esa dj nsxsa
–50 +50 49
 overall % change  17% + %
650 = 800 – 150 25
 17% + 1.96%  18.96%

150
 Arithmetic
Annual increment/decrement (okf"kZd osru o`f¼@deh)  r 
t

 Successive percentage change:- 't' o"kks± ds ckn tula[;k@ykxr

 P 1  
 100 
Øfed çfr'kr ifjorZu
P
(ii) Before 't' years population/cost  t
+20 +36 –78  r 
100 120 156 78 1  
+20% +30% –50%  100 
–22 P
't' o"kZ ls igys tula[;k@ykxr
 t
net % change = 22%  r 
1  
Second Method @ nwljk rjhdk
:-  100 
Initial : Final 2. If we change a number by x% & y% successively
100 : {(100 × 1.2) ×1.3}×0.5 Then, net% change
100 : 78 ;fn ge dksbZ la[;k Øe'k%
x% vkSjy% }kjk cnyrs gSa fiQj] 'kq¼»
ifjorZu

r

22% Change (Decrease)  xy 

Si
Third Method / rhljk rjhdk:- = x  y+ %
100
Initial : Final Proof:-
+20% 5 : 6 If 100 is successively increased by x% and y%.
+30% 10 : 13

p
 x  y 
–50% 2 : 1 100 1   1  
100 : 78  100  100 
a 
100 1 
x 
100
 1 
y 
100
  100

n
     100
–22%
t
io
100
Fourth Method / pkSFkk rjhdk
:-
ra
t
If x% and y% change occurs successively then  x  y  
ca
 100 1  100  1  100   1
   
 xy 
i

overall change% =  x  y  %
bl

 100   y x xy 
 1   1
P

 
 100 100 100  100 
Pu

Step-1 Find percentage change of 20% and 30%

 20  30   xy 
 20  30   % = 56% Now,  x  y  %
on
an

 100   100 
Step-2 Find percentage change of 56% and –50% 3. If the population of a town /cost of a article is P
pi

and it decreases/reduces at the rate of r%

 56  50 
am

 56 – 50   % = (6 – 28)% = – 22% annually, then.

 100 
;fn fdlh dLcs dh tula[;k @ oLrq dh ykxr
P gS vkSj ;g
g

r%
Fifth Method / ikapok rjhdk
Ch

:- okf"kZd nj ls ?kVrh gS] rks&

Ga

If x%, y%, z% change occurs successively. t

Then overall change% =  r 
(i) After 't' years population/cost  P 1  
 100 
 xy  yz  zx xyz  t
 x  y  z   
10000 
%  r 
 100 't' o"kks± ds ckn tula[;k@ykxr
 P 1  
 100 
 Overall change% = (20 + 30 – 50) +
P
600 – 1000 – 1500 20  30  (50) (ii) Before 't' years population/cost  t
  r 
100 10000 1  
 100 
1900 30000  P

 0    %  (–19 – 3)% –22% 't' o"kZ ls igys tula[;k@ykxr
 t
 100 10000   r 
1  
1. If the population/cost of a certain town/article, is  100 
P and annual increment rate is r%, then 4. Net % change of x%, y% and z% is
;fn fdlh dLcs@oLrq dh tula[;k@oLrq dh P gS
ykxr
vkSj okf"kZd x%, y% vkSjz% dk 'kq¼ ifjorZu gS
o`f¼ njr% gS] rks
 xy  yz  zx xyz 
 x  y  z   %
t
 r  
(i) After 't' years population/cost  P 1    100 10000 
 100 

151
 Arithmetic
5. If the present population of a town is P and the ;fn ,d la[;k esa a% dh o`f¼ dh tkrh gS vkSj fiQjb%
blsls
population increases or decreases at rate of R1%,
R2% and R 3% in first, second and third year  ab 
?kVk fn;k tkrk gS] rks çfr'kr esa ifj.kkeh
 a ifjorZu
b
100
%
respectively.  
;fn fdlh dLcs dh orZeku tula[;k
P gS vkSj tula[;k Øe'k% gksxk
igys] nwljs vkSj rhljs o"kZ
R1%, esa
R2% vkSjR3% dh nj ls c<+rh (Negative for decrease, Positive for increase)
;k ?kVrh gSA (?kVus ds fy, ½.kkRed] o`f¼ ds fy, /ukRed)
then the population of town after 3 years 3. If a number is decreased by a% and then it is
rks3 o"kZ ckn 'kgj dh tula[;k increased by b%, then net increase or decrease
percent is
 R  R  R 
 P 1  1  1  2  1  3  ;fn fdlh la[;k esaa% dh deh dh tkrh gS vkSj fiQjb%
bls ls
 100   100   100  c<+k fn;k tkrk gS] rks 'kq¼ o`f¼ ;k deh çfr'kr gS
'+' is used when population increases
ab 
tula[;k c<+us ij'+' dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gS 

r
 a  b  %
 100 
'–' is used when population decreases.

Si
tula[;k ?kVus ij'–' dk ç;ksx gksrk gSA  Negative sign for decrease 
The above formula may be extended for n number  
 Positive sign for increase 
of years.
4. If a number is first decreased by a% and then by
mijksÙkQn lw=k
o"kks± ds fy, c<+k;k tk ldrk gSA

p
 ab 
 Population after 'n' years @'n' o"kks± ds ckn tula[;k b%, then net decrease percent is  a  b  %
 100 
 R  R   R 
 P 1  1  1  2  ... 1  n 
 100   100   100 
a (–ve sign for decrease)
;fn fdlh la[;k esa igysa% vkSj fiQj
b% dh deh dh tkrh gS]

n
t
6. +30% +35% –48%
io  ab 
ra
= +35% –48% +30% rks 'kq¼ deh çfr'kr gS
a  b   % ( –ve ladsr deh ds
t
100
ca
Initial × 1.3 × 1.35 × 0.52 = Initial × 1.35 × 0.52 ×  
1.3 fy,)
i

dSls Hkhsequence change djks] fdlh esa Hkh

bl

 successive 5. If a number is first increased by a% and then again

P

change cjkcj gh vk;sxkA

Pu

increased by b%, then total increase percent is

Important Points (egRoiw.kZ fcanq) ;fn fdlh la[;k esa igysa% dh o`f¼ dh tkrh gS vkSj b%
fiQj
dh o`f¼ dh tkrh gS] rks dqy o`f¼ çfr'kr gS
on
an

 Based on increase/decrease
o`f¼@deh ds vk/kj ij
pi

 ab 
1. If an amount is increased by x% and then it is a  b  %
 100 
am

reduced by x% again, then percentage change will

6. If the cost of an article is increased by A%, then
g

x2 how much to decrease the consumption of article,

Ch

be a decrease of %
100 so that expenditure remains same is given by
Ga

;fn fdlh jkf'k esa

x% dh o`f¼ dh tkrh gS vkSj fiQj bls fiQj
x% ls ;fn fdlh oLrq dh dher esa
A% dh o`f¼ dh tkrh gS] rks oLrq dh

x2
•ir dks fdruk de fd;k tk,] rkfd O;; leku jgs
?kVk;k tkrk gS] rks çfr'kr ifjorZu %
esadh deh gksxh OR
100
If the income of a man is A% more than another
Ex. Price of an article is increased by 10% and then man, then income of another man is less in
reduced by 10%. What will be net percentage comparison to the 1st man by
change?
;fn ,d vkneh dh vk; nwljs vkneh dh rqyuk
A%esavf/d gS]
,d oLrq ds ewY;10%
esa dh o`f¼ dh tkrh gS vkSj 10%
fiQj dh rks nwljs vkneh dh vk; igys vkneh dh rqyuk esa fdruh de gS
deh dh tkrh gSA dqy izfr'kr ifjorZu D;k gksxk\
 A 
102  100  %
% = 1%  100  A  
 Price will be decrease by  
100
7. If the cost of an article is decreased by A%, then
2. If a number is increased by a% and then it is
the increase in consumption of article to maintain
decreased by b%, then resultant change in
the expenditure will be?

percentage will be  a  b 
ab 
%
;fn fdlh oLrq dh ykxr esa
A% dh deh dh tkrh gS] rks O;; dks
100 
 cuk, j•us ds fy, oLrq dh •ir esa o`f¼ gksxh\

152
 Arithmetic
OR 13. If every side of cube or radius of sphere is
If 'x' is A% less than 'y'. then y is more than 'x' by increased by a%, then increase % in volume
 
;fn ?ku dh çR;sd Hkqtk ;k xksys dh a%
f=kT;k
dh o`f¼
esa dh tkrh
A
Required% =  100 – A  100  % (increase) gS] rks vk;ru %
esadh o`f¼ gksrh gS
  
 3a 2 a3 
 A    3a   %
;fn 'x'] 'y' ls A% de gSA rks
y 'x' ls   100  % 
 100 100 2 
 100 – A  
14. If a% of a certain sum is taken by 1st man and b%
vfèkd gS of remaining sum is taken by 2nd man and finally
8. If the length of a rectangle is increase by a% and c% of remaining sum is taken by 3rd man, then if
breadth is increased by b%, then the area of 'x' rupee is the remaining amount then,
rectangle will increase by
;fn ,d fuf'pr jkf'k dk a% igys vkneh }kjk fy;k tkrk gS vkSj
;fn ,d vk;r dh yackbZ esa
a% dh o`f¼ dh tkrh gS vkSj pkSM+kbZ
'ks"k jkf'kb%
dk nwljs vkneh }kjk fy;k tkrk gS vkSj var esa 'ks"k
esab% dh o`f¼ dh tkrh gS] rks vk;r ds {ks=kiQy esa fdruh o`f¼

r
dk c% rhljs vkneh }kjk fy;k tkrk gS] rks
'x';fn
#i;s 'ks"k jkf'k
gksxh\

Si
gS] rks]
 ab  Initial amount @ 'kq#vkrh jde
Required Increase @ vko';d o`f¼= a  b  %
100 

100 100 100
9. If the side of a square is increases by a% then, its x  
100  a 100  b 100  c

p
area will increase by
Ex. If 20% of a certain amount is given to A and 25%
;fn fdlh oxZ dh Hkqtka% esadh o`f¼ dj nh tk,] rks mldk of the remaining amount is given to B and the
{ks=kiQy fdruk c<+ tk,xk a 50% of remaining amount is given to C. If `1500
is the remaining amount now then what is the

n
t
 a2  initial amount?
 2a  
100 
%
io
ra
 ;fn fdlh fuf'pr jkf'k dk 20% A dks fn;k tkrk gS rFkk 'ks"k jkf'k
t
ca
10. If radius of circle is increased by a% then its area dk 25% B dks mlds ckn cph gqbZ 'ks"k50% jkf'k C
dkdks fn;k
tkrk gS ;fn vc`1500 cps gS rks 'kq:vkr eas jkf'k fdruh Fkh\
i

 a2 
bl

will be increased by =  2a  100  %

P

 
Pu

100 100 100

1500   
;fn o`Ùk dh f=kT;k
a%esa
dh o`f¼ dh tkrh gS rks blds {ks=kiQy
Sol.esa (100  20) (100  25) (100 – 50)
on

a2 
an


=  2a  100  % o`f¼ gksxh = 1500 
100 100 100
 
 
pi

80 75 50
11. If the side of a square is decreased by a%, then
am

the area of square will decrease by 100  100  2

 = `5000
4
;fn fdlh oxZ dh Hkqtk a%dksde dj fn;k tk,] rks oxZ dk
g
Ch

15. If an amount is increased by a% and then again

{ks=kiQy fdruk de gks tk,xk\
Ga

increased by b% and finally increased by c%. So,

 a2  that resultant amount is 'x' rupees, then
 Decrease   2a  %
 100  ;fn fdlh jkf'k esa
a% dh o`f¼ dh tkrh gS vkSj fiQj
b%lsdh
This formula is also applicable for circles where o`f¼ dh tkrh gS vkSj var c%esa
dh o`f¼ dh tkrh gSA rks] og
decrease % of radius is given. ifj.kkeh jkf'k
'x' #i, gS] rc
;g lw=k mu o`Ùkksa ds fy, Hkh ykxw gksrk gS tgka f=kT;k dk ?kVk
Initial gqvk@ 'kq#vkrh jde
amount
çfr'kr fn;k x;k gSA 100 100 100
12. If the length, breadth and height of a cuboid are x  
100  a 100  b 100  c
increased by a%, b% and c% respectively, then,
Increase% in volume
16. On increasing/decreasing the cost of a certain
;fn ,d ?kukHk dh yackbZ] pkSM+kbZ vkSja%, ÅapkbZ
b% esa Øe'k%
article by x%, a person can buy 'a' kg article less/
vkSjc% dh o`f¼ dh tkrh gS] rks] vk;ru esa o`f¼\ more in 'y' rupees, then


fdlh oLrq ds ewY;x% esadh o`f¼@deh djus ij] ,d O;fÙkQ
'y'
ab  bc  ca abc 
 a  b  c   2
% #i;s esa'a' fdxzk oLrq de@vf/d •jhn ldrk gS] rks
 100 100   Increased/decreased cost of the article

153
 Arithmetic
3. In a certain examination, 'B' boy and 'G' girls
 xy 
oLrq dh ykxr esa o`f¼@deh
  participated x% of boys and y% of girls passed the
 100 a examination, then.
xy ,d fuf'pr ijh{kk esa]
'B' yM+ds vkSj
'G' yM+fd;ksa us Hkkx fy;kA
And initial cost @ vkSj çkjafHkdykxr
100  x  a x% yM+dksa y%
vkSj
yM+fd;ksa us ijh{kk mÙkh.kZ dh rc vkSl
[Negative sign when decreasing and positive sign  B.x  G.y 
when increasing]  %
 BG 
¹?kVus ij ½.kkRed fpUg vkSj c<+us ij /ukRed fpUgº4. If a candidate got A% votes in a poll and he won or
Ex. Price of sugar reduced by 20%. Now a person can defeated by 'x' votes, then, what was the total no.
buy 500 gm more sugar for `36. What is the of votes which was casted in poll ?
original price? ;fn ,d mEehnokj dks ,d ernku A%
esa er feys vkSj og'x' erksa
phuh dh dher20% de gks tkrh gS vc ,d O;fDr`36 eas
500 ls thrk ;k ijkftr gqvk] rks ernku esa Mkys x, oksVksa dh la[;k f
gm phuh vf/d [kjhn ldrk gS okLrfod ewY; D;k gS\ Fkh\

r
20  36 20  36

Si
50  x
Sol. (100 – 20)1/2  40
= `18 per kg Total number of votes @ erksa dh dqy la[;k


A  50 
17. If a person saves 'R' rupees after spending x% on Ex. A candidate got 55% votes in an election and won
food, y% on cloth and z% on entertainment of his
by 3600 votes. Find total number of votes?
income then.

p
;fn ,d O;fÙkQ viuh vk; dk
x% Hkkstu ij]y% diM+s ij vkSj ,d mEehnokj us ,d pquko55%
esa er çkIr fd, vkSj 3600 erksa
euksjatu ij •pZ djus ds ckn
'R' #i;s cpkrk gS rksA ls thr x;kA oksVksa dh dqy la[;k Kkr dhft,\
z%
100
a 50  3600

n
 Total no. of votes = = 36000
@ ekfld vk;  R
t
Monthly income 100   x  y  z  55  50
io
Price increase/decrease (ewY; o`f¼@deh)
ra
(ijh{kk vk/kfjr)
t
Examination based
ca
 If the price of an article is reduced by a% and buyer
1. In an examination, a% candidates failed in Maths
gets c kg more for some Rs. b, the new price per
i

and b% candidates failed in English. If c%

bl

candidate failed in both the subjects, then ab

P

kg of article 
Pu

,d ijh{kk esa]
a% vH;FkhZ xf.kr esab%rFkk
vH;FkhZ vaxzsth esa 100 c
vuqÙkh.kZ gq,A c% vH;FkhZ
;fn ;fn gS]
nksuksa fo"k;ksa esa vuqÙkh.kZ fdlhrks
oLrq dh dhera% de dj nh tkrh gS vkSj •jhnnkj dks
on
an

(i) Passed candidates in both the subjects b #i;s esac fdyks vf/d feyrk gSA rks ubZ dher çfr fdxzk
nksuksa fo"k;ksa esa mÙkh.kZ mEehnokj
pi

ab
= 100 – (a + b – c)% 
am

100  c
(ii) Percentage of candidates who failed in either
Ex. Price of an article is reduced by 10% and buyer
g

subject
Ch

gets 8 kg more for Rs. 300. Find new price per kg?
fdlh Hkh fo"k; esa vliQy gksus okys mEehnokjksa dk çfr'kr
,d oLrq dh dher 10% de gks tkrh gS vkSj •jhnnkj300
dks
Ga

= (a + b – c)%
2. In a certain examination passing marks is a%. If #i;s esa8 fdyks vf/d feyrk gSA çfr fdyks u;k ewY; Kkr djsa\
any candidate obtains 'b' marks and fails by 'c' 10  300 15 3
marks then, New price per kg =   3 Rs / kg
100  8 4 4
,d fuf'pr ijh{kk esa mÙkh.kZ
a% vad
gSA ;fn dksbZ vH;FkhZ
'b' vad
Miscellaneous (fefJr)
çkIr djrk gS vkSj
'c' vad ls vuqÙkh.kZ gks tkrk gS rks]
1. If two numbers are respectively x% and y% less
100  b  c  than the third number, first number as a
Total marks 
a 100  x
Ex. In an examination passing marks are 35%. A percentage of second is 100  y  100%
person got 80 marks and fail by 25 marks. Find
;fn nks la[;k,¡ rhljh la[;k ls Øe'k%
x% vkSjy% de gSa] rks nwljh
total marks?
,d ijh{kk esa mÙkh.kZ
35%vad
gSaA ,d O;fÙkQ
80 vad çkIr djrk 100  x
la[;k ds çfr'kr ds :i esa igyh la[;k 100  y  100% gSA
gS vkSj25 vadksa ls vuqÙkh.kZ gks tkrk gSA dqy vad Kkr dhft;s\
2. If two numbers are respectively x% and y% more
100(80  25) 100  105 than a third number the first as percentage of
Total marks = = = 300
35 35 second is

154
 Arithmetic
;fn nks la[;k,¡ ,d rhljh la[;k ls Øe'k%
x% vkSjy% vf/d gSa] Sol.
20,000 20,000
rks nwljh la[;k ds çfr'kr ds :i esa igyh la[;k gS
100  x 9% 10%
 100%
100  y
If he gets 10% on all sale, then his benefit =
3. If a number 'a' is increased or decreased by b%,
then the new number will be 1
20000 × = `200
;fn fdlh la[;k 'a' esab% dh o`f¼ ;k deh dh tkrh gS] rks ubZ 100
la[;k gksxha  Company gets = 63200 – 200 = `63000

 100  b  1  Salesman commison

 a  10% =
 100  10  Total sales

Ex. An agent get 12.5% commission on sale up to  Company gets = 10–1 = 9 unit ×7000 `63000

r
1
`24000 and 8 % commission on sale more than Total sales = 10 unit ×7000 `70000
3

Si
it. If he gives `65000 to company after deducting
his commission on total sale then how much sale
he did? Some Important Points
,d ,tsUV 12.5% dh deh'ku 24000 dh fcØh rd dekrk gS 1. Price × consumetion = Expenditure

p
ewY;× [kir = [kpZ
1
vkSj mlds mQij dh fcØh8ij % dh deh'ku dekrk gS ;fn og 2. Gross income – Income tax = Net Income.
3
a
dks nsrk gS rks mlus ldy vk; – vk;dj = 'kq¼ vk;
viuk deh'ku dkVus ds ckn daiuh`65000

n
t
fdruh fcØh dh gksxh& 3. Venn digram
io
ra
t
Sol. 24000 24000+
i ca

12.5% 8.33%
bl
P

n(A  B)
Pu

1
His commission on `24000 = 24000 × = `3000
8 n(A B) = n(A) + n(B) – n(A  B)
on
an

If he get s 8.33% on t otal sales, then his 4. n(A B  C) = n(A) + n(B) + n(C) – n(A B) – n(B 
pi

1 C) – n(C  A) +n (A  B  C)
commission on `24000 = 24000 × = `2000
am

12
A B
In this case company gets (3000 – 2000) = `1000
g
Ch

more
Ga

 = 65000 + 1000 = `66000

1  Salesman commison
 8.33% =
12  Total sales
C
 Company gets = 12–1 = 11 unit ×6000 `66000
5. Inccome/vk; = Expenditure/[kpZ
+ Saving/cpr
 Total sales = 12 unit ×6000 `72000
6. Earning/vk; = Time/le; × wages/osru
Ex. A company allows 9% commission on total sales
to his salesman and a bonus of 1% on seles over
`20,000. If salesman deposited `63200 in company
after deduction his earning on total sales find total
sales of company?
,d daiuh vius lsYleSu dks dqy fcØh9%
ij deh'ku nsrh gS rFkk
20,000 ls mQij dh fcØh ij1% dk vfrfjDr ykHk Hkh nsrh gS
;fn lsYleSu viuh dekbZ dkVus ds ckn daiuh esatek
`63200
djrk gS rks dqy fcØh D;k gSA

155
 Arithmetic

Profit & Loss (ykHk vkSj gkfu)

 Cost price (CP) Cost price is the total amount of NwV

= vafdr ewY;
– foØ; ewY;
money that it costs a manufacturer to produce a
Discount/NVw
given product. Discount/NwV
% = Marked price/vafdr eYw ;100%
ykxr ewY;(CP) ykxr ewY; og dqy jkf'k gS tks fdlh fuekZrk
}kjk fdlh fn, x, mRikn dk mRiknu djus ds fy, •pZ dh tkrh gSAIt is always calculated on marked price.
 Selling price (SP) The selling price is the final bldh x.kuk lnSo vafdr ewY; ij dh tkrh gSA
price of a product. It is the price at which 
Cost price (CP) = Total investment for a product.
ykxr ewY;(CP) = fdlh mRikn ds fy, dqy fuos'k

r
something is sold.
foØ; ewY;(SP) foØ; ewY; fdlh mRikn dk vafre ewY;1.gSASP > CP  Profit = SP- CP

Si
;g og dher gS ftl ij dksbZ pht csph tkrh gSA SP < CP  Loss = CP-SP
SP = CP  No profit No loss
 Marked price/List price/Label price (MP) It
is the price which is quoted or appears on product Profit % (ykHk%)
in the form of a lable. This is the price at which

p
 CP SP
product is intended to be sold. ` 250 ` 290
vafdr ewY;@lwph ewY;@yscy ewY;
 ;g og ewY; gS tks
(MP)
a
m¼`r fd;k x;k gS ;k yscy ds :i esa mRikn ij fn•kbZ nsrk gSA ;g Profit = ` 40

n
og dher gS ftl ij mRikn cspus dk bjknk gSA
t
io
40
Profit% = ×100% = 16%
ra
 Profit When selling price is more than the cost 250
t
ca
price. Profit(Rs) SP – CP
Profit% = ×100% = ×100%
ykHk
 tc foØ; ewY; ykxr ewY; ls vf/d gksA CP CP
i
bl

Then it is a situation of profit for the seller.

P

`250  `40 Profit

Pu

rc ;g foØsrk ds fy, ykHk dh fLFkfr gksrh gSA 40

`1  Profit
Profit = Selling price – cost price 250
on
an

ykHk
= foØ; ewY;– ykxr ewY; 40
`100  ×100 = `16 Profit
pi

250
Profit/ykHk
Profit/ykHk
% = Cost price/ykxr eYw ;100%
am

3  Profit
 15% Profit  15% = 20  CP
g

bldh x.kuk lnSo ykxr ewY; ij dh tkrh gS

Ch

CP : SP
It is always calculated on cost price 20 23
Ga

 Loss When cost price is more than the selling CP SP

100% 115%
price. Then it is the situation of loss for the seller.
Loss = Cost price - selling price
 3  23
gkfu tc ykxr ewY; foØ; ewY; ls vf/d gksA rc ;g foØsrk For SP  ×1.15 or × 1  
20  20
ds fy, ?kkVs dh fLFkfr gksrh gSA
Loss % (gkfu %)
Loss/gkfu
Loss/gkfu
% = Cost price/ykxr eYw ;100%  CP SP
` 475 ` 399
It is always calculated on cost price
bldh x.kuk lnSo ykxr ewY; ij dh tkrh gS Loss = ` 76
 Discount It is the amount that seller offers to 76
Loss% = × 100 = 16%
the customer to increase his sales. 475
cV~Vk@NwV
 ;g og jkf'k gS tks foØsrk viuh fcØh c<+kus ds fy, Loss CP – SP
xzkgd dks çnku djrk gSA Loss% = × 100 = × 100%
CP CP
Discount = marked price – selling price

156
 Arithmetic
 CP SP OR
475 : 399 If a% and b% are two successive profits
25 : 21 ;fn a% vkSjb% nks Øfed ykHk gSa
 ab 
Loss% =
25  21
× 100% = 16% then Total Profit @ fiQj dqy ykHk
 a  b 
100
%
25  
1. If A sells an article to B at 20% profit and B sells it
7  Loss to C at 25% profit then successive profit?
 35% Loss 
20  CP
;fn A fdlh oLrq dksB dks20% ykHk ij csprk gS vkSj
B mlsC
CP : SP
dks25% ykHk ij csprk gS] rks Øfed ykHk\
20 : (20 – 7)
20 : 13  20  25 
OR Successive profit % =  20  25    50%
 100 
100% : 65%
2. If A sells an article to B at a% profit and B sells it

r
 7  13 to C at b% profit and if C paid Rs. x, then amount
For SP  × 0.65 or × 1  20  =

Si
  20  100   100 
 Label price/marked price = printed price on a paid by A  x   100  a   100  b 
  
product
;fn A ,d oLrq B dksa% ykHk ij csprk gS vkSj
B bls C dksb%
yscy ewY;@fpfÉr =ewY;
mRikn ij eqfær ewY;
ykHk ij csprk gS vkSjC,;fn
x #i;s dk Hkqxrku djrkAgSA
}kjk

p
The cost price of an article is `500 and its mark
price is `800, then find markup percentage ? 100   100 
Hkqxrku dh xbZjkf'k

x   
,d oLrq dk Ø; ewY;`500 vkSj bldk eqfær ewY;
`800 gS] rksa  100  a   100  b 
eqfær ewY; çfr'kr Kkr dhft;s\ Ex. If A sells an article to B at 20% profit and B sells it

n
t
CP MP
io
to C at 25% profit and if C paid `225. Then what is
ra
Rs.500 Rs.800 the cost price for A?
t
ca
;fn A, B dks ,d oLrq20% ykHk ij csprk gS vkSj
B mls25%
Mark-up = MP – CP = `300 ykHk ijC dks csprk gS vkSjC;fn
us `225 dk Hkqxrku fd;k gSA
i

ekdZ&vi= MP – CP = `300
bl

rks fiQj
A dk ykxr ewY; D;k gS\
P
Pu

mark - up(rs)
Mark-up% = ×100%  100   100 
CP Amount paid by A = 225 ×   =
 100  20   100  25 
on
an

MP – CP `150
= ×100%
pi

CP 3. If a% profit and b% loss occur, simultaneously

am

800 500 ab 
= ×100% = 60% 
500 then overall loss or profit% is  a  b  %
g

 100 
Ch

 If an object is sold on r% Profit.

;fn dksbZ oLrq
r% ykHk ij csph tkrh gSA
;fn a% ykHk vkSj
b% gkfu ,d lkFk gksrh gS] rks dqy gkfu ;k
Ga

 ab 
100  Profit%  ykHk» gS
a  b 
100
%
then, S.P. = C.P   or  
 100 
(–ve sign for loss, +ve sign for profit)

C.P.  S.P. 
100  (gkfu ds fy, –ve fpÉ] ykHk ds fy,+ve fpÉ)
100  Profit% 
  Ex. If 30% profit and 20% loss occured, simultaneously
Similarly, if an object is sold on r% loss, then then what is the overall profit or loss %?
blh çdkj] ;fn dksbZ oLrq
r% gkfu ij csph tkrh gS] rks ;fn 30% ykHk vkSj 20% dh gkfu ,d lkFk gksrh gS] rks dqy ykHk
;k gkfu% D;k gS\
100  Loss% 
S.P.  CP   or  S.P.  100 
 100 100  Loss%  30  (–20)
Overall profit or loss % = 30 – 20 +
100
Successive profit/loss (Øfed ykHk@gkfu) = 10 – 6 = 4% profit
1. Successive Profits : If A sells an article to B at Based on number of article (oLrqvksa dh la[;k ds vk/kj ij)
a% profit and B sells it to C at b% profit
1. If cost price of 'x' articles is equal to selling price
Øfed ykHk% ;fn A ,d oLrq B dksa% ykHk ij csprk gS vkSj of 'y' articles, then
B bls C dksb% ykHk ij csprk gS Selling Price = x. Cost Price = y

157
 Arithmetic
;fn 'x' oLrq dk Ø; ewY;
'y' oLrq ds foØ; ewY; ds cjkcj gS] rks '+' = tc ,d ykHk vkSj nwljk gkfu gksA
foØ; ewY;= x] ykxr ewY; = y '–' = When both are either profit or loss.
'–' = tc nksuksa ykHk ;k gkfu gksaA
x y
Hence, Profit and Loss% =  100 Ex. A man sells his items at 10% profit. If he had sold
y
for Rs. 40 more then he would have gained 15%
x y profit. Find cost price of item.
blfy,] ykHk vkSj gkfu»
= y  100
,d vkneh viuh oLrqvksa10% dks ykHk ij csprk gSA vxj mlus
2. On selling 'x' articles the profit or loss is equal to 40 #i;s vf/d esa cspk gksrkA rks
15%mls
dk ykHk gksrkA oLrq dk
y  100 Ø; ewY; Kkr dhft,A
selling of 'y' articles, then Profit% x y 40
CP =  100  `800
'x' oLrq dks cspus ij ykHk ;k'y'
gkfu
oLrq dks cspus ds cjkcj gS] (15  10)
y  100 Ex. Two article are sold for `2508 each. There is a
rks ykHk»

r
= x y gain of 14% on first article and a loss of 12% on
second. What is the overall gain or loss percent?

