International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 2023, 33, S1-S17
https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2022-0267
© 2023 Human Kinetics, Inc.
Abstracts From the 2022 International Sport + Exercise
Nutrition Conference
Exploring the Role of Peanuts in Enhancing Healthy Weight Gain in
Athletic Individuals
Sanchez A1, J Reynolds1, E Marinik1, B Davy1, G Hunter2, DE Larson-
Meyer1
1
Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, USA
2
Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birming-
ham, USA
Many athletes and military personnel desire weight gain primarily as lean
mass to improve performance and effectiveness in sport/military endea-
vours. These athletes are commonly encouraged to increase energy intake
by ∼500 kcal/day with an emphasis on adequate protein and carbohydrate,
and judicious inclusion of healthy fat-containing energy-dense foods
including peanuts/peanut butter along with rigorous resistance training.
Little, however, is known about the efficacy of such regimens. This study
evaluated the effect of a 10-week diet and exercise regimen designed to
promote healthy weight gain. This included increasing energy intake by 500
additional kcal/day (above weight maintenance diet) through daily provision
of either peanut-based whole foods/snacks (peanut group) or a similar, high-
carbohydrate, peanut-free snack (carbohydrate group) along with a super-
vised resistance training regimen (3 days/week for 60–120 minutes targeting
the major muscles). Athletes (N=28; active-duty Navy, Army National
Guard, Marine Corps Reserve, collegiate, club, firefighter, and recreational;
previous resistance training experience; 25 ± 6 y) were randomly assigned to
the peanut or carbohydrate group. Body composition was assessed by dual-
energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at baseline, 3-weeks, 7-weeks, and
post-intervention. Results demonstrated a total body mass (TBM) gain of
2.2 ± 1.3 kg (range of −0.9 to 4.4 kg) with 1.5 ± 1.1 kg (range of −0.5 to
3.4 kg) as lean body mass (LBM) after 10 weeks. The peanut group (n=12;
29 ± 7 y; 8 males, 4 females) gained less TBM than the carbohydrate group
(n =16; 23 ± 3 y; 9 males, 7 females) (1.5 ± 1.1 kg vs 2.7 ± 1.2 kg, p=0.01)
and less LBM (0.96 ± 0.94 kg vs 1.9 ± 1.0 kg, p=0.023) than the carbohy-
drate group. The age of the groups was different (p=0.006). Males (n=17)
and females (n=11) had a TBM gain of 2.0 ± 1.4 kg and 2.5 ± 1.1 kg
(p=0.355) with a LBM gain of 1.3 ± 1.1 kg and 1.7 ± 0.95 kg (p=0.374),
respectively. These results suggest that the addition of 500 kcal/day from
whole foods/snacks in combination with a rigorous resistance training
program promotes a similar weight gain of ∼0.22 kg/week, primarily as
LBM, over 10 weeks in both male and female athletes. However, age and/or
snack macronutrient content may impact the effectiveness of this regimen.
Sport Specific Stress is Associated with Eating Attitudes and Meta-
bolic Compensation in Collegiate Female and Male Endurance
Athletes
Lundstrom EA1, MJ De Souza2, P Kuruppumullage Don3, NI Williams4
1
Department of Kinesiology, Penn State University, United States of
America
2
Department of Kinesiology, Penn State University, United States of
America
3
Department of Statistics, Penn State University, United States of America
CONFERENCE ABSTRACTS
4
Department of Kinesiology, Penn State University, United States of
America
A competitive sport season represents a multidimensional stressor where
physical and psychological stress may render an athlete susceptible to chronic
energy deficiency (ED). Downstream effects of chronic ED can include a
reduction in the ratio of measured-to-predicted resting metabolic rate (RMR),
a signal of energy repartitioning. Links between ED and metabolic adaptation
have been established in athletes, a plausible pathway linking stress, eating
attitudes, metabolic adaptation has not been explored. Test the hypothesis that
total and/or sport-specific stress is associated with eating attitudes and
metabolic compensation in swimmers and runners (18–22 y) at different
phases of a competitive season, we performed two studies. Study 1: Cross-
sectional; 25 swimmers (14 female, 11 male); engaging in heavy training
during peak season (PEAK). Study 2: Longitudinal; 25 runners (female);
across pre-season (PRE) and off-season (POST). Measures: stress (RESTQ-
52), eating attitudes (cognitive restraint (CR), drive for thinness (DT)/leanness
(DL)/muscularity (DM), and body dissatisfaction (BD)), metabolism (RMR,
TT3). In PRE, RESTQ-52 Sport-Specific and Total Stress were negatively
correlated with RMR ratio (R=-.58; p< .05, R=-.48; p< .05, respectively). CR
was negatively related to RMR ratio (R=-.55; p< .05). During PEAK, Sport
Specific and Total Stress were negatively correlated with RMR ratio (R=-.64;
p< .05; R=-.46; p< .05, respectively). DM was negatively related to RMR
ratio (R=-.40; p=.05) and positively related to Sport Specific Stress (R=.55;
p< .05). During POST, there was no relation between RMR ratio and Sport
Specific Stress. BD was positively related to General (R=.52; p< .05) and
Total Stress (R=.49; p< .05) Across the season in runners, there was a change
in stress measures from PRE-to-POST with highest reported General, Sport-
Specific and Total Stress during PRE (p< .05) versus POST. ΔRMR ratio was
negatively related to ΔSport Specific Stress (R=-.41; p< .05), and ΔRMR/
FFM was negatively related to ΔCR. Associations between stress, eating
attitudes, and metabolic compensation in two groups of endurance athletes
during PRE and PEAK season suggest that during phases of heavy training,
unfavourable metabolic changes may be linked to upstream eating attitudes
associated with sport stressors.
Mindfulness in Eating Is a Significant Predictor of Disordered Eating
and Depression in Competitive Endurance Athletes At High Risk of
Low Energy Availability (LEA)
Giannopoulou I1, G Wright1, M Kotopoulea-Nikolaidi1, K Martyn1, S
Kurucz1, P Watt1
1
School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Brighton, England
Endurance athletes are at high risk for low energy availability (LEA),
disordered eating (DE) and related mood disturbances. Mindfulness in
eating has been shown to be a predictor of eating psychopathology and
depression in healthy and clinical populations; however, there is paucity of
research in athletes. The purpose of this study was to compare the levels of
mindfulness in eating in competitive endurance athletes at risk of LEA,
recreationally active and sedentary individuals, and investigate its predic-
tive power in DE and mood disturbances. A total of 638 participants
volunteered to participate in the study. 244 were competitive endurance
S1
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S2 ISENC 2022 ABSTRACTS
athletes (EA), 196 recreationally active (RA) and 198 sedentary (SED)
(age: 33 ± 0 y old; males:197, females:439; other:2). The Mindful Eating
(MEQ), Low Energy Availability in Females (LEAF-Q), Eating Disorder
Examination (EDE-Q 6.0) and Profile of Mood State (POMS) question-
naires were used. Results: EA and SED individuals exhibited lower global
scores in mindfulness in eating than RA (EA: 3.43; SED: 3.42; RA: 3.53,
p< 0.03). Of the 244 EA, 23.5% were at risk of LEA, with females
exhibited higher levels of LEA than males (35% Vs. 5%, respectively),
while RA individuals exhibited a 17% LEA risk. Athletes at risk of LEA
had lower mindfulness in the emotional eating MEQ subscale (p< 0.04),
higher depression (p< 0.02), total mood disturbance (TMD) (p< 0.02) and
EDE-Q (p< 0.001) scores than athletes with no LEA risk. The mindful
eating global score was negatively correlated with TMD (−0.33, p< 0.01),
depression (−0.17, p< 0.02) and EDE-Q score (−0.27, p< 0.01) in endur-
ance athletes, and was found to be a predictor of depression and EDE-Q
score, explaining respectively, 20% and 30% of their variance. Conclu-
sions: Mindfulness in eating is negatively correlated and can predict the
risk of DE and mood disturbances in competitive endurance athletes at risk
of LEA. More research is needed to investigate the use of mindful eating as
a diagnostic and intervention tool in high-risk LEA athletes and recrea-
tionally active individuals.
Plasma Amino Acid Availability Following the Ingestion of a Variety
of Non-Animal Derived Proteins in Young and Older Adults
van der Heijden I1, TJA Finnigan2, DR Abdelrahman3, AJ Murton3, FB
Stephens1, BT Wall1
1
Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environ-
mental Sciences, Heavitree Road, University of Exeter, UK
2
Marlow Foods Ltd, Station Road, Stokesly, North Yorkshire, UK
3 with serum bone turnover markers P1NP and CTX-I. The effect of the
Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston,
TX, USA
The rise in muscle protein synthesis rates following dietary protein
ingestion is largely dictated by the systemic rise in (essential) amino
acid concentrations, and leucine in particular. However, minimal data exist
on the plasma amino acid availability following consumption of non-
animal derived protein sources. We assessed the postprandial aminoaci-
daemic response following the ingestion of isonitrogenous boluses of
fungi, algae and plant derived dietary proteins, when compared with an
animal-derived control protein. Twelve healthy young (m/f: 6/6, age:
22 ± 1 y, BMI: 22 ± 1 kg·m2) and 10 older (m/f: 5/5, age: 69 ± 2 y,
BMI: 24 ± 1 kg·m2) adults participated in a randomised, double-blind,
crossover trial. During each visit, volunteers consumed 30 g of protein
obtained from milk, mycoprotein, spirulina, chlorella, pea or lupin.