Si
Loss% 
y  100 nks oLrq,¡
`2508 esa csph tkrh gSa] igyh oLrq
14%ijdk ykHk
x y gksrk gS vkSj nwljh
12%ijdh gkfu gksrh gSA dqy ykHk ;k gkf
Ex. On selling 12 articles the profit earned is equal to çfr'kr D;k gS\
selling of 4 articles. Find profit%.

p
100(14  12)  2  (–14  12)
12 oLrqvksa dks cspus ij vftZr
4 oLrqvksa
ykHk dks cspus ds cjkcjOverall profit or loss% = 200  14  12
gSA ykHk» Kkr dhft,A
4  100
a 100  2  2  168 136
=
202

202

n
t
Profit% =  50%
io
12  4 = 0.7% loss
ra
3. If a man sells two similar objects one at a loss of 5. If a man purchases 'a' items for Rs. x and sells 'b'
t
ca
x% and another at a gain of x%, then he always items for Rs. y, then his profit or loss per cent is
incures loss in this transaction and loss% is given by
i

vxj ,d vkneh x #i;s esa'a' oLrq,a •jhnrk gSAyvkSj

#i;s esa
bl

x2
P

%
'b' oLrq,a csprk gSA ykHk ;k gkfu çfr'kr gS
Pu

100
;fn ,d O;fÙkQ nks leku oLrqvksax%dks
dh,dgkfu ij vkSj nwljh  ay  bx 
on

 100%
dksx% ds ykHk ij csprk gS] rks mls bl ysunsu esa ges'kk gkfu gksrh
an

bx 
pi

x2 Ex. If a man purchase 5 item for `20 and sells 3 items

gS vkSj gkfu
% % gS for `21, then his profit or loss percent is?
am

100
Ex. If a man sells two similar objects one at a loss of ;fn ,d vkneh 5 oLrq,¡`20 esa •jhnrk gS vkSj
3 oLrq,¡`21 esa
g

19% and another at a gain of 19% then what is csprk gS] rks mldk ykHk ;k gkfu çfr'kr D;k gS\
Ch

the overall percentage gain or loss?

Ga

 5  21  3  20 
;fn ,d O;fDr nks leku oLrqvksa dks19%,d dh gkfu ij vkSj Profit or loss% =    100
 3  20 
nwljh dks
19% ds ykHk ij csprk gS rks bl ysunsu eas dqy ykHk@gkfu
% Kkr djsa\ 45
= × 100 = 75%
6
–x 2 19  19
Overall loss% = –  –3.61% Dishonest Shopkeeper (csbZeku nqdkunkj)
100 100
4. A man sells his items at a profit/loss of x%. If he 1. A dishonest shopkeeper sells his goods at C.P. but
had sold it for Rs. R more, he would have gained/ uses false weight, then his profit =
loss y%. Then. ,d csbZeku nqdkunkj viuk eky Ø; ewY; ij csprk gSA ysfdu >
,d vkneh viuh oLrqvksax% dksds ykHk@gkfu ij csprk gSA vxjotu dk mi;ksx djrk gS] fiQj mldk
mlus blsR vf/d #i;s esa cspk gksrkA
y%mls
dk ykHk@gkfu gksrhA True weight  False weight
Gain% @ ykHk% =  100
fiQjA False weight
R Error
C.P. of items   y  x   100 or Gain% @= True value  Error  100

'+' = when one is profit and other is loss. (Positive and negative sign conventions are used
for profit and loss.)

158
 Arithmetic
(ldkjkRed vkSj udkjkRed fpÉ ifjikfV;ksa dk mi;ksx ykHk
4. If vkSj
a% loss and b% profit occur then, total loss/profit
is
gkfu ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA)
Ex. A dishonest shopkeeper sells his goods at CP but
;fn a% gkfu vkSjb% ykHk gksrk gS] rks dqy gkfu@ykH
uses 750 gm weight instead of 1000 gm. Find his  ab 
profit percent?  a  b  %
 100 
,d csbZeku nqdkunkj Ø; ewY; ij viuk lkeku csprk gS ysfdu
(negative sign for loss and positive sign for profit)
1000 xzke ds ctk;750 xzke otu dk mi;ksx djrk gSA mldk (gkfu ds fy, ½.kkRed fpÉ vkSj ykHk ds fy, /ukRed fpÉ)
ykHk çfr'kr Kkr dhft;s\
 Two article sold for rupees z each. on one, there is
1000  750 a gain of x% and on the other, is a loss of y%. What
Gain% =  100%
750 is the overall gain or loss percent.

250 1 nks oLrqvksa esa ls izR;sd

z #i;s ds
dksewY; ij cspk tkrk gSA muesa
 × 100% = 33 % ls ,d oLrq ij foØsrk dks
x% ykHk gksrk gS vkSj nwljh y%oLrq ij

r
750 3
2. If a vendor used to sell his articles at x% loss on dh gkfu gksrh gSA foØsrk dks dqy feykdj fdrus izfr'kr ykHk

Si
cost price but uses y grams instead of z grams, gkfu gqbZA
then his profit or loss% is
100(x  y )  2xy
;fn ,d foØsrk vius lkeku dks ykxr ewY;
x%dsgkfu ij csprk Overall Profit and Loss% = 200  x  y
gS ysfdu
z xzke ds ctk;y xzke dk mi;ksx djrk gS] rks mldk ykHk

p
;k gkfu» gS If the value is positive then it will be profit percent
and if negative then it will be loss percent.
 z 
100  x   100  %
 y 
a ;fn eku /ukRed gks rks ykHk izfr'kr ,oa ½.kkRed gks rks
izfr'kr gksxkA

n
t
io
[Profit or loss as per positive or negative sign).
 If two items are bought at same price each as
¹ykHk ;k gkfu ldkjkRed ;k udkjkRed ladsr ds vuqlkj)A
ra
t
Rs. x one at a profit of y% and other at a loss of y%
ca
Ex. If a vendor used to sell his articles at 13% loss but then.
uses 150 gm instead of 200 gm. Then his profit/ ;fn nks oLrq,a leku ewY;
x #i;s rFkk ,d dks ykHk
y% vkSj nwljh
i
bl

loss% is?
dks gkfuy% ij [kjhnh tk, rks
P
Pu

;fn ,d foØsrk vius lkeku dks

13% gkfu ij csprk gS ysfdu
No. Profit. No Loss
200 xzke ds ctk;150 xzke dk mi;ksx djrk gSA rks mldk
on

ykHk@gkfu» gS\  In an article is sold for Rs. x, the loss is as much

an

as the profit is if it is sold for Rs. y, then the cost

pi

 200  price
100  13  150  100 %
am

  fdlh oLrq dks

x #- eas cspus ij mruh gh gkfu gksrh gS y
ftruk fd
g

x y
#- esa cspus ij ykHk gksrk gS] rks= Ø; ewY;
Ch

 3 
=  87  4  100  % = (116 – 100)% = 16% profit 2
 
Ga

3. If a% and b% are two successive losses then  If the profit earned by selling an article for Rs. x is
(negative sign shows loss and positive sign shows n times the loss incurred by selling it for Rs. y,
profit). then the cost price of the article
;fn fdlh oLrq dks
;fn a% vkSjb% yxkrkj nks uqdlku gSa rks (udkjkRed fpÉ gkfu x #- eas cspus ls izkIr ykHk
y #-mls
esa cspus ij
n'kkZrk gS vkSj /ukRed fpÉ ykHk n'kkZrk gS) x  ny
mBk, x, gkfu dk
n xquk gks] rks oLrq dk Ø; ewY;
ab  n 1

Total loss% @ dqy gkfu»
  a  b 
100
%
 

159
 Arithmetic

Discount (cV~Vk@NwV)

Discount (NwV) Successive Discount (Øfed NwV)

 Discount/NwV
 It is the amount that seller offers 2
to the customer to increase his sales./;g og jkf'k gS 1. –10% –8.33% –18 11 %
+60%
100 160
tks foØsrk viuh fcØh c<+kus ds fy, xzkgd dks çnku djrk gSA Markup MP DI 144 DII 132 DIII 108
CP
 Discount = Mark price – Selling price
 Always calculated on marked price
ges'kk vafdr ewY; ij x.kuk dh tkrh gS 8% profit

r
 Can not be greater than 100% 3
60% =
100% ls vf/d ugha gks ldrk

Si
5
1. CP SP MP –1
10% =
500 700 800 10
Discount = MP – SP = 100 1
8.33% =
12

p
Discount
Discount%= ×100% 2 2
MP
18 %=
=
MP – SP
MP
×100%
a 2
11 11

 25 100 = 8% profit

n
t

100
100% = 12.5% io 2
ra
–18 %
800
t
2. MP –10% –8.33% 11
ca
2. If shopkeeper does not allow any discount 100 DI 90 DII 82.5 DIII
vxj nqdkunkj dksbZ NwV ugha nsrk gS 11 9
i

90× ×
bl

12 11
MP = SP  Mark-up% = Profit%
P

D = 32.5%
Pu

3. SP = CP + Profit = MP - Discount = 67.5

700 = 500 + 200 = 800 - 100
2
on

Equivalent discount of 10%, 8.33% & 18 % =

an

4. CP SP MP 11
pi

+P% -d
32.5%
Profit discount 3. Successive discount  x%, y%
am

SP = CP × (100 + P)% = MP × (100-d)%  xy 


Net discount- x  y  %
100 
g

CP 100 – d% 100  d%
Ch

 = Or
MP 100 + p% 100  L% 4. Successive discount@ yxkrkj NwV
 x%, y%, z%
Ga

5. Net effect (successive) of mark up% and discount% Net discount @ 'kq¼ NwV
is profit %
xy  yz  zx xyz
ekdZ vi» vkSj NwV» dk 'kq¼ çHkko (Øfed) ykHk» gS = (x + y + z) –
100

10000
 M  D 
P% = M  D  %
100  Ex:- 5%, 7%, 8%
Ex. Net discount @ 'kq¼ NwV
Mark-up
+`300  35  56  40  5  7  8
= 20 – 
Discount 
+60% –` 200% 100  10000
= 20 – 1.31 + 0.0280
CP MP SP = 18.718%
`500 `800 `600 Free Article (eqÝr oLrq)
+100 profit  Buy 4 get 1 free @4 •jhnsa1 eqÝr ik,a:-
20% 1 Article MP = Rs. 1
D=1
MP =5

160
 Arithmetic
1 3. The marked price of an article is fixed in such a
D%= ×100 =20% way that after allowing a discount of r% a profit of
5
R% is obtained. Then the marked price of the
Note: Any kind of Discount is calculated only on
marked price and not on selling price or cost price.  rR 
article is   100  % more than its cost
uksV% fdlh Hkh çdkj dh NwV dh x.kuk dsoy vafdr ewY; ij dh  100  r 
tkrh gS u fd foØ; ewY; ;k ykxr ewY; ijA price.
'y' articles (quantity/number) are given free on ,d oLrq dk vafdr ewY; bl çdkj fu/kZfjr fd;k tkrk gS
r%fd
purchasing 'x' articles. Then, dh NwV nsus dsR% ckndk ykHk çkIr gksrk gSA rc oLrq dk vafdr
'x' oLrq •jhnus ij'y' oLrq (ek=kk@la[;k) fu%'kqYd nh tkrh gSA fiQj]
 r +R 
y  100 ewY; mlds Ø; ewY;ls ×100  % vf/d gSA
Discount% @NwV»   100 - r 
x y
Ex. The MP of an article is fixed in such a way that
Ex. If 2 articles are given free on purchase of 8 articles after allowing a discount of 20% a profit of 30% is

r
then find discount %. obtained. Then mark-up percent is?
;fn 8 oLrqvksa dh •jhn2ijoLrq,a eqÝr nh tkrh gSa rks NwV çfr'kr
,d oLrq dk vafdr ewY; bl çdkj fu/kZfjr fd;k tkrk gS fd

Si
20%
Kkr dhft,A dh NwV nsus ds ckndk ykHk çkIr gksrk gSA rks ekdZ&vi çfr
30%

2
gS\
Discount % = (2  8) × 100% = 20%
 20  30 

p
Mark-up% =  (100  20)  100  %
Miscellaneous (fofo/)  
1. If article is sold on D% discount, then
;fn oLrq dks D% NwV ij cspk tkrk gS] rks
a =
50
× 100% = 62.5%

n
80
t
SP 
MP 100  D 
. io
Ex. A trader marks his goods 20% above his cost price
ra
100
t
if he allows his customers a discount of 25% on
ca

SP  100 the mark price. Then profit or loss percent is?

MP 
,d O;kikjh vius eky ij ykxr ewY;20%
ls vf/d ewY; vafdr
i

100  D
bl

djrk gS ;fn og vius xzkgdksa dks vafdr ewY;

25% dh
ij NwV nsrk
P

2. A tradesman marks his goods r% above his cost price.

Pu

If he allows his customers a discount of r1% on the gSA rks ykHk ;k gkfu çfr'kr gS\
marked price. Then the profit or loss percent is
on

,d O;kikjh vius eky ij Ø; ewY; lsr% vf/d ewY; vafdr 20  (100 – 25)
an

Profit or Loss % =  25
100
djrk gSA ;fn og vius xzkgdksa dks vafdrr1ewY;
% dh NwV
ij nsrk
pi

gSA rks ykHk ;k gkfu çfr'kr gS 75

am

= –25 = – 10% loss

r  100  r1  5
g

 r1
Ch

100 (–ve sign means loss)

Ex. Three equal successive discount% allows on an
Ga

(Positive sign signifies profit and negative sign

signifies loss). articles affect as single discount of 65.7%. Find
(ldkjkRed fpUg ykHk dks n'kkZrk gS vkSj ½.kkRed fpUg each equal discount?
gkfu dks
n'kkZrk gS)A ,d oLrq ij rhu leku Øfed NwV» dh vuqefr
65.7% dh ,dy
Ex. A shopkeeper marks his goods 30% above the cost NwV ds :i esa gksrh gSA çR;sd leku NwV Kkr djsa\
price. If he allows a discount of 15% on the mark Discount = 100% – 65.7% = 34.3%
price. Then his profit or loss percent is?
3 : 3 (100  D%)
,d nqdkunkj vius lkeku ij Ø; ewY;30%
ls vf/d ewY; vafdr 100
djrk gSA ;fn og vafdr ewY;15% ij dh NwV nsrk gSA rks mldk3 1000 : 3
343
ykHk ;k gkfu çfr'kr gS\ 10 : 7
30  (100  15)
  15 –3
100
3
255 Single discount % =  100 = 30%
  15 25.5 – 15 = 10.5% profit 10
10

161
 Arithmetic

Simple interest (lk/kj.k C;kt)

Important Points (egRoiw.kZ fcanq) P R T

S.I 
 Principal Borrowed money is called Principal 100
and it is denoted by 'P'.
S.I  100
ewy/u m/kj fy;k gqvk iSlk ewy/u dgykrk gS vkSj
'P' lsbls P
RT
n'kkZ;k tkrk gSA
 Time Money is borrowed for certain time period, S.I  100
R
that time is called interest time and it is denoted PT
by 'T' or 't'.

r
S.I  100
le;  iSlk ,d fuf'pr le; vof/ ds fy, m/kj fy;k tkrk gS] T
PR

Si
ml le; dks C;kt le; dgk tkrk gS vkSj bls
'T' ;k 't' }kjk n'kkZ;k A = P + S.I
tkrk gSA or,
 Amount The principal becomes Amount when S.I. = A – P
interest is added to it Amount is represented as A. Case-IIf P and R are constant, then SI  T

p
feJ/u  ewy/u feJ/u rc cu tkrk gS tc blesa C;kt tksM+k Case-IIIf R and T are constant, then SI  P
Case-IIIIf P and T are constant, then SI  R
tkrk gS feJ/u dksA ds :i esa n'kkZ;k tkrk gSA
 Interset It is the amount to be paid on the
borrowed money or the amount received on the
a  If there are distinct rates of interest for distinct
time periods i.e.

n
;fn vyx&vyx le; vof/ ds fy, C;kt dh vyx&vyx njsa gSa
t
io
money lent.
C;kt ;g m/kj fy, x, iSls ij Hkqxrku dh tkus okyh jkf'k ;k ;kuh
ra
t
ca
m/kj fn, x, iSls ij çkIr gksus okyh jkf'k gSA Rate for 1st t1 years  R1%
igys t1 o"kZ ds fy, nj R1%
i

 So, Amount = Principal + Interest  A = P + S.I.

bl

blfy,] feJ/u = ewy/u + C;kt  A = P + S.I. Rate for 2nd t2 years  R2%
P
Pu

OR nwljst2 o"kks± ds fy,njR2%

Interest = Amount – Principal S.I = A – P Rate for 3rd t3 years  R3%
on

rhljs t3 o"kks± ds fy,

njR3%
an

C;kt = feJ/u – ewy/u S.I = A – P

Then, Total S.I. for 3 years
pi

Simple interst calculation

Basis Rate Time fiQj] 3 lky ds fy, dqyS.I.
am

1. Annually r% t years P  R1t1  R 2t2  R 3t3 

g


Ch

r 100
2. Half yearly % 2t years Rate of Interest (C;kt dh nj)
Ga

2
 Interest on `100 in one year is called Rate of
r Interest.
3. Quarterly year % 4t years
4
`100 ij ,d o"kZ esa C;kt dks C;kt dh nj dgk tkrk gSA
r  If a certain sum becomes 'n' times of itself in T
4. Monthly % 12t years years on Simple Interest, then the rate per cent
12
per annum is.
 Different amounts invested in different time
;fn ,d fuf'pr jkf'k lk/kj.k C;kt ij T o"kZ esa Lo;a
'n'dh
xquh
periods
A : B
gks tkrh gS] rks okf"kZd nj çfr'kr gSA
(A × T) : (B1 × t1 + B2 × t2)
R% 
 n  1  100% and,
B invests twice, for different periods T

Simple Interest (SI) (lk/kj.k C;kt) T

 n  1  100%
R
Principal  Rate  Time
 SI = Ex. If a certain sum becomes 3 times of itself in 4
100
years on simple interest. Find rate percent per
or, annum.

162
 Arithmetic
;fn dksbZ jkf'k lk/kj.k C;kt
4 o"kZ
ij esa Lo;a
3 xquh
dh gks tkrh orZeku tek ;kstuk ds rgr C;kt nj dk irk yxkus ds fy,]
gSA çfr o"kZ nj çfr'kr Kkr dhft,A S.I.  2400
r
(3  1) n  n  1   deposited amount 
R= × 100% = 50%
4 where n = no. of months
 If Simple Interest (S.I.) becomes 'n' times of 
The difference between the S.I. for a certain sum
principal i.e. P1 deposited for time T1 at R1 rate of interest and
;fn lk/kj.k C;kt (S.I.) ewy/u dk'n' xquk gks tkrk gS vFkkZr another sum P2 deposited for time T2 at R2 rate of
interest is
S.I. = P × n then.
RT = n × 100 C;kt dhR1 nj ij T1 le; ds fy, tek dh xbZ ,d fuf'pr jkf'k
 If an Amount (A) becomes 'n' times of certain sum P1 ds fy, lk/kj.k C;kt vkSjR2 C;kt nj ij T2 le; ds fy,
(P) i.e. tek dh xbZ nwljh jkf'k
P2 ds chp dk varj gS
;fn dksbZ jkf'k
(A) fuf'pr jkf'k (P) dk 'n' xquk gks tkrh gS ;kuh P2R 2T2  P1R1T1

r
A = Pn then S.I. 
100
RT = (n – 1) × 100

Si
 If the difference between two simple interests is x
'x' calculated at different annual rates and times,  If simple interest is y of principal amount and rate
then principal (P) is of interest and time is equal then,
;fn nks lk/kj.k C;kt ds chp ds varj'x' dh x.kuk vyx&vyx
x

p
okf"kZd njksa vkSj le; ij dh tkrh gS] rks
(P)ewy/u
gS ;fn la[;k C;kt + ewy jkf'k dk gS vkSj C;kt dh nj vkSj le;
y
x  100
P a cjkcj gS] rks
 diff. in rate   diff. in time

n
x
t
 If a sum amounts to x1 in t years and then this  100
sum amounts to x2 in another t yrs. Then the sum io
Time = Rate = y
ra
t
is given by
ca
 If a sum (P) becomes amount (A1) at r% in t years
;fn dksbZ jkf'k
t o"kks±
x1esa
gks tkrh gS vkSj fiQj ;g jkf'k tvxys
on SI. Then the difference between the amount
i

o"kks±
x2esa
gks tkrh gSA rc ewy/u ¾
bl

(A2) if the P is lent at (r + 1)% for t years is:

P

ewy/u(P), r% dh nj ls t lkykas esa lk/kj.k C;kt ij feJ/u

Pu

P
 Diff in amount   100 (A1)
 Change in interest Rate   time cu tkrk gSa rks leku jkf'k
(P) dks(r + 1)% dh nj ls t lkykas ds
on

fy, lk/kj.k C;kt ij yxkus ls izkIRk gqbZ(A2)jkf'k

ds chp varj&
an

 If a sum with simple interest rate, amounts to 'A'

in t1 years and 'B' in t2 years, then.
pi

P 1 t
;fn lk/kj.k C;kt nj okyh jkf'k
t1 o"kks±
'A'esa
vkSjt2 o"kks±'B'esa Difference (A2 – A1) =
am

100
gks tkrh gS] rksA
 If a sum 'P' divided in 3 parts i.e. P1, P2, P3 and
g

 B  A   100
Ch

R%  then each part lent at r1%, r2%, r3% rates for t1, t2,
A.t2  B.t1 and
t3 years respectively at simple interest and
Ga

At 2  Bt1 ;fn fdlh ewy/u 'P' dks rhu Hkkxksa

i.e. P1, P2, P3 eas ckV dj
P
t 2  t1 r1%, r2%, r3% dh nj ls t1, t2, t3 lkyksa ds fy, lk/kj.k C;kt
ij fn;k tkrk gS] vkSj
Installment (fd'r)
(a) If SI received from all 3 parts are equal, then
 If a sum is to be deposited in equal installments,
then @ ;fn dksbZ jkf'k leku fdLrksa esa tek djuh gS] rks ;fn 3 Hkkxksa ls lk/kj.k C;kt leku izkIr gks] rks
A  200 1 1 1
Equal installments@ leku fd'r  T 200   T  l  r 
P1 : P2 : P3  : :
r1t1 r2t 2 r3t3

where @ tgka (b) If amount (P + SI) received from all 3 parts are
T = no. of years @ o"kks± dh la[;k equal, then
A = amount @ jkf'k ;fn 3 Hkkxkas ls feJ/u
(P + SI) leku izkIr gks] rks
r = Rate of Interest @ C;kt nj 1 1 1
P1 : P2 : P3  : :
 To find the rate of interest under current deposit 100  r1t1 100  r2t 2 100  r3t 3
plan,

163
 Arithmetic

Compound interest (pØo`f¼ C;kt)

 The interest on a loan or deposit calculated based Compound interest is the interest you earn on interest
on both the intial principal and the accumulated (pØo`f¼ C;kt og C;kt gS tks vki C;kt ij dekrs gSa)
interest from previous periods and it is denoted If rate of interest in first and 2nd cycle are x% & 1.
by 'CI'. y% respectively
fdlh ½.k ;k tek ij C;kt dh x.kuk çkjafHkd ewy/u vkSj fiNyh ;fn igys vkSj nwljs pØ esa C;kt nj Øe'k%
x% vkSjy% gS
vof/ ds lafpr C;kt nksuksa ds vk/kj ij dh tkrh gS vkSj
'CI' bls  xy 
}kjk n'kkZ;k tkrk gSA CI2 = x  y  %
100
@ ;fn nj leku gS

r
 If P = 100, T = 4, R = 10%  If rate is same = r%
 r2 

Si
SI  
P +40 A CI2 = 2r  100  %
100 140  
4 years
SI and CI table for 2 years
P for 2nd year

P for 3rd year

P for 4th year

Rate p.a SI CI CI-SI

p
2% 4% 4.04% 0.04%

SI/CI
P +10
CI CI CI a 3% 6% 6.09% 0.09%

n
+11 +12.1 +13.31 4% 8% 8.16% 0.16%
t
100 110 121 133.1 146.41
1 yr A 1 yr A 1 yr A 1 yr A4 io
5% 10% 10.25% 0.25%
ra
1 2 3
t
CI = 146.41 – 100 = 46.41%
ca
6% 12% 12.36% 0.36%
 Successive increase (4 years):- 7% 14% 14.49% 0.49%
i
bl

10% 10% 10% 10% 8% 16% 16.64% 0.64%

P
Pu

21% 21%
9% 18% 18.81% 0.81%
10% 20% 21% 1%
on
an

21  21 11% 22% 23.21% 1.21%

21 + 21 + = 46.41%
pi

100
12% 24% 25.44% 1.44%
am

 In compound interest amount is in Geometric

progrcssion (GP). 15% 30% 32.25% 2.25%
g
Ch

pØo`f¼ C;kt dh jkf'k T;kferh; Js.kh

(GP) esa gksrh gSA 20% 40% 44% 4%
Ga

25% 50% 56.25% 6.25%

P for 2nd year

P for 3rd year

P for 4th year

30% 60% 69% 9%

SI and CI table for 3 years
Rate p.a SI CI CI-SI
SI/CI CI CI CI
P ×1.1 ×1.1 ×1.1 ×1.1 2% 6% 6.12% 0.12%
100 110 121 133.1 146.41
1 yr A 1 yr A 1 yr A3 1 yr A4 3% 9% 9.27% 0.27%
1 2
10% 10% 10% 10%
4% 12% 12.48% 0.48%
+R% P(1+R%)1 +R% P(1+R%)2 +R% P(1+R%)3 P(1+R%)n 5% 15% 15.76% 0.76%
P
1 yr A1 1 yr A2 1 yr A3 An 6% 18% 19.1% 1.1%
n
1  R  7% 21% 22.5% 1.5%
 Amount after years An = P(1 + R%)n = P  
 100  8% 24% 25.97% 1.97%

 R 
n
 9% 27% 29.50% 2.50%
 CIn = An – P = P(1 + R%) – P =  100   1
P 1  n
10% 30% 33.1% 3.1%
  

164
 Arithmetic
11% 33% 36.76% 3.76% P A1 A2 A3
10000 11000 12100 13310
12% 36% 40.49% 4.49%
15% 45% 52.08% 7.08% ×1.1 ×1.1 ×1.1
20% 60% 72.80% 12.80% CII CIII CIIII
1000 1100 1210
25% 75% 95.31% 20.31%
30% 90% 119.70% 29.70% ×1.1 ×1.1
Amount & CII, CIII, CIIII G.P esa gksaxs
r2
 Difference between CI & SI for 2 years = % Golden Ratio Method
100
 CI 3rd yr = CI3 yr – CI2 yr
 r 2  = 3 : 3 : 1 (CI 3 yr)

Rate CI 2 2r  100  Difference between CI and SI
  = 2 : 1 (CI 2 yr)
1 : 2 : 1

r
Ex. 5% 10.25% 0.25%
10% 21% 1% Ex. P = 25000, R = 6% p.a CI for 3rd year = ?