Repeated arterialised venous blood samples were collected over a 5-h
postprandial period to assess circulating amino acid concentrations (data
presented for 7 young and 7 older participants). Protein ingestion increased
plasma leucine, essential and total amino acid concentrations in young and
older adults (all P< 0.0001), with the highest peak responses following
spirulina and pea protein ingestion, and the lowest following chlorella and
milk protein ingestion (time × protein; all P< 0.0001). Consequently, total
postprandial plasma leucine, essential and total amino acid availability
(i.e. postprandial AUC) was different between sources (all P< 0.0001),
with greater values observed following mycoprotein, spirulina and pea
protein than chlorella, lupin and milk protein ingestion (P< 0.05). Post-
prandial leucinaemia and aminoacidemia of individual protein sources was
not modulated by age (age, protein × age effects; all P> 0.05) but collapsed
data across protein sources showed different kinetics between young and
older adults (time × age effects; all P< 0.0001). Specifically, postprandial
plasma leucine and essential amino acid concentrations increased more
rapidly (from 0 to 30 min) in young compared with older adults (P< 0.05).
IJSNEM Vol. 33, No. S1, 2023
In conclusion, the ingestion of a variety of non-animal derived dietary
protein sources elicits divergent plasma amino acid kinetics and overall
availability which is further modulated by age.
The Effect of Combined Jump Training and Collagen Supplementa-
tion on Bone Mineral Density in Elite Male and Female Cyclists
Hilkens L1,4, N van Schijndel1, VCR Weijer1,4, L Decroix2, J Bons3, LJC
van Loon1,4, J-W van Dijk1
1
School of Sport and Exercise, HAN University of Applied Sciences,
Nijmegen, the Netherlands
2
Team Jumbo-Visma (Professional Cycling Team), Den Bosch, the
Netherlands
3
Central Diagnostic Laboratory, Maastricht University Medical Centre+,
Maastricht, the Netherlands
4
Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM, Maastricht University Medi-
cal Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
Accumulating evidence suggests that most elite cyclists have low bone
mineral density (BMD). The present study assessed the effect of combined
jump training and collagen supplementation on BMD in elite cyclists. In
this open-label, randomized controlled study with two parallel groups, 36
early career elite male (n=8) and female (n=28) cyclists (21 ± 3 y, BMI
21 ± 1 kg/m2) were allocated to either an intervention (INT: n=18) or a no
treatment control (CON: n=18) group. The 18-wk intervention period,
conducted during the off-season, consisted of 5-min jumping exercise
bouts performed five times a week, with each exercise bout preceded by the
ingestion of 15 g hydrolysed collagen. Before and after the 18-wk period,
body composition, and BMD of the total hip, femoral neck, lumbar spine
and whole body were assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, along
intervention on BMD was assessed by using mixed model ANOVA, with
time (pre- and post- intervention) as within-subject factor and treatment
(CON vs INT) as between-subject factor. Despite a similar increase in lean
body mass in CON (Δ1.2 kg, 95%CI: 0.6 to 1.9) and INT (Δ1.1 kg, 95%CI:
0.6 to 1.7; time x treatment, P=0.78), fat mass was unchanged in CON
(Δ − 0.1 kg, 95%CI: −0.7 to 0.6), while a decrease was noted in INT
(Δ − 1.5 kg, 95%CI: −2.2 to −0.9; time x treatment, P< 0.01). BMD of the
femoral neck decreased in CON (Δ-0.015 g/cm2, 95%CI: -0.024 to -0.006),
while being preserved in INT (Δ0.006 g/cm2, 95%CI -0.005 to 0.016; time
x treatment, P< 0.01). No differences between groups were observed for
changes in BMD at the total hip, lumbar spine and whole body (time x
treatment, P> 0.05 for all). Serum P1NP concentrations decreased to a
similar extent in CON (Δ-12 ng/mL, 95%CI: -22 to -3) and INT ((Δ-17 ng/
mL, 95%CI: -24 to -9; time-effect, P< 0.001; time x treatment, P=0.22).
Serum CTX-I concentrations were relatively stable over time, with no
differences between groups (time-effect, P=0.08; time x treatment,
P=0.58). In conclusion, frequent short bouts of jumping exercise combined
with collagen supplementation beneficially affect femoral neck BMD in
elite cyclists. Hence, this intervention appears a promising strategy to
counteract the negative impact of professional cycling on bone health.
The Effect of Low Dose Sodium Bicarbonate Consumption on Conse-
cutive Days on High-Intensive Long-Term Exercise Performance
Aktitiz S1, ŞN Koşar1, HH Turnagöl1
1
Division of Exercise Nutrition and Metabolism, Faculty of Sport
Sciences, Hacettepe University, Turkey
Sodium bicarbonate (SB) is the primary ergogenic nutritional supplement that
improves the extracellular buffering system by removing H+ ions from the
blood. In addition to anaerobic exercises, there is evidence that SB can be an
effective ergogenic aid for continuous aerobic exercises performed at
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anaerobic threshold (AT). However, because the most common dose of SB
(0.3 g/kg) causes gastrointestinal symptoms (GIS), alternative supplementa-
tion protocols are necessary. This study aims to compare the effects of acute
and consecutive days of low-dose SB consumption on high-intensity endur-
ance exercise performance. After determining the AT, 12 recreational male
cyclists (Age: 31 ± 5y; Training years: 6 ± 4y; VO2peak: 48 ± 8ml/kg/min)
participated in performance tests three times in random order following acute
SB intake (ASB), SB consumption on consecutive days (CSB), and placebo
intake on consecutive days (PLA). Participants were given a placebo for 4
days and then 0.2 g/kg SB on the morning of the test for ASB; 0.2 g/kg/day
SB for 4 days and a placebo on the morning of the test for CSB; and a placebo
(table salt) for 4 days as well as on the morning of the test for PLA. They
performed an endurance test on a bicycle ergometer at 95% of the AT for 30
minutes, followed by a time to exhaustion test at 110% of the AT, 90 minutes
after the last supplement. Blood lactate, pH, and bicarbonate levels were
measured at rest, after 30 minutes of exercise, and at the time of exhaustion.
Two-way repeated measures of ANOVA was used for data analysis. Blood
bicarbonate levels at rest were higher in CSB (25.8 ± 1.6 mmol/L) and ASB
(27.5 ± 1.5 mmol/L) than PLA (23.8 ± 1.4 mmol/L) (p< 0.001). CSB
increased the time to exhaustion (54.3 ± 9.2 min) than PLA
(49.8 ± 10.8 min) (p< 0.05). Time to exhaustion following ASB
(51.2 ± 8.4 min) was comparable to that of CSB and PLA (p> 0.05). Blood
pH, bicarbonate, and pCO2 in ASB and CSB were higher at rest, at the 30th
minute of exercise, and at the time of exhaustion than PLA (p< 0.05). While
no GIS was observed in CSB, 30% of the participants experienced diarrhoea
and bloating prior to the performance test in ASB. In conclusion, low-dose
bicarbonate intake on consecutive days improved the time to exhaustion
during prolonged high-intensity exercise relative to placebo and prevented
gastrointestinal side effects.
The Ergogenicity of Acute Histidine-Containing Dipeptide Ingestion:
Is Balenine a Better Alternative to Carnosine and Anserine
Supplementation?
Lievens E1, S de Jager Sarah1, W Derave Wim1
1
Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Water-
sportlaan 2, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
Carnosine and its methylated variants, anserine and balenine, are histidine-
containing dipeptides known for their various health and performance
promoting properties. Acute combined carnosine and anserine supplemen-
tation was shown to ameliorate short, maximal performances. Up to now,
the underlying mechanism remains elusive, yet the effects appear to be
related to the dipeptides’ plasma bioavailability. Since in vitro studies
show a superior plasma stability of balenine in comparison to its variants,
this might be an even better nutritional aid. As balenine has never been
administered to humans, a pharmacokinetic study was conducted, followed
by a crossover performance study in which the acute ergogenic effect of
balenine was investigated. In the pharmacokinetic study, six volunteers
acutely ingested three increasing doses (1, 4 and 10 mg/kg bodyweight)
after which plasma was collected several times for 24 hours. Repeated
measures ANOVA showed that peak concentration increased (p=0.0005)
exponentially with the three increasing doses. Ten mg/kg elicited a
concentration of 28.2 ± 7.4 μM, without evoking side-effects. Since this
peak concentration was higher than what is achieved with 30 mg/kg of
carnosine and anserine, 10 mg/kg of balenine was applied in a performance
study. Twenty recreational cyclists conducted three maximal voluntary
contractions (MVC), three 6 s cycling sprints, a 4 and 20 km time trial (TT)
following acute ingestion of either a placebo or balenine. Paired samples t-
tests revealed no differences between both conditions on MVC (p=0.3169;
95%CI = -3.868 to 1.320), cycling sprints (p = 0.3553; 95%CI = -3.119 to
8.279), 4 km TT (p=0.8566; 95%CI = -2.670 to 2.240), nor the 20 km TT
(p=0.2660; 95%CI = -0.1256 to 0.4296). Overall, acute balenine ingestion
IJSNEM Vol. 33, No. S1, 2023
ISENC 2022 ABSTRACTS S3
was unable to improve the types of performances previously shown
augmented by carnosine and anserine. This may indicate that balenine’s
functional characteristics do not entirely resemble those of carnosine and
anserine.