Si
15% 32.25% 2.25% 1500
20% 44% 4% 1500 90
1500 90 × 2 5.4
25% 56.25% 6.25%
30% 69% 9% Alternatively:-
1 : 2 : 1

p
3. Rate = x%, y%, z% for 3 cycles.
1500 90 5.4
 xy + yz + zx  xyz    1500 + 180 + 5.4 = `1685.4
CI = x + y + z  + +
10000  % a
 100   CI 4th yr = CI4 yr – CI3 yr
= 4 : 6 : 4 : 1 (CI 3 yr)

n
 P = Rs. 4000
t
io
R = 2%, 3%, 5% = 3 : 3 : 1 (CI 2 yr)
ra
1 : 3 : 3 : 1
t
CI = (10 + 0.31 + 0.0030)% = 10.313%
ca
 4000 × 10.313% = Rs. 412.52 Ex. P = `20,000
R = 5%
 If r% for 3 consecutive years @ yxkrkj o"kZ
i
bl

CI4 yr – CI3 yr = CI4th yr = ?

r%, r%, r%
P

1 : 3 : 3 : 1
Pu

 3r2 r3
  1000 : 50 : 2.5 : 0.125

CI3 = 3r  100  10000 %  1000 + 150 + 7.5 + 0.125
 
on
an

`1157.6250
 P = Rs. 10, 000
pi

R = 7% p.a. 1
 Rate = R% =
CI3 = ?
am

x
Eff. Rate = (21 + 1.47 + 0.0343)% = 22.0543% Let P = x3 unit
g

 CI3  10, 000 × 22.5043% I = x2

Ch

= Rs. 2250.43 II = x2 x
Ga

4. Rate CI 3 CI3 - SI3 III = x 2

2x 1
5% 15.7625% 0.7625%
CI3 – SI3 3x  1
10% 33.1% 3.1% 
15% 52.0875% 7.0875% P x3
20% 72.8% 12.8% 1  6
25% 95.3125% 20.3125%  R = 20% p.a  , 
5  5
30% 119.7% 29.7%
 P = Rs. 7500 +20% 6 +20% 6 +20%
2
6 +20%
3
6
n

P P× P× P× P×
R = 7%, 8% 1 yr 5 1 yr 5 1 yr 5 1 yr 5
A1 A2 A3 An
78
CI2 - SI2  % = 0.56% 7
100 6
P 
7500 × 0.56%  Rs. 42 A7  5   36
 5
5. P = 10.000 A5 6 25
P 
T = 3 years 5
 
1 11 5 yr 2 yr
R = 10% p.a =  or 1.1 A5 A7
10 10 P 6
×
5

165
 Arithmetic
CI of Particular years is also in Geometric Ratio 4 : 6 : 4 : 1
progression (GP). × × × ×
fo'ks"k o"kZ
CIdk
Hkh T;kferh; Js.kh
(GP) esa gksrs gSA 3000 : 180 : 10.8 : 0.648
R = 10% p.a 12000 : 1080 : 43.2 : 0.648
CI4 = `13123.848
×1.1 ×1.1 ×1.1
Some important points (dqN egRoiw.kZ fcanq)
10 11 12.1 13.31
CI1 CI2 CI3 CI4 1. If @ ;fn
Note:- Interest is not in Geometric progration (GP). A = Amount @ feJ/u]
C;kt T;kferh; Js.kh
(GP) esa ugha gksrs gSA P = Principal @ ewy/u
r = Rate of Compound Interest (C.I.)
10 11 12.1 13.31 pØo`f¼ C;kt dh nj(C.I.)
CI1 CI2 CI3 CI4
t = no. of years @ le; vof/
Tree Method

r
then @ rc,
 P = 10000, R = 10% p.a., T = 2 years

Si
t
 r 
10,000 A  P 1  , C.I.  A  P
1 1  100 
10 10 t
Iyr  r  
IIyr C.I.  P  1    1
1000(A) 1000(A)   100  

p
100(B) 2. Compound interest is calculated on four basis:
CI of 2 year = 2 × 1000 + 100 = 2100 pØo`f¼ C;kt dh x.kuk pkj vk/kjksa ij dh tkrh gS
CI2 – SI2 = 100
Note:- Golden ratio of 2 year = 2 : 1 (2A : B)
a @ gj lky
Rate Time(n)

n
Annually r% t years
t
io
P = 10000, R = 10% p.a., T = 3 years
r
@ v/Zokf"kZd
ra
Half-yearly % t × 2 years
t
10,000 2
ca
1 1
1 r
10 10
Quarterly @ =kSekfld % t × 4 years
i

Iy 10 IIy IIIy 4
bl
P

1000 1000 1000 r

Monthly @ eghus ds
Pu

100 100 % t × 12 years

12
10 3. If there are distinct 'rates of interest' for distinct
1
on

time periods i.e.

an

SI3 = 3000 vxj vyx&vyx le; vof/ ds fy, vyx&vyx ^C;kt dh njsa*
pi

CI3 = 3×1000 + 3×100 + 1×100 = 3310

gSa]
am

Note:- Golden Ratio of 3 years = 3 : 3 : 1

Proof:- A3 = P(1+R%)3 Rate for 1st year @ çFke o"kZ ds fy,njr1%
g

CI 3 = P(1+R3%+3R%+3R2%)–P
Ch

= 3×PR%+3R2%+1PR2% Rate for 2nd year @ f}rh; o"kZ ds fy,njr2%

Ga

6. Ratio of CI of
2 years  2 : 1 Rate for 3nd year @ rhljs o"kZ ds fy,njr3% and so on
3 years  3 : 3 : 1
@ vkSj blh rjg
4 years  4 : 6 : 4 : 1
5 years  5 : 10 : 10 : 5 : 1 Then @ fiQj
Ex. P = `50,000, R = 6% p.a., T = 4 years  r  r  r 
A  P 1  1  1  2  1  3  ...
 100  100  100 
50,000
6% C.I. = A – P
Iy IIy IIIy IVy 4. If the time is in fractional form i.e.,
3000 3000 3000 3000 ;fn le; fHkUukRed :i esa gS vFkkZr]
180 180 t = nF, then
180 180
n
10.8 180  r   rF  5
10.8 A  P 1   1   e.g. t  3 yrs, then
10.8  100   100  7
10.8
0.648 3
 r   r 5
A  P 1   1   
 100   100 7 

166
 Arithmetic
5. A certain amount becomes 't' times of itself in 'm' 8. If a sum becomes 'n' times of itself in 't' years on
years on compound interest then the time it will 1
 
take to becomes mn times of itself is t × n years. t
compound interest, then R%   n  1 × 100%
,d fuf'pr jkf'kpØo`f¼ C;kt ij'm' o"kks± esa Lo;a
't' xquk
dk gks tkrh  
gS rks bls Lo;amdk
n
xquk gksus esa yxus okyk
t × nle;o"kZ gSA ;fn dksbZ jkf'k pØo`f¼ C;kt
't' o"kks±
ij esa Lo;a
'n' xquk
dk gks tkrh
Ex. A certain sum becomes 3 times of itself in 5 years  1 
on compound interest. Then the time it will take gS] rks
R% =  n t - 1 × 100%
 
to becomes 81 times of itself is 
Ex. If a sum becomes 3 times of itself in 2 years on
,d fuf'pr jkf'k pØo`f¼ C;kt ij5 o"kZ esa Lo;a
3 xquh
dh gks tkrh
compound interest then R% is 
gSA rks bls Lo;a 81dk
xquk gksus esa fdruk le; yxsxkA
;fn dksbZ jkf'k pØo`f¼ C;kt
2 o"kZ
ij esa Lo;a
3 xquh
dh gks tkrh
81 = 34
gS rks
R» gS
 Time = 5 × 4 = 20 years
1
6. The difference between C.I. and S.I. on a sum 'P'  

r
2
R% =  3  1  100%
in 2 years at the rate of R% rate of compound  

Si
interest will be
fdlh jkf'k'P' ij 2 o"kZ R%
esa dh pØo`f¼ C;kt dh nj ls lk/   
3 – 1 ×100%

kj.k C;kt vkSj pØo`f¼ C;kt dk =varj 9. (i) for n = 2. Each annual installment
2
n = 2 ds fy,A çR;sd okf"kZd fdLr
R  S.I.  R
For 2 year, C.I.  S.I.  P 

p
  P
 100  200  2
 100   100 
  
 R  
For 3 years, C.I. – S.I.  P 
 100  
2

  3 
R 
100


a  100  r   100  r 
(ii) For n = 3. Each annual installment

n
n = 3 ds fy,A çR;sd okf"kZd fdLr
t
Ex. If the difference between CI and SI is `91 in three
io
ra
years and the principal is `27000. Find the rate of
t
P
ca
interest if compounded annually.  2 3
 100   100   100 
;fn rhu o"kks± CIesa
vkSjSI ds chp dk varj`91 gS vkSj ewyèku  100  r   100  r   100  r 
 
i
bl

`27000 gSA ;fn C;kt dh nj okf"kZd :i ls la;ksftr gks rks C;kt

P

10. The simple interest for a certain sum for 2 years

Pu

dh nj Kkr dhft,\ at an annual rate of interest R% is S.I., then

3x  1 30  3  1 91 okf"kZd C;ktR% nj ij 2 o"kks± ds fy, ,d fuf'pr jkf'k ds fy,
on

 
an

, x = 30
x3 (30)3 27000 lkèkkj.k C;ktS.I. gS] rks
pi

1 1 1  R 
R% =   100  3 % C.I.  S.I. 1 
am

x 30 3 
 200 
7. If on compound interest, a sum becomes Rs. A in
g

11. A certain sum at C.I., becomes x times in n1 year

Ch

'a' years and Rs. B in 'b' years then, 1 1

;fn pØo`f¼ C;kt ij] ,d jkf'k'a' lky esaA #i;s gks tkrh gSA vkSj and y times in n2 years then x n  y n .
Ga

1 2

‘b’ lky esaB #- gks tkrh gS rc& pØo`f¼ C;kt ij ,d fuf'pr jkf'k]n1 o"kZ xesa
xquk vkSj
n2 o"kks±
B  1 1
(i) If b – a = 1, then R%    1 ×100% esay xquk gks tkrh gSA
x n rks
= yn 1 2
A 
Effective/Successive rate in Compound Interest
 B 
(ii) If b – a = 2, then R%   A  1 × 100% izHkkoh nj pØo`f¼ C;kt esa
 
For 2 years/nks lky ds fy,&
 1
 (a) If rate of interest in 1st year is x% and in 2nd
 B n
 
(iii) If b – a = n then, R%  A   1
 × 100% year is y%, then effective rate/izHkkoh=nj
 
 xy 
where n is a whole number.  x  y  100  %
 
tgk¡n ,d iw.kZ la[;k gSA

167
 Arithmetic
Interest rates to remember
Rates for CI 2 yr. CI-SI for 2 yr. For 3 yr. CI-SI for 3 yr.
1% 2.01% 0.01% 3.0301% 0.0301%
2% 4.04% 0.04% 6.1208% 0.1208%
3% 6.09% 0.09% 9.2727% 0.2727%
4% 8.16% 0.16% 12.4864% 0.4864%
5% 10.25% 0.25% 15.7625% 0.7625%
10% 21% 1% 33.1% 3.1%
15% 32.25% 2.25% 52.0875% 7.0875%
20% 44% 4% 72.8% 12.8%
25% 56.25% 6.25% 95.3125% 20.3125%
30% 69% 9% 119.7% 29.7%
If rate is same in both years, then/;fn nksukas lky dh nj leku gks] rks

r
(b)

Si
 r2 
Effective rate/izHkkoh=nj 2r  %
100 

For 3 years/rhu lky ds fy,
(a) If rate is x%, y% and z% in 1st year, 2nd year and 3rd year respectively, then

p
;fn igys lky] nwljs lky vkSj rhljs lky dh x%,
nj y% vkSjz% gS] rks
effective rate/izHkkoh nj


 (x +y +z ) 
 xy  yz  zx   xyz  %

a
n
 100 10000 
t
(b) If rate is r% for each 3 years io
ra
t
;fn izR;sd3 lky dh nj r% gS
i ca

 3r2 r3 
bl

Effective rate/izHkkoh=nj 3r   %
P

 100 (100)2 
Pu

Some General Results

1. Sum Amount
on
an

a t year b
pi

a2 2t year b2
am

3
a 3t year b3
g

2. Sum Amount
Ch

a t year b
Ga

t
2
a year 2
b
2

t
3
a year 3
b
3

168
 Arithmetic

Ratio & Proportion (vuqikr rFkk lekuqikr)

Concept of Ratio (vuqikr dh vo/kj.kk) m

(i) Part of A  R
 The comparative relation between two amounts/ mn
quantities of same type is called ratio.
n
,d gh çdkj dh nks jkf'k;ksa@ek=kkvksa ds chp ds rqyukRed(ii)
laca/ dks
Part of B  R
mn
vuqikr dgrs gSaA
 Ratio always occurs between units, as- m–n
(iii) Difference of part of A and B  R
mn
vuqikr ges'kk leku bdkb;ksa ds chp gksrk gS] tSls&
where m > n

r
Rupees : Rupees #i;s % #i;s 4. If the ratio of A and B is m : n and the difference
fdxzk % fdxzk

Si
kg : kg in their share is 'R' units then,
Hour : Hour ?kaVk % ?kaVk ;fn A vkSjB dk vuqikrm : n gS vkSj muds fgLls dk'R'
varj
Second : Second etc. lsdaM % lsdaM vkfnA bdkbZ gS] rks]
 Let an amount be x and another is y, then the m

p
ratio between them is x : y or x ÷ y. (i) Part of A  R
mn
ekuk ,d jkf'kx vkSj nwljh
y gS] rks muds chp dk vuqikr
x:y


;k x ÷ y gSA a
In ratio 1st number i.e. 'x' is called "antecedent"
(ii) Part of B 
n
mn
R

n
t
and 2nd number i.e., 'y' is called "consequent". mn
vuqikr esa igyh la[;k ;kuh io
(iii) The sum of parts of A and B 
'x' dks ^^iwoZorhZ** dgk tkrk gS vkSj
R
ra
mn
t
ca
nwljh la[;k ;kuh 'y' dks ^^vuqorhZ** dgk tkrk gSA where m > n
 If a : b : : c : d, then a and d are called extremes 5. If the ratio of alligation of milk and water in a
i
bl

and b and c are called means. glass is m : n and in other glass alligation is p : q,
P

then the ratio of milk and water in third glass

;fn a : b : : c : d] rksa vkSjd pje dgykrs gSa vkSj
b vkSjc
Pu

which contains alligation of both glasses is

ekè; dgykrs gSaA
;fn ,d fxykl esa nw/ vkSj ikuh ds feJ.k dk vuqikr
m : n gS vkSj
on
an

 Product of extremes = Product of means.

i.e., ad = bc
nwljs fxykl esa feJ.k dk vuqikr
p : q gS] rks rhljs fxykl esa nw/
pi

1. It does not change the ratio, when we multiply or vkSj ikuh dk vuqikr gS ftlesa nksuksa fxyklksa dk feJ.k gS
am

divide antecedent and consequent of the ratio by

 m p   n q 
a same non-zero number as- Ratio    :  
g

mn pq mn pq

;g vuqikr esa ifjorZu ugha djrk gS] tc ge iwoZo`Ùk dks rFkk ifj.kkeh   
Ch

dks ,d gh xSj&'kwU; la[;k ls xq.kk ;k foHkkftr djrs gSa& a  c  e  ...... a  c  e  ...

Ga

6. If then each ratio 

b d f b  d  f  ...
a a c
e.g. a : b =  = ac : bc = a : b Ex. If the ratio of mixture of milk and water in a glass
b bc
is 13 : 11 and in other glass mixture is 5 : 7, then
2. What should be added to all of a, b, c, d (numbers)
what will be the ratio of milk and water in third
so that these become proportional respectively?
glass which contains mixture of both glass is?
lHkha, b, c, d (la[;kvksa) esa D;k tksM+k tk, fd ;s Øe'k%
;fn ,d fxykl esa nw/ vkSj ikuh dk vuqikr
13 : 11 gS vkSj nwljs
lekuqikfrd gks tk,¡\ fxykl esa nw/ vkSj ikuh dk vuqikr
5 : 7 gS] rks rhljs fxykl esa nw/
Let x should be added @ ekuk x tksM+k tkuk pkfg,
: vkSj ikuh dk vuqikr D;k gksxk ftlesa nksuksa fxykl dk feJ
ax cx Ratio of third glass =
Then @ fiQj ::
bx dx
 13 5   11 5 
3. If an amount R is to be divided between A and B in   :  
 13  11 5  7   13  11 7  5 
the ratio m : n then
;fn ,d jkf'k R dksA vkSjB ds chp m : n ds vuqikr esa foHkkftr 23
:
29
fd;k tkuk gS] rks 24 24
23 : 29

169
 Arithmetic
Definition of different types of ratio ,dkUrjkuqikr
 ;fn a : b :: c : d ,d lekuqikr gS rks bldk
(fofHkUu çdkj ds vuqikr dh ifjHkk"kk)
a c
1. Mi xed rat i o Let x : y and P : Q be two ratios, ,dkUrjkuqikr
a : c :: b : d gSA ;kuh  dk ,dkUrjkuqikr
then Px : Qy is called mixed ratio. b d

fefJr vuqikr  eku yhft, x : y vkSjP : Q nks vuqikr gSa] rks a  b gSA
Px : Qy dks fefJr vuqikr dgrs gSaA c d
2. Duplicate ratio The mixed ratio of two equal 9. Componendo  If a : b :: c : d is a proportion, then
ratios is called the duplicate ratio as componenedo is (a + b) : b :: (c + d) : d
 nks leku vuqikrksa ds fefJr vuqikr dks oxkZuqikr;ksxkuqikr
oxkZuqikr dgk  ;fn a : b :: c : d ,d lekuqikr gS] rks ;ksxkuqikr gksx
(a + b) : b :: (c + d) : d
tkrk gS
duplicate ratio of a : b is a2 : b2 a c a b cd
It means, If  then, 
a : b dk oxkZuqikr
a2 : b2 gS b d b d
3. Subduplicate ratio The square root of a certain a c a b cd

r
ratio is called its subduplicate. bldk vFkZ gS] ;fn rc] 
b d b d
oxZewykuqikrh
 ,d fuf'pr vuqikr ds oxZewy dks mldk oxZewykuqikrh

Si
a c a  b c  d
dgk tkrk gSA or,   1   1 
 b d b

d 
The subduplicate ratio of a : b = a : b 10. Dividendo If a : b :: c : d is a proportion, then its
dividendo is (a – b) : b :: (c – d) : d
a : b dk oxZewykuqikr
= a: b

p
varjkuqikr
 ;fn a : b :: c : d ,d lekuqikr gS] rks mldk
4. Triplicate ratio The cube of a certain ratio is
called triplicate ratio. varjkuqikr
(a – b) : b :: (c – d) : d gksxkA
?kukuqikrh
a
 ,d fuf'pr vuqikr ds ?ku dks ?kukuqikrh dgrs gSaA a c a
It means @,    1   1
c

n
3
The triplicate ratio of a : b = a : b 3 b d b d
t
a : b dk ?kukuqikr
= a 3 : b3 io 
a b cd

ra
t
5. Subtriplicate ratio The cube root of a certain b d
ca

ratio is called subtriplicate ratio as - 11. Componendo and dividendo  If there is a

proportion a : b :: c : d then its componendo and
i

?kuewykuqikrh
,d fuf'pr vuqikr ds ?kuewy dks ?kuewykuqikrh
bl

dividendo is
P

dgk tkrk gS& ;ksxkUrjkuqikr

 vxj dksbZ vuqikragS
: b :: c : d rks bldk
Pu

The Subtriplicate ratio of a : b = 3

a :3b ;ksxkUrjkuqikr gS
on
an

a : b dk ?kuewykuqikr
= 3a :3b a b cd

(a + b) : (a – b) :: (c + d) : (c – d) or,
pi

a b cd
6. Inverse ratio The reciprocal of quantities of
ratio is called its inverse. Reciprocal or inverse To simplify the proportion any one method of
am

ratio of a : b componendo, dividendo, componendo and

g

Dividendo can direcly be used.

O;qRØe vuqikr  vuqikr dh ek=kkvksa dk O;qRØe bldk O;qRØe
Ch

vuqikr dks ljy cukus ds fy, ;ksxkUrjkuqikr dh fdlh ,d fof/ dk

dgykrk gSA
a : b dk ikjLifjd ;k O;qRØe vuqikr
Ga

lh/s mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA

1 1 1 1 Ex. If the ratio of A : B : C is 7 : 9 : 11. Distribute
 : or   :  × (L.C.M of a and b)
a b a b `10800 in A, B and C.
7. Invertendo The proportion in which antecedent ;fn A : B : C dk vuqikr7 : 9 : 11 gS]
rks`10800 dksA, B
and consequent quantities change their places, vkSjC esa ckaVsA
is called invertendo, as -
7
foyksekuqikr
 ftl vuqikr esa iwoZorhZ vkSj ifj.kkeh ek=kk,¡ Aviuk
= 10800 ×
27
= 2800
LFkku cnyrh gSa] mls foyksekuqikr dgk tkrk gS] D;ksafd & 9
Invertendo of @ dk foyksekuqikr
a : b = c : d is b : a = d : c B = 10800 × = 3600
27
a c b d 11
means @  then  C = 10800 ×
27
= 4400
b d a c
8. Alternendo If a : b :: c : d is a proportion then its Ex. If A : B = 5 : 9 and B : C is 7 : 10 then find A : B : C = ?
A :B :C
a c 5 :9
alternendo is a : c :: b : d. i.e alternendo of 
b d
a b 7 : 10
is  35 : 63 : 90
c d

170
 Arithmetic
Ex. If A : B = 5 : 6 and B : C = 4 : 7 and C : D = 3 : 1 then 2a : 2b : 2c
find A : B : C : D = ? (33–11) : (26–18) : (29–15)
22 : 18 : 14
A : B : C : D
5 : 6 6 6 11 : 4 : 7
4 4 :
7 7
Concept of Proportion (lekuqikr dh vo/kj.kk)
3 3 3 : 1
1. Directly Proportional: If x = ky, where k is a
60 : 72 : 126 : 42
constant, then we say that x is direcly proportional
10 : 12 : 21 : 7
to y. If it is written as x  y.
Ex. If 5A = 8B = 12C then find A : B : C = ?
lh/s vkuqikfrd% ;fn x = ky] tgk¡k ,d vpj gS] rks ge dgrs
LCM of (5, 8, 12) = 120
gSa fd
x] y ds lekuqikrh gSA ;fn blxdks
 y ds :i esa fy•k
120 120 120
: :  24 : 15 : 10 tkrk gSA
5 8 12
Alternatively:- k
2. Inversely Proportional: If x  y where k is a

r
8 × 12 : 5 × 12 : 8 × 5 = 24 : 15 : 10
constant, then we say that x is inv ersely

Si
Ex. 9A = 12B = 18C = 5 : 7 : 11 then find A : B : C = ?
LCM of (9, 12, 18) = 36 1
proportional to y. It is written as x  y .
 5 7 11 
A:B:C=  : :  × 36 = 20 : 21 : 22
 9 12 18  k
O;qRØekuqikrh%
;fn x  y tgk¡ k ,d vpj gS] rks ge dgrs gSa

p
A B C
Ex. If   then find A : B : C = ?
8 10 13
A : B : C = 8 : 10 : 13
a fd x] y ds O;qRØekuqikrh
1
x gSAds :i esa fy•k tkrk gSA
y

n
t
a b c 3. Proportion: When two ratios are equal to each
Note:- If x : y : z then a : b : c = x : y : z
io
other, then they are called proportional as
ra
t
lekuqikr %
tc nks vuqikr ,d nwljs ds cjkcj gksrs gSa] rks m
ca
14A 8B 12C
Ex. If :  then find A : B : C = ? lekuqikrh dgrs gSa
i

5 13 11
bl

a : b = c : d, then, a, b, c and d are in proportion.

P

 5 13 11  a : b = c : d, rks a, b, c vkSjd lekuqikr esa gSaA

Pu

A:B:C=  : :  × 168 = 60 : 273 : 88

 14 8 21  or,
Ex. If a : (b + c) = 7 : 13, b : (c + a) = 8 : 17 then find c : a : b :: c : d
on
an

(a + b) = ? E.g. 2 : 5 = 6 : 15, then we write 2 : 5 :: 6 : 15

pi

a 7 b 8 4. Mean Proportion – Let x be the mean proportion

a + b + c = 20, 25,  ,  between a and b, then a : x :: x : b (Real condition)
am

b  c 13 c  a 17
LCM of (20, 25) = 100 eè; vuqikr &eku yhft, x, a vkSjb ds chp vkSlr vuqikr gS]
g

rksa : x :: x : b (okLrfod fLFkfr)

Ch

a 7 5 35
  
Ga

b  c 13 5 65 a x
   x 2  ab
x b
b 8 4 32
  
c  a 17 4 68  x  ab

c  100  68  33 So, mean proportion of a and b  ab

then  
a  b  35  32  67 rks]a vkSjb dk eè; vuqikr  ab
Ex. If a + b : b + c : c + a = 15 : 11 : 18 then find a : b : If x be the mean proportion between (x – a) and (x
c=? – b) then what will be the value of x ?
2(a + b + c) = 44 ;fn x] (x – a) vkSj(x – b) ds chp ekè; vuqikr gks]xrks
dk eku
a + b + c = 22
a : b : c = (22 – 11) : (22 – 18) : (22 – 15) = 11 : 4 : 7
D;k gksxk\
Alternatively:- ab
x
2a = [(a + b) + (c + a)] – (b + c) ab
2b = [(a + b) + (b + c)] – (c + a) 5. Third proportional – Let 'x' be the third
3c = [(b + c) + (c + a)] – (a + b) proportional of a and b then,
rhljk lekuqikrh &
ekuk'x'] a vkSjb dk rhljk lekuqikrh gS] rc]
a : b :: b : x (Real condition)

171
 Arithmetic
a b Law of Ratios (vuqikr dk fu;e)
i.e.  ax = b2
b x a c
b2  If = then
x  b d
a (i) ad = bc
2
b a b
Third proportional of a and b  (ii) =
a c d

b2 a b cd
a vkSjb dk rhljk vkuqikfrd
 (iii)
b
=
d
a
6. Fourth Proportional – Let x be the fourth a b c d
proportional of a, b and c, then a : b :: c : x (Real (iv) =
b d
condition)
a b cd
pkSFkk lekuqikfrdeku & yhft, x] a, b vkSjc dk pkSFkk

r
(v) =
a b cd
lekuqikrh gS]arks
: b :: c : x (okLrfod fLFkfr)
How to find ratio (vuqikr dSls irk djsa)

Si
a c
   ax  bc 1. If 3A = 4B = 5C find A : B : C
b x
step1: Take LCM of (3,4,5) = 60
bc
x  60

p
a A= = 20
3
bc
 Fourth proportional of a, b and c 
a a B=
60
4
= 15

n
bc
t
 a, b vkSjc dk pkSFkk vkuqikfrd

a io 60
ra
C= = 12
t
7. First Proportional – Let x be the first proportional 5
ca

of a, b and c. then, x : a :: b : c (Real condition)  A : B : C = 20 : 15 : 12

igyk lekuqikfrd &eku yhft, fd x] a, b vkSjc dk igyk
i
bl

2nd Method 3A=4B=5C

P

lekuqikr gSA xrc]: a :: b : c (okLrfod fLFkfr) A:B:C = 4×5 : 3×5 : 3×4

Pu

x b   
   cx  ab
on

a c forA forB forC

an

ab multiply the multiply the multiply the

pi

x = coeff. of B & C coeff. of A & C coeff. of A & B

c
am

8. Let 'x' be a number which is subtracted from a, b,  20 : 15 : 12

g

c and d to make them proportional then 2. If A:B = 4:5, B:C = 2:5 then find A:B:C = ?
Ch

eku yhft, 'x' ,d la[;k gS ftls a, b, c vkSjd ls ?kVkdj mUgsa A: B :C

Ga

lekuqikfrd cuk;k tkrk gS 4: 5

ad  bc 2 :5
x 8 : 10 : 25
 a  d   b  c
Let 'x' be a number which is added to a, b, c and d Second methtod:-(B is common, so make B equal)
to make them proportional, then nwljk rjhdk%&
( B dkWeu gS]
B dks cjkcj dj ys)
eku yhft, 'x' ,d la[;k gS ftls a, b, c vkSjd esa tksM+dj mUgsaA : B : C
lekuqikfrd cuk;k tkrk gS] rc 4×2 : 5×2
bc  ad 2×5 : 5×5
x
 a  d   b  c 8 : 10 : 25
Here a, b, c and d should always be in ascending Concept of Degree (fMxzh dh vo/kj.kk)
order. a 7
1. If 
;gk¡a, b, c vkSjd ges'kk c<+rs Øe esa gksus pkfg,A b 3

5a  3b 5  7  3  3 44
then = =
7a – 4b 7  7 – 4  3 37

172
 Arithmetic
2 2 Ex. A bag contains `1, 50 paise and 25 paise coins in
2a  3b 98  27 25
2. = = the ratio 5 : 6 : 7. If the total amount is `390. Find
a 2  4ab 49  84 7
the number of coins of each kind?
3a 3  4b2 ,d cSx esa`1] 50 iSls vkSj25 iSls ds flDds
5 : 6 : 7 ds vuqikr
3. = can not be determined because degree
5a 2  2b3 esa gSaA ;fn dqy`390
jkf'kgSA çR;sd çdkj ds flDds dh la[;k Kkr
of each term is not same. djsa\
`1 : 50p : 25p
3a 3  4b2
= fu/kZfjr ugha fd;k tk ldrk D;ksafd çR;sd in dh Coins 5 : 6 : 7
5a 2  2b3
Amount 5 : 3 : 1.75
?kkr leku ugha gSA 40  `390
9.75 
Note:-
`1  5 × 40 = 200 Coins
To solve this type of equations degree of each term
50p  6 × 40 = 240 Coins
should be same.
25p  7 × 40 = 280 Coins

r
bl çdkj ds lehdj.kksa dks gy djus ds fy, çR;sd in dh ?kkr
leku gksuh pkfg,A

Si
a p
n
t
io
ra
t
i ca
bl
P
Pu
on
an
pi
am
g
Ch
Ga

173
 Arithmetic

Mixture & Alligation (feJ.k rFkk i`FFkhdj.k)

 Mixture Mixture is defined as a result of mixing gj ckj 20% dk fgLlk gVk fn;k x;k
two or more items or substances in a certain ratio
80L pure milk 
or proportion. 
80L water 

feJ.k  feJ.k dks nks ;k nks ls vf/d oLrqvksa ;k inkFkks± dks ,d
fuf'pr vuqikr ;k vuqikr esa feykus ds ifj.kkeLo:i ifjHkkf"kr
left quantity of pure milk after 3 times@3 ckj ds ckn
fd;k tkrk gSA
4 4 4
eg. Mixture of milk and water, mixture of water cpk gqvk 'kq¼ nw/ 400 ×  
5 5 5

r
and sugar,
tSls nw/ vkSj ikuh dk feJ.k] ikuh vkSj phuh dk feJ.k]  4
3

Si
 400  
 5 
 Alligation Alligation is a process or rule for the
solution of problems concerning the compounding  400  0.512  204.8L
or mixing of ingredients differing in price or
water in final mixture @ vafre feJ.k esa ikuh
=
quality.

p
400–204.8 = 195.2L
,yhxs'ku ,yhxs'ku dher ;k xq.koÙkk esa fHkUu lkexzh ds la;kstu ;k
 Concentration of milk @ nw/ dh lkanzrk =
feJ.k ls lacaf/r leL;kvksa ds lek/ku ds fy, ,d çfØ;k ;k fu;e gSA
Concentration (lkaærk)
a Left pure milk
=
 4 
3
  = 0.512
 5 

n
Total mixture
t
 Concentration is the percentage of a particular
io
= 51.2%
ra
quantity in the full mixture
t
Concentration of water = 100% – 51.2% = 48.8%
ca
iw.kZ feJ.k esa ,d fo'ks"k ek=kk dk çfr'kr lkanzrk gS 2. When different quantity is replaced each time.
tc gj ckj vyx&vyx ek=kk cnyh tkrh gSA
i

Ex. In a mixture ratio of milk; water = 60 : 40

bl

,d feJ.k eas nw/ o ikuh dk vuqikr

P

= 60 : 40 400L pure milk @ 'kq¼ nw/

Pu

 Concentration of milk @ nw/ dh lkaærk = 1

–40L pure milk +40L water =
10
on
an

60
× 100% = 60% 1
60  40 –40 yhVj 'kq¼ nw/40
$ yhVj ikuh=
pi

10
E. If ratio of milk : water = 11 : 5 1
am

;fn nw/ % ikuh dk vuqikr

= 11 : 5 gS –50L mix +50L water =
8
g

Then concentration of milk @ fiQj nw/ dh lkaærk 1

Ch

–50 yhVj feJ.k+50L yhVj ikuh=

8
Ga

11 1
= ×100% = 68.75% –80L mix +80L water =
11  5 5
Concentration of water @ ikuh dh lkaærk
= 1
–80 yhVj feJ.k+80L yhVj ikuh=
5
5
×100% = 31.25% Left Quantity of pure milk @ 'kq¼ nw/ dh 'ks"k ek=kk
16
9 7 4
or concentration of water = 100 – concentration of = 400× ×  = 252L
10 8 5
milk
water = 400 – 252 = 148L
;k ikuh dh lkaærk
= 100 – nw/ dh l?kurk
2nd method :-
= 100 – 68.75% = 31.25% Initial : Final
Replacement of mixture (feJ.k dk çfrLFkkiu) 10 : 9
1. When same quantity is replaced each time from 8 : 7
400 L Pure Milk. 5 : 4
tc leku ek=kk dks gj ckj
400 yhVj 'kq¼ nw/ ls cny fn;k tkrk gS 400 252
:
80 1  1  1
 = part of 20% removed each time
400 5 400L : 252L

174
 Arithmetic
3. If from x litre of liquid A, p litre is withdrawn and 2. Alligation in population related questions
same quantity of liquid B is added. Again from
mixture, q litre mixture is withdrawn and same
tula[;k laca/h ç'uksa esa lfEeJ.k
quantity of liquid B is added. Again from mixture,
r litre is withdrawn and same quantity of liquid B % increase/decrease % increase/decrease
is added, then (Male) (female)

;fn x yhVj æoA esa lsp yhVj fudky fy;k tkrk gS vkSj mruh gh
% increase/decrease
ek=kk esaBæo feyk fn;k tkrk gSA fiQj ls feJ.kq yhVj
ls feJ.k (overall population)
fudky fy;k tkrk gS vkSj leku ek=kk esa B feyk;k
rjy tkrk gSA
nksckjk feJ.krls]
yhVj fudky fy;k tkrk gS vkSj fiQj leku ek=kk Initial number of Initial number of
esa rjyB feyk;k tkrk gSA males females

In final mixture, liquid A is @ vafre feJ.k esa A

æogS Ex. The population of a town is 6000. If males increase
by 5% and females increase by 9% then population

r
 x  p x  q  x  r 
x    ......... will become 6500 after 1 year. Find the initial ratio
 x  x  x 

Si
of males and females?
If only one process is repeated n times, then liquid
n
,d dLcs dh tula[;k 6000 gSA ;fn iq#"kksa
n
5% dhesao`f¼ gksrh
x  p
A in final mixture is  x  
 p
or 1  
and gS vkSj efgykvksa9% dh
esao`f¼ gksrh gS1 rks
o"kZ ckn tula[;k
 x   x 6500 gks tk,xhA iq#"kksa vkSj efgykvksa dk çkjafHkd v

p
liquid B in final mixture = x – (liquid A in final
dhft,\
mixture)
 Overall increase in population @ tula[;k esa dqy o`f¼
;fn dsoy ,d çfØ;k dks n ckj nksgjk;k tkrk gS] rks vafre feJ.k
n n
a Increase/o`f¼= 6500 – 6000 = 500

n
x p  p
esa æo  ;k   gS vkSj vafre feJ.k esa
B æo
t
A  x  1 
 x  x  500
=
50
io ×100 = %
ra
= x – (vafre feJ.k esa æo
A)
t 6000 6
ca

4. If x is initial amount of liquid. p is the amount Male Female

5% 9%
i

which is drawn, and this process is repeated n-

bl

times such that the resultant mixture is in the

P

50
Pu

n %
a x  p 6
ratio a : b then, 
a  b  x 
on
an

;fn x rjy dh çkjafHkd ek=kk

p og
gSAek=kk gS tks fudkyh tkrh gS] 9  50 :
50
5
pi

6 6
vkSj bl çfØ;k dks n&ckj bl rjg nksgjk;k tkrk gS fd ifj.kkeh
am

n 4 20
a x p :
feJ.k a : b ds vuqikr esa gksrk gS] rks  6 6
g


ab  x 
Ch

1 : 5
Alligation (lfEeJ.k)
Ga

3. Alligation in income related questions:

1. The cost of cheap object is Rs. C/kg and the cost
of dear object is Rs. D/kg. If the mixture of both vk; laca/h ç'uksa esa lfEeJ.k
object costs Rs. M/kg then
lLrh oLrq dh dher #-C@fdxzk- vkSj egaxh oLrq dhDdher #- % increase/decrease % increase/decrease
in expenditure in savings
@ fdxzkA ;fn nksuksa oLrqvksa ds feJ.kM@fdxzk
dk ewY;rks
#-
Cheap object D  M

Dear object MC

Cheap (C) Dear(D)

Ex. A man spends 75% of his income. If his income is
Mixture (M) increased by 20% and expenditure increased by
10%. Then find % change in savings.
D–M
Cheap
: M–C ,d vkneh viuh vk; dk 75% •pZ djrk gSA ;fn mldh vk; esa
Dear
Quantity Quantity 20% dh o`f¼ gksrh gS vkSj O;;
10%esa
dh o`f¼ gksrh gSA rks cpr
esa% ifjorZu Kkr dhft,A

175
 Arithmetic
3  spends
75% =  Exp: saving = 3 : 1 Watch 1 Watch 2
4  income 10% 15%

Expenditure Savings
10% x% 12%

3 : 2 Ratio of cost price

×120 ×120
x – 20 : 10 360 Rs. 240 Rs.
3 : 1

x  20 3 6. Discount%(A) Discount% (B)

 =
10 1
overall discount%
x – 20 = 30

r
x = 50%
:

Si
4. Alligation in profit loss @ ykHk gkfu esa lfEeJ.k
cost price A cost price B 7. Alligation in simple interest @ lk/kj.k C;kt esa
lfEeJ.k
cost price of mixture

p
Rate of Rate of
Interest %(A) Interest % (B)

Ex. Cost price of type A sugar is `36 Kg and type B a Total rate of interest (A+B)

n
sugar is 45 Rs/Kg. In what ratio these type of sugar
t
should be mixed to get a mixture worth 39 Rs./Kg.
io :
ra
A çdkj dh phuh dk ykxr ewY;
`36 fdxzk gS vkSj çdkj
B phuh
t
ca
Ex. `10,000 is lent at 5% per annum simple interest
dk `45 fdxzk gSA bl çdkj dh phuh dks fdl vuqikr esa feyk;kand Rs. x is lent at 10% p.a. If overall rate of interest
i

tk, fd feJ.k dk ewY;`39 fdxzk gks tk,A is 8% then find value of x.

bl
P

`10,000 #i;s çfr o"kZ 5% lk/kj.k C;kt ij m/kj fn;k tkrk gS

Pu

Type A Type B
vkSj #A
x dks10% okf"kZd nj ij m/kj fn;k tkrk gSA ;fn dqy C;kt
36 Rs/Kg 45 Rs/Kg
nj 8% gS] rks x dk eku Kkr dhft,A
on
an

5% 10%
pi

39 Rs/Kg
am

8%
45–39 : 39–36
g

6 : 3
Ch

2 : 3 Ratio of principal
2 : 1
Ga

×5000 ×5000
Rs. 10,000 Rs. 15000
5. Profit/loss% (A) Profit/Loss% (B)
8. Alligation in Average @ vkSlr esa lfEeJ.k
overall profit/loss% Average 1 Average 2

Total average

Ex. First watch is sold at 10% profit and 2nd watch is

sold at 15% profit and the overall profit on both
the watches is 12% if cost price of first watch is Bowling Average Bowling Average
9. (till innings A) (till innings B)
`360 Find cost price of second watch ?
igyh ?kM+h10%
dks ykHk ij cspk tkrk gS vkSj nwljh15%
?kM+h dks Total average
ykHk ij cspk tkrk gS vkSj nksuksa ?kfM+;ksa
12% gS
ij dqy
;fn ykHk
igyh ?kM+h dk ykxr `ewY;
360 gSA nwljh ?kM+h dk ykxr ewY; Kkr :
dhft;s\

176
 Arithmetic
10. Alligation in time and distance P% L%

le; vkSj nwjh esa lfEeJ.k
P%/L%
Average speed Average speed
(for part 1) (for part 2) CP1 : CP2

Average speed P
(whole journey) P% = ×100
CP

:  Alligation in discount/NwV esa lfEeJ.k

Discount 1 Discount 2

11. speed 1 speed 2

Total Discount
speed (Avg)
MP1 : MP2

r
Time 1 : Time 2

Si
dis tan ce
Speed=
time
Note  Mean value ftlds respect esa fudyrh gS]
ratio
mlh dk vkrk gSA

a p
n
t
io
ra
t
i ca
bl
P
Pu
on
an
pi
am
g
Ch
Ga

177
 Arithmetic

Partnership (lk>snkjh)

Time T1 : T2 : T3
 Partnership @ lk>snkjh
Profit C1×T 1 : C2×T 2 : C3×T 3

 Profit/Loss  capital
simple partnership compound partnership
Profit/Loss  time
ljy lk>snkjh ;kSfxd lk>snkjh
 Different amounts in invested in different time
If all partners invest If all partners invest periods
different capital for their different capitals vyx&vyx le; vof/ esa vyx&vyx jde fuos'k dh tkrh gS

r
same time period or for different time period A : B

Si
same capital for (A × T) : (B1 × t1 + B2 × t2)
different time period B invests twice, for different periods.
;fn lHkh lk>snkj ,d gh ;fn lHkh lk>snkj vyx&vyx B vyx&vyx vof/ ds fy, nks ckj fuos'k djrk gSA
le; vof/ ds fy, vyx& le; vof/ ds fy, viuh

p
Ex. Three partners shared the profit in a business in
vyx iwath ;k vyx&vyx vyx&vyx iwath fuos'k djrs gSa the ratio 2 : 5 : 7. They invested their capitals for
le; vof/ ds fy, ,d
gh iwath dk fuos'k djrs gSa
a 3 months, 4 months and 6 months respectively.
What was the ratio of their capitals?

n
rhu lk>snkjksa us ,d O;olk; esa ykHk
2 : 5 : dks
7 ds vuqikr esa lk>k
t
io
fd;kA mUgksaus viuh iwath 3 eghus]
Øe'k%4 eghus vkSj6 eghus ds
ra
 Partners @ lk>snkj
t
fy, fuos'k dhA mudh iwath dk vuqikr D;k Fkk\
ca

I : II : III
i
bl

Sleeping Partner
P

Active Partner Profit 2 : 5 : 7

Pu

fØ;k'khy lk>snkj fuf"Ø; lk>snkj

Time  3 : 4 : 6
invests money as who only invests money
on

2 7
an

5
well as takes part and does not take part in Capital  : :  × 12
3 4 6
pi

in business activity business activities.

8 : 15 : 14
am

for which he is paid

Ex. A, B and C invested their capital in the ratio of 2 :
salary from the profit.
g

3 : 5. The ratio of months for which A, B and C

Ch

iSls dk fuos'k djrk gS vkSjdsoy /u dk fuos'k djrk gS invested is 4 : 2 : 3 then. Find the ratio of their
Ga

lkFk gh lkFk O;kikfjd dkeksaO;kolkf;d xfrfof/;ksa esa Hkkxprofit?

esa Hkkx ysrk gS vkSj ftlds
ugha ysrk gSA A, B vkSjC us viuh iwath
2 : 3 : 5 ds vuqikr esa fuos'k dhA ftu
eghuksa ds fy,
A, B vkSjC us fuos'k fd;k mudk vuqikr
4:2
fy, mls ykHk ls osru
: 3 gSA muds ykHk dk vuqikr Kkr dhft;s\
Hkqxrku fd;k tkrk gSA
A : B : C
 Profit = Capital × time
Capital 2 : 3 : 5
P=C×T
Time  4 : 2 : 3
P Profit 2×4 : 3×2 : 5×3
C=
T 8 : 6 : 15
P

T=
C
 Profit = capital × time @ ykHk
= iwath
× le;
X : Y : Z
Capital C1 : C2 : C3

178
 Arithmetic

Average (vkSlr)

Average is defined as the mean value which is equal to the sum of the number of a given set of values
divided by the total number of values present in the set.
vkSlr dks ekè; eku ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gS tks fn, x, ekuksa ds lsV dh la[;k ds ;ksx dks lsV esa ekStwn ekuks
foHkkftr djus ds cjkcj gksrk gSA
1. Sum of the observation = Average × total number of the observation
çs{k.kksa dk= ;ksx
vkSlr × çs{k.kksa dh dqy la[;k
2. Average of two or more numbers/ quantities is called the mean of these numbers, which is given by
nks ;k nks ls vf/d la[;kvksa@ek=kkvksa dk vkSlr bu la[;kvksa dk ekè; dgykrk gS] tks fuEu }kjk fn;k tkrk gS

r
Si
Sum of all observation (lHkh iz{s k.kksaa dk ; ks x)
Average (A) =
Total no. of all observation (isz{k.kkas dh dy
q l[a ;k)
Example:- Weight of 60 students = 40, 42, 35, 50....
Total weight = 2400kg

3.
Average =
2400
60
= 40 kg/student
ap
If the given observation (x) are occuring with certain frequency (A) then,
;fn fn, x, voyksdu (x) fuf'pr vko`fÙk
(A) ds lkFk gks jgs gSa] rks]

n
t
A1x1 + A 2 x 2 + ... + A n x n io
ra
at
Average = x1 + x 2 + .... + x n
ic

where A1, A2, A3, ...... An are frequencies./tgkaA1, A2, A3, ...... An vko`fÙk;k¡ gSaA
bl

4. If the average of 'n1' numbers is a1 and the average of 'n2' numbers is a2, then average of total numbers n1
P
Pu

n1a1 + n 2a 2
and n2 is, Average = n1 + n 2
on
an

n1a1 + n2a2
;fn 'n1' la[;kvksa dk vkSlr
a1 gS vkSj
'n2' la[;kvksa dk vkSlr
a2 gS] rks dqy la[;kvksa
n1 vkSjn2 dk vkSlr gS ¾ n + n
pi

1 2
am

Ex. If average of 10 numbers is 24 and average of 5 numbers is 15. Find the combined average?
;fn 10 la[;kvksa dk vkSlr
24 gS vkSj
5 la[;kvksa dk vkSlr
15 gS] rks la;qDr vkSlr Kkr dhft,\
g
Ch

10  24  5  15 315
Ga

Combined average = = = 21
10  5 15
5. No. of data  n1 n 2 n3 n4
Average  a1 a 2 a3 a4
n1a1  n2a 2  n3n3  n4a 4
Net avg/weighted avg  n1  n2  n3  n4
Ex.
 Class A B C
No. of Students  9 : 17 : 14
Average weight  53 kg 59 kg 64 kg
9  53  17  59  14  64 2376
Avg.wt. of all class  = = 59.4
9  17  14 40
OR, Deviation Method :
Student  9 : 17 : 14
Avg wt.  53 59 64kg
(–6kg×9) 0 (+5kg ×14)

179
 Arithmetic
Let Average weight of all classes @ ekuk lHkh oxks± dk vkSlr Hkkj
= 59 kg gS
54  70
= 59 kg +
40
= 59 + 0.4 = 59.4 kg
Concept of Deviation (fopyu dh vo/kj.kk)
 Find Average of (dk vkSlr Kkr dhft,)40, 42, 35, 50, 85
 Traditional method is to add all the numbers and divide by the number of observations but this method is
lengthy and calculative. To avoid calculation and save time we solve it by concept of deviation.
ikjaifjd fof/ lHkh la[;kvksa dks tksM+us vkSj çs{k.kksa dh la[;k ls Hkkx nsus dh gS ysfdu ;g fof/ yach vkSj x.kukRed gS
cpkus ds fy, ge bls fopyu dh vo/kj.kk ls gy djrs gSaA
Step I : Consider any number in the range of these numbers as average.
pj.k I %bu la[;kvksa dh Js.kh esa fdlh Hkh la[;k dks vkSlr ekusaA

r
Step II : Find the difference of average from each number (deviation)

Si
pj.k II %çR;sd la[;k ls vkSlr dk varj Kkr dhft,A (fopyu)
Step III: Add the deviation and divide it by total number of observations.
pj.k III %fopyu tksM+sa vkSj bls çs{k.kksa dh dqy la[;k ls foHkkftr djsaA
Step IV: Add or subtract (according to sign of deviation) the deviation from the average that we considered
to get accurate average.

40, 42, 35, 50, 85

ap
pj.k IV %vkSlr ls fopyu dks tksM+sa ;k ?kVk,a (fopyu ds ladsr ds vuqlkj) ftls geus lVhd vkSlr çkIr djus ds fy, ekukA
Example:

n
t
Deviation: 0 +2 –5 +10 +45
io
ra
Let Average = 40
at
0  2  5  10  45 52
ic

Net deviation ('kq¼ fopyu)= = = +10.4

5 5
bl
P

 Actual Average(okLrfod vkSlr)= 40 + 10.4 = 50.4

Pu

Average of consecutive numbers (Øfed la[;kvksa dk vkSlrA)

on

1. The average of 'n' consecutive natural numbers starting from 1 i.e. Average of 1,2,3,....n
an

1 ls 'kq: gksus okyh

'n' yxkrkj çkÑfrd la[;kvksa dk vkSlr 1,2,3,
;kuh dk vkSlr]----
n
pi

n(n+1)
am

sum of first n natural no. 2 n +1

= =
g

n n 2
Ch

2. The average of squares of 'n' consecutive natural numbers starting from 1 i.e.
Ga

1 ls 'kq: gksus okyh

'n' Øekxr çkÑfrd la[;kvksa ds oxks± dk vkSlr vFkkZr~
n(n+1)(2n+1)
6  n +1 2n +1
Average of 12, 22, 32, 42, .... n2 = =
n 6
3. The average of cubes of first 'n' consecutive natural numbers i.e. Average of 13, 23, 33, .... n3
çFke'n' Øekxr çkÑr la[;kvksa ds ?kuksa dk vkSlr
13, vFkkZr
23, 33, .... n3 dk vkSlr
2
 n(n+1)  2
  n  n  1
= 2  =
n 4

n(n+1)
4. The average of first 'n' consecutive even natural numbers i.e. Average of 2, 4, 6,.... 2n = = (n + 1)
n
n(n+1)
çFke'n' Øekxr le çkÑr la[;kvksa dk vkSlr vFkkZr~
2, 4, 6, .... 2ndk vkSlr= = (n + 1)
n

180
 Arithmetic
2
n
5. The average of first 'n' consecutive odd natural numbers i.e. 1, 3, 5, ... (2n – 1) = =n
n
2
n
çFke'n' Øekxr fo"ke çkÑr la[;kvksa dk vkSlr 1,
vFkkZr~
3, 5, ... (2n – 1) = =n
n
First no.+Last no. a+n
6. The average of certain consecutive numbers a, b, c, .... n is =
2 2
First no.+Last no. an
dqN Øekxr la[;kvksa
a, b, c, .... n dk vkSlr = gS
2 2
Ex. Find average of 4, 5, 6 .............. 20.
4, 5, 6 .............. 20 dk vkSlr Kkr dhft,A
4  20 24

r
Average = = = 12
2 2

Si
x n  1
7. The average of 1st 'n' multiples of certain numbers x (dqN la[;kvksa ds igys
'n' xq.kdksa dk vkSlr)

2
Ex. Find average of first 10 multiples of 3 @
3 ds igys 10 xq.kdksa dk vkSlr Kkr dhft,
First 10 multiples of 3 = 3, 6, 9 ..... 30 @
3 ds igys 10 xq.kd= 3, 6, 9 ..... 30

Average =
3(1  10)
2
=
33
2
= 16.5
ap
n
2  n + 1  2n + 1 
t
8. Average of square of 1st n even number @(igyh n le la[;k ds oxZ dk vkSlr)=
io 3
ra
at
@(igyh n le la[;k ds ?ku dk vkSlr)= 2n(n+1)2
ic

9. Average of cube of 1st n even number

bl

 2n +1 2n – 1
P

10. Average of square of 1st n odd number @(igyh n fo"ke la[;k ds oxZ dk vkSlr)
=
Pu

3
11. Average of cube of 1st n odd number @(igyh n fo"ke la[;k ds ?ku dk vkSlr)
= n(2n2–1)
on
an

Last odd no.  1

@( 1 ls n fo"ke la[;k dk vkSlr)=
pi

12. Average of 1 to n odd number

2
am

Last even no.  2

13. Average of 1 to n even number @( 1 ls n le la[;k dk vkSlr) =
g

2
Ch

Average speed (vkSlr xfr)

Ga

1. If A goes from P to Q with speed of x km/h and returns from Q to P with speed of y km/h, then the average
speed of total journey is
;fn A] P ls Q rd x fdeh@?kaVk dh xfr ls tkrk gS
Q ls
vkSj
P rd y fdeh@?kaVk dh xfr ls okil vkrk gS] rks dqy ;k=kk dh vkSl
gS
2xy Total distance
Average speed = x + y Or Average speed =
Total time taken
2. If a distance is travelled with three different speeds a km/h, b km/h and c km/h, then Average speed of
3abc
total journey = km / h
ab + bc + ca
;fn ,d nwjh rhu vyx&vyx xfra fdeh@?kaVk]
b fdeh@?kaVkc vkSj
fdeh@?kaVk ls r; dh tkrh gS] rks dqy ;k=kk dh =vkSlr xf
3abc
km/h
ab  bc  ca
Ex. A particular distance is travelled with 2 km/hr, 3 km/hr and 4 km/hr. Find average speed of the whole
journey.
,d fo'ks"k nwjh
2 fdeh@?kaVk]
3 fdeh@?kaVk
4 vkSj
fdeh@?kaVk ds lkFk r; dh tkrh gSA iwjh ;k=kk dh vkSlr xfr Kkr dhft,A

181
 Arithmetic
3 2 3 4 72 N 
Average speed = =  T    1 t
23  3 4  42 26  n 
36 4. If the average age (height) of 'n' persons is x year
= km / hr
13 (cms) and from them 'm' persons went out whose
Average age (vkSlr mez) average age (height) is 'y' years (cms) and same
number of persons joined whose average age
1. 't' years before, the average age of N members of
(height) is 'z' years (cms) then what is the average
a family was 'T' years. If during this period 'n'
age (height) of n persons ?
children increased in the family but average age
(present) remains same, then. ;fn 'n' O;fÙkQ;ksa dh vkSlr vk;qx(ÅapkbZ)
o"kZ
(cms) gS vkSj muesa
Present age of n children = n.T – N.t ls 'm' O;fÙkQ fudys ftudh vkSlr vk;q (ÅapkbZ)
'y' o"kZ
(cms)
't' o"kZ igys] ,d ifjokj ds
N lnL;ksa dh vkSlr vk;q
‘T’ o"kZ FkhA gS vkSj mrus gh O;fÙkQ 'kkfey gq, ftudh vkSlr vk;q 'z' (Åapk
;fn bl vof/ esa ifjokj esa
'n' cPps c<+s ijUrq vkSlr vk;q (orZeku)o"kZ(cms) gS rks
n O;fÙkQ;ksa dh vkSlr vk;q (ÅapkbZ) D;k g
ogh jgs rksA

r
 m y  z  
n cPpksa dh orZeku =vk;q n.T – N.t  Average age = x   years  cms 

Si
 n 
2. If in the group of N persons, a new person comes
at the place of a person of 'T' years, so that average 5. If in a group, one member is replaced by a new
age, increase by 't' years members, then.
;fn N O;fÙkQ;ksa ds lewg esa]ds O;fÙkQ ds LFkku ij ,d u;k;fn fdlh lewg esa ,d lnL; dks u, lnL; ls cny fn;k tkrk gS]
'T' o"kZ
rks&

ap
O;fÙkQ vkrk gS] rks vkSlr
't' o"kZ
vk;q]ls c<+ tkrh gS
Age of new member = (age of replaced member) 
Then, the age of the new person (fiQj] u, O;fÙkQ dh
xn
vk;q)= T + N.t
u, lnL; dh vk;q = (çfrLFkkfir lnL; dh vk;q)
 xn

n
If the average age decrease by 't' years after entry
t
where, x = increase (+) or decrease (–) in average
of new person, then the age of the new person = T
io
ra
n = Number of members.
at
– N.t
;fn u, O;fÙkQ ds ços'k ds ckn vkSlr
't'vk;q
o"kZ de gks tkrh gS] tgk¡]x = vkSlr esa o`f¼
(+) ;k deh (–)
ic

rks u, O;fÙkQ dh =vk;q

T – N.t n = lnL;ksa dh la[;kA
bl

Ex. The average age of a group of 8 people increase by 6. If a new member is added in a group then.
P
Pu

2.5 years when a new person replaces one of them age (or income) of added member = Average age
whose age is 65 years. Find the age of new person. (or income)  x (n + 1).
o"kZ c<+ tkrh gS tc muesa vxj fdlh xzqi esa dksbZ u;k lnL; tksM+k tkrk gS rksA
on

8 yksxksa ds ,d lewg dh vkSlr2.5

vk;q
an

ls ,d O;fÙkQ] ftldh vk;q

65 o"kZ gS] ds LFkku ij ,d u;k O;fÙkQtksM+s x, lnL; dh vk;q (;k vk;)
= vkSlr vk;q (;k vk;)  x
pi

(n + 1).
vkrk gSA u;s O;fÙkQ dh vk;q Kkr dhft;sA
am

where x = increase (+) or decrease (–) in average

Sol. Here, N = 8
age (or income)
g

T = 65
Ch

n = Number of members.
t = 2.5
tgk¡x = vkSlr vk;q (;k vk;) esa o`f¼
(+) ;k deh (–)
Ga

 Age of new person= T + N.t

= 65 + (8 × 2.5) = 85 years n = lnL;ksa dh la[;kA
3. The average age of a group of N students is 'T' 7. If a member leaves the group, then income (or
years. If 'n' students join, the average age of the age) of left member = Average income (or age) 
group increases by 't' years, then Average age of x(n – 1)
N  ;fn dksbZ lnL; lewg NksM+ nsrk gS] rks NksM+dj x, lnL; dh
new students  T    1 t vk;q)= vkSlr vk; (;k vk;q) x (n – 1)
n 
where, x = increase (+) or decrease (–) in average
N Nk=kksa ds ,d lewg dh vkSlr
'T'vk;q
o"kZ gSA'n';fnNk=k 'kkfey income (or age)
gksrs gSa] rks lewg dh vkSlr 't' o"kZ
vk;qc<+ tkrh gS] rks u, Nk=kksa
n = Number of members.
N  tgk¡]x = vkSlr vk; (;k vk;q) esa o`f¼
(+) ;k deh (–)
dh vkSlr vk;q T   n  1 t
  n = lnL;ksa dh la[;kA
If the average age of the group decreases by 't' When change in data happens (tc MkVk esa ifjorZu gksrk gSA)
years, then Average age of new students 1. If in any series having common difference 'd' and
;fn lewg dh vkSlr vk;q
't' o"kZ de gks tkrh gS] rks (u, Nk=kksaAverage
dh 'k', 'x' numbers are added in forward or
vkSlr vk;q) backward, then

182
 Arithmetic
;fn fdlh Js.kh ftldk lkoZUrj
d rFkk vkSlr
k gks vkSj blesa vkxs  a+b+c 
Sum of number (la[;k dk ;ksx)=   =k
ls vFkok ihNsxlsla[;k, tksM+s rks  2 
xd First number (igyk uacj) = 2a–k
New Average @ u;k vkSlr =k Second number (nwljk uacj) = 2b – k
2
2. In series of even or odd having Average "k", when Third number (rhljk uacj)= 2c – k
we add "x" number in forward or backward, Then 2. If the average of m numbers is x and out of these
le vFkok fo"ke la[;kvksa dh Js.kh ftldk vkSlr
k gS] mlesa ;fn 'm' numbers the average of n numbers is y. (or
ge vkxs ls vFkok ihNsx ls
la[;k,a tksM+s rks vice versa) then the average of remaining
numbers will be
New Average @ u;k vkSlr = k x
;fn m la[;kvksa dk vkSlr
x gS vkSj bu
'm' la[;kvksa esan ls
3. In series of natural number having Average "k",
when we add "x" number in forward or backward, la[;kvksa dk vkSlr
y gSA (;k blds foijhr) rks 'ks"k la[;kvksa dk
Then vkSlr gksxk
k vkSlr okyh çkÑfrd la[;kvksa dh fdlh Js.kh esa ;fn vkxs (i)
ls Average of remaining numbers ('ks"k la[;kvksa dk

r
vFkok IkhNs
"x"lsla[;k,a tksM+h tk, rks

Si
mx  ny
New Average @ u;k vkSlr = k  x/2
vkSlr) = (if m > n)
mn
4. If average of n observations is a but the average (ii) Average of remaining numbers ('ks"k la[;kvksa dk
becomes b when one observation is eliminated,
then value of eliminated observation = n(a–b)+b
vkSlr)
;fn n çs{k.kksa dk avkSlr
fn;k tk, rks vkSlr
b) + b
b gks tkrk gSA foLFkkfir çs{k.k
ap
gks ijUrq ;fn ,d çs{k.k dks foLFkkfir dj  ny  mx
=n(a–
(if n > m)
dk eku3. If fromn (nm + 1) numbers, the average of first n
numbers is 'F' and the average of last n numbers

n
5. If average of n observations is a but the average
t
is 'L', and the first number is 'f' and the last
becomes b when a new observation is added, then
io
number 'l' then
ra
value of added observation = n(b–a) + b
at
;fn (n + 1) la[;kvksa ls çFke
n la[;kvksa dk vkSlr 'F' vkSj vafre
;fn n çs{k.kksa dkavkSlr
gks ijUrq ;fn ,d çs{k.k dks
j 'kkfey
S vk dj
n la[;kvksa dk vkSlr
'L' rFkk igyh la[;k'f' vkSj vafre la[;k
ic

'l'
fn;k tk, rks vkSlrb gks tkrk gSA rks 'kkfey fd, x, çs{k.k dk eku
gks rks
bl
P