A Cross Sectional Study to Access Special Judo Physical Fitness and
Nutritional Profile in Judo players of Belgavi District, India
Kour H,1 N Ashwini2
1
Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, KLE Academy of Higher Education
and Research, Belagavi, Karnataka, India
2
Dept. of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical
College, KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research, Belagavi,
Karnataka, India
Judo, as a sport is not well known in India. Nutrition is an important part of
training regimens and performance of an athlete. The strength and physical
fitness of a sports person mostly depends on the intake of appropriate
nutrition through training period and off season. This study was conducted
to assess the Nutritional Profile, Physical Fitness and anthropometric
parameters of Judo Players of Belagavi District. This cross sectional study
was conducted on 24 judo players of 18-25 y who were practicing regularly
for a minimum period of 3 years. Information about their practice schedule,
number of players and their availability was collected from the Judo
coaches. Descriptive data of the participant’s age, medical history, training
schedule regarding number of years of judo practice, number of days in a
week, number of hours per day, dietary history were obtained by inter-
viewing the participants. Players were divided into A and B group
depending on > or ≤ 5 years of judo training. Anthropometric parameters
were measured, skin fold thickness was noted at seven sites, body fat %
was calculated using Siri’s Equation, and Physical fitness was evaluated by
Harvard Step Test and Special Judo fitness test. Flexibility was tested using
Sit and Reach flexibility, Agility was assessed by side step test. Nutritional
status was obtained by using pre designed questionnaire and 24 hour
dietary recall method. Players were briefed about the nature of the study
and written informed consent was obtained. Difference between the mean
of the two groups was tested using Students unpaired ‘t’ test, where
significance of the p value was < 0.05. Anthropometric findings of both the
judo groups were the same. The average energy intake was 2246 Kcal, 94 g
protein, 309 g carbohydrate and 76 g of fat. Body fat has negative
correlation (r =-0.690, P< 0.05) with performance in SJFT. Mean Flexi-
bility score was higher for Judo B group than Judo A group. The data
provides the judo player with information on ideal profile and where
training might be directed to compensate for areas where the athlete is
below average for successful judo players.
Assessment of Dietary Fat Intake Amongst Division III Collegiate
Athletes
Sterringer T1,2, DE Larson-Meyer1, L Cialdella-Kam2,3
1
Dept of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, United
States
2
Dept of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University,
United States
3
Warfighter Performance Department, Naval Health Research Center,
United States
The type of dietary fat consumed may affect athletic performance and
recovery. Excess saturated fat is associated with increased inflammation
and oxidative stress whereas omega-3 fatty acids may attenuate inflam-
mation and reduce the oxygen cost of exercise, thereby supporting sports
performance. This retrospective chart review assessed the dietary fat intake
of United States (US) National Collegiate Athletic Association athletes
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S4 ISENC 2022 ABSTRACTS
(n=56; 16 men, 40 women) competing at the Division III level in five sports
(wrestling, tennis, track, basketball, swimming). Dietary intake was as-
sessed from 3-day food intake records using nutrient analysis software
(ESHA Research Food Processor). The American College of Sports
Medicine (ACSM) sports nutrition guidelines, US Dietary Guidelines
for Americans, and United Kingdom (UK) health guidelines were used
as comparison standards for total and saturated fat intake (absolute and
percent of total energy intake, % kcal). One-sample t-tests were used to
compare reported intake to recommended guidelines and reported as mean
±SD. Total fat (% kcal) was 33 ± 6% and within the ACSM guideline of
20-35%. Saturated fat was 10.7 ± 3.0% of total kcal and similar to the US
guidelines of < 10% kcal; however, 32 athletes had intakes > 10%.
Absolute saturated fat intakes (g/day) were 32 ± 13 and 27 ± 78 for
male and female athletes, respectively. Intake for the men was in line
with the UK health guidelines. Female athletes, however, exceeded the UK
recommendation for women of no more than 20g/day of saturated fat
(p< 0.001). Omega-3 fatty acid intake was 0.4 ± 0.5g/day, which is lower
than the recommended target range of 2-4g/day for athletes (p< 0.001).
Omega-6 fatty acid intake was 3.1 ± 2.3g/day, and the omega-6/omega-3
ratio was 10.5 ± 6.9. Based on these findings, athletes could improve the
quality of their fat intake by incorporating more dietary sources of omega-3
fatty acids while reducing foods high in saturated fat.
Energy Expenditure and Physical Load in Professional Female Foot-
ball Players in the Dutch Female League: Implications for Nutritional
Counselling
Brinkmans N1,2, G Plasqui2, LJC van Loon2, JW van Dijk1
1
Institute of Sports and Exercise Studies, HAN University of Applied
Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
2 low BMD. When assessed at the lumbar spine, total hip, and femoral neck,
NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism,
Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
While substantial information is available on the nutritional requirements
of male football players, the nutritional requirements of female football
players have yet to be established. The aim of this study was to assess total
daily energy expenditure in professional female football players, along
with measurements of body composition and physical load. Fifteen
professional football players (age: 23 ± 5 y; body mass (BM):
61.7 ± 3.3 kg; body fat%: 19.1 ± 3.0 %; fat-free mass (FFM):
49.9 ± 3.6 kg) playing in the highest Dutch Female League (Female
Eredivisie) were included in this observational study. During a 14-day
period in the competitive season total energy expenditure (TEE) was
assessed by the doubly labelled water method. Resting metabolic rate
(RMR) was measured by ventilated hood indirect calorimetry and body
composition by dual X-ray absorptiometry. Physical Activity Energy
Expenditure (PAEE) was calculated from TEE, RMR and estimated
dietary induced thermogenesis (DIT; 10% of TEE): PAEE = TEE –
(RMR + DIT). Training and match load (time, distance and high intensity
running distance (≥ 19km/h)) were measured using local position mea-
surement technology. Over the 14-day period, players spent 569 ± 77
minutes on the field and covered 39.1 ± 8.3 km, of which 1.3 ± 0.5 km on
high intensity. TEE was 2882 ± 278 kcal/day (58.1 ± 4.6 kcal/kg FFM),
with a RMR of 1413 ± 129 kcal/d and a PAEE of 1200 ± 219 kcal/d. TEE
correlated well with FFM (r=0.63, p=0.012), but not with BM (r=0.21,
p=0.45). When expressed relative to FFM, both TEE and PAEE correlated
strongly with total time on the field (r=0.71, p=0.009 and r=0.75, p=0.007,
respectively) and distance covered (r=0.65, p=0.021 and r=0.66, p=0.026,
respectively). Relative to fat-free mass, the energy requirements of pro-
fessional female football players are considerably higher than previously
reported in professional male football players. The high daily energy
requirements can be explained by the substantial PAEE, which is strongly
related to the physical load. Sports nutritionists and future nutritional
IJSNEM Vol. 33, No. S1, 2023
guidelines should consider the differences in energy requirements between
female and male football players.
Do Paralympic Athletes Suffer From Brittle Bones? The Prevalence of
Low Bone Mineral Density in a Representative Cohort of Paralympic
Athletes
Weijer VCR1,2; KL Jonvik3; L Risvang3, LJC van Loon2; T Raastad3; JW
van Dijk1
1
School of Sport and Exercise, HAN University of Applied Sciences,
Nijmegen, the Netherlands
2
NUTRIM, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism,
Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
3
Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport
Sciences, Oslo, Norway
The growing interest in Paralympic sports is accompanied by an increased
attention for the health of Paralympic athletes. Bone health may be a
concern, given the blunted osteogenic stimuli in wheelchair and prostheses
users, along with potential nutritional deficiencies. The aim of this study
was to explore the bone mineral density (BMD) of Paralympic athletes
from various sport disciplines. A total of 64 Paralympic athletes (para
cycling (n=16), wheelchair tennis (n=9) wheelchair basketball (n=18), para
cross-country skiing (n=6) and various other sports (n=15)), 48% of whom
were wheelchair-dependent, were included in this cross-sectional study.
Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scans of the whole-body, lumbar spine,
total hip, and femoral neck were analyzed for BMD Z-scores. Data are
reported as mean±SD. Comparisons between groups were conducted by
one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni correction. For whole-body BMD, 20%
of all athletes had a Z-score below -1.0, which is the clinical cut-off level of
the prevalence of low BMD was 19, 34 and 40%, respectively. At the
lumbar spine, wheelchair basketball players had a higher BMD Z-score
(0.9 ± 0.7) than to para cyclists (-0.4 ± 0.9; P=0.001), cross-country skiers (-
0.5 ± 1.3; P=0.037), and other athletes (-0.4 ± 0.8; P=0.005). Furthermore,
wheelchair tennis players tended to have a higher lumbar spine BMD Z-
score (0.7 ± 0.6) than para-cyclists (P=0.053). The total hip and femoral
neck BMD Z-scores of wheelchair-dependent athletes (-1.3 ± 1.1 and -
1.1 ± 1.2, respectively) were lower than non-wheelchair-dependent athletes
(-0.1 ± 1.1 and -0.1 ± 1.1, respectively). For the whole-body and lumbar
spine there were no differences between wheelchair- and non-wheelchair-
dependent athletes. In conclusion, low BMD in Paralympic athletes is
mainly prevalent in the hip region. More specifically, the hip region seems to
be mainly affected in wheelchair-dependent athletes. The BMD of the
lumbar spine does not seem to be compromised in wheelchair basketball and
tennis players, suggesting ample osteogenic stimuli for the lumbar spine in
those particular wheelchair sports.
Characterization of the Lipid Profile of Mature Erythrocyte Mem-
branes in Elite Female Football Players
Peña N1, J Amézaga1, G Marrugat1, A Cano1, J Arce2, J Larruskain2, A
Landaluce2, T Viar2, J Lekue2, I Tueros1
1
AZTI, Food Research, Basque Research and Technology Alliance
(BRTA), Bizkaia, Spain
2
Medical Services, Athletic Club, Lezama, Spain
An optimal and correctly balanced metabolic status is essential to improve
sports performance in athletes. Nutritional status in athletes is typically
evaluated through anthropometric measurements, nutritional interviews,
and blood tests. Recent advances in omic tools, such as the lipid profile
of the mature erythrocyte membranes (LPMEM), allow to better character-
ize the metabolic status of these individuals and to provide personalised
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recommendations about their need for nutrients, such as omega-3, omega-6,
and others. This work aimed to study the LPMEM in professional women
football players during the football season and compare it with those defined
as optimal values to define personalized nutritional strategies. An observa-
tional study was carried out on female football players from the Athletic
Club (Bilbao) playing in the first division of the Spanish league. Blood
samples were collected at three points: at the beginning, mid-season, and
end of the season for three consecutive seasons (2019-2020, 2020-2021, and
2021-2022), providing a total of 160 samples from 40 women. LPMEM was
measured by GC-FID after previous selection of the mature erythrocytes.