= n(b–a) + b f – l = n(F – L)
Pu

6. We have n observations out of which some 4. If the average of 'n' observations is 'x' and from
observations (a1, a2, a3....) are replaced by some these the average of 1st 'm' observation is 'y' and
on
an

other new observations and in this way, if the the average of last 'm' observations is 'z' then
average increase or decreases by b, then value of
;fn 'n' voyksduksa dk vkSlr
'x' gS vkSj buesa ls igys
pi

'm'
new observations
voyksdu dk vkSlr'y' gS vkSj vafre
'm' voyksduksa dk vkSlr
am

;fn gekjs ikln çs{k.k gksa ftlesa ls dqN(açs{k.kksa

, a2, a3....) dks
gS rks
1

dqN u, çs{k.kksa }kjk çfrLFkkfir dj fn;k tk, rFkk bl çfØ;k esa'z';fn

g
Ch

th
m observation = m(y + z) – nx
vkSlr esa
b dh o`f¼ vFkok deh gks tk, rks u, çs{k.kksa dk eku
(m + 1)th observation = nx – m(y + z)
Ga

= a  nb When data is misread (tc MsVk xyr i<+k tkrk gS)

Where/tgka, a = a1 + a2 + a3 + .... 1. If average of n numbers is m but later on it was
Note: In this formula, the signs of '+' and '–' depend found that a number 'a' was misread as 'b'. The
upon the increment or decrement in the average correct average will be
bl lw=k esa
'+' vFkok ;fn n la[;kvksa dk vkSlr
'–' dk fpUg vkSlr esa o`f¼ vFkok deh ij fuHkZj m gS ysfdu ckn esa ;g ik;k x;k fd ,d
djrk gSA la[;k 'a' dks xyrh ls'b' i<+ fy;k x;k FkkA lgh vkSlr gksxk
7. Mathematical operation performed on each
 m
a  b
observation results in same effect on the average. n
2. If the average of n numbers is m but later on it
çR;sd çs{k.k ij dh xbZ xf.krh; lafØ;k dk vkSlr ij leku çHkko iM+rk gSA
was found that two numbers a and b misread as p
Related to numbers (vadksa ls lacaf/r) and q.
1. If there are 3 natural numbers and average of any ;fn n la[;kvksa dk vkSlr
m gS ysfdu ckn esa ;g ik;k x;k fd nks
two number when added with third number gives la[;k,¡ a vkSjb dks xyrh lsp vkSjq i<+ fy;k x;kA
a, b, c. Then natural numbers.
;fn 3 çkÑfrd la[;k,a gks vkSj fdlh nks la[;kvksa ds vkSlr dks ;fn rhljh a  b  p  q 
The correct average (lgh vkSlr) = m 
n
la[;k esa tksM+k tk, rks çkIr la[;k,aa,Øe'k%
b rFkkc gks rks

183
 Arithmetic
Miscellaneous (fofo/)
1. If the average of n students in a class is a, where
average of passed students is x and average of
failed students is y, then
;fn fdlh d{kk esa
n fo|kfFkZ;ksa dkavkSlr
gks] tgka mÙkh.kZ fo|kfFkZ;ksa
dk vkSlrx vkSj vuqÙkh.kZ fo|kfFkZ;ksa
y gksdkrks
vkSlr
Number of students passed/mÙkh.kZ fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh la[;k
n a  y 
= x y
 
2. Bowling Average (xsanckth vkSlr)
=
Total runs given
Total wickets taken

r
3. Batting Average (vkSlr cYysckth)
=

Si
Total runs scored
Total number of innings played
 Total runs = Bowling average × Wickets
dqy ju = xsanckth vkSlr
× fodsV

ap
Or
Bowling Bowling
Average (1) Average (2)

n
Total average
t
io
ra
Wicket (1) Wicket (2)
at
ic
bl
P
Pu
on
an
pi
am
g
Ch
Ga

184
 Arithmetic

Time & Work (le; vkSj dk;Z)

Total work = time × efficiency 1 1 x y

dqy dk;Z= le; × n{krk A vkSjB }kjk1 fnu esa fd;k x;k dk;Z
  
x y xy
Efficiency  total work (When time is constant) Total time taken to complete the work by A and
n{krk dqy dk;Z (tc le; fLFkj gks)  xy 
B both   x  y 
1  
 Efficiency/{kerk wages/etnwjh

Time /(le;) A vkSjB nksuksa }kjk dk;Z dks iwjk djus esa fy;k x;k dqy

r
 For same time period wages  efficiency  xy 
 
leku le; vof/ ds fy, etnwjh  {kerk

Si
x y
 For different time period wages  work done Ex. If A completes a piece of work in 20 days and B
completes the same work in 30 days. If they work
vyx&vyx le;kof/ ds fy, osru  fd;k x;k dk;Z
together then in how many days can they finish
1. If M1 men finish W1 work in D1 days, working T1 the total work?

ap
time each day and M2 men finish W2 work in D2
;fn A ,d dke dks 20 fnuksa esa iwjk djrkBgS
mlh
vkSj
dke dks
days, working T2 time each day then
30 fnuksa esa iwjk djrk gS ;fn os ,d lkFk dke djrs gSa rks os
;fn M1 iq#"kW1 dk;Z dksD1 fnuksa esa iwjk djrs gSa]TçR;sd fnu
1
dke dks fdrus fnuksa esa iwjk dj ldrs gSa\
le; dk;Z djrs gSa vkSj
M2 iq#"kW2 dk;Z dksD2 fnuksa esa lekIr

n
t
Work done by A and B in 1 day
djrs gSa] çR;sd fnu
T2 le; dk;Z djrs gSa] rks
io
A vkSjB }kjk1 fnu esa fd;k x;k dk;Z
ra
at
M1D1T1 M2D 2 T2
= 1 1 23
ic

W1 W2 =  
20 30 60
bl

Ex. 5 men can finish a work in 10 days working 8

P

Total time taken to complete the work by A and B

Pu

hours each day. How many men will be needed to

finish the same work in 5 days working 4 hours 20  30
together = = 12 days
each day? 20  30
on
an

5 vkneh ,d dke dks çfrfnu 8 ?kaVs dke djds 10 fnuksa esa iwjk
3. If A can do a work in 'x' days. B can do the same
work in 'y' days, C can do the same work in 'z'
pi

dj ldrs gSaA çfrfnu

4 ?kaVs dk;Z djds mlh dk;Z 5 fnuksa
dks esa iwjk days then, total time taken by A, B and C to
am

djus ds fy, fdrus O;fÙkQ;ksa dh vko';drk gksxh\ complete the work together
;fn A fdlh dk;Z dks'x' fnuksa esa dj ldrkBgSA
leku dk;Z dks
g

5 × 10 × 8 = m × 5 × 4
Ch

m = 20 'y' fnuksa esa dj ldrkC gS]

mlh dk;Z dks'z' fnuksa esa dj ldrk
Ga

2. If A completes a piece of work in 'x' days and B gS] rks

A, B vkSjC }kjk feydj dk;Z dks iwjk djus esa yxk dqy
completes the same work in 'y' days, then.
1 xyz
;fn A fdlh dk;Z dks'x' fnuksa esa iwjk djrkBgS
mlhvkSj
dk;Z dks le;  1 1 1  xy  yz  zx
 
'y' fnuksa esa iwjk djrk gSA x y z
1 Ex. If A can do a work in 20 days, B can do the same
Work done by A in 1 day  work in 12 days. C can do the same work in 15
x
days then in how many days will taken by A, B, C
1 to complete the work together?
A }kjk1 fnu esa fd;k x;k dk;Z
x ;fn A fdlh dk;Z dks20 fnuksa esa dj ldrk gS]
B mlh
rks dk;Z dks
1 12 fnuksa esa dj ldrkC
gSA
mlh dk;Z dks
15 fnuksa esa dj ldrk
Work done by B in 1 day  y gS rks
A, B, Cdks feydj ml dk;Z dks iwjk djus esa fdrus fnu yxsax

1 1
B }kjk1 fnu esa fd;k x;k dk;ZA

y
Time = 1 1 1
 
20 12 15
1 1 x y
 Work done by A and B in 1 day  x  y  xy 20  12  15
 = 5 days
20  12  12  15  15  20

185
 Arithmetic
m ;fn A vdsyk fdlh dk;Z dks‘x’ fnuksa esa dj ldrk gSAvkSj
vkSj
4. If A can finish part of the work in D days.
n B feydj mlh dk;Z dks
'y' fnuksa esa dj ldrs gSa
B vdsyk
rks mlh
Then, total time taken to finish the work by A dk;Z dks fdrus fnuksa esa dj ldrk gS\
n
=  D days  xy 
m    days
x y
m
;fn A fdlh dk;Z dk Hkkx
D fnuksa esa iwjk dj ldrk gSA fiQj]
Ex. If A can do a work in 8 days and A + B together can
n
do the same work in 5 days. Then B alone can do
n
A }kjk dk;Z dks iwjk djus esa yxk dqy le; ¾
D fnu the work in how many days?
m
;fn A fdlh dke dks8 fnuksa esa dj ldrk gSAvkSj
+ B feydj
4
Ex. Rahul can finish th part of the work in 20 days. mlh dke dks5 fnuksa esa dj ldrs gSaA
B vdsyk
rks ml dk;Z dks
5
fdrus fnuksa esa dj ldrk gS\
In how many days he will complete the work?

r
Time taken by B alone
4
jkgqy dke dk Hkkx 20 fnuksa esa iwjk dj ldrk gSA og dk;Z dks
85 40

Si
5 = = days
85 3
fdrus fnuksa esa iwjk djsxk\ 7. If food is available for 'x' days for 'A' men at a
 Time taken to complete the work certain place and after 'y' days 'B' men join, then
5 the remaining food will serve total men for

ap
× 20 = 25 days
4 ;fn ,d fuf'pr LFkku ij 'A' iq#"kksa ds'x'fy,fnuksa ds fy, Hkkstu
5. If A and B can do a work in 'x' days B and C can do
miyC/ gSA vkSj 'y' fnuksa ds ckn
'B' iq#"k 'kkfey gksrs gSa] rks 'k
the same work in 'y' days. C and A can do the
same work in 'z' days. Then total time taken, Hkkstu dqy iq#"kksa esa fdrus fnu pysxkA

n
Required time (vko';d le;)
t
io
2
when A, B and C work together  OR
ra
1 1 1 A x  y 
at
x  y  z  days
   A  B
ic

2xyz Ex. If food is available for 60 days for 35 men. After 15

bl

xy + yz + zx days days 10 new men join, then remaining food will

P
Pu

serve total men for?

;fn A vkSjB fdlh dke dks 'x' fnuksa esa dj ldrs gSa
B vkSj
rks
;fn 35 vknfe;ksa ds fy,60 fnuksa ds fy, Hkkstu miyC/
15 gSA
C mlh dke dks'y' fnuksa esa dj ldrsCgSaA
vkSjA leku dk;Z dks
on

fnuksa ds 10
cknu, iq#"k 'kkfey gks tkrs gSa] rks 'ks"k Hkkstu dqy
an

'z' fnuksa esa dj ldrs gSaA

A, BrcvkSjC ,d lkFk ml dk;Z dks
ds fy, fdrus fnu pysxk\
pi

2 2xyz
fdrus fnukas esa iwjkdj ysaxs ¾ fnu
am

xy  yz  zx 35(60  15)
1 1 1 Required time = = 35 days
    35  10
g

x y z
Ch

8. If A men or B boys or C women can do a certain

Ex. If A and B can do a work in 20 days, B and C can do work in 'x' days then A1 men B1 boys and C1 women
Ga

the same work in 10 days. C and A can do the can do the same work in
same work in 60 days then in how many time will
;fn A iq#"k ;kB yM+ds ;kC efgyk fdlh dk;Z dks
'x' fnuksa esa
taken by A, B, C to complete the work together?
dj ldrs gSa rks
A1 iq#"k
B1 yM+ds vkSj
C1 efgyk leku dk;Z fdrus
;fn A vkSjB ,d dk;Z dks20 fnuksa esa dj ldrs gSa
B vkSj
rksC
fnuksa esa dj ldrs gSa\
mlh dk;Z dks10 fnuksa esa dj ldrsCgSaA
vkSjA leku dk;Z dks
60 fnuksa esa dj ldrs gSa rksC dks feydj dk;Z iwjk djus esa
A, B, Time taken 
x
A1 B1 C1
fdruk le; yxsxk\  
A B C
2 Ex. 16 men or 21 women or 18 children can complete
Time taken = 1 1 1
  a work in 93 days. In how many days 32 men, 35
20 10 60 women and 27 children working together complete
2  20  10  60 the whole work?
= 12 days 16 iq#"k ;k
21 efgyk,a ;k18 cPps ,d dke dks93 fnuksa esa iwjk
20  10  10  60  60  20
6. If A alone can do a certain work in 'x' days and A dj ldrs gSaA
32 iq#"k]
35 efgyk,a vkSj
27 cPps ,d lkFk dke
and B together can do the same work in 'y' days djds iwjs dke dks fdrus fnuksa esa iwjk djsaxs\
then B alone can do the same work in

186
 Arithmetic
93 93 25
Time taken = 32 35 27  31 = 18 days  days
3
  12. A can do a work in 'm' days and B can do the same
16 21 18 6
work in 'n' days. If they work together and total
9. The comparison of rate of work done is called
wages is R, then.
efficiency of doing work.
A fdlh dke dks 'm' fnuksa esa dj ldrk gSBvkSj
mlh dke dks
1
Efficiency (E)  No. of days 'n' fnuksa esa dj ldrk gSA ;fn os ,d lkFk dke djrs gSa vkSj d
fd, x, dk;Z dh nj dh rqyuk dk;Z djus dh n{krk dgykrh gSA osruR gS] rksA
n
1 Part of A @A dk fgLlk R
n{krk(E) No. of days
  m  n
m
1 1 1 k Part of B @B dk fgLlk R
E1 : E2 : E3  : : , E  or, ED = k or, E1D1 =  m  n
D1 D2 D3 D

r
13. If A, B and C finish the work in m, n and p days
E2D2 respectively and they receive the total wages R,

Si
Ex. 3 persons can complete the work in 3 days, 4 days, then the ratio of their wages is
5 days respectively. Find ratio of their efficiency?
;fn A, B vkSjC dk;Z dks
m, n vkSjp fnuksa esa iwjk djrs gSA v
3 O;fÙkQ ,d dk;Z dks Øe'k%
3 fnu]4 fnu]5 fnu esa iwjk dj ldrs
mUgsa dqy etnwjh
R çkIr gksrh gS] rks mudh etnwjh dk vuqikr
gSaA mudh n{krk dk vuqikr Kkr dhft;s\
Persons  A B C 1 1 1

ap
: :
Time  3 4 5 m n p
1 1 1 14. If A working alone takes x days more than A & B
Efficiency   3   5  × 60 (LCM)

 4 and B working alone takes y days more than A &

n
20 : 15 : 12
t
B. Then the number of days taken by A & B
Ex. A can do a work in 6 days and B can do the same
io
ra
work in 5 days if they work together and the total working together to finish a job  xy days.
at
salary is `550 then find the shear of both.
;fn A vdsys dk;Z djrs gq,
A vkSjB ls x fnu vf/d ysrk gS vkSj
ic

A fdlh dke dks6 fnukas esa dj ldrs gSBvkSj

mlh dke dks5
B vdsys dk;Z djrs gq,
A vkSjB ls y fnu vf/d ysrk gSA rks
A
bl

fnuksa eas dj ldrs gS ;fn os ,d lkFk dke djrs gS vkSj dqy osru
vkSjB }kjk ,d lkFk dk;Z dks iwjk djus esa yxus okys fnuksa dh
P
Pu

`550 gS] rks nksuksa dk fgLlk Kkr djsaA

 xy fnu gSA
5
on
an

A = (5  6) ×550 = `250 Ex. If A working alone takes 4 days more than A and
B and B working alone takes 9 days more than A
pi

5 and B working together. Then the number of days

B = (5  6) ×550 = `300
am

taken by A and B working together to finish a job?

;fn A vdsys dk;Z djrs gq,
A vkSjB ls 4 fnu vf/d ysrk gS vkSj
g

11. If A can do a work in 'x' days and B is R% more

Ch

efficient than A then 'B' alone will do the same B vdsys dk;Z djrs gq,
A vkSjB ds ,d lkFk dk;Z djus ls
9 fnu
vf/d ysrk gSA rks
A vkSjB }kjk feydj ,d dk;Z dks iwjk djus
Ga

100
work in x 100  R  days esa fdrus fnu yxrs gSa\
 Time taken by A and B together
;fn A fdlh dk;Z dks'x' fnuksa esa dj ldrk gSBvkSj
] A dh rqyuk
A vkSjB }kjk ,d lkFk fy;k x;k le;
100
esa
R% vf/d dq'ky gS rks
'B' vdsyk mlh dk;Z dks
x 100  R  = 4  9 = 6 days
 Wages/etnwjh
 work done/fd;k x;k dk;Z
fnuksa esa djsxkA
 Work done/fd;k x;k dk;Z Number of persons
Ex. A can do a work in 10 days. B is 20% more efficient
than A. Then B alone do the same work in? involved/lfEefyr O;fDr;kas dh la[;k
A fdlh dke dks10 fnuksa esa dj ldrkBgSA
] A dh rqyuk esa
20%  Work done = Number of persons × efficiency ×
vfèkd dq'ky gSABrks
vdsys fdrus fnuksa esa leku dk;Z djsxk\time period
100 fd;k x;k dk;Z= lfEefyr O;fDr;kas dh la[;k
× {kerk
× le; varjky
B alone will do = 10 ×
100  20
100
= 10 ×
120

187
 Arithmetic

Pipe & Cistern (uy o Vadh)

Amount of water released or filled = Rate × time. Ex. If a pipe fills a tank in 20 hours but it takes 4
NksM+s x, ;k Hkjs x, ikuh dh = njek=kk
× le;A hours more to fill it due to leakage in the tank. If
1. Two taps 'A' and 'B' can fill a tank in 'x' hours and the tank is filled completely, then in how many
'y' hours respectively. If both the taps are opened hours it will be empty?
together, then how much time it will take to fill ;fn ,d ikbi fdlh Vadh dks20 ?kaVs esa Hkjrk gS ysfdu Vadh esa
the tank? ds dkj.k mls Hkjus 4 ?kaVs
esa vf/d yxrs gSaA ;fn Vadh vPNh rjg
nks uy'A' vkSj'B' ,d Vadh dks Øe'k%'x' ?kaVs vkSj
'y' ?kaVs esa Hkj ls Hkjh tkrh gS] rks og fdrus ?kaVs esa •kyh gks tk,xh\
ldrs gSaA ;fn nksuksa uyksa dks ,d lkFk •ksy fn;k tk,] rks Vadh dks

r
20  (20  4)
Hkjus esa fdruk le; yxsxk\ Required time =
4

Si
 xy  = 5 × 24 = 120 hours
Required time =   hrs
 x +y 
5. A tap 'A' can fill a tank in 'x' hours and 'B' can
2. Two taps 'A’ and 'B' can empty a tank in 'x' hours empty the tank in 'y' hours. Then (a) time taken
and 'y' hours respectively. If both the taps are

ap
to fill the tank
opened together, then time taken to empty the
,d uy 'A' ,d Vadh dks'x' ?kaVs esa Hkj ldrk 'B'
gS Vadh
vkSj dks
 xy  'y' ?kaVs esa •kyh dj ldrk gSA
(a) VSad
rc dks Hkjus esa yxus oky
tank will be Required time   x  y  hrs
  le;

n
t
nks uy'A’ vkSj'B’ ,d VSad dks Øe'k%
'x’ ?kaVs vkSj
'y’ ?kaVs esa •kyh when both are opened (tc nksuksa •ksys tkrs gSa)
io
ra
dj ldrk gSA ;fn nksuksa uy ,d lkFk •ksys tkrs gSa] rks Vadh dks•kyh 
at
xy
 :x y
ic

 xy  y x 
djus esa yxk le;  x  y  ?k.Vs
bl

  (b) time taken to empty the tank

P

Vadh dks •kyh djus esa yxk le;

Pu

3. If x, y, z,........... all taps are opened together then,

the time required to fill/empty the tank will be:
when both are opened @ tc nksuksa •ksys tkrs gSa
;fn x, y, z,........... lHkh uy ,d lkFk •ksys tkrs gSa] rks Vadh dks
on
an

Hkjus@•kyh djus esa yxus okyk le; gksxk%  xy 

 :y  x
pi

x y 
1 1 1 1
am

   ....  eg. (a) Tap A can fill the tank in 10 hours and
x y z T
tap B can empty it in 15 hours. Find the taken to
g

where T, is the required time.

Ch

fill the tank.

tgk¡T] vHkh"V le; gSA
Ga

Note: Positive result shows that the tank is filling + –

and Negative result shows that the tank is getting A B
10 15
empty.
uksV/ukRed
% ifj.kke n'kkZrk gS fd Vadh Hkj jgh gS vkSj ½.kkRed +3 –2
30
ifj.kke n'kkZrk gS fd Vadh •kyh gks jgh gSA
4. If a pipe fills a tank in 'x' hours but it takes 't'
more hours to fill it due to leakage in tank. If tank 30
Time taken to fill the tank = = 30 hours
is filled completely, then in how many hours it 32
will be empty? [due to leakage outlet] Alternatively:-
;fn ,d ikbi fdlh Vadh dks'x' ?kaVs esa Hkjrk gS ysfdu Vadh esa fjlko
10  15 10  15
ds dkj.k mls Hkjus 't' ?kaVs
esa vf/d yxrs gSaA ;fn Vadh iwjhTime
rjg Hkj
taken to fill the tank = 
15  10 5
tk,] rks og fdrus ?kaVs esa •kyh gks tk,xh\ ¹fjlko vkmVysV ds
= 30 hours
dkj.kº (b) Tap A can fill the tank in 15 hours and Tap B can
x x + t empty it in 10 hours. Find time taken to empty
Required time=
t the tank.

188
 Arithmetic
+ –
A B
15 10
+2 –3
30

30
Time taken to empty the tank = = 30 hours
1
Alternatively:-
15  10 150
Time taken to empty the tank = 
15 – 10 5
= 30 hours

r
6. Two taps A and B can fill a tank in x hours and y

Si
hours respectively. If both the pipes are opened
together, then the time after which pipe B should
be closed so that the tank is full in t hours
nks uyA vkSjB ,d Vadh dks Øe'k%
x ?kaVs vkSj
y ?kaVs esa Hkj ldrs
gSaA ;fn nksuksa ikbiksa dks ,d lkFk •ksy fn;k tkrk
x dksgS] rks ikbi
fdrus le; ckn can dj nsuk pkfg, rkfd VSad

Required time @ vko';d le;   t 

 y 1    hours
  x 
ap
t ?kaVs esa Hkj tk,]

n
t
io
ra
at
ic
bl
P
Pu
on
an
pi
am
g
Ch
Ga

189
 Arithmetic

Time, Speed & Distance (le;] nwjh vkSj pky)

Time Time is a fundamental physical quantity which S1

Proof:-
defines the sequence and duration of events and
it is denoted by 'T' A D B
le;  le; ,d ekSfyd HkkSfrd ek=kk gS tks ?kVukvkas ds vuqØe S2
vkSj vof/ dks ifjHkkf"kr djrh gS vkSj
'T' }kjk
bls fu:fir fd;k Diff. of time = t
tkrk gSA Diff. of speed = S1 ~ S2/S2~S1 = S
 Distance The length of space between two points
D D

r
is considered the distance and it is denoted by 'D'  S  S  t
nwjh
 nks fcanqvksa ds chp LFkku dh yackbZ dks nwjh ekuk tkrk gS vkSj
1 2

Si
bls 'D' }kjk fu:fir fd;k tkrk gSA  S2  S1 
 D    t
 Speed Speed is defined as the distance travelled  S1S2 
in unit time and it is denoted by 'S'.
S1S2

ap
xfr  xfr dks bdkbZ le; esa r; dh xbZ nwjh ds :i esa ifjHkkf"krD = × Δt
S1 ~ S2
fd;k x;k gS vkSj bls
'S' }kjk n'kkZ;k tkrk gSA
Case-III: If speed constant D  T
 Distance = D, Speed = S, Time = T
Dl = ST1

n
D D D2 = ST2
t
 D = S × T, S = ,T=
T S
io
D1 T1
ra
=
at
1km 1000m 5 D2 T2
1km/hr = 1Hr  3600 sec  m/sec
ic

18  If A and B starts walking towards each other. After

bl

5
meeting each other. A covered his remaining
P

1km/hr = m/sec distance in t1 time and B covered his remaining

Pu

18
distance in t2 time. Then ratio of their speed is
1 m/sec =
18
km/hr. ;fn A vkSjB ,d nwljs dh vksj pyus yxrs gSaA vkil esa feyus ds
on
an

5
ckn]A viuh 'ks"k nwjht1dksle; esa r; djrk gS vkSjB viuh
pi

Case-I:If D = constant
1
S  , T 
1 'ks"k nwjht2dks
le; esa r; djrk gSA rks mudh xfr dk vuqikr gS
T S
am

D = S1T1  S1T1 = S2T2 A t

 = 2
g

B t1
Ch

 S1 = T2
S2 T1
Ga

If they meet after 't' hours then t = t1 · t 2

720 km
;fn os 't' ?kaVs ds ckn feyrs tgSa
= rks
t1 · t 2
A B
S 1 = 60 km/h S2 = 90 km/h Ex. A and B started their journey from X to Y and Y to
X respectively. After crossing each other A and B
D = Constant
completed the remaining part of their journey in
720 4h and 9h respectively. If the speed of B is 60 km/
A=  12Hr.
60 h then speed (in km/h) of A is:
720
 8 Hr.
A vkSjB us Øe'k%
X ls Y vkSjY ls X rd viuh ;k=kk 'kq: dhA
B=
90 ,d nwljs dks ikj djus ds ckn
A vkSjB us viuh ;k=kk dk 'ks"k Hkkx
Speed  2 : 3 Øe'k%4 ?kaVs vkSj
9 ?kaVs esa iwjk fd;kA
B dh ;fn
xfr 60 fdeh@?kaVk
Time  3 : 2
Case-II: If time constant D  S
gS rks
A dh xfr (fdeh@?kaVk esa) gS%
D1 = S1 T SA 9 S 3
D2 = S2 T   A 
SB 4 60 2
D1 S1
= SA = 90 km/h
D 2 S2

190
 Arithmetic
Relative speed (lkis{k xfr) 4. When a train passes another train in same
direction.
1. When the two objects travel in same direction:-
tc nks oLrq,¡ ,d gh fn'kk esa pyrh gSa%& tc ,d Vªsu mlh fn'kk esa nwljh Vªsu dks ikj djrh gSA
S1 slow S2
 30km/hr. L1 L2
 70 km/hr.
L 1 + L 2 Distance Covered
Relative speed (lkis{k xfr)= 70 – 30 = 40km/hr. T=
S1 – S2 = Relative Speed
 Distance between man & bus in one hr. will be
40 km. 5. When a train passes a person sitting in another
Relative speed = diff of speeds moving train
vkneh vkSj cl ds chp ,d ?kaVs esa 40 fdeh nwjh gksxhA tc ,d Vªsu nwljh pyrh Vªsu esa cSBs O;fÙkQ dks ikj dj tkrh
lkis{k xfr= xfr dk varj S S1 2
L1
2. When two objects travel in opposite direction:-

r
tc nks oLrq,¡ foijhr fn'kk esa pyrh gSa%&

Si
L1 L1
T
30 km/hr 70 km/hr Re lative Speed = S1 – S2

Relative speed (lkis{k xfr) 30+70 = 100 km/hr. Average speed (vkSlr xfr)
Relative speed (lkis{k xfr) = sum of both speeds. 1. If a man travels different distances d1, d2, d3, .....

ap
(nksuksa xfr dk ;ksxA) and so on in different time t1, t2, t3 respectively
then,
When train passes (tc Vªsu xqtjrh gS)
;fn ,d O;fÙkQ vyx&vyx nwjhd1, d2, d3, ..... vkSj blh rjg
1. When train passes a pole or stationary man
vyx&vyx le; t1, t2, t3 esa Øe'k% r; djrk gS] rks]
tc Vªsu fdlh •aHks ;k fLFkj vkneh ls xqtjrh gS

n
t
S S
io
Average speed @ vkSlr xfr=
total travelled distance
ra
at
L L total time taken in
travelling distance
ic

Distance covered will be equal to length of train

r; dh xbZ nwjh Vªsu dh yackbZ ds cjkcj gksxh
bl

d1  d2  d3  ...
P

=
Pu

L t1  t 2  t3  ...
T=
S 2. If a man travels different distances d1, d2, d3, .....
T = crossing time (ikj djus dk le;)
on

and so on with different speeds s 1 , s 2 , s 3 ,

an

2. When train passes a bridge/platform. respectively then,

pi

tc Vªsu iqy@IysViQkeZ ls xqtjrh gSA ;fn ,d O;fÙkQ vyx&vyx nwjhd1, d2, d3, ..... vkSj blh rjg
am

S vyx&vyx xfr Øe'k%s1, s2, s3 ls ;k=kk djrk gS] rks]

LT LP
g

 d  d2  d3  .....
Ch

distance covered will be equal to length of train + Average speed @ vkSlr xfr  1
d1 d2 d3
Ga

length of bridge/platform.    ....

s1 s 2 s 3
r; dh xbZ nwjh
= Vªsu dh yackbZ
+ iqy@IysViQkWeZ dh yackbZ ds cjkcj
Ex. A car travels 15 km, 20 km, 30 km and 12 km at
gksxhA speeds of 20 km/hr, 30 km/hr, 40 km/hr and 30
LT  LP km/hr respectively. Find the average speed of the
T
S car in the total journey.
T= Crossing time (ikj djus dk le;) ,d dkj Øe'k%15 fdeh]20 fdeh] 30 fdeh vkSj12 fdeh dh
3. When a train pases another train in opposite xfr ls 20 fdeh@?kaVk]
30 fdeh@?kaVk]
40 fdeh@?kaVk30 vkSj
direction fdeh@?kaVk dh pky ls r; djrh gSA dqy ;k=kk eas dkj dh vkS
tc ,d Vªsu foijhr fn'kk esa nwljh Vªsu dks ikj djrh gS Kkr djsaA
S1 S2
L1 L2 77 77
Average speed =   30
15 20 30 12 77
  
distance covered (r; dh xbZ nwjh)
= L1+L2 20 30 40 30
L1  L 2 Distance Covered = 30 km/h
T = S  S = Relative Speed
1 2 3. If a distance is divided into n equal parts each
travelled with different speeds, then,