The results of the quantification of fatty acids (FA) from the athletes showed
some variations when comparing with the optimal values. We observed that
the 70% of the female football players had lower values for omega-6
dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA); however, the 89%, 44% and 81% of the
participants showed higher values for omega-6 arachidonic acid (AA),
omega-3 eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and the ratio of saturated and
monounsaturated fatty acids (SFA/MUFA) when comparing with optimal
values. Regarding the evolution through sampling points, we showed
increase in omega-6 AA (p = 0.007) and total polyunsaturated fatty acids
(PUFA) (p < 0.0001) over football season. In conclusion, there were
relevant variations in several fatty acids of the lipid profile of elite female
footballers throughout the season and compared to the general population.
This fact should be considered when defining a personalized nutritional
strategy (diet and supplementation) for female football players.
Effect of Short-Term Low Energy Availability on Body Mass and
Physiological, Endocrine, and Metabolic Responses in Males
Taylor HL1, WL Foo1, S Shepherd1, J Burniston1, C Langan-Evans1,
J Morton1, J Areta1
1
Liverpool John Moores University
Physiological responses to 'low’ energy availability (LEA) in controlled
conditions are well characterised in females but remain largely unchar-
acterised in males. This study aimed to assess the effect of short-term LEA
on body mass, endocrine, metabolic, and physiological responses in males.
Ten healthy, active, males (age: 25 ± 5 y, body mass: 78.8 ± 8.2 kg,
VO2peak: 51.7 ± 7.7 ml/kg/min) completed 10 consecutive days of dietary
and exercise control comprising 5 days of energy balance (EB) followed by
5 days of LEA. Each 5-day period included 3 days of cycloergometry to
expend 15 kcal/kg Fat Free Mass (FFM)/day. During EB and LEA, the
provided energy intake elicited energy availabilities of 45 and 10 kcal/kg
FFM/day, respectively. Energy intake was 60% carbohydrate, 20% fat and
20% protein. Body composition and resting metabolic rate (RMR) were
measured at the start and end of each period and fasted venous blood
samples were collected throughout. Data were examined via one-way
ANOVA and linear mixed models. Body mass, FFM and fat mass
remained stable during EB and were reduced by 2.9 ± 0.7 kg
(P < .001), 2.1 ± 0.7 kg (P < .001), and 0.8 ± 0.6 kg (P = .003) respectively
after LEA. RMR was stable throughout (P = .151), but respiratory
exchange ratio reduced from 0.87 ± .08 to 0.77 ± .05 (P = .003) following
LEA. Compared to baseline total tri-iodothyronine (T3) concentrations
(131 ± 22 ng/dL), plasma T3 was reduced after two days (103 ± 25 ng/dL;
P = .001), four days (100 ± 26 ng/dL; P < .001), and five days (108 ± 23 ng/
dL; P = .009) of LEA. Plasma testosterone (T) concentrations were stable
during EB, but reduced from 5.94 ± 1.76 to 5.09 ± 0.96 ng/ml (P = .023)
after five days of LEA. Plasma ß-CTX was higher on day five of LEA
(0.90 ± 0.23 ug/L) than on day five of EB (0.80 ± 0.29 ug/L; P = .020).
P1NP concentrations were stable throughout EB but reduced from
79.3 ± 22.7 μg/L to 67.3 ± 17.8 μg/L (P < .001) across LEA. Plasma
glucose was stable throughout the study (P = .313). Non-esterified fatty
acid concentrations increased across LEA from 0.47 ± 0.36 mmol/L to
0.88 ± 0.39 mmol/L (P < .001). Short-term LEA in males elicited a marked
IJSNEM Vol. 33, No. S1, 2023
ISENC 2022 ABSTRACTS S5
decrease in body mass, while modulating concentrations of T3, T, and
markers of bone resorption and formation, but had no effect on resting
metabolic rate. Responses to LEA in males follow a similar pattern to what
has been reported in females.
Acute Ketone Monoester Supplementation Impairs 20-Minute Time-
Trial Performance in Trained Cyclists: A Randomized, Double-Blind,
Crossover Trial
McCarthy DG1, J Bone1, M Fong1, W Bostad1, PJM Pinckaers2, DL
Richards3, LJC van Loon2, and MJ Gibala1
1
Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario,
Canada
2
Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+,
Maastricht, The Netherlands
3
Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario,
Canada
Acute ketone monoester (KE) supplementation induces hyperketonemia as
commonly reflected by an increase in the ketone body β-hydroxybutyrate
(β-HB) in venous blood. This practice can alter exercise responses but the
effect on performance is unclear. The limited and equivocal data to date are
likely related to factors including the KE dose, test conditions, and caliber
of athlete studied. Acute KE ingestion that increases [β-HB] to ∼1-3 mM
has been purported to be ergogenic for endurance-type performance. We
tested the hypothesis that mean power output during a 20-min cycling
time-trial (TT) would be different after KE ingestion compared to a ketone-
free placebo (PL). This performance test is strongly correlated with
functional threshold power (i.e., highest sustainable power over 1-h)
and the day-to-day coefficient of variation using the same equipment
and procedures as the present study was ∼1.4% (doi:10.1123/ijspp.2018-
0100). An a priori sample size calculation (G*Power v3.1) estimated that
n=22 provided 80% power to detect an effect size dz of 0.63 at an alpha
level of 0.05 with a 2-tailed paired t-test. This determination considered
2.0% as the smallest meaningful difference in performance. N=23 trained
cyclists (21 males, 2 females; peak oxygen uptake: 65 ± 12 mL/kg/min;
mean±SD), who were regularly cycling > 5 h/week, completed a familiar-
ization trial followed by two experimental trials. Participants self-selected
and replicated their diet and exercise for ∼24 h before each trial. Parti-
cipants ingested either 0.35 g/kg body mass (27 ± 4 g) of (R)-3-hydro-
xybutyl (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate KE or a flavour-matched PL 30 min before
exercise in a randomized, double-blind, crossover manner. Exercise
involved a 15-min warm-up at a self-selected pace followed by the 20-
min TT on a cycle ergometer (Velotron). The only feedback provided was
time elapsed. Pre-exercise venous [β-HB] was higher after KE vs PL
(2.0 ± 0.6 vs 0.2 ± 0.1 mM, p< 0.0001). Mean TT power output was 2.4
[0.6 to 4.1]% (mean[95% CI]) lower after KE vs PL (255 ± 54 vs
261 ± 54 W, p< 0.01; dz=0.60). [β-HB] was not correlated with the change
in mean TT power output (p=0.85). The mechanistic basis for the impaired
20-min time trial performance after KE ingestion in trained cyclists
remains to be determined. (NCT05226962)
Assessment of Disordered Eating Habits and Behaviours Amongst
Personal Trainers Using the Eating Disorder Examination-Question-
naire (EDE-Q): A Pilot Study
Carroll M1, K Cradock1
1
Department of Health & Nutritional Sciences, Atlantic Technological
University, Ireland
Disordered eating (DE) is a global phenomenon and has huge potential to
adversely impact the mental and physical health of individuals and if left
untreated, may progress to a clinical eating disorder. The causes of DE are
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S6 ISENC 2022 ABSTRACTS
multifactorial. Personal trainers are exposed to many of these risk factors
over the course of their working life. The fitness industry itself is largely
appearance-based, with individuals feeling the need to maintain a certain
physique to achieve success in their careers. Many personal trainers also
use their physique to garner business, a phenomenon known as physical
capital. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of DE behaviours
amongst UK/Ireland-based personal trainers. Personal trainers were re-
cruited via social media posts on Twitter and Instagram. Overall EDE-Q
score, subscale scores and prevalence of clinically significant EDE-Q
scores were assessed. Further questions identified the frequency and
severity of disordered behaviours amongst personal trainers. 78 personal
trainers answered an online version of the EDE-Q. Personal trainers
exhibited a mean EDE-Q score of 1.30, which is higher than previous
research on other health/fitness professionals. 15% of the population
surveyed had a clinically significant EDE-Q score, which places them
at increased risk of developing an eating disorder. In addition, results
highlighted high levels of engagement in DE behaviours such as binge-
eating, dietary restriction and over-exercising. This study highlights a need
to further investigate the relationship between personal trainers and DE, in
addition to investigating the prevalence of and severity of DE in other
fitness professionals.
Dietary Habits and Physical Activity Associate With Visceral Fat
During Menopause
Hietavala EM1, T Törmäkangas1, EK Laakkonen1
1 group interaction was observed in serum IGF-1 where a decrease was
Gerontology Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences,
University of Jyväskylä, Finland
Menopausal loss of ovarian function and subsequent ceasing of cyclic
estradiol secretion is considered as the trigger for accumulating adipos-
ity. Overall weight gain may be due to aging, whereas increased amount
of visceral fat (VF), a correlate of cardiometabolic disease risk, is
suggested to be due to menopause. We investigated whether eating
behaviour and food intake associate with VF in pre-, peri- and post-
menopausal Finnish women. The cross-sectional data was collected
from the 47–55-year-old women participating in the ERMA study
(n=1098). Their menopausal status (pre-, early peri-, late peri- and
postmenopausal; PREM, EPM, LPM and POSTM, respectively) was
defined using menstrual diaries and hormone measurements following
the STRAW+ 10-guidelines. Participants’ current dietary habits were
examined with a questionnaire; eating behaviour was examined with 13
questions and food intake with a 45-item food frequency questionnaire.