191
 Arithmetic
;fn ,d nwjh dks
n cjkcj Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gS] çR;sd us by object travelling at original speed is
taken
vyx&vyx xfr ls ;k=kk dh] rks A
;fn dksbZ oLrq viuh ewy xfr dhxfr ds lkFk fuf'pr nwjh r;
B
n
Average speed @ vkSlr xfr djrh gS vkSj vius xarO;
't' ?kaVs igys ;k ckn esa igq¡prh gS] rks o
1 1 1 1
    
 s1 s 2 s 3 s 4 
}kjk ewy xfr ls ;k=kk djus esa fy;k x;k le; gS
where n number of equal parts s1, s2, s3, ......... sn A
Time = × time (in hour)
are speeds.  Diff. of A and B 
tgk¡n cjkcj Hkkxksa dh sla[;k
1
, s2, s3, ......... sn xfr gSaA 3. If a man travels at the speed of s1, he reaches his
4. If a bus travels from A to B with the speed of x destination t1 late while he reaches t2 before when
km/h and returns from B to A with the speed of y he travels at s2 speed, then the distance between
the two places is
 2xy 
km/h, then the average speed will be  x  y  ;fn ,d O;fÙkQ
s1 dh xfr ls ;k=kk djrk gS] rks og vius xarO;
t1

r
 
nsj ls igq¡prk gS tcfd og
t2 igys igq¡prk gS tc og
s2 dh xfr
;fn ,d cl A ls B rd x fdeh@?kaVk dh xfr ls ;k=kk djrh gS vkSj
ls ;k=kk djrk gS] rks nksuksa LFkkuksa ds chp dh nwjh gS

Si
B ls A rd y fdeh@?kaVk dh xfr ls okil vkrh gS] rks vkSlr xfr
Distance   s1  s2    t1  t2 
 2xy  s2  s1
gksxh  
x y
Some important points (dqN egRoiw.kZ fcanq)

ap
Ex. A person travels from a station A to station B at a
1. Formula to calculate the no. of rounds.
uniform speed of 60 km/h and returns to A at a
uniform speed of 84 km/h. His average speed for Circular Distance = (circumference) × No of
the entire journey is: rounds,
o`Ùkkdkj nwjh ¾ (ifjf/)
× pDdjksa dh la[;k

n
,d O;fÙkQ LVs'ku
A ls LVs'ku
B rd 60 fdeh@?kaVk dh ,d leku
t
xfr ls ;k=kk djrk gS vkSj
84 fdeh@?kaVk dh leku xfr lsAokil io
D = 2r × n
ra
at
2. If any one overtakes or follows another, then time
ij ykSVrk gSA iwjh ;k=kk ds fy, mldh vkSlr xfr gS% taken to catch
ic

2  60  84 vxj dksbZ fdlh dks vksojVsd ;k ihNk djrk gS rks mls idM+
bl

Average speed = = 70 km/h

le; yxrk gS
P

84  60
Pu

Alternatively:-
distance between them
Let D = 420 km (L.C.M of 84 and 60) 
Relative speed
on
an

420  420 840 or, meeting time (feyus dk le;)

pi

Average speed = 420 420  = 70 km/h

 5 7
 Speed of 1st traveller   time
am

84 60 
 Diff. of speeds 
Speed increase/decrease (xfr esa o`f¼@deh)
g

(pksj dks
Ch

1. If an object increases/decreases its speed from x Total travelled distance to catch the thief
idM+us ds fy, r; dh xbZ dqy nwjh)
Ga

km/hr to y km/hr. to cover a distance in t2 hours

in place of t1 hours then (Here (t2 – t1) will be given).
 Product of speeds   time
;fn dksbZ oLrq viuh xfrx dks
fdeh@?kaVk ls c<+kdj
y fdeh@?kaVk dj 
 Diff. of speeds 
nsrh gSA fdlh nwjh t1 ?kaVs
dks ds LFkku
t2 ?kaVs
ij esa r; djus ds fy,
3. Formula to calculate the no. of poles,
(;gk¡(t2 – t1) fn;k tk,xk)A
[kEcksa dh la[;k irk djuk
Distance 
xy
× (Change in time) Distance @ [kEcksa dh (nwjh)
la[;k = (n – 1)x
 Diff. of x and y  where n = No. of poles.
or, x = distance between consecutive two poles.
x ¾ yxkrkj nks [kEcksa ds chp dh nwjhA
 
Distance =  Product of Speeds  × (Change in time)
 Diff. in Speeds  1
4. If a man covers part of Journey at u km/h,
2. If an object travels certain distance with the speed x

A 1 1
of
B
of its original speed and reaches its y part at v km/h and z part at w km/hr and so
destination 't' hours before or after, then the time on, then his average speed for the whole journey
will be

192
 Arithmetic
1 1 2  Product of time
;fn ,d O;fÙkQ viuh ;k=kk dk
Hkkx
u fdeh@?kaVk dh xfr
y ls] ,d nwljs dks ikj djus esa fy;k x;k le;

Sum of time
x
1 9. If a train of length l m passes a bridge/ platform of
Hkkx
v fdeh@?kaVk dh xfr ls vkSj
Hkkxw fdeh@?kaVk dh xfr ls 'x' m in t1 sec, then the time taken by the same
z
train to cross another bridge/platform of length
r; djrk gS] rks iwjh ;k=kk ds fy, mldh vkSlr xfr gksxh 'y' m is,
1 l  y 
1 1 1 Time taken    t1
   .... l  x 
xu yv zw
;fn l ehVj yackbZ dh ,d 'x'
Vªsu
ehVj ds iqy@IysViQkWeZt1 lsdaMdks
5. Let 'a' metre long train is travelling with the speed
'x' m/s and 'b' metre long train is travelling with
esa ikj djrh gS] rks mlh Vªsu }kjk
'y' ehVj
yackbZ
ds nwljs iqy@IysViQk
the speed 'y' m/s in the opposite direction on l  y 
parallel path. Then, time taken by the trains to dks ikj djus esa yxus okyk le;gS]   t1
l  x 

r
cross each other
10. From stations A and B, two trains start travelling
eku yhft, fd 'a' ehVj yach Vªsu
'x' m/s dh xfr ls ;k=kk dj jgh

Si
towards each other at speeds a and b, respectively.
gS vkSj
'b' ehVj yach Vªsu lekukarj iFk ij foijhr fn'kk
'y' m/esa When they meet each other, it was found that one
s dh xfr ls ;k=kk dj jgh gSA fiQj] Vªsuksa }kjk ,d nwljs dks train
ikj djus
covers distance d more than that of another
esa yxus okyk le; train. The distance between stations A and B is
given as

a b

x y
seconds
ap LVs'kuksa
A vkSjB ls] nks Vªsusa aØe'k%
vkSjb dh xfr ls ,d nwljs
dh vksj ;k=kk djuk 'kq: djrh gSaA tc os ,d&nwljs ls feyrs gS
;g ik;k x;k fd ,d Vªsu nwljh Vªsu dh rqyuk
d vf/d
esanwjh r;

n
t
6. If a train crosses a standing man/a pole in 't1' sec djrh gSA LVs'kuksa
A vkSjB ds chp dh nwjh bl çdkj nh xbZ gS
time and crosses 'P' meter long platform in 't2' sec io
ra
at
a b
P  t1   d
time, then length of the train   t  t  a b
ic

2 1
11. Excluding stoppage, the average speed of a train
bl

;fn dksbZ jsyxkM+h fdlh •M+s O;fÙkQ@•aHks

't1' lsd.M le; esadks
ikj
P

is u and with stoppage its average speed is v. Then,

Pu

djrh gS rFkk
'P' ehVj yEcs IysViQkeZ
't2' lsd.M
dks le; esa ikj the stoppage time per hour
P  t1 Bgjko dks NksM+dj] ,d Vªsu dh vkSlr
u gS vkSj
xfr Bgjko ds lkFk
on

djrh gS] rks jsyxkM+h dhyEckbZ

an

t  t 
2 1
bldh vkSlr xfr v gSA fiQj] çfr ?kaVs #dus dk le;
pi

7. If two trains of (same lengths) are coming from Diff. between their average speed

am

same direction and cross a man in t 1 and t 2 Speed without stoppage

seconds, then time taken by both the trains to
g

uv
Ch

2  Product of time 
cross each other  Diff. of time
u
Ga

With u > v and u, v  0

;fn (leku yackbZ) dh nks jsyxkfM+;k¡ ,d gh fn'kk ls vk jgh
12.gSa vkSj covers a distance between stations A and
A train
,d vkneh dkst1 vkSjt2 lsdaM esa ikj djrh gSa] rks nksuksa jsyxkfM+;ksa
B in time t1. If the speed is changed by S then the
}kjk ,d nwljs dks ikj djus esa fy;k x;k le; time taken to cover the same distance is t2. Then
the distance (D) between A and B is given by
2  Product of time
 ,d Vªsu LVs'kuksa
A vkSjB ds chp dh nwjh dks
t1 le; esa r; djrh
Diff. of time
gSA ;fn xfr dks
S ls cny fn;k tk, rks leku nwjh r; djus esa yxus
8. If two trains of same length are coming from
opposite directions and cross a man in t1 seconds okyk le; t2 gSA rcA vkSjB ds chp dh nwjh (D) }kjk nh tkrh
and t2 seconds then time taken by both trains to gS
2  Product of time  t t   S' 
cross each other  Sum of time D  S  1 2  or   t1t2
 t1  t 2   t ' 
;fn leku yackbZ dh nks Vªsusa foijhr fn'kkvksa ls vk jgh gSa vkSj ,d
Where 't' : change in the time taken
vkneh dkst1 lsdaM vkSj
t2 lsdaM esa ikj djrh gSa rks nksuksa Vªsuksa }kjk
tgk¡'t' % fy, x, le; esa ifjorZu

193
 Arithmetic

Boat & Stream (uko o /kjk)

DU
y=
2
= Speed of stream. (/kjk dh xfr)
D>U
2. Let the speed of boat is x km/h and speed of stream
is y km/h. To travel d1 km downstream and d2 km
x
Boat Speed of upstream, the time is 't' hours, then
(uko) men (boat) ekuk uko dh xfr
x fdeh@?kaVk gS vkSj /kjky fdeh@?kaVk
dh xfr gSA
d1 fdeh /kjk ds vuqdwy vkSj
d2 fdeh /kjk ds çfrdwy ;k=kk djus

r
ds fy,] le; 't' ?kaVs gS] rc

Si
Sail direction
y d1 d2
 t
Downstream Speed of x y x y
current Ex. The speed of a boat is 23 km/hr and the speed of
the stream is 9 km/hr, it takes 't' time to cover a

ap distance of 112 km downstream and 224 km

upstream. Then find the value of t?
,d uko dh xfr 23 fdeh@?kaVk gS vkSj /kjk
gS] mls
112 fdeh dh nwjh /kjk ds vuqdwy
9 fdeh@?kaVk
dh xfr
vkSj
fdeh dh nwjh

n
224
t
x
io
/kjk ds izfrdwy r; djus esa
't' le; yxrk gSA rks
t dk eku Kkr
ra
at
Boat Speed of dhft;s\
(uko) men (boat)
ic

Current 112 224

direction  t
bl

23  9 23  9
P
Pu

Sail direction t = 3.5 + 16 = 19.5

y 3. If the speed of a boat or swimmer in still water is
Speed of a km/hr and river is flowing with a speed of b
on

Upstream
an

current km/hr. then average speed in going to a certain

pi

place and coming back to starting point is given

am

(x+y) (a  b)(a  b)
by = km/hr
a
g

;fn 'kkar ty esa uko ;k rSjkd dh axfr

fdeh@?kaVk gS vkSj unh
Ch

Distance b
A B
fdeh@?kaVk dh xfr ls cg jgh gSA rks ,d fuf'pr LFkku ij tkus
Ga

(x-y) (a  b)(a  b)
çkjafHkd fcanq ij okil vkus dh vkSlr xfr ¾
1. Speed of boat in still water = xkm/hr a
'kkar ty esa uko dh xfr = xkm/hr fdeh@?kaVk }kjk nh tkrh gSA
Speed of current/stream = ykm/hr Ex. If the speed of 1 swimmer in still water is 8 km/
/kjk dh xfr= ykm/hr hr and the river is flowing at the speed of 4 km/
hr, then what is the average speed of going to a
 Speed of boat in same direction of stream
certain place and coming back to the starting
= downstream = D = x + y
point?
/kjk dh ,d gh fn'kk esa uko dh =xfr/kjk ds vuqdwy
=D=x+y
;fn 'kkar ty esa1 rSjkd dh xfr8 fdeh@?kaVk gS vkSj4 unh
 Speed of boat in opposite direction of stream = fdeh@?kaVk dh xfr ls cg jgh gS] rks ,d fuf'pr LFkku ij tkus v
upstream = U = x – y çkjafHkd fcanq ij okil vkus dh vkSlr xfr D;k gS\
/kjk ds foijhr fn'kk esa uko dh xfr ¾ /kjk ds çfrdwy
=U=x–y
(8  4)(8  4) 12  4
Average speed =  = 6km/h
DU 8 8
 x>y x=
2
= Speed of boat. (uko dh xfr)

194
 Arithmetic
4. If a man or a boat covers x km distance in t1 hours 4
along the direction of stream (downstream) and Ex. A swimmer covers a certain distance in 8 hour
5
covers the same distance in t2 hours against the
stream i.e. upstream, then upstream while it takes 4 hours to cover the same
distance downstream, then find the ratio of the
;fn dksbZ O;fÙkQ ;k uko /kjk dh fn'kk esa (/kjkt1ds?kaVs
vuqdwy)speed of the swimmer and the speed of the stream?
esax fdeh dh nwjh r; djrk gS vkSj /kjk ds çfrdwy ;kuh /kjk ds
4
foijhr t2 ?kaVs esa leku nwjh r; djrk gS] rks ,d rSjkd ,d fuf'pr nwjh dks /kjk ds izfrdwy
8 ?kaVs esa r; djrk
5
speed of man/boat (vkneh@uko dh xfr) = gS tcfd leku nwjh dks /kjk ds vuqdwy r; djus
4 ?kaVs
esa dk le;
x1 1 ysrk gS rks rSjkd dh pky vkSj /kjk dh pky dk vuqikr Kkr dj
   km / hr
2  t1 t 2 

x1 1 4 64
speed of stream (/kjk dh xfr) =    km / hr 8
5
4
8
2  t1 t 2   5   8:3

r
4 24 3
Ex. If a man covers a distance of 100 km in 5 hours 8 4

Si
5 5
in the downstream direction and the same
distance in 10 hours in the upstream direction, 7. Let the speed of stream be y km/h and speed of
then find the speed of the man? boat be x km/h. A boat travels equal distance (d)
upstream as well as downstream in 't' hours, then
;fn ,d vkneh /kjk dh fn'kk eas
5 ?kaVs100
esafdeh dh nwjh r;
ekuk /kjk dh xfr
y fdeh@?kaVk vkSj uko
x fdeh@?kaVk
dh xfr gSA ,d

ap
djrk gS vkSj ogh nwjh /kjk dh foijhr fn'kk
10 ?kaVs
eas esa r; djrk
uko't' ?kaVs esa /kjk ds çfrdwy vkSj /kjk ds vuqdwy leku nw
gS rks vkneh dh xfr Kkr dhft;s\
djrh gS] rks
100  1 1 
    5 × 3  15 km/h d d

n
  t,
t
2  5 10 
io
x y x y
5. If a swimmer takes same time to travel d1 km
ra
at
downstream and d2 km upstream, then, t(x 2  y 2 )
d is the fixed distance or, d =
;fn ,d rSjkd d1 fdeh /kjk ds vuqdwy vkSj
d2 fdeh /kjk ds
ic

2x
çfrdwy ;k=kk djus esa leku le; ysrk gS] rks]
bl

t(x 2  y 2 )
d fuf'pr nwjh gS rc]
P

d=
Pu

Speed of swimmer or boat d1  d2 2x


Speed of stream d1  d2 2dx
on

t = x 2 – y2
an

Ex. If a swimmer takes equal time to travel 400 km

downstream and 300 km upstream, then find the
pi

Ex. A boat covers a distance of 540 km upstream and

ratio of the speed of the swimmer and the speed downstream in 't' time. If the speed of stream is 8
am

of the stream. km/h and the the speed of boat is 10 km/h then
;fn ,d rSjkd 400 fdeh-dh ;k=kk /kjk ds vuqdwy vkSj
fdeh-
g

300 find the value of 't'?

Ch

/kjk ds izfrdwy ;k=kk djus esa leku le; ysrk gS rks rSjkd fd pky
,d uko 't' le; esa /kjk ds çfrdwy vkSj /kjk ds vuqdwy
540
Ga

vkSj /kjk dh pky dk vuqirk Kkr djsaA fdeh dh nwjh r; djrh gS ;fn /kjk dh xfr
8 fdeh@?kaVk gS vkSj uk
400  300 700 dh xfr 10 fdeh@?kaVk gS
't' dk
rks
eku Kkr dhft,\
 =7:1
400  300 100 2  540  10
6. A swimmer or boat travels a certain distance t = (10)2  (8)2 = 300 hrs
upstream in t1 hours, while it takes t2 hours to
travel same distance downstream. then, 8. If a boat travels in downstream and upstream.
then,
,d rSjkd ;k uko ,d fuf'pr nwjh dks /kjk ds çfrdwy
t1 ?kaVs esa
;fn dksbZ uko /kjk ds vuqdwy vkSj /kjk ds çfrdwy pyrh gSA
r; djrk gS] tcfd leku nwjh dks /kjk ds vuqdwy r; djus
t2 esa
?kaVs dk le; ysrk gSA rc] Speed of boat =
Sum of distances
=
d1  d2
2  time 2  time
Speed of swimmer t1  t2
 Difference of distances d1  d2
Speed of stream t1  t 2 Speed of stream = =
2  time 2  time

195
 Arithmetic

Race (nkSM+)

Linear race (js[kh; nkSM+)  In a 1 km race A gives B a start of 30 second.

 Dead Heat:  A race in which two or more ,d fdeh- dh nkSM+A,esa
B dks30 lsdsaM dh 'kq:vkr nsrk gSA
competitors finish at exactly the same time or
1 km
exactly the same result. (Starting point) (Destination)
A
MsM ghV% ,d nkSM+ ftlesa nks ;k nks ls vf/d çfr;ksxh fcYdqy ,d V×30 B 180 km
gh le; ij ;k ,d gh ifj.kke ds lkFk lekIr gksrs gSaA Let Speed of A is u.
 In a 400m race, A and B running from starting Speed of B is v.

r
point. Suppose A win the race:-  In 1 km race A wins over B by 30 second.
ehVj dh nkSM+
A vkSj
eas]B izkjafHkd fcanq ls nkSM+ jgs gS eku dh nkSM+

Si
400 1 fdeh A, esa
B ls 30 lsdaM ls thr tkrk gSA
fyft, A nkSM+ thrrk gS%&
(Starting point) (Destination)
A t
A
A A

ap
B B
1 km
20m B
B
400m
t 30 sec

n
t
It means that A completes the full race and B runs
20m less. io (t+30)
ra
at
bldk eryc gS fd A nkSM+ iwjh djrkBgS
20vkSj
ehVj de nkSM+rk A : B
ic

gSA Ti m e t : (t + 30)
bl

It means that A runs 400 m and B runs only 380m.

P

 In a 1 km race A gives a start of 100m to B and

Pu

bldk eryc gS fd A 400 m nkSM+rk gS

B vkSj
dsoy 380m still wins over B by 30 seconds.
nkSM+rk gSA 1 fdeh dh nkSM+
A, esa
B dks100 ehVj dh 'kq#vkr nsrk gS vkSj
on
an

 Beat distance: In a race of 100m if A beats B by fiQj Hkh

B ls 30 lsdaM ls thr tkrk gSA
pi

10m then that 10m called beat distance.

chV nwjh
: 100 ehVj dh nkSM+ esa
A, B;fn
dks10 ehVj ls gjk (Starting point) (Destination)
am

t
nsrk gS]10
rksehVj dh nwjh dks chV nwjh dgk tkrk gSA
g

A A
Ch

 Beat time: In a race of 100m if A beats B by 10 1 km

Ga

second then that 10 second called beat time.

chV Vkbe: 100 ehVj dh nkSM+ esa ;fndks10 lsdaM ls
A, B
100m B B 30 sec
gjk nsrk gS rks10
mllsdaM dks chV Vkbe dgk tkrk gSA t
 In 1 km race A gives B a start of 300m.
A : B
1 fdeh dh nkSM+
A, esa
B dks300 ehVj dh 'kq#vkr nsrk gSA
Distance  1000 : 900
1 km Time  t sec : (t + 30) sec
(Starting point) Circular Race (o`Ùkkdkj nkSM+)
A (Destination)
B t (same time) Case-I
 When two persons A and B are running around a
300m t (same time) circular track of length L meters with speeds a
m/s and b m/s in the same direction.
A : B
tc nks O;fÙkQ
A vkSjB, L ehVj yackbZ ds ,d o`Ùkkdkj VªSd ds pk
Dist 10 : 7
vksj ,d gh fn'kk esa
a eh-@lsa-bvkSj
eh-@lsa- dh xfr ls nkSM+ jgs g
Speed 10 : 7 (Time constant then D  S)

196
 Arithmetic
L meters L L L
track = LCM  , ,  second/lsdaM
a b c 
1. Race:- x  A beats B by d metres.
A nkSM+%&
  A] B dksd ehVj ls gjkrk gSA
x
B
x
A A
x–d d
They meet each other at any point on the track B
is/os VªSd ij fdlh Hkh fcanq ij ,d&nwljs ls feyrs gSa Time is same @ le; leku gS
Hence, D  S
L
 seconds /lsdaM  distance & speed dk ratio same gksxkA
ab
DA SA x
= =
DB SB x -d

r
They meet each other exactly at the starting point
Example:-
os ,d nwljs ls fcYdqy vkjafHkd fcanq ij feyrs gSa

Si
400m race — A give a start of 50m to B and still
L L beat him by 80m
= LCM  ,  seconds/lsdaM 400 ehVj nkSM+
A us
&B dks50 ehVj dh 'kq#vkr nh vkSj fiQj
a b
Case-II Hkh mls
80 ehVj ls gjk fn;kA

 Opposite direction They meet each other at any

point on the track/
ap DA
DB

foijhr fn'kk os VªSd ij fdlh Hkh fcanq ij ,d nwljs ls feyrs gSa




SA
400
270



40
27

40

n
SB 27
t
 L 
 seconds/lsdaM
2.
io
If in a race of length L, the time taken by A and B
ra
=
at
a b be tA and tB (tB > tA), then the distance (d) by which
A beats B given by,
ic

L meters ;fn yackbZL dh nkSM+ A esa]

vkSjB }kjk fy;k x;k le; tA vkSjtB
bl

(tB > tA) gks] rks nwjh

(d) ftlds }kjk A] B dks gjkrk gS]
P
Pu

L
B A d    (t – t )
on

 tB  B A
an

or, d = B’s speed × (tB – tA)

pi

They meet each other at the starting point

3. If in a race of length L, A can give B a start of ‘b’
os çkjafHkd fcanq ij ,d nwljs ls feyrs gSa
am

and C a start of ‘c’ then the start that B can give C.

;fn yackbZL dh nkSM+A]esa]
B dks‘b’ dh 'kq:vkr nsrk gSA vkSj
g

L L
Ch

= LCM  ,  seconds/lsdaM C dks‘c’ dh 'kq:vkr nsrk gS] rks og 'kq:vkr

B] tks
C dks ns ldrk
a b
Ga

gS
Case-III
 When three persons A, B and C are running around cb
= L 
a circular track of length L meter with a speed of L  b
a m/s, b m/s and c m/s in the same direction. 4. If A gives B a start of distance ‘d’ and still beats
tc rhu O;fÙkQ
A, B vkSjC ,d gh fn'kk esa
a eh-@lsa-]
b eh-@lsa- him by time ‘t’ in a race of length ‘L’. then B’s
speed is
vkSjc eh-@lsa- dh xfrL ls
ehVj yackbZ ds ,d xksykdkj VªSd ds pkjksa
;fn A] B dks nwjh
‘d’ dh 'kq#vkr nsrk gS vkSj fiQj Hkh
‘L’ dh
yackbZ
vksj nkSM+ jgs gSaA
nkSM+ esa
‘t’ le;
mlsls gjk nsrk gSA rks
B dh xfr gS
They will meet each other at any point on the
track is/os VªSd ij fdlh Hkh fcanq ij ,d&nwljs ls feysaxs S  L  d  Distance covered by B
B
L Total time taken by B
t
 L L  SA
 ,  second/lsdaM
a b bc
Where, SA : A’S speed (tgka]SA : A dh xfr)
They will meet each other at starting point Ex: A gives B a start of 200 m and still beats him by 5
os vkjafHkd fcanq ij ,d nwljs ls feysaxs sec in a race of 1 km. Find the speed of B it speed
of A is 10 m/sec.

197
 Arithmetic
A, B dks200 ehVj dh 'kq#vkr nsrk gS vkSj fiQj1Hkh
fdehmls A vkSjB Øe'k%18 ehVj@lsdaM7vkSj
ehVj@lsdaM dh xfr ls
dh nkSM+ 5 lsdaM
esa ls gjk nsrkBgSA
dh xfr Kkr dhft,] A dh 132 ehVj ifjf/ okys ,d o`Ùk ds pkjksa vksj pyrs gSaA ;fn os
xfr 10 ehVj@lsdaM gSA lkFk ,d gh fcanq ls 'kq: djrs gSa] rks fdrus le; ckn os igyh ck
1000  200 800 fiQj ls ,d lkFk gksaxs\
Speed of B @B dh xfr = 1000
=
5 105 132 132
 = 12 sec
10 18  7 11
13 Ex. If A beats B by 40m and B beats C by 100m then by
 7 m/sec how much distance A beats C?
21
5. A and B walk around a circle of circumference ‘p’ ;fn A, B dks40 ehVj ls gjkrk gS vkSj
B, C dks100 ehVj ls
with speeds SA and SB respectively. If they start gjkrk gS rks
A us C dks fdruh nwjh ls gjk;sxk\
simultaneously from the same point, the time
after which they will be together again for the first –130m

r
time
A vkSjB Øe'k%SA vkSjSB xfr ds lkFk‘p’ ifjf/ ds ,d o`Ùk A : B : C

Si
400m : 360m : 270m
ds pkjksa vksj pyrs gSaA ;fn os ,d lkFk ,d gh fcanq ls 'kq: djrs gSa]
(400m : 300m)×0.9
rks og le; ftlds ckn os igyh ckj fiQj ls ,d lkFk gksaxs
P Circumference ifjf/ –10% –25%

ap
= S  S = Relative Speed =
A B lki{s k pky A B C
Ex: A and B walk around a circle of circumference
132 m with speeds 18 m/sec and 7 m/sec
250
respectively. If they start simultaneously from the  –10 – 25 + = – 32.5

n
100
t
same point, the time after which they will be
together again for the first time? io
 400 × 32.5% = 130m
ra
at
ic
bl
P
Pu
on
an
pi
am
g
Ch
Ga

198
 Permutation & Combinations
(Øep; vkSj lap;)

Fundamental Principle of Counting xf.krh; :i ls ,d le; esa r(0<rn) ysdj ,d iafÙkQnesa fof'k"V
(x.kuk dk ekSfyd fl¼kar) oLrqvksa dks O;ofLFkr djus ds rjhdksa P(n, dh la[;k
r) ;kdks
n
Pr
 If an event can occur in m different ways, following }kjk fu:fir fd;k tkrk gSA
which another event can occur in n different ways,
n n!
then the total no. of occurrence of the events in i.e. Pr 
n  r!
the given order is m × n.
;fn ,d ?kVukm fofHkUu rjhdksa ls ?kfVr gks ldrh gS] ftlds cknProperties of Permutation (Øep; ds xq.k)

r
n
nwljh ?kVuk
n fofHkUu rjhdksa ls ?kfVr gks ldrh gS rks nksuksa
(i) Pn?kVukvksa
=n(n–1)(n–2)...1 = n!
dks feykdj dqym × n rjhds ls ?kfVr gks ldrs gSA

Si
n
n!
(ii) P0= =1
Ex. Mohan has 3 pants and 2 shirts. How many n!
different pairs of a pant and a shirt, can be dress (iii) nP1=n
up with? (iv) nPn–1=n!

ap
(v) nPr = nn–1Pr–1=n(n–1)n–2Pr–2=n(n–1)(n–2)n–3Pr–3
eksgu ds ikl3 iSaV vkSj
2 dehtsa gSaA ,d iSaV vkSj ,d 'kVZ ds fdrus
(vi) n–1Pr+rn–1Pr–1= nPr
tksM+s rS;kj fd;s tk ldrs gS\
n
For every choice of a pant, there are two choices Pr

n
(vii) n =n–r+1
t
Pr 1
io
of shirt.
ra
iSaV dh gj ilan ds fy,] 'kVZ ds nks fodYi gksrs gSaA Factorial notation The notation (n!) represents
at
the product of first n natural number.
ic

Therefore  3 × 2 = 6 pairs of pant and shirt.

vr% 3 × 2 = 6 tksM+h iSaV vkSj 'kVZA Øexqf.kr vadu vadu n! igys n çkÑfrd la[;k ds
bl

xq.kuiQy dk çfrfuf/Ro djrk gSA

P
Pu

Ex. In a test paper consist of questions and each

question has 4 choices if each question is n! = 1 × 2 × 3 × .............. × (n-1) × n
on

necessarily attempted then find the number of

an

1! = 1
ways of answering the test paper.
2! = 2 × 1 = 2
pi

,d ijh{kk isij esa

10 iz'u gS rFkk izR;sd iz'u
4 fodYi
ds gS ;fn
3! = 3 × 2 × 1 = 6
am

izR;sd iz'u dks djuk vko';d gS rks fdrus izdkj ls isij dk mÙkj
fn;k tk ldrk gSA 4! = 4 × 3! = 4 × 3 × 2! = 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 24
g
Ch

Sol. Since we know each question can be answered 5! = 5 × 4! = 5 × 4 × 3! = 5 × 4 × 3 × 2! = 5 × 4 × 3 ×

Ga

in 4 way. 2 × 1 = 120
D¡;wfd ge tkurs gS fd izR;sd iz'u
4 rjhds
dks ls mÙkj fn;k tk Note  0! = 1
ldrk gSA n!
n
Then total number of ways/(dqy rjhds) Pr =  n  r  ! , o < r < n (Repetition not allowed)

=4×4×4 = 10 times Note:-

n
= 410 Pn = n!
Permutation (Øep;) n
Po = 1
 A permutation is an arrangement in a definite order n!
When n = r nPn = = n!
of a number of objects taken some or all at a time. o!
,d Øep; la[;k ds ,d fuf'pr Øe esa ,d O;oLFkk gSA oLrqvksa
 The number of permutations of n different objects
dk ,d le; esa dqN oLrq ;k lHkh oLrq esa fy;k tkrk gSA taken 'r' at a time where repetition is allowed =
 Mathematically The number of ways of arranging nr
n distinct objects in a row taking r(0<rn) at a ,d le; esa 'r' fy, x, n fofHkUu oLrqvksa ds ØeifjorZu dh la[;
time is denoted by P(n, r) or nPr. tgka iqujko`fÙk dh vuqefr = nr gS

199
 The number of permutations of n objects, where p Clockwise and anticlock wise order will give the
objects are of same kind and rest are all different same.
n! Combination (lap;)
p!  Each of the different groups or selections which
can be made by some or all of a number of given
n oLrqvksa ds Øep;ksa dh la[;k]
p oLrq,¡
tgk¡ ,d gh çdkj dh gSa things without reference to the order of the things
n! in each group is called a combination.
vkSj 'ks"k lHkh fHkUu
p! gSaA rks nh xbZ oLrqvksa esa ,d lkFk dqN ;k lHkh oLrqvksa dks ysdj
 The number of permutation of n objects, where p1 dk è;ku j[ksa fcuk tks lewg cuk, tkrs gSa mUgsa lap; dgrs g
objects are of one kind, p2 are of 2nd kind ...........  Mathematically The number of combinations of
n different things taken r at a time is
Pk are of kth kind and the rest if any are of different
xf.krh; :i ls ,d le; esa yh xbZn fofHkUu oLrqvksa ds lap;ksa
n!
la[;k r gS

r
kind is p ! p !........p !
1 2 k

Si
 n n!
n oLrqvksa ds Øep; dh la[;k] tgk¡
p1 oLrq,¡ ,d çdkj dh gksrh C(n,r) or nCr or  r  i.e. nCr= r!  n  r  ! , 0  r  n
gSa]
p2 nwljh çdkj dh gksrh gSa -----------
Pk K çdkj dh gksrh gSa vkSj  

n! Properties of Combination (lap; ds xq.k)

'ks"k ;fn dksbZ fHkUu çdkj dhpgksrh gSaA (i) n
C0 = n
Cn = 1
1 !p 2 !........p k !