The amount of VF was assessed by bioelectrical impedance analysis
(InBody 720). Eating behaviour and food intake were tested separately
for association with VF using linear regression analysis in four meno-
pause groups. Models were adjusted for self-reported physical activity,
body height, and educational level. In menopausal groups (PREM,
EPM, LPM and POSTM), eating behaviour model explained 28, 21, 25
and 24% of VF variance, respectively (all: P≤ 0.001). R2 for eating
behaviour was 18 (P< 0.001), 11 (P=0.063), 13 (P=0.007) and 12%
(P< 0.001) in the menopause groups, respectively. Food intake model
explained 32 (P=0.008), 36 (P=0.489), 37 (P=0.022) and 30%
(P=0.001) of VF variation in the menopause groups, respectively. R2
for food intake was not statistically significant in any group. Physical
activity was associated with VF in both regression models and in all
menopause groups (all: P≤ 0.002). Especially more frequent snacking
and evening-oriented eating, and stronger desire to restrict one’s food
intake associated with higher amount of VF. Our results suggest that to
hamper the increase of VF and hence to support the health of meno-
pausal women, it is important to pay attention to eating behaviour, not
only foodstuffs consumed. In addition, it is important to stay physically
active throughout the menopausal transition.
IJSNEM Vol. 33, No. S1, 2023
Hormonal Contraceptive Use and Endogenous Hormones in Female
Finnish Fitness Athletes After a Period of Decreased Energy
Availability
Mikkonen R1, J Hulmi1, V Isola1, V Salmi1, I Löfberg1, J Ahtiainen1, J
Ihalainen1
1
Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Finland
Decreased energy availability (EA) can alter endogenous hormonal
milieu, but the influence of hormonal contraceptives on these changes
has yet to be elucidated. The purpose of this study was to examine the
influence of hormonal contraceptive use on endogenous hormones after a
period of reduced EA. Thirty-two women (age: 27 ± 4 y (mean±SD);
height 166 ± 5 cm; body mass 66 ± 7 kg) who participated in a Fitness
Sports (body building) study were included in three self-identified
groups: combined hormonal contraceptive users (CHC, n=10), progestin
only users (PHC, n=9), and no current hormonal contraceptive use (NHC,
n=13). Length of diet was 22 ± 4 wks where EA decreased from 40 ± 9 to
26 ± 7 kcal/kg fat free mass/day. Energy availability (EA) was calculated
from energy intake and exercise energy expenditure as well as fat free
mass. Serum hormones were analysed from fasting venous blood sam-
ples. Menstrual/hormonal contraceptive cycle phase was not controlled
for. Body mass, fat mass, fat-free mass, body fat percentage, and EA
decreased (p< 0.001) whereas a decrease in estradiol was observed
(p=0.042) in all groups from pre to post. CHC had higher serum cortisol
than both PHC and NHC (p=0.012 and p< 0.001, respectively). A time x
observed in all groups p=0.007–p< 0.001 and IGF-1 in CHC was lower
than PHC at pre (p=0.019) and NHC at pre and post (p< 0.001 and
p=0.022). A time x group interaction was also observed in total testos-
terone where a decrease was observed in PHC (p=0.004) and NHC
(p< 0.001) but not in CHC. At post, total testosterone was higher in CHC
than PHC and NHC (p≤ 0.001). While no differences between groups in
absolute decreases in body mass, fat mass, fat-free mass, body fat
percentage, EA and estradiol were observed, our results suggest that
combined hormonal contraceptives might influence hormonal milieu
differently than progestin only or no hormonal contraceptive use during
a period of reduced EA.
Prevalence of Markers of Relative Energy Deficiency in Male Lean-
ness Athletes and Their Controls
Ihalainen JK1, M Valtonen2, RS Mikkonen1, K Mjøsund3
1
Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences University of Jyväskylä, Finland
2
Finnish Institute of High Performance Sport KIHU, Jyväskylä, Finland
3
Paavo Nurmi Centre, Sport and Exercise Medicine Unit, University of
Turku, Turku, Finland
Body mass influences performance in many sports, including endurance
and jumping events. However, an effort to target a specific physique for
performance should not compromise health. Challenges related to
Relative Energy Deficiency in Sports (RED-S) such as unfavorable
metabolic adaptations and low bone mineral density (BMD) have been
reported in male athletes. This study aimed to determine the prevalence
of biomarkers for RED-S in male athletes competing in lean sports and in
their controls. A total of 50 national or international level trained male
athletes (age=24 ± 4 y, height 1.81 ± 0.07 m, body mass 71.5 ± 9.5 kg
[mean±SD]) and 18 physically active controls (age=24 ± 1 y, height
1.83 ± 0.05 m, body mass 86.3 ± 11.4 kg) were recruited for the study.
Laboratory assessments for resting metabolic rate (RMR), body fat
percentage, bone mineral density (BMD, Z-score), blood hormonal
biomarkers (free triiodothyronine [fT3], cortisol, testosterone, low-
density lipoprotein) were conducted on all participants. RED-S criteria
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were defined similar to Stenqvist et al. (2021). Athletes had lower BMI
(21.7 ± 2.0 vs. 25.7 ± 3.2 kg·m-2; p< 0.01), body fat percentage
(7.3 ± 2.4 vs. 16.9 ± 6.1%; p< 0.001), fT3 (4.6 ± 1.1 vs. 6.1 ± 1.7
pmol·L-1; p< 0.001), and lumbar Z-score (0.3 ± 1.0 vs. 1.4± 0.2;
p< 0.001) than the controls. Of the 50 athletes 24 (48%) had 0 or 1
RED-S criteria present, 16 (32%) athletes had two criteria, 4 athletes
(8%) had three criteria, four athletes (8%) had four criteria, one athlete
(2%) had five and one athlete (2%) had six criteria. In the control group
13 participants (72%) had 0 or 1 RED-S criteria and five participants
(27%) had had two RED-S criteria. There was a difference between the
groups in the prevalence of RED-S criteria (Chi-square test=5.410,
p=0.028). In line with previous studies, the prevalence of the RED-S
criteria in the present study involving high-level lean athletes was high.
Approximately half of the leanness athletes had none or one RED-S
criteria, whereas we were able to identify an athlete having six out of
eight RED-S criteria. Stenqvist TB et al. (2021). Int J Sport Nutr Exerc
Metab, 31(6), 497-506.
Ketone Monoester Supplementation Does Not Affect Multimodal
Endurance Exercise Performance Regardless of Blood Ketone Levels
Isherwood A1,2, A Wythe1, L Hodson2, K Clarke1, D Dearlove1,2
1 quantified using GPS technology. Each day academy players spent more
The Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (DPAG), The
University of Oxford, Oxford, England
2 95%CI 14 to 54, p< 0.05) than the control group. Academy players spent
The Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (OC-
DEM), The University of Oxford, Oxford, England
Exogenous ketosis achieved through ingestion of the ketone monoester
(KME) alters metabolic responses to exercise, but ergogenic effects on
performance are equivocal. It may be that blood ketone levels must be
elevated to a sufficient extent above physiological levels to achieve an
ergogenic effect. Here we explored the interaction effect between KME
dosage and du-/triathlon (bike-to-run) performance, in a post-prandial
state. In a 3-arm, double-blind, counterbalanced-randomised crossover
study, 8 well-trained du-/triathletes (6M/2F) performed 1 h of steady-
state ergometer cycling exercise at 70 % V̇O2 peak power before
immediately undertaking a self-paced 10 km running time trial (TT)
on a powered treadmill. Two hours prior, participants consumed a
‘gold standard’ (2 g/kg BW) high carbohydrate (CHO) breakfast and
were provided with CHO drinks (75 g/h). Additionally, athletes
consumed either 860 mg·kg-1 KME (High-KME), 573 mg·kg-1
KME (Low-KME), or placebo (PLA). V̇O2 , heart rate (HR), RPE,
appetite, and gastrointestinal (GI) distress were monitored, with
venous blood samples collected. Plasma [βHB] was elevated in a
dose-dependent manner (p < 0.001), being elevated in High-KME
(2.45 mM ± 0.53 mM; Mean±SD) vs Low-KME (1.14 mM ± 0.43
mM) (p < 0.001) and Low-KME vs PLA (0.09 mM ± 0.14 mM)
(p = 0.004). There was a main effect for condition on plasma [lactate],
with levels being supressed with increasing KME dose (High-KME:
2.71 ± 1.64, Low-KME: 3.34 ± 2.31, PLA: 3.74 ± 2.84 mM). Lactate
was lower in High-KME vs PLA and Low-KME vs PLA (p < 0.05)
during the run, but not the cycle. Blood [NEFA] and [glucose] were not
different at any time point between conditions. Performance in the
10 km TT was not different between conditions (High-KME:
2438 ± 212, Low-KME: 2434 ± 218, PLA: 2419 ± 217 sec;
p = 0.141). There were no effects of condition for V̇O2 , HR, appetite,
or Borg RPE (all p ≥ 0.404). Total GI distress did not differ between
conditions (p = 0.406), though heartburn, intestinal cramps, and bloat-
ing scores were higher in High-KME, and muscle cramp higher in PLA,
than the other conditions (p < 0.05). In this study, we demonstrate that
supplementing gold standard CHO feeding with a KME drink does not
affect du-/triathlon exercise performance, regardless of the dose given
and subsequent blood ketone concentrations achieved.
IJSNEM Vol. 33, No. S1, 2023
ISENC 2022 ABSTRACTS S7
Increased Physical Loading On and Off the Pitch: Demands of Full-
Time Academy Programmes and Implications for Growth, Matura-
tion and Bone Health
Stables R1, M Hannon1, N Costello2, L Boddy1, G Close1, J Morton1
1
Liverpool John Moores University
2
Leeds Beckett University
Physical loading (training, matches, and physical activity) has implications
for growth, maturation, and bone health of academy male soccer players.
Academy players display training loads comparable to and in some cases,
greater than their first team counterparts. However, physical activity of
players outside of training and matches remains to be determined. More-
over, it is not yet known if being enrolled in an academy programme
increases the physical loading of players. Therefore, the aim of this study
was to 1) establish the physical loading of academy male soccer players, and
2) quantify differences in physical loading, energy expenditure (via doubly
labelled water) and energy intake of academy players to those from an age
matched control group. The physical activity of youth male soccer players
from an EPL academy (n=8) and control (n=8) group was quantified using
accelerometery over a 14-day assessment period. Training (sessions: acad-
emy n=8, control n=2) and match (academy n=2, control n=2) load was
time being physically active (> 200mg; AC:114 ± 26min, CON:78 ± 35min,
more time completing moderate (300-450mg; AC:20 ± 5 min, CON:16 ±
6min, 95%CI 0 to 8, p< 0.05) and high (> 600mg; AC:13 ± 4min, CON:7 ±
4min, 95%CI 4 to 9, p< 0.001) intensity physical activity than the academy
group. Academy players spent less time completing low (0-150mg;
AC:1311 ± 27min, CON:1334 ± 38min, 95%CI -47 to 1, p< 0.05) intensity
activity than the control group. Academy players spent a greater duration of
time training and competing (AC:978 ± 25 min, CON:396 ± 3 min, 95%CI
563 to 601, p< 0.001) than the control group, which correlated in a greater
total distance (AC:54.8 ± 6.9km, CON:21.1 ± 4.0 km, 95%CI 27.5 to 39.8,
p< 0.001). We conclude that physical activity, training, and match load are
greater in academy soccer players than in age-matched control soccer
players who are not enrolled on an academy programme. Although energy
intake and energy expenditure data are still being assessed (and will be
presented at the conference), the above data suggest that sufficient energy
and carbohydrate availability is of paramount importance for academy
players to support the energetic cost of training and match schedules.
Effects of a Bone-Specific Resistance Exercise Intervention and Nutri-
tion Optimisation on Bone Mineral Density and Physical Health in
Wheelchair-Dependent Para Athletes and Non-Athletes (BoneWheel)
Risvang LC1, V Strøm1,2, T Raastad1, KL Jonvik1,3
1
Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport
Sciences, Oslo, Norway
2
Sunnaas Rehabilitation Hospital, Nesoddtangen, Norway
3
Sunn Idrett, Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Con-
federation of Sports
Wheelchair (WC) users are at increased risk of low bone mineral density
(BMD) due to minimal mechanical stimuli on the skeleton, normally
sustained by walking and high impact physical activity achieved by non-
disabled. Every 4th person with a spinal cord injury (SCI) will experience one
or several fractures during their lives, because of osteoporosis, whereof 70%
are low-impact injuries. For WC Para athletes, fractures will disturb training
continuity, attenuate performance, and add risk of detriment to their overall
physical and mental health. In our ongoing study (ParaNut), WC Para athletes
had in general lower BMD in the lumbar spine and hip than their walking
counterparts, but with large variation across sports, indicating that the training
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S8 ISENC 2022 ABSTRACTS
is not able to attenuate bone loss in most sitting sports. To maintain and
improve BMD, physical health and performance, bone-loading exercise is
key. Further, optimal vitamin D, calcium and energy availability status is
important for bone remodelling. Therefore, the aim of this multi-centre
randomized controlled trial is to intervene early in WC-dependent athletic
and non-athletic population with low BMD (Z-score < 0). The 24-week
intervention will consist of a novel bone-specific resistance exercise pro-
gramme and nutrition optimisation, where the effect on lumbar spine, hip and
femoral neck BMD will be measured. Secondarily, the effects of the
intervention on muscular strength, rate of force development, body composi-
tion and physical function will be examined. Our hypothesis is that the
exercise intervention will increase the lumbar spine BMD with ∼3% as seen in
non-disabled over 12 weeks, with an expected larger impact in the non-
athletic cohort. We also expect an increase in muscular strength, rate of force
development and physical function. Body composition is expected to change
minimally, mostly with positive changes in lean mass. The study is a
collaboration between Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Sunnaas Reha-
bilitation Hospital, Norwegian Confederation of Sports, Norwegian Univer-
sity of Science and Technology, Bergen commune and Sports Cluster West,
and the Norwegian SCI Association. The study results will inform practi-
tioners and clinicians working with WC-users, facilitating evidence-based
exercise interventions and treatment
Case Study: Nutrition Periodization in an Indian Male National
Record Holder Sprint Athlete
Khopkar M1
1
Dept. of Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Sir H.N. Reliance Founda-
tion Hospital, Mumbai, India
A framework for nutrition periodization in athletics was established as a part
of the 2019 IAAF, now World Athletics’ Nutrition Consensus. Very few
published case-study examples for periodized nutrition in athletics exist &
almost none in an Indian setting. Therefore, the aim of this case-study was to
introduce a real-world scenario of an elite male sprinter so that practitioners
in the field could implement such practical interventions. This case study
features an Indian Male National Record Holder Sprinter implementing
periodized nutrition strategies across 4 different training phases (General,
Specific, Competition preparation & Main competition) in a double [8 mo.
Nov 21-June 22, 3 mo. July 22-Sep 22] periodized year. Macro-cycle
[months], meso-cycle [weeks], micro-cycle [days & within-day] based
nutrition strategies included modifications in diet [carbohydrate & protein]
& supplements [creatine, iron, vitamin D]. Weight (kg) (n=10), Body fat%
and Lean body mass% (n=8), Biochemical tests for Hb, Iron, Ferritin &
Vitamin D (n=2), Performance times for 100m (n=7), 200m (n=7), External
load metrics {Strength [1 RM hang clean, back squat, bench press, 3 RM
Hip thrust, standing broad jump (m), counter movement jump (cm), squat
jump (cm)] & track [standing 30m (s), flying 30m (s)]}, Ancillary metrics
(subjective feedback, compliance) were periodically assessed over 11
months. The athlete recorded lowest body fat% [200m (8.8), 100m
(8.1)], highest lean body mass% [200m (91.2), 100m (91.9)] and personal
best performances at strength and track tests in the competition preparation
phase, just before main competitions in April 22 for 200m & Aug 22 for
100m while clocking both fastest times [200m (20.52s), 100m (10.25s)] as
well as creating national records in both. However, no differences were
Self-rating on scale of 1–5 Mood swings Bloating and cramps
At start 3.88 3.91
Month 1 2.78 2.87
Month 2 2.46 2.62
Month 3 2.30 2.42
Improvement 68% 61%
IJSNEM Vol. 33, No. S1, 2023
found between non-competition and competition phases and no association
between body fat% with performance times, strength and track tests could
be established at present due to insufficient data points, although, we hope
that we are able to prove these trends over the next few years of the athletes’
career. This case study demonstrates an approach that periodizes nutrition
strategies with training in an Indian set up to maximize training adaptations
for the athlete to peak at the right competitions.
The Ease PMS Study - Effect of Specific Dietary Guidelines on
Symptoms of Premenstrual Syndrome
Nurany N1, G Furniturewala1, J Shah1, S Gupta1
1
Working with Rujuta Diwekar, Mumbai, India
A public health project was conducted for twelve weeks to gauge the effect of
specific dietary guidelines on the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome
(PMS). More than fourteen hundred participants took part in the observational
study conducted over social media. Premenstrual syndrome is one of the most
common disorders in women of reproductive age that could impact quality of
daily life. It is a set of physical and psychological symptoms that start about
five to ten days before menstruation and usually relieve or ease out once
menstruation begins. PMS is becoming increasingly common in recent times.
PMS symptoms effect multiple systems of the body, from gastrointestinal to
reproductive. Given the varied nature of the symptoms of PMS, the line of
treatment being used is typically based on symptomatic relief. Common
medications prescribed include selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
(SSRIs), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), diuretics and
hormonal contraceptives. A big proportion of women undergoing PMS
symptoms accept it as an inconvenience and continue with their daily life
with the pain and other troubles. Certain time-tested traditional foods and
eating practices have been used in India to help women alleviate the PMS
symptoms. Based on these, three specific guidelines were given to the
participants to incorporate in their daily lives, while keeping everything
else the same. These were – a) Start your day with overnight soaked raisins
and kesar (saffron strands), b) add a teaspoon of ghee (clarified butter) to all
three main meals and c) have a banana as an evening snack. The participants
self-reported their monthly progress on a scale of one to five, on six of the
most common symptoms of PMS: mood swings, bloating and cramps, sugar
cravings, breast tenderness, nausea, and constipation. At the end of twelve
weeks, we noticed an improvement in the PMS symptoms as described in the
table below. Public health messages should therefore focus on advocating
local and traditional foods and time-tested eating practices as they provide an
easy, economical, and culturally compliant method of improving PMS related
symptoms, along with putting the individual in control of her own treatment.
Table – Ease PMS study, observed % improvement in PMS symptoms
A Case Study of the Challenges and Biases Arising in Cross-Sectional
Studies of Outcomes Described By the Female and Male Athlete Triad
and Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport Models
Rogers M1,2, N Vlahovich3, G Waddington1,2, M Drew3, L Burke4
1
Australian Institute of Sport, Australia
2
Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra,
Australia
Sugar cravings Breast tenderness Nausea Constipation
3.16 2.85 2.05 2.55
2.37 2.05 1.59 1.99
2.11 1.94 1.49 1.89
1.91 1.71 1.46 1.85
66% 67% 41% 38%
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3
Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Australia
4
Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic
University, Australia
The assessment of energy availability (EA) in free-living high-perfor-
mance athletes is challenging and affected by inherent biases. Further, the
models describing the outcomes of diseases associated with low energy
availability (LEA) – the Female and Male Athlete Triad and Relative
Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S) – do not fully incorporate clinical
epidemiology principles thus limiting understanding of the phenomena
resulting from exposure to LEA. The aim of this case study was to critically
analyse the implementation of a previous research project and its associ-
ated dataset to identify a range of methodological challenges and biases
often introduced in this field of research. A cross-sectional investigation of
outcomes described in association with LEA was undertaken on Australian
female athletes training at state or national level (age 15-32 y; mass
69.5 ± 10.3kg; body fat 23.1 ± 5.0%). Symptoms, clinical findings and
laboratory investigations relevant to RED-S were assessed. Analysis was
undertaken into the quantity and causes of missing data. Over one-third
(37%) of invited participants declined, mostly due to logistics and sched-
uling conflicts. Within the components offered, missing data rates ranged
from 5-56% with no component achieving total completion. Reasons for
missing data varied and included reported needle phobia, illness on testing
day, non-response, miscommunication in written or verbal test request,
recognised error in data collection, unavailability of external laboratory for
sample analysis, and decline by personal choice (no reason provided).