Ex. How many different words can be formed 'with the

letter of the word "JAIPUR" which start with A and
end with 'I'.
ap (ii)
(iii)
(iv)
n

n
C1 =
Cr =
If nCr
n
n
Cn–r
= nCp, then either r = p or r + p = n

n
t
"JAIPUR" 'kCn ds v{kjksa ls fdrus 'kCn cuk;s tk ldrsAgS ;fn n

io
n
Pr
(v) Cr =
ls 'kq#vkr gks rFkk
'I' ij lekfIr gks\
ra
r!
at
Sol. A _________ I (vi) nCr + nCr–1 = n+1Cr
ic

We now have 4 different letter at 4 places (vii) n×n–1Cr–1=(n–r+1) nCr–1

bl

4! = 4 × 3 × 2 × ! = 24
P

n n  n  1
Pu

n n 1 n2
Ex. Find the number of words that can be formed out (viii) Cr  Cr 1  Cr 2
r r  r  1
of the letters of the word "COMMITTEE" taken all
on

at a time? n
C0 + nC1 + nC2 +...+ nCn=2n
an

(ix)
"COMMITTEE" 'kCn ds lHkh v{kjksa dks ,d lkFk ysdj fdrus
pi

h!  h 
'kCn cuk;s tk ldrs gS\ Note:-   !
r!  r 
am

9! 9!  In combination order is not important let us

g

Sol.   45360
Ch

2!2!2! 8 assume there are 3 players A, B, C. A team

consisting of two players is to be formed. In how
Ga

Ex. In how many ways can 5 boys and 5 girls be seated

at a round table so that no two girls may be many ways we can do it.
together?  3 Teams possible
5 yM+ds vkSj lap; eas Øe egRoiw.kZ ugha gS eku
5 yM+fd;kas dks ,d xksykdkj est ds pkjkas rjiQ fdrus 3 f•ykM+h
ysa fd A,
gSaB, CA
rjhds ls fcBk;k tk ldrk gS ;fn dksbZ
2 yM+dh lkFk u cSBs\ nks f•ykfM+;ksa ls feydj ,d Vhe cukbZ tkuh gSA ge bls fdrus
Sol. Leave one seat vacant between two boys. ls dj ldrs gSaA
nks yM+dksa ds chp eas ,d lhV [kkyh NksM+sA  3 Vhesa laHko
The no. of ways to sit boys = 4!
5 girl can sit = 5! ways
Total ways = 4! × 5! = 24 × 120 = 2880 AB BC CA
Ex. In how many ways can 4 beads out of 6 different
beads be struns into a string.
,d 6 eksrh dh ekyk4lseksrh fdrus rjhds ls fudkys tk ldrs\ Team 1 Team 2 Team 3
6p4 6 : 5.4.3
Sol.   45 Each team is a combination of 3 different objects
4.2 8

200
 taken 2 at a time  3C2 i.e selecting r objects out of n objects is same as
rejecting (n–r) objects.
çR;sd Vhe
3 oLrqvkas dk lap; gSA ,d le;2esa
oLrqvksafy;k
dks
tkrk gS C2
3 vFkkZr
n oLrqvksa esa
r oLrqvksa
ls dk p;u djuk
(n–r) oLrqvksa dks
vLohdkj djus ds leku gSA
n!  n
Ca = nCb a = b & n = a + b
n
Cr = r !  n  r  ! If r = n then nCn = 1
 n
Cr + nCr-1 = n+1Cr
Fundamental Principles of Counting
3! 32
 No. of teams = 3C2 = 2!  3  2 ! = =3 (x.kuk ds ekSfyd fl¼kar)
2
 There are two Fundamental Principles of Counting
n
Co = 1
x.kuk ds nks ewyHkwr fl¼kar gSa
1. How many combination of 4 letter can be made of
the letter of word "JAIPUR" 1. Multiplication Principle @ xq.ku fl¼kar
"JAIPUR" ls 4 v{kj ysdj fdrus 'kCn cuk;s tk ldrs gS\ If first operation can be performed in m ways and

r
then a second operation can be performed in n
6.5.4.3 ways. Then, the two operations taken together can

Si
Sol. 6c 4   15
be performed in mn ways. This can be extended
4.3.2.1
to any finite number of operations.
2. A bag contain 3 one rupee coin, 4 five rupee coin,
and 5 ten rupee coin. ;fn igyk lafØ;km rjhdksa ls fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj fiQj nwljk
How many selection of coins can be formed by lafØ;kn rjhdksa ls fd;k tk ldrk gSA fiQj] ,d lkFk yh xbZ nk
taking at least one coin from the bag?
,d cSx esa] ,d #i;s]5 #i;s vkSj10 #i;s ds Øe'k%3, 4, 5
flDds gSA de ls de ,d flDdk ysus ds fdrus rjhds gksaxs\2.
ap lafØ;kvksamndksfof/;ksa ls fu"ikfnr fd;k tk ldrk gSA bls fdlh
Hkh ifjfer la[;k esa lapkyu rd c<+k;k tk ldrk gSA
Addition Principle @ tksM+ fl¼kar

n
t
Sol. (3+1) (4+1) (5+1) – 1 = 120–1 = 119
io
If an operation can be performed in m ways and
ra
3. In how many ways 20 identical mangoes may be another operation, which is independent of the
at
divided among 4 persons if each persons is to be first, can be performed in n ways. Then, either of
ic

given at least one mango? the two operations can be performed in m + n ways.
20 ,d tSls vkeksa dks
4 O;fDr;ksa eas fdrus rjhds ls fn;k tk ldrk
bl

This can be extended to any finite number of

P

mutually exclusive events.

gS ;fn izR;sd O;fDr dks de ls de ,d vke feys\
Pu

;fn ,d lafØ;k dks m rjhdksa ls fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj nwljh

Sol. 20 – 1C  19C3  969
lafØ;k] tks igys ls Lora=k
n fof/;ksa
gS] ls dh tk ldrh gSA fiQj]
on

41
an

4. In how many ways can a pack of 52 cards be nksuksa esa ls dksbZ Hkh
m + vkWijs'ku
n rjhdksa ls fd;k tk ldrk gSA
pi

divided in 4 set, three of them having 17 cards

each and forth just one card?
bls ijLij vuU; ?kVukvksa dh fdlh Hkh ifjfer la[;k rd c<+k;k tk
am

ldrk gSA
52 rk'k ds iÙkksa4 dks
lsV dks ,sls fdrus rjhdks ls ckaVk tk ldrk
Factorial (Øexqf.kr)
g

gS ftlls 3 lsV esa izR;sd

17esa
rk'k rFkk ,d esa dsoy ,d gks\
Ch

 For any natural number n, we define factorial as

Ga

52! 51! 52!

Sol. 1!51!  (17!)3 3!  (17!)3 , 3! fdlh Hkh çkÑfrd la[;k
n ds fy,] ge Øexqf.kr dks bl çdkj
ifjHkkf"kr djrs gSa
5. There are 3 letters and 3 envelopes find the
n! or n = n(n–1)(n–2)... 3×2×1.
number of ways is which all leters are put in the
wrong envelops? The notation n! represent the prdouct of first n
natural numbers.
3 i=k rFkk
3 fyiQkisQ gS mudks fdrus rjhdks ls xyr j[kk tk ldrk gSA
vaduvkSjn! igys n çkÑfrd la[;kvksaxq.ku
ds dk çfrfuf/Ro djrs
 1 1 1 gSaA
Sol. 3! 1      3 – 1 = 2
 1! 2! 3!  Important Results Related to Factorial
Relation between permutation and combination Øexqf.kr ls lacaf/r egRoiw.kZ ifj.kke
(Øep; vkSj lap; ds chp laca/)
(i) 0! = 1! = 1
 n
Pr = nCr × r!, o < r < n
(ii) Factorials of negative integers and fractions are
n! n! not defined.
 n
Cn-r = nCr n
Cn-r =  n  r  !  n   n  r   ! =  n  r  ! r !
  ½.kkRed iw.kkZadksa vkSj fHkUuksa ds xq.ku•aM ifjHkk
n
= Cr

201
(iii) n! = n(n–1)! = n(n–1) (n–2)!
n!
(iv) = n(n–1)(n–2)...(r+1)
r!
(v) n!+1, is not divisible by any natural number
between 2 and n!.
n!+1, 2 vkSjn! ds chp fdlh Hkh çkÑfrd la[;k ls foHkkT; ugha gSA
Exponent of a Prime p in n! @n! esa çkbe
p dk ,DliksusaV
 If p is prime and pr divides n!, then maximum
exponent of prime p in n! is given by
;fn p vHkkT; gS vkSj
pr] n! dks foHkkftr djrk gS]
n!rks
esa vHkkT;
p dk vf/dre ?kkrkad=

r
n  n   n 
Ep (n!)      2    3   ...

Si
p  p  p 

ap
n
t
io
ra
at
ic
bl
P
Pu
on
an
pi
am
g
Ch
Ga

202
 Probability (izf;drk)

Some Basic Definitions (dqN cqfu;knh ifjHkk"kk,¡) (ix) Impossible Event: An event which cannot occur
in a random experiment, is called an impossible
(i) Trial: Performing an experiment is called a trial.
event.
The number of times an experiment is repeated
is called the number of trials. vlaHko ?kVuk%
 ,d ?kVuk tks ,d ;kn`fPNd ç;ksx esa ?kfVr ugh
 fdlh ç;ksx dks djus dks ijh{k.k dgk tkrk gSA fdlhgks ldrh] ,d vlaHko ?kVuk dgykrh gSA
ijh{k.k%
ç;ksx dks ftruh ckj nksgjk;k tkrk gS mls ijh{k.kksa dh(x)la[;k dgk
Favourable Outcomes: Let S be the sample
tkrk gSA space associated with a random experiment and

r
E  S. Then, the elementary events belonging to
(ii) Sample Space: The set of all possible outcomes
E are known as the favourable outcomes to E.
of a random experiment is called the sample space

Si
of the experiment and it is denoted by S. vuqdwy ifj.kke% eku yhft, S ,d ;kn`fPNd ç;ksx vkSj
E
izfrn'kZ lef"V
% ls tqM+k izfrn'kZ lef"V gSA
 ,d ;kn`fPNd ç;ksx ds lHkh laHkkfor ifj.kkeksa dsSlsV E ls fiQj]
lacaf/r çkFkfed ?kVukvksa
dk ç;ksx dks izfrn'kZ lef"V dgk tkrk gSSvkSj
}kjkbls
fu:fir fd;k dksE ds vuqdwy ifj.kke ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA
tkrk gSA (xi) Equally likely Outcomes: The outcomes of a
(iii) Sample Point: The outcome of an experiment
is called the sample point, i.e. the elements of
set S are called the sample points.
ap random experiment are said to be equally likely,
when each outcome is as likely to occur as the
other.
leku :i ls laHkkfor ifj.kke%  ,d ;kn`fPNd ç;ksx ds

n
çfrn'kZ fcUnq%
 fdlh ç;ksx ds ifj.kke dks çfrn'kZ fcUnq dgrs gSa]
t
vFkkZr~ leqPp;
S ds vo;oksa dks çfrn'kZ fcUnq dgrs gSaA io
ifj.kkeksa dks leku :i ls laHkkfor dgk tkrk gS] tc çR;sd ifj.kk
ra
at
nwljs ds leku gksus dh laHkkouk gksrh gSA
(iv) Event: A subset of the sample space associated
ic

with a random experiment is called event or case. Trial (ijh{k.k) (prqFkk±'k

bl

?kVuk%
 ,d ;kn`fPNd ç;ksx ls tqM+s izfrn'kZ lef"V 
ds ,dEach trial is an action which results in one or
P
Pu

several outcomes.
mileqPp; dks ?kVuk ;k ekeyk dgk tkrk gSA
(v) Elementary:  (or Simple) Event An event çR;sd ijh{k.k ,d fØ;k gS ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i ,d ;k dbZ ifj.kke
on

izkIr gksrs gSaA

an

containing only one sample point is called

elementary event (or indecomposable event). Ex. Each toss of a coin is a trial, each throw of a dice
pi

çkjafHkd
(;k ljy) ?kVuk%
 ,d ?kVuk ftlesa dsoy ,d izfrn'kZ is a trial.
am

,d flDds
fcUnq gksrk gS] çkFkfed ?kVuk (;k vfo?kVuh; ?kVuk) dgykrh gSAdk çR;sd VkWl ,d Vªk;y gS] ikls dk çR;sd Fkzks ,d Vª
g

(vi) Compound Event: An event containing more gSA

Ch

than one sample points is called compound event 2. Let n be the total number of trials. The empirical
Ga

(or decomposable event). Probability (P(E) of an event E is given by

feJ ?kVuk%
 ,d ls vf/d izfrn'kZ fcanqvksa okyh ?kVuk dks feJ
ekuk ijh{k.kksa dh dqynla[;k
gSA ,d ?kVuk
E dh vuqHkotU;
?kVuk (;k fo?kVuh; ?kVuk) dgk tkrk gSA laHkkouk
(P(E) }kjk nh xbZ gS
(vii) Occurrence of an Event: An event associated
No. of trials in which the event happened
to a random experiment is said to occur, if any P(E) =
one of the elementary events associated to it is The total no. of trials
an outcome. Note:-
fdlh ?kVuk dk ?kfVr gksuk%
 ,d ;kn`fPNd ç;ksx ls lacaf/r • The probability of each event lies between 0 and
1.
?kVuk ?kfVr gksuk dgk tkrk gS] ;fn blls lacaf/r çkFkfed ?kVukvksa
esa ls dksbZ ,d ifj.kke gSA çR;sd ?kVuk dh laHkkouk
0 vkSj1 ds chp gksrh gSA

(viii) Certain Event: An event which must occur, • Sum of all the probabilities of an event is 1.
whatever be the outcomes, is called a certain fdlh ?kVuk dh lHkh laHkkoukvksa
1 gSA
dk ;ksx
event (or sure event). 3. Trial All possible outcomes
fuf'pr ?kVuk%
 ,d ?kVuk tks ?kfVr gksuh pkfg,] ifj.kke pkgs tks
ijh{k.k lHkh laHkkfor ifj.kke
Hkh gks] ,d fuf'pr ?kVuk (;k fuf'pr ?kVuk) dgykrh gSA

203
 Toss of a coin 2 (Head & Tail) P(E) + P(not E) = 1
,d flDds dk mNky P(E) + P( E )
Dice is thrown  6 (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)  for an event E,
iklk iQsadk tkrk gS p( E ) = 1 – P(E)
 Suppose a coin is tossed at random. We can P(E) = 1 – P( E )
reasonably assume that each outcome head or
(E) and ( E ) are complementary events.
tail is as likely to occur as the other.
eku yhft, ,d flDdk ;kn`fPNd :i ls mNkyk tkrk gSA ge (E) vkSj( E ) iwjd ?kVuk,a gSaA
;Fkksfpr :i ls eku ldrs gSa fd çR;sd ifj.kke gsM ;k Vsy ds nwljs
The maximum value of probability is 1.
ds :i esa gksus dh laHkkouk gSA izf;drk dk vf/d eku 1 gksrk gSA
 The outcomes head / tail are equally likely.  O < P(E) < 1 Probability of an event lies between
ifj.kke fpr@iV nksuksa cjkcj vk ldrs gSaA 0 and 1.

r
 The probability of getting a head or tail is @ gsM ;k O < P(E) < 1 fdlh ?kVuk dh çkf;drk
0 vkSj1 ds chp gksrh gSA

Si
6. Probability of an event E + probability of the event
1
Vsy vkus dh laHkkouk
=
2
gS not E = 1.
fdlh ?kVuk
E dh çkf;drk + E ugha dh çkf;drk
= 1A
No. of outcomes favourable to an event(E)  The probability of an event that can not happen is

ap
P(E) = No. of all possible outcomes of the experiment
0. Such an event is called impossible event.
Ex. If a coin is tossed. 2 events will happen either fdlh ?kVuk ds ?kfVr u gksus dh çkf;drk
0 gksrh gSA ,slh ?kVuk dks
head or tail. vlaHko ?kVuk dgrs gSaA
,d flDds dks mNkyk tkrk2gSA
?kVuk,a ;k rks gsM ;k Vsy
gksaxhA

n
t
The probability of an event that is certain to
All possible outcomes = 2 (Head or tail) io
happen is 1. Such an event is called sure event.
ra
at
lHkh laHko ifj.kke
= 2 (fpr ;k iV) ftl ?kVuk dk ?kfVr gksuk fuf'pr gS mldh çkf;drk
1 gksrh gSA ,slh
ic

1
?kVuk dks fuf'pr ?kVuk dgrs gSaA
bl

 Probability of an event getting a head = 3. The probability that at least one of the events A
P

2
Pu

and B occur is 0.7 and they occur simultaneously

1
fdlh ?kVuk ds gsM vkus dh çkf;drk
= with probability 0.2 then p(A)  p(B) 
2
on
an

nks ?kVuk
A vkSjB ds gksus ds izkf;drk
0.7 gS rFkk muds ,d lkFk
1
pi

Probability of an event getting a tail =

2
gksus dh izkf;drk
0.2 gS rc p(A)  p(B)  ?
am

1
Sol. We have p(A  B) = 0.7, and p(A  B)  0.2
fdlh ?kVuk ds iV vkus dh çkf;drk
g

=
Ch

2 p(A  B) = p(A) + p(B) – p(A  B)

(iwjd ?kVuk,¡)
Ga

Complementary Events p(A) + p(B) = 0.7 + 0.2 = 0.9

 Suppose we throw a dice @ eku yhft, ge ,d iklk iQsadrs
gSa
Let E  event of getting a number greater than
4. 4.
eku yhft, E  4 ls cM+h la[;k çkIr djus dh ?kVuk gSA
F  event of getting a number less than 4 or
equal to 4.
F  4 ls de ;k 4 ds cjkcj la[;k çkIr djus dh ?kVukA
1  p(A)  1p(B)  0.9
p(A)  p(B)  1.1
A bag contains 5 red and 4 green balls four balls
are drawn at random then find the probability that
two balls are red and two balls are green.
,d cSx esa5 yky vkSj4 gjh xsan gS muesa
4 xsan
ls ;}PNk fudkyh
tkrh gS muds2 yky xsan rFkk
2 gjh xsan gksus dh izkf;drk D;k gS

Getting a number not greater than 4 is same as Sol. 4 xsan dks fudkyus ds dqy=rjhds
9
C4
getting a number less than or equal to 4 i.e P(not 5 yky xsan ls2 yky xsan pquus ds rjhds
5C2
E) = P(F)
4 gjh xsan 2lsgjh xsan pquus ds rjhds
4C2
4 ls cM+h la[;k çkIr djuk
4 ls de ;k cjkcj la[;k çkIr djus
Total event that two ball are red and two are green
ds leku gS vFkkZr
P(not E) = P(F) 5 4
= C2. C2
 P(E) + P(F) = 1

204
 5
C2  4C2 5  4  4  3 10 3
p(A) =   7. At most 1 Tail = p =
9
C4 22 21 4
9876 (iii) When 3 coins are tossed  2 3 outomes = 8
432 outcomes
Concept of Coin 3 coins
1
1. When one coin is tossed then S = H, T  2 HHH, HHT, THH, THH, HTT, THT, TTH, TTT
outcomes = 2 outcomes
2. When two coins are tossed then S = HH, TT, HT,  If 3 coins are tossed simultaneously then find the
TH  22 outcomes = 4 outcomes probability of getting:
3. When three coins are tossed than S = HHH, TTT, 1
HTT, THT, TTH, THH, HTH, HHT  23 outcomes=8 1. 3 Heads = (H, H, H) =
8
4. When four coins are tossed then S = HHHH, TTTT,

r
HTTT, THTT, TTHT, TTTH, HHHT, HHTH, HTHH, 1
2. 3 Tail = (T, T, T) =
THHH, HTHT, THTH, TTHH, HHTT, THHT, HTTH. 8

Si
 24 outcomes = 16 outcomes
3
(i) When single coin is tossed 3. 2 Head = (HHT, HTH, THH) =
8
1 Coin
3

ap
4. 2 Tail = (HTT, THT, TTH) =
8
Head Tail
Only two possible events (Head, Tail) 5. At least 2 Heads = de ls de nks heads gks] rhu gkasxs rks Hk
Probability of getting Head Or Probability of getting pysxk

n
t
tail
io
4 1
= (HHH, HHT, HTH, THH) = 
ra
8 2
at
1  Head / Tail

2  Total Events 6. At least 2 tail = de ls de nks tail gks] rhu gkasxs rks Hkh pys
ic

2
(ii) When two coins are tossed. 2 = 4 outcomes
bl

4 1
P

= (TTT, TTH, THT, HTT) = 

Pu

2 coins 8 2
7. At most two heads = eryc T;knk ls T;knk heads
nks gks]
,d gks ;k uk gks rks Hkh pysxk
on

H, H H, T T, H T, T
an

I, II I, II I, II I, II
pi

7
22 = 4 total outcomes = (HHT, HTH, THH, HHT, THT, TTH, TTT) =
8
am

Probability of getting:
8. At most two tails = eryc T;knk ls T;knk tail
nksgks] ,d gks
g

1
Ch

1. Two Heads = (H, H) = ;k uk gks rks Hkh pysxk

4
Ga

7
1 = (HHH, HHT, HTH, THH, HTT, THT, TTH) =
2. Two Tails = (T, T)= 8
4
9. At least 1 head = de ls de ,d head gks T;knk fdrus Hkh
2 1
3. 1 Head = (T, H) (H, T) =  7
4 2 = ,d dsl NksM+dj
(TTT) ckdh lHkh 1
eas
head rks gksxkA
=
8
4. At least 1 Head = bldk eryc T;knk ls T;knk
1 head gks] uk
7
3 10. At least 1 Tail =
gks rks Hkh pysxk
= (H, T) (T, H) (T, T) = 8
4
11. At most 1 Head = T;knk ls T;knk
1 Head gks] uk gks rks Hkh
5. At least 1 Tail = bldk eryc de ls de 1 Tail gks] nks gks
pysxkA
3
rks Hkh pysxk
= (T, T) (H, T) (T, H) = 4 1
4 (HTT, THT, TTH, TTT) = 
8 2
6. At most 1 Head = bldk eryc T;knk ls T;knk
1 head gks] uk
4 1
3 12. At most 1 tail = 
gks rks Hkh pysxk
= (H, T) (T, H) (T, T) = 8 2
4

205
13. At least one head and one tail 2 1
(HHT, HTH, THH, HTT, THT, TTH) 6. No. Less than 3 = (1, 2) = 
6 3
6 3
= 1 head vkSj1 tail Hkh gSA
= 
7. No. Less than 4 = 1, 2, 3 =
3 1

8 4
6 2
1
14. No tails = (HHH) = 4 2
8 8. No. Less than 5 = (1, 2, 3, 4) = 
6 3
1
15. No heads = (TTT) = 2 1
8 9. No. More than 4 = (5, 6) = 
3 3
Concept of Dice
When two dice are thrwon simultaneously
1. When a die is thrown once then S = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Two dice = 62 = 36 total outcomes
n(S) = 6
(1, 1) (1, 2) (1, 3) (1, 4) (1, 5) (1, 6)

r
2. When two dice are thrown together or A die is
thrown twice then (2, 1) (2, 2) (2, 3) (2, 4) (2, 5) (2, 6)

Si
S = (1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6) (3, 1) (3, 2) (3, 3) (3, 4) (3, 5) (3, 6)
(2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6) (4, 1) (4, 2) (4, 3) (4, 4) (4, 5) (4, 6)
(3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6) (5, 1) (5, 2) (5, 3) (5, 4) (5, 5) (5, 6)
(4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 3), (4, 4), (4, 5), (4, 6) (6, 1) (6, 2) (6, 3) (6, 4) (6, 5) (6, 6)

ap
(5, 1), (5, 2), (5, 3), (5, 4), (5, 5), (5, 6) When two dice are thrown simultaneously find the
the probability of getting.
(6, 1), (6, 2), (6, 3), (6, 4), (6, 5), (6, 6)
n(S) = 6 × 6 =36 2 1
1. 3 as the sum = (1, 2) (2, 1) = 

n
36 18
t
3. When 3 dice are thrown or a die is thrown thrice
then 2. io
Same no. on both dice (a doublet)
ra
at
n(S) = 6 × 6 × 6 = 216
6 1

ic

n(S) no. of outcomes in sample space = (1, 1) (2, 2) (3, 3) (4, 4) (5, 5) (6, 6) =
36 6
bl

Dice: Number are written on each face 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

3. The sum as a prime number = (2, 3, 5, 7, 11)
P
Pu

= (1, 1) (1, 2) (2, 1) (2, 3) (3, 2) (1, 4) (4, 1) (3, 4) (4, 3)

15 5
on

(2, 5) (5, 2) (1, 6) (6, 1) (5, 6) (6, 5) = 

an

36 12
de ls de 10 dk
pi

4. A total of at least 10 = (10, 11, 12)

1
6 outcomes eryc 11 vkSj12 Hkh gks ldrk gSA
am

1 Dice =
(6, 4) (4, 6) (5, 5) (6, 5) (5, 6) (6, 6)
g

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Ch

Total number of outcomes = 6 6 1

Ga

p 
1 dice total events = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 36 6
Probability of getting 5. Doublet of even number = (2, 2) (4, 4) (6, 6)

3 1 3 1
1. Even no. = (2, 4, 6) =  p 
6 2 36 12
1. Two dice are thrown at a time. Find the probability
3 1 of the followings-
2. Odd no. = (1, 3, 5) = 
6 2
nks ikls ,d lkFk mNkys tkrs gS] uhps fn;s xbZ ?kVukvksa d
3 1 Kkr djs&
3. Prime no. = (2, 3, 5) = 
6 2 1. Number shown are equal.
2 1 muds mQij ,d leku la[;k vk;sxhA
4. No. multiple 3 = (3, 6) = 
6 3 2. The difference of number shown is 1.