Direct assessment of EA was intended but was hindered by low compli-
ance and poor-quality data capture of the dietary component. Causes of
reduced participation rates and missing data are likely to introduce a bias in
identifying true prevalence for problematic issues. Identified biases
included diagnostic suspicion, recall, unacceptability, misclassification,
and differential reference. Studies should be transparent in reporting
analyses of drop-out rates and missing and/or poor-quality data to identify
potential biases in the complete dataset. This will support improved study
designs, aid clinical interpretation of studies and improve treatment and
prevention of LEA exposure and its associated disease outcomes.
Effects of the Japanese Diet on Post-Exercise Glycogen Resynthesis in
Mice Skeletal Muscle and Liver
Koike A1, T Karasawa1, S Terada1
1
Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Arts and Science, The
University of Tokyo
The Japanese diet (JD) has been considered as an effective dietary strategy for
athletes in Japan because it contains high amount of carbohydrate, which is
the main fuel source during high-intensity exercise. After intense exercise,
exhausted stores of endogenous carbohydrate (glycogen) need to be replen-
ished by consuming high carbohydrate diet. Although the intake of the JD
may promote post-exercise glycogen recovery, there is no evidence to support
this hypothesis. The purpose of this study was therefore to examine the effect
of the JD intake after acute exercise on glycogen accumulation in mice
skeletal muscle and liver. In this study, male 8-week-old ICR mice performed
60-min running exercise to deplete glycogen and were then orally adminis-
tered either the JD (PFC = 15.9:28.4:55.7) or Western diet (WD, PFC =
15.4:36.7:47.9). The JD and WD were prepared as follows: one-week menus
(for 21 meals) of the JD and WD were created based on the National Health
and Nutrition Examination Survey of each country, and then cooked. For
making the diets liquid, one-week meals of each diet were mixed, ground and
sonicated well. The volume of each diet administered was adjusted to provide
equal levels of energy (30.9 kcal/ kg BW). Consequently, we found that at 2 h
or 4 h after the administration, muscle and liver glycogen levels in the JD
group were higher than that in the WD group (p< 0.01). In addition, the JD
IJSNEM Vol. 33, No. S1, 2023
ISENC 2022 ABSTRACTS S9
group had higher plasma insulin concentration than the WD group (p< 0.05)
and there was a positive correlation between the plasma insulin level and the
glycogen concentration. The phosphorylation state of Akt, which is known as
a proximal signalling molecule of insulin signalling pathway, in skeletal
muscle was also higher in the JD group than in the WD group (p< 0.05). These
results suggest that the intake of JD after acute exercise may enhance muscle
and liver glycogen recovery. Furthermore, this effect appears to be mediated
by the increased insulin secretion and the activation of insulin signalling.
Decreased Pancreatic Amylase Activity After Acute High-Intensity
Exercise and Its Effects on Post-Exercise Muscle Glycogen Recovery
Kondo S1,2,3, T Karasawa2,3, A Koike2, M Tsutsui2, J Kunisawa1, S
Terada2
1
Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant
Research, and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, Collaborative
Research Center for Health and Medicine, National Institutes of Biomedi-
cal Innovation, Health, and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Japan
2
Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The
University of Tokyo, Japan
3
Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Japan
We previously reported that an acute bout of endurance exercise for 6 h, but
not 1 h, decreased pancreatic amylase activity, suggesting that acute endur-
ance exercise affects carbohydrate digestive capacity in an exercise duration-
dependent manner. In this study, we evaluated the effects of differing intensity
of acute endurance exercise on pancreatic amylase activity in mice. Male
C57BL/6J mice were subjected to acute bout of low- or high-intensity running
exercise (Ex-Low: 10 m/min, Ex-High: 20 m/min, respectively) for 60 min.
Sedentary mice served as a sedentary control. Immediately after the acute
exercise, the Ex-High group, but not the Ex-Low group, showed lower total
pancreatic amylase activity than the control group. To explore whether the
high-intensity exercise-induced decrease in amylase activity affects post-
exercise muscle glycogen recovery, we then assessed muscle glycogen
synthesis rate in the Ex-High group mice orally administered either glucose
or starch solution (2.0 mg/g BW) immediately after the exercise. Conse-
quently, we found that post-exercise muscle glycogen resynthesis rate during
2-h recovery period was lower in the starch-fed mice than in the glucose-fed
mice. In contrast, such difference in glycogen synthesis rate was not observed
between starch- and glucose-fed mice in the sedentary control group (without
performing exercise). In conclusion, these results may suggest that acute
endurance exercise decreases pancreatic carbohydrate digestive capacity in an
exercise intensity-dependent manner, resulting in delayed post-exercise
muscle glycogen resynthesis when polysaccharides are ingested.
Dose-Response Effect of Pre-Exercise Protein Ingestion on Fat Oxi-
dation and Energy Intake
Peeters WM1, LE Cook1, O Page1
1
School of Biomedical, Nutritional and Sport Sciences, Newcastle Uni-
versity, England
Fasted exercise is employed by exercisers aiming to increase fat oxidative
capacity. Pre-exercise protein ingestion might maintain similar fat oxida-
tion rates compared to fasted exercise, but it is unknown if there is a dose-
dependent response. This was a double-blinded randomised within-subject
study design. After an overnight fast, ten healthy active individuals (6
males, 4 females, age: 25 ± 3 y, height: 173 ± 11 cm, weight:
72.6 ± 14.1 kg, VO2max: 48.6 ± 10.8 ml/kg/min) performed one hour of
cycling at 60% of their peak power, thirty minutes after having consumed
either 0, 20 or 40 g of whey protein hydrolysate. Indirect calorimetry was
used to measure substrate oxidation every 15 min of exercise and to
measure resting energy expenditure before protein ingestion and 45 min
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S10 ISENC 2022 ABSTRACTS
post-exercise. Rate of perceived exertion (RPE) during exercise was used
as a subjective outcome. Participants recorded their food intake for the rest
of the day. Outcomes are Mean±SEM. Fat oxidation increased over time
during exercise (0.22 ± 0.06, 0.31 ± 0.06, 0.41 ± 0.06, 0.42 ± 0.07 g/min at
15, 30, 45 and 60 min respectively; p = 0.000), but no overall treatment (0
g = 0.34 ± 0.07, 20 g = 0.29 ± 0.06, 40 g = 0.39 ± 0.08, g/min p = 0.16) or
interaction effect (p = 0.32) was observed. Resting energy expenditure was
higher after exercise (pre = 2087 ± 195 vs. post = 2404 ± 220 kcal;
p = 0.003), but no interaction effect with treatment was present
(p = 0.56). Overall RPE during exercise did not differ between treatments
(p = 0.48). Energy intake after trials did not differ between treatment (0
g = 1989 ± 318, 20 g = 1823 ± 299, 40 g = 1961 ± 399 kcal; p = 0.69).
Consumption of protein before exercise seems to maintain fat oxidation
rates compared to fasted exercise and might be considered as a feeding
strategy for exercisers who aim to enhance fat oxidative capacity but
struggle to incorporate fasted training into their program.
Effect of Turmeric Supplementation on Markers of Recovery in Elite
Footballers: A Pilot Study
Clayton DJ1, R Burbeary2, PJ Hennis1, RM James1, C Saward1, A
Colledge1, R Scott1, R McMahon3, I Varley1
1 2011) was completed by 85 male professional jockeys (flat n=39; national
Musculoskeletal Research Group, School of Science and Technology,
Nottingham Trent University, UK
2
Lincoln City Football Club, LNER Stadium, Lincoln
3
Rotherham United Football Club, AESSEAL New York Stadium,
Rotherham
Football match-play causes muscle damage and provokes an inflamma-
tory response. Rapid recovery following match-play is paramount to
optimising performance levels and reducing injury risk. Curcumin is a
dietary compound that has been shown to reduce muscle damage and
soreness post-exercise, which is found in high concentrations in turmeric.
This pilot study explored whether a turmeric supplement could improve
markers of recovery in elite male footballers. Baseline measurements of
subjective leg and whole-body soreness, isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP)
and counter movement jump (CMJ) performance, and plasma concen-
trations of inflammatory markers creatin kinase (CK) and C-reactive
protein (CRP), were collected after 96 h of inactivity. Twenty-two male
elite footballers were then randomised to either consume a 60mL
commercially available turmeric drink twice per day (Raw Turmeric
Original Shot, The Turmeric Co., UK), or to a control group who did not
consume the product. Following eight competitive matches, soreness and
inflammation markers were assessed immediately (0 h), 40 and 64 h post-
match. IMTP and CMJ were assessed 40 and 64 h post-match. Percentage
change from baseline was calculated for each marker at timepoint. Two-
way ANOVAs examined the effect of turmeric supplementation (group),
timepoint, and their interaction, on change in each marker, followed,
where appropriate, by Bonferroni-corrected post-hoc tests. Data are
presented as mean±standard error. There were main effects of group
(P< 0.05) and time (P< 0.01), but no interaction effect (P> 0.29), for leg
and whole-body soreness. Leg soreness was 77 ± 36 % lower (P< 0.05)
and whole-body soreness was 106 ± 37 % lower (P< 0.01) following
turmeric supplementation. Leg and whole-body soreness were also lower
at 64 h than at 0 h (P< 0.001). There were no main effects of group
(P=0.13) or time (P=0.08), but there was an interaction effect (P< 0.05),
for CRP. CRP was 1082 ± 447 % lower at 72 h following turmeric
supplementation than control (P< 0.05). There were no main effects of
turmeric supplementation on CK, CMJ or IMTP. Turmeric supplemen-
tation lowered soreness and CRP, suggesting turmeric may attenuate
fatigue post-match play in elite footballers. This was an applied study in a
small cohort, but these findings provide scope for further research.