2 1 muds mQij vkus okyh la[;k dk1varj

gksxkA
5. No. More than 3 = (4, 5, 6) = 
6 3 Sol. Total number of event = 6 × 6 = 36
E1 = {(1, 1) (2, 2) (3, 3) (4, 4) (5, 6) (6, 6)}

206
 n  E1  6 1  Heart cards (iku) = Diamond cards (bZV)
= Spade
I  n(E1) = 6, p(E1) =
n(s)
 
36 6 cards (gqdqe)
= Club cards (fpM+h)
= 13 each
 Total king = Total queen = Total Jack = Total Ace
II  E2 = (1, 2) (2, 1), (3, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4), (4, 3), (4, 5), (5,
= 4 each
4), (5, 6), (6, 5)
 Red king = Red queen = Red Jack = Red Ace = 2
n  E2 
10 5 each
n(E2) = 10, p(E2) =  
n(S) 36 18  Black king = Black queen = Black Jack = Black
Concept of Cards Ace = 2 each
Cards  Some pattern for all card (2 to 10) (Number cards)
Total cards = 36
Red card = 18
4 suits (13 card each) Black card = 18

r
 King of spade/heart/diamond/Club = 1

Si
 Queen of spade/heart/diamond/Club = 1
Spades Hearts
Clubs Diamonds
 Jack of spade/heart/diamond/Club = 1
Ace of spade/heart/diamond/Club = 1
2 of spade/heart/diamond/Club = 1

ap
Playing cards n(s) = 52 3 of spade/heart/diamond/Club = 1
.
Red Cards Black Cards .
(26) (26)

n
.
t
. io
ra
Heart Diamond Spade Club
at
(13) 13 13 (13) 10 of spade/heart/diamond/Club = 1
ic

Each suit contains 1 ace, 1 king, 1 queen, 1 jack  Face card/pictures card  Jack(4)/King(4)/
bl

and nine number cards 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Queen(4) = 12 cards

P
Pu

 Red face card  2(Jack) + 2(King) + 2(Queen) = 6

Face Card 12 4 king, Non face card 40  Black face card  2(Jack) + 2(King) + 2(Queen) = 6
on

4 Queen and 4 Jack 36 number cards + 4 aces

an

 Face card of spade  1(Jack) + 1(King) + 1(Queen) = 3

pi

 Face card of heart  1(Jack) + 1(King) + 1(Queen) = 3

am

 Face card of diamond  1(Jack)+1(King)+1(Queen) = 3

Find the probability of getting
g
Ch

Spades Hearts Diamonds Clubs izkIr djus ds izkf;drk Kkr dhft,

Ga

26 1
 Black card/Red card = 
52 2

Spade (Black color card) gqdqe  Card of spade/Card of heart/Card of diamond/Card

Heart (Red color card) iku 13 1
of club = 
Club (Black color card) fpM+h 52 4
Diamond (Red color card) bZV  Card of king/Card of queen/Card of jack/ Card of
Jack xqyke 4 1
Queen csxe Ace = 
52 13
King ckn'kkg
 Black king/Black queen/Black jack/Black Ace
Ace bZDdk
2 1
= 
52 26
Important Figures in Cards/dkMZ esa dqN egÙoiw.kZ vkadM+s
2 1
 Total cards = 52  Red king/Red queen/Red jack/Red Ace = 
52 26
 Red cards = Black cards = 26 each

207
 12 3
cards) + 4(4 cards) +5(4 cards) + 6(4 cards) + 7(4
 Face card = 
52 13 24 6
cards) = 
52 13
6 3
 Red face card/Black face card =   A card with number between 2 and 9 = 3 (4 cards)
52 26
+ 4(4 cards) +5(4 cards) + 6(4cards) + 7(4cards) +
 King of spade/King of heart/King of diamond/King
24 6
1 8(4 cards) = 
of club = 52 13
52
28 7
 Queen of spade/Queen of heart/Queen of  Either a black card or a king. = 
52 13
1
diamond/Queen of club = 2 1
52  Black and a king = 
52 26

r
26 1
 Not a black card = eryc Red card vkuk pkfg;s
=  12 3
52 2  A jack, queen or a king = 

Si
52 13
26 1
 Not a red card = eryc Black card vkuk pkfg;s
=   Neither a heart nor a king = (heart + king)'s card
52 2
= 13 + 3 = 16
 Not a spade card (Spade card = 13)  Remaining
16 9

ap
39 3 = 1  
card = 39 probability =  52 13
52 4
 Spade or an Ace = (heart + king)'s card = 13 + 3 =
3 16 4

n
 Not a heart card/Not a club card =
t
4 16 = 
io 52 13
ra
 Not a king (king = 4), total card = 52, Remaining
at
44 11
48 12  Neither an ace nor a king = 52 – 8 = 44  =
ic

card = 52 – 4 = 48,   52 13
52 13
bl

28 6
P

 Neither a red card nor a queen = 26 + 2 = 1 – =

Pu

12 52 13
 Not a ace/Not a jack =
13
2. Three cards are drawn from a pack of 52 cards.
on

 Not a red king/Not a red queen/Not a red jack/

an

What is the chace that all will be queen.

50 25 2 25 52 rk'k ds iÙkksa3esa
rk'k
ls fudkys tkrs gS rhukas ds jkuh gksus
pi

Not a red ace =  or  1  

52 26 52 26 izkf;drk D;k gSA
am

52
40 10 Sol. No. of ways = C3
g

 Not a face card = 

Ch

52 13
n(A) = 4 C 3 Event of drawing 3 queens
Ga

 Not a red face card/Not a black face card

46 23 6 3 23 4
=  or = 1  =1  = n(A) 4
C3 52.51.50 1
52 26 52 26 26 p(E)    
n(s) 52
C3 32 5525
2 1
 5 of heart Or diamond = 
52 26

8 2
 Jack or queen = 
52 13
 Jack and queen/Ace and king = 0
Note:- One card is shown at a time hence probability
of getting 2 cards is zero.
8 2
 A queen or a jack = 
52 13
 A card with number less than 8 = 2(4 cards) + 3 (4

208
 Statistics (lkaf[;dh)

Statistics  L1 = lower limit of the class interval/L1 = oxZ varjky

The study of data gathering, analysis, interpretation, dh fupyh lhek
presentation, and organisation is known as statistics.
Mid value:
Alternatively put. The field of mathematics is used to
gather and summarise data. Additionally, statistics is Upper limit + lower limit
a subfield of applied mathematics. Mid value =
2
lkaf[;dh%MsVk ,d=khdj.k] fo'ys"k.k] O;k[;k] çLrqfr vkSj laxBu ds
L 2  L1
vè;;u dks lkaf[;dh ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA oSdfYid :i ls j•sa- xf.kr m=

r
2
ds {ks=k dk mi;ksx MsVk bdêòk djus vkSj lkjkaf'kr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk

Si
 Types of statistical average: Average are broadly
gSA blds vfrfjÙkQ] lkaf[;dh O;kogkfjd xf.kr dk ,d mi{ks=k gSA
classified into two categories:/lkaf[;dh; vkSlr ds
 Class frequency: The number of times an item
izdkj%vkSlr dks eksVs rkSj ij nks Jsf.k;ksa eas oxhZÑr fd;k
repeats itself corresponding to a range of value
(or class interval) is called class frequency.

ap
Average
vko`fÙk%
eku dh ,d lhek (;k oxZ varjky) ds vuq:i dksbZ oLrq
Mathematical Positional
ftruh ckj [kqn dks nksgjkrh gS] mls oxZ vko`fÙk dgk tkrk gSA average average
 Class: A range of values which incorporate a set

n
(1) Arithmetic mean (1) Median
t
of items is called a class. for eg. 5–10, 10–15...
oxZ%ewY;ksa dh ,d Js.kh ftlesa oLrqvksa dk ,d lewg 'kkfey gksrk io
(2) Geometric mean (2) Partition value
ra
(3) Harmonic mean (3) Mode
at
gS] ,d oxZ dgykrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,A10–15...
5–10,
ic

 Arithmetic mean: Arithmetic mean is a simple

 Class limits: The extreme values of a class are
bl

average of all items in a series. The arithmetic

limits. Every class interval has two limits, lower
P

mean of a series is simply called 'Mean'

Pu

limit and upper limit. Of the class interval 5-10

in the above example the lower limit is 5 and the vadxf.krh; ekè;%vadxf.krh; ekè; ,d Üka`[kyk esa lHkh enksa
up-per limit is 10. ,d lk/kj.k vkSlr gSA fdlh Üka`[kyk ds vadxf.krh; ekè; dks ^ek
on
an

oxZ lhek,¡%
,d oxZ ds pje eku lhfer gSaA izR;sd oxZ varjky dhdgk tkrk gSA
pi

nks lhek,¡ gksrh gSa] fupyh lhek vkSj mQijh lhekA mijksDr mnkgj.k Formula/lw=k
am

esa oxZ varjky

5–10 dh fuEu lhek5 gS vkSj mPPk10 lhek
gSA
X1  X 2  X 3  ....  X n X
g

 Magnitude of a class interval: Magnitude of a X 

Ch

N N
class interval is the difference between the upper
Ga

limit and the lower limit of a class. For example Arithmetic mean is of two types:/vadx.krh; ekè; nks
in a class interval 10–15, the magnitude of the izdkj ds gksrs gSa%
class interval would be 15–10 = 5. Thus,
 Simple Arithmetic mean: In it, all items of a
,d oxZ varjky dk ifjek.k%,d oxZ iw.kk±d dk ifjek.k ,d oxZ series are given equal importance/ljy vadxf.krh;
dh mQijh ijkl vkSj fupyh ijkl ds chp dk varj gSA mnkgj.k ds
ekè;%bleas fdlh Js.kh dh lHkh inkas dks muds lkis{k egRo
fy, ,d oxZ varjky 10 – 15 eas] oxZ varjky dk ifjek.k vuqlkj vyx&vyx Hkkj fn, tkrs gSaA
15 – 10 = 5 gksxkA bl izdkj]
 Weighted arithmetic mean: In it different items
Formula/lw=k of a series are accorded different weights in
h = L2 – L 1 accordance with their relative importance.
where,/tgka] Hkkfjr vadxf.krh; ekè;%
bleas ,d Üka`[kyk dh fofHkUu oLrqvk
 h = magnitude of a class interval/h = ,d oxZ varjky muds lkis{k egRo ds vuqlkj vyx&vyx Hkkj fn, tkrs gSaA
dk ifjek.k Property of simple arithmetic Mean

 L2 = upper limit of the class interval/L2 = oxZ varjkylk/kj.k vadxf.krh; ekè;@ekè; dk xq.k%
dh mQijh lhek  Property 1 If x is the mean of n numbers of
observations x1, x2, x3, x4, ........., xn, then the sum

209
 of deviations of x from the observation x1, x2, x3,  Methods of calculating simple arithmetic mean
for ungrouped and grouped data.
x4, ........., xn, is zero i.e x  x 
voxhZÑr vkSj lewghÑr MsVk ds fy, ljy vadxf.krh; ekè; dh
;fn izs{k.kksa
x1, x2, x3, x4, ........., xn dh la[;kvkas dk ekè;
x
x.kuk djus dh fof/;kaA
gS] rks izs{k.kksa
x1, x2, x3, x4, ........., xn ls fopyukas dk ;ksx gSA
 Calculation of simple arithmetic mean in case of
'kwU; gS vFkkZr~
......,   x  x  = 0 ungrouped data (individual series): In the case of
ungrouped data (individual series) arithmetic
 Property 2 If x is the mean of 'n' numbers of
mean may be calculated by three methods:
observation x1, x2, x3, .........., xn, then the mean of
observation x1 + a, x2 + a, x3 + a, ......, xn + a, is x + xSj&lewghÑr MsVk (O;fDrxr Üka`[kyk) ds ekeys esa ljy va
a./;fn izs{kk.kkas
x1, x2, x3, .........., xn, dh la[;k dk ekè; x ekè; dh x.kuk% xSj&lewfgr MsVk (O;fDrxr Üka`[kyk) ds
gS] rks izs{k.kksax1dk ekè;
+ a, x2 + a, x3 + a, ......, xn + a, is vadxf.krh; ekè; dh x.kuk rhu fof/;ksa }kjk dh tk ldrh gS%
x + a gSA (a) Direct method./izR;{k fof/A

r
i.e. if each observation under consideration is (b) Assumed mean method./dfYir ekè; fof/A

Si
increased by quantity a, then their mean is also (c) Step-deviation method./pj.k fopyu fof/A
increased by the same quantity a./vFkkZr~ ;fn fopkjkèkhu
Sum of all observations
izR;sd izs{k.k dksa ek=kk
ls c<+k;k tkrk gS] rks mudk ekè; Hkh mlh Arithmetic mean =
Total no. of observations
ek=kka ls c<+ tkrk gSA
Mean (ekè;)
 Property 3 If x is the mean of n number of
observartions x1, x2, x3, .........., xn, then the mean
ap
of observation x1 – a, x2 – a, x3 – a, ........, xn – a, is
 Mean is the average of all the numbers in the
given data. Or
The arithmetic mean is found by adding the

n
x –a.
t
number & and dividing the sum of the total
;fn izs{k.kksa
x1, x2, x3, .........., xn, dh x la[;kvksa dk ekè; gS] io
number of observations in the list.
ra
at
rks izs{k.kkas
x1 – a, x2 – a, x3 – a, ........, xn – a, dk ekè; x ekè; fn, x, MsVk esa lHkh la[;kvksa dk vkSlr gSA ;k
–a gSA
ic

vadxf.krh; ekè;] la[;k dks tksM+dj vkSj lwph esa izs{k.kks

bl

 Property 4 If x is the mean of n number of la[;k ds ;ksx dks foHkkftr djds izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA
P
Pu

obsevartions x1, x2, x3, ......., xn, then mean of ax1,

Sum of observations
ax2, ax3,.....axn is a x . Mean of observations =
Total no. of observations
on

;fn izs{k.kksaa
x1, x2, x3, ......., xn, dh x la[k dk ekè; gS] rks
an

ax1,
lHkh izs{k.kkas dk ;kxs
ax2, ax3,.....axn dk a x ekè; gSA çs{k.kksa dk=ekè;
pi

is{z k.kkas dh dy q l[a ;k

i.e. if each observation under consideration is
am

Ex. Data @ mnk- MsVk: 3, 4, 5, 5, 8, 9, 9, 9, 13, 15

multipled by quantity a, then mean is multipled
g

by quantity a, then mean is also multipled by the Sum = 80

Ch

same quantity a. Total observations = 10

Ga

;kuh ;fn fopkjk/hu izR;sd voyksdu dksa lsek=kk

xq.kk fd;k tkrk 80
 Mean = =8
gS] rks ekè; dks Hkh mlha lsek=kk
xq.kk fd;k tkrk gSA 10
 Property 5 If x is the mean of n number of Formula/lw=k%
observations x1, x2, x3, ......., xn, then mean of
Hence, X W indicates weighted average
x1 x 2 x 3 x x
, , ,.... n is
a a a a a ;gka]X W Hkkfjr vkSlr bafxr djrk gSA
i.e if each obervation under consideration is Example/mnkgj.k
divided by quantity a, the mean is also divided by
 Calculate weighted mean of the following data:
the same quantity a.
;fn izs{k.kksa
x1, x2, x3, ......., xn, dk ekè; gS] rks
fuEufyf[kr MsVk ds Hkkfjr ekè; dh x.kuk djsa%
x
x1 x 2 x 3 x x Marks (x) 80 75 70 65 60 55
, , ,.... n dk ekè; gS ;kuh ;fn fopkjk/hu izR;sd Weight (W) 2 3 4 5 6 7
a a a a a
voyksdu dksa ls foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gS] rks ekè; dks Hkh mlh
a Sol.
ls foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gSA  Calculation of Weighted Mean/Hkkfjr ekè; dh x.kuk

210
 Weight No. of Student Mean weight Fi
Marks (X) Weight (W) WX (otu) (fo|kFkhZ la[;k) Xi Xi
80 2 160 38-42 6 40 240
75 3 225 42-46 24 44 1056
70 4 280 46-50 34 48 1632
65 5 325 50-54 22 52 1144
60 6 360 54-58 11 56 616
55 7 385 58-62 3 60 180
W = 27 WX = 1735 n=100 FiXi=4868

Arithmetic mean =
f X
1 1

4868
Weighted Mean/Hkkfjr ekè;] n 100

r
= 48.68
 WX 1735
XW   = 64.25 Median (ekfè;dk)

Si
W 27
1. In the given table, there are daily wages of 50  Median is the middle no., when data is arranged
in ascending order. Or
worker in company find the arithmetic mean?
Median is the middle value in a list ordered from
nh xbZ lkfj.kh eas] ,d daiuh
50 deZpkfj;ksa dk nSfud osru fn;k x;k
smallest to largest.

ap
gSA lekarj ekè; Kkr djksA
ekfè;dk eè; la[;k gS] tc vk¡dM+ksa dks vkjksgh Øe esa O;
Sol. Arithmetic mean = x 
 Fx fd;k tkrk gSA ;k
n
ekfè;dk lcls NksVh ls lcls cM+h Øfer lwph esa eè; eku gSA

n
t

io
Daily wage No. of worker If number of observations is even
Fx
nSfud osru
ra
(f) deZpkjh la[;k
(x) ;fn çs{k.kksa dh la[;k le gS
at
50 5 250
ic

n  n  
60 10 600   th term +   +1 th term
Median =  2   2  
bl
P

65 12 780 2
Pu

72 13 936  If number of observations is odd.

75 6 450 ;fn çs{k.kksa dh la[;k fo"ke gSA
on
an

78 4 312
 n  1
pi

n = 50 fx = 3328 Median =  2  th term.

 
am

50  5  60  10  65  12  72  13 Ex.1 3, 4, 5, 5, 8, 9, 9, 9, 13, 15
g

 75  6  78  4
Ch

 89 17
50 Median = = = 8.5
2 2
Ga

3328
 = `66.56 Ex.2 3, 4, 5, 5, 8, 9, 9, 9, 13, 15, 16
50
2. Find the arithmetic mean weight of 100 students n 1 11  1
Median = th term 6th term  9
of a class of given data. 2 2

fn;s x;s vkadM+ksa ls ,d d{kk

100 fo|kfFkZ;ksa
ds ds otu dk lekarj
 Median formula for grouped data
ekè; Kkr djksA lewghÑr MsVk ds fy, ekfè;dk lw=k
Sol. Weight No. of Student N
C
(otu) (fo|kFkhZ la[;k) Li + 2 i
F
38-42 6 Where
42-46 24
n  Total frequency @ dqy vko`fÙk
46-50 34
C  Cumulative frequency of class before the
50-54 22 median class.
54-58 11 ekfè;dk oxZ ls igys oxZ dh lap;h ckjackjrkA
58-62 3

211
 F  Frequency of the class median.
oxZ ekfè;dk dh vko`fÙkA
i  Class width. @ oxZ dh pkSM+kbZA
Li  Lower boundary of the class median.
oxZ ekfè;dk dh fupyh lhekA
1. Find the median of given data
fn;s x;s vkadM+ksa dh ekfè;dk Kkr djsA
Income 70-80 80-90 90-100 100-110 110-120
F 8 15 21 13
Sol.
Z = value of the mode./cgqyd dk ekuA
 l1 = lower limit of the modal class.
eksMy Dykl dh fupyh lhekA
 f1 = The frequency of the modal class.
ekWMy oxZ dh vko`fÙkA
 f0 = The frequency of pre-modal class.
iwoZ&eksMy oxZ dh vko`fÙkA
 f2 = Frequency of the next higher class or post
7 modal class
vxys mPp oxZ ;k mÙkj&eksMy oxZ dh vko`fÙkA
i = Size of the modal group./ekWMy lewg dk vkdkjA

r
Income 70-80 80-90 90-100 100-110 110-120
F 8 15 21 13 7 Ex. The height of 50 students are secorded. Find the

Si
CF 8 23 44 57 64 mode.

N = 64 Height (cm) 125-130 130-135 135-140 140-145 145-150

No. of students 7 14 10 10 9
N

ap
 32
2 Sol. Here, maximum fr equency is 14 and the
N corresponding class is 130–135.
C
Median (ekfè;dk) = Li + 2  i  90 
32  23
 10 So 130–135 is the modal class.

n
F 21
t
 l1 = 130
9 10 io
ra
= 90+  9 0  4 .2 9 = `94.29 f1 = 14
at
21
f0 =7
(cgqyd)
ic

Mode
f2 = 10
bl

 Mode The value of the variable which occurs

P

i =5
Pu

most frequency in a distribution is called mode."

cgqyd pj dk og eku tks fdlh caVu esa lcls vf/d ckjackjrk  Mode = 130 +
14  7
5
esa vkrk gS] cgqyd dgykrk gSA
on

28  7  10
an

OR Mode is the most frequently occurring value

pi

7
in the list. @ ;k cgqyd lwph esa lcls vf/d ckj vkus okyk eku = 130 + 5
am

11
gSA
= 130 + 3.18 = 133.18
g

Ex. 3, 4, 5, 5, 8, 9, 9, 9, 13, 15
Ch

 Hence the modal height = 133.18 cm

9 is occurring 3 times @9, 3 ckj vk jgk gS
Ga

Ex. Find the mode of the given data

 Mode = 9
fn;s x;s vkadM+ksa dk cgqyd Kkr djs
 Calculation of mode for ungroup data Just by
inspection we can check which value occurs most
Size 10-15 30-50 50-70 70-90 90-110
time that will be the mode.
F 15 22 30 20 13
vlewghÑr MsVk ds fy, cgqyd dh x.kuk
 fujh{k.k }kjk ge
tkap ldrs gSa fd dkSu&lk ewY; lcls vf/d ckj gksrk gSSol.
tks fd
;gka lcls T;knk
frequency 50-70 dh gSA
cgqyd gksxkA vr%Mode group (50-70) gksxkA
 Calculation of mode for group data We will use Li = 50, i = 70–50 = 20, F1 = 30, F0 = 22, F2 = 20
the following formula for calculating the mode.
lewg MsVk ds fy, cgqyd dh x.kuk
 ge cgqyd dh x.kuk ds Mode = 50 
30  22
 20
fy, fuEu lw=k dk mi;ksx djsaxsA 2  30  22  20

f1  f0 8  20
Z  l1  i  50   50  8.89  58.89
2f1  f0  f2 18

212
 Range (ijkl) Example/mnkgj.k
 Range is the difference between the largest  Calculate range and coefficient of range of the
number and smallest number of data. following data.
ijkl MsVk dh lcls cM+h la[;k vkSj lcls NksVh la[;k ds chp dk varjfuEufyf[kr
gSA MsVk dk ijkl vkSj ijkl ds xq.kkad dh x.kuk djs
Range = maximum value – minimum value
Size 10 15 20 25 30 35
ijkl = vf/dre eku & U;wure eku Frequency 1 8 12 17 5 29
Ex. 3, 4, 5, 5, 8, 9, 9, 9, 13, 15
Range 15 – 3 = 12 From the above table/mijksDr rkfydk ls

R=H–L H = 35, L = 10
R = Range Range/ijkl = H – L = 35 – 10 = 25
 H = Highest value in the series/ HL
Coefficient of Range/ijkl dk xq.kkad
=
H= Üka`[kyk esa mPpre ewY; HL

r
 L = Lowest value in the series. 35  10 25
  0.56

Si
35  10 45
L=Üka`[kyk eas lcls de ewY; 2. Continuous series In case of frequency distribution
Example/mnkgj.k seres, we have find the. Difference between lower
limit of the first interval and upper limit of the last
 Find the range for the data/ijkl Kkr dhft,A interval in the series difference between these

ap
10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, values would be the range of the series.
130. lrr Üka`[kyk vko`fÙk forj.k Üka`[kyk ds ekeys esa] geus ik
Range = H – L = 130 – 10 = 120.
Üka`[kyk eas igys varjky dh fupyh ijkl vkSj vafre varjky dh m
Coefficient of range/ijkl dk xq.kkad ijkl ds chp dk varj bu ewY;ksa ds chp varj Üka`[kyk dh ijkl gk

n
t
Coefficient of range/ijkl dk xq.kkad
(CR) =
HL  io
Range upper limit of the last class interval -
ra
at
HL Lower limit of the first class interval.
Example/mnkgj.k ifjlj = vafre oxZ varjky dh mQijh ijkl&izFke oxZ varjky d
ic

fupyh lhekA
bl

 Find the coefficient of range for the data

P

ijkl dk xq.kkad Kkr dhft,A Example/mnkgj.k

Pu

H  L 130  10 120  For the following table find the coefficient of range.
  = 0.857
on
an

H  L 130  10 140 fuEu rkfydk ds fy, ijkl dk xq.kkad Kkr dhft,A


pi

Range and coefficient of range for ungrouped data.

Size Frequency
voxhZÑr MsVk@O;fDrxr Üka`[kyk ds fy, ijkl vkSj ijkl dk xq.kkad%
am

10-20 3
Example/mnkgj.k 20-30 5
g
Ch

 For the following data find the range and 30-40 7

Ga

coefficient of range? 40-50 12

fuEufyf[kr MsVk ds fy, ijkl vkSj ijkl dk xq.kkad Kkr djsa\ 50-60 17
60-70 2
20, 40, 60, 90, 110, 140, 150, 180
R = H – L = 180 – 20 = 160 From the above table/mijksDr rkfydk ls
H  L 180  20 160 L = 10, H = 70
CR =   = 0.80
H  L 180  20 200 HL
Coefficient of range/jax dk xq.kkad
=
 Range and coefficient of range for grouped data. HL
lewghÑr MsVk ds fy, ijkl vkSj ijkl dk xq.kkadA =
70  10 60
 = 75
70  10 80
 Discrete series Range of the discrete series is
Emperical relation
determined as the difference between in the
highest value and the lowest value of the series. Mode = 3 (Median) – 2 (Mean)
Frequency of the series is not taken into account Ex.- If the difference between the mode and median
is 2, then find the difference between the me-
vlrr Üka`[kyk
 vlrr Üka`[kyk dh ijkl mPpre ewY; vkSj Üka`[kyk
dian and mean using emperical relation?
ds fuEure ewY; ds chp ds varj ds :i esa fu/kZfjr dh tkrh gSA;fn cgqyd vkSj ekfè;dk ds chp dk varj
2 gS] rks vuqHkotU; laca/
Üka`[kyk dh vko`fÙk dks è;ku esa ugha j[kk tkrk gSA dk mi;ksx djds ekfè;dk vkSj ekè; ds chp dk varj Kkr djsa\

213
Sol. Mode – Median = 2 (Given) , d MsVk dk ekè;
7.5 gS vkSj bldk fHkUurk48
xq.kkad
gSA ekud
Mode = 2 + Median ....(1)
fopyu Kkr djsa\
We know,
Mode = 3 Median – 2 Mean from eqn(1) Standard deviation
Sol. 48 =  100
2 + Median = 3 Median – 2 Mean 7.5
2 + 2 Mean = 2 Median Standard deviation = 3.6
Median – Mean = 1 Frequency (v ko`fÙk)
Mean Devi at i on (v kSlr fopyu)
 The frequency (f) of a particular value is the
 The average deviation from the mean value of the number of times the value occurs in the data.
given data set. @fn, x, MsVk lsV ds ekè; eku ls vkSlr fdlh fo'ks"k eku dh vko`fÙk
(f) MsVk esa eku ds ckj&ckj gksus dh la[;k
fopyuA Ex. 3, 4, 5, 5, 8, 9, 9, 9, 13, 15
Ex. 3, 4, 5, 5, 8, 9, 9, 9, 13, 15 mean = 8 5 2


r
Frequency of 8 1
Deviation5 4 3 3 0 1 1 1 5 7 sum = 30
9 3

Si
from mean
30 upper limit + lower limit
Mean deviation =
10
=3 @vkSlr >qdko Class mark =
2

Variance (fop j.k] izlj.k) p lhek + fuEu lhek

oxZfpUg= mP

ap
2
 Variance is the expected value of the squared Frequency Distribution (v ko`fÙk forj.k)
variation of a random variable from its mean
value.  It is a representation either in a graphical or
tabular format that displays the number of
OR Variance is the measure of how data points

n
t
observations within a given interval.
differ from the mean.
io
;g ,d fn, x, varjky ds Hkhrj fVIif.k;ksa dk] ,d fp=ke; ;k
ra
fopj.k fdlh vfu;fer pj ds oxkZdkj fopj.k dk mlds ekè; eku
at
lkj.khc¼ çk:i esa ,d çfrfuf/Ro gS tks la[;k çnf'kZr djrk gSA
ls visf{kr eku gSA ;k fopj.k bl ckr dk eki gS fd MsVk fcanq ekè;
ic

Ex. The height of 50 students measured as :

ls dSls fHkUu gksrs gSaA
bl

50 Nk=kksa dh ÅapkbZ bl çdkj ekih xbZ%

P

Ex. 3, 4, 5, 5, 8, 9, 9, 9, 13, 15 mean = 8

Pu

 161, 150, 154, 165, 168, 161, 154, 162, 150, 151,
162, 164, 171, 165, 158, 154, 156, 172, 160, 170,
Deviation5 4 3 3 0 1 1 1 5 7
on
an

153, 159, 161, 170, 162, 165, 166, 168, 165, 164,
from  154, 152, 153, 156, 158, 162, 160, 161, 173, 166,
pi

mean 25 16 9 9 0 1 1 1 25 49 sum 136 161, 159, 162, 167, 168, 159, 158, 153, 154, 159.
am

136 Frequency distribution from this data

variance = = 13.6
bl MsVk ls vko`fÙk forj.k
g

10
Ch

(x  x ) 2 Class Interval Frequency

Ga

Variance = 2 =
n d{kkvUrjky vko`fÙk
( x = Arethmatic mean) 150-155 12
Standard Deviation (ekud fopyu) 155-160 9
 The Standard Deviation is a measure of how 160-165 14
spread out numbers are. 165-170 10
ekud fopyu bl ckr dk eki gS fd la[;k,¡ fdruh iQSyh gqbZ gSaA 170-175 5
Total 50
 Standard deviation @ekud fopyu =
Frequency Polygon (v ko`fÙk cgqHkqt)
variance/izl j.k = 13.6  A line graph of class frequency plotted against
 Coefficient of variation ( fpj.k dk xq.kkad) class midpoint. It can be obtained by joining the
midpoints of the tops of the rectangles in the
 Standard deviation  histogram.
   100
 mean 
oxZvko`fÙk dk ,d vdsyk xzkiQ oxZ eè; fcanq ds fo#¼ IykWV
Ex. The mean of a data is 7.5 and its coefficient of
variation is 48. Find the standard deviation?
x;kA ;g fgLVksxzke esa vk;rksa ds 'kh"kZ ds eè; fcanqvksa d
fd;k tk ldrk gSA

214