IJSNEM Vol. 33, No. S1, 2023
Self-Reported Methods of Weight Cutting in Professional Jockeys:
What are the Current Weight-Making Practices?
Dunne A1, G Warrington2,3, A McGoldrick4, J Pugh4, G O’Loughlin4, M
Harrison1, SJ Cullen1
1
Department of Sport & Exercise Science, South East Technological
University
2
Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of
Limerick
3
Sport and Human Performance Research Centre, Health Research Insti-
tute, University of Limerick
4
Irish Horseracing Regulatory Board
Strategies for weight cutting (WC) in horse racing can vary, yet principally
the methods are reliant and influenced by social and cultural practices more
so than scientific evidence-based strategies. Despite the introduction of
nutrition and exercise strategies for safe weight-making practices, there has
been no update on the methods and frequency of WC in professional
jockeys in Ireland since 2011. Therefore, the aim was to provide an update
on the WC practices of Irish professional jockeys. A validated health and
lifestyle questionnaire previously issued amongst jockeys (Dolan et al.,
hunt (NH) n=46). The questionnaire was administered in a semi-structured
interview format to record weight-making practices, including methods
and frequency of WC and magnitude of weight cut before racing.
Descriptive and non-parametric statistics were used to compare the WC
practices of flat and NH jockeys. Large individual variations (0 – 6.4 kg)
were apparent in the results obtained for the greatest amount of weight cut
before racing, with NH jockeys cutting more weight than flat jockeys
(2.5 ± 1.4 kg vs 3.6 ± 1.3 kg, flat and NH respectively). Frequency of WC
found flat jockeys were more likely to cut weight daily (18% vs 4%) for
racing than NH jockeys, while there was no difference for weekly (23% vs
33%) WC. Sauna (75% vs 94%), wearing a sweatsuit (67% vs 70%), hot
baths (69% vs 78%) and excessive exercise (50% vs 52%) were the most
popular methods for WC in flat and NH jockeys respectively. Laxatives
(6% and 11%) and self-induced vomiting or flipping (0% vs 4%) continue
to be used as acute weight loss techniques, flat and NH, respectively. NH
jockeys use sauna and flipping for WC more than flat jockeys. While NH
jockeys cut weight less frequently, findings indicate the body mass
reduction is greater than flat jockeys, which may have negative perfor-
mance consequences. Results from this study show methods for WC are
consistent with those reported in 2011, with trends suggesting NH jockeys
employ a greater range of WC techniques than flat jockeys. Given the lack
of change in weight-making practices by jockeys with a reliance on acute
WC, additional weight management supports, and individualised mini-
mum riding weights are urgently needed.
New Zealand Blackcurrant Extract Enhances Skeletal Muscle Glyco-
gen Re-Synthesis in Response to Sub-Optimal Carbohydrate Ingestion
Fortis HO1, Jones RO1, Hearris MA1, Barrett JS1, Jones LO1, Morton JP1,
Strauss JA1, Shepherd SO1
1
Research Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores
University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
Endurance athletes often train multiple times per day, thus requiring
considered recovery strategies with a particular focus on replenishing
muscle glycogen stores. Current guidelines state a carbohydrate intake of
1.2 g·kg body mass-1·h-1 following exercise in order to maximise glycogen
synthesis, yet in practice many athletes do not achieve this. Anthocyanin-
rich New Zealand blackcurrant (NZBC) extract improves glucose clear-
ance following carbohydrate intake, while cell culture models show
anthocyanins to augment glucose transport and cellular uptake. Therefore,
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we investigated whether 7 days of NZBC extract supplementation could
enhance skeletal muscle glycogen resynthesis in response to sub-optimal
carbohydrate intake. In a randomised, cross-over, double-blind, placebo-
controlled design, eight moderately-trained males (55.6 ± 7.0 ml·min-1·kg-
1
) ingested 600 mg·day−1 NZBC extract or placebo (600 mg·day−1 micro-
crystalline cellulose; PLA) for 7 days. Participants completed a glycogen-
depleting bout of exercise on the evening of day 6 and were provided with a
low carbohydrate evening meal. The next morning, participants performed
45 min of moderate-intensity cycling (50% of peak power output [PPO])
followed by an exercise capacity test (1 min intervals alternating between
80% and 40% PPO). Following exercise, participants consumed malto-
dextrin (0.8 g·kg-1·h-1) for 4 h, and muscle biopsies were collected at 0, 1
and 4 h post-exercise. Muscle glycogen concentrations increased through-
out recovery in both conditions (P< 0.001). However, after 4 h of recovery
muscle glycogen concentrations were greater in response to NZBC
supplementation (258 ± 34 mmol·kg-1 dw) than PLA (236 ± 29
mmol·kg-1 dw; P=0.005). Accordingly, the net glycogen synthesis rate
was greater (P=0.047) following NZBC (47 ± 10 mmol·kg dw-1·h-1) than
PLA (42 ± 10 mmol·kg dw-1·h-1; P=0.047). In summary, short-term NZBC
extract supplementation shows promise as a nutritional adjunct to carbo-
hydrate intake to enhance the rate of muscle glycogen replenishment
following exercise, particularly in the face of sub-optimal carbohydrate
consumption. Future work will determine the impact of this nutritional
strategy to improve performance, and explore potential mechanisms
underpinning the observed data.
New Zealand Blackcurrant Extract Enhances Whole-Body Fat Oxi-
dation But Does Not Affect Intramuscular Triglyceride Utilisation In
Human Skeletal Muscle
Jones L, L Leung1, JS Barrett1, HO Fortis1, JA Strauss1, SO Shepherd1
1 20, 30 and 40 minutes after sitting. Blood haemoglobin and haematocrit (to
Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John
Moores University
Blackcurrants are a food source rich in polyphenols, including a number of
flavonoids known as anthocyanins, which have been associated with
improvements in physiological and metabolic parameters. Anthocyanin-
rich New Zealand blackcurrant (NZBC) extract has previously been shown
to increase rates of whole-body fat oxidation during prolonged exercise,
but the mechanisms underpinning this finding are yet to be resolved. To
begin to address this, we examined whether short-term NZBC extract
supplementation would increase intramuscular triglyceride (IMTG) utili-
sation and influence lipid droplet (LD) morphology during prolonged
exercise. In a randomised, crossover, double-blind design, ten moderately-
trained males ingested 600 mg·day−1 NZBC extract or placebo (PLA) for 7
days. On day 7, participants performed 120 min cycling at 65% VO2max
followed by an exercise capacity test (time-to-exhaustion at 150% lactate
threshold). Muscle biopsies were obtained at 0, 30 and 120 min of
submaximal cycling. Each experimental trial was commenced after a
∼36 hours carbohydrate loading protocol and pre-exercise meal (∼9 and
∼2 g·kg- 1, respectively). Exercise decreased IMTG content (type I fibres
∼35%; type II fibres ∼24%; P < 0.001), which was attributed to decreases in
both LD number (P = 0.010) and size (P = 0.004), but there was no
difference between conditions (all; P > 0.05). Plasma NEFA and glycerol
concentrations increased during exercise (P < 0.001), with no difference
between conditions (P > 0.05). NZBC extract tended to increase exercise
capacity (217 ± 104 s) compared to PLA (156 ± 83 s; P = 0.081). Whole-
body fat oxidation was ∼24% greater following NZBC extract supple-
mentation than PLA (P = 0.025), which is in agreement with several
previous studies. Our data now suggest that the increase in fat oxidation
occurs in the absence of increased IMTG utilisation or greater concentra-
tions of blood markers of adipose tissue lipolysis. This suggests that other
factors are mediating the increase in whole-body fat oxidation observed
IJSNEM Vol. 33, No. S1, 2023
ISENC 2022 ABSTRACTS S11
following short-term supplementation with NZBC extract (e.g. increased
delivery and/or uptake of NEFA into skeletal muscle). The observed
improvement in exercise capacity test could be due to a possible glycogen
sparing effect which merits further investigation.
10 Minutes of Sitting is Sufficient to Overcome the Effects of Postural
Change (Walking to Sitting) on Blood and Plasma Volume and
Osmolality
Reynolds KM1, Rowland SN1, Bailey SP1, Funnell MP1, Mears SA1,
James LJ1
1
School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough Univer-
sity, United Kingdom
Activity and changes in posture have haemodynamic effects on blood/plasma
volume (BV/PV), which may impact measured haematological, metabolic, or
endocrine markers. Previous studies report increases in BV/PV when moving
from standing to lying supine, stabilising within ∼20 min. Given blood
samples are often taken in an upright seated, rather than supine position in
research, clinical and anti-doping settings, understanding time course changes
after sitting is important. Conversely, activity decreases BV/PV and a walk to
blood sampling locations may have an effect on sample data. There are
implications as the sampling process could be challenged especially with anti-
doping. Thus, we examined the transition from walking to sitting on BV/PV,
to capture maximal possible changes. Healthy males (n=8) and females (n=7)
(25 ± 1 y, 1.73 ± 0.12 cm, 72.7 ± 14.9 kg) completed the study. Participants
arrived overnight fasted (no food or fluid), having avoided strenuous exercise
that morning. A 20-gauge cannula was inserted into a forearm vein and
participants then rested in a standing position for 20 min before walking on a
treadmill at 4 km/h for 20 min. After walking, participants assumed an upright
seated position (within 7 ± 1 s), with blood samples (9 ml) drawn at 0, 5, 10,
estimate changes in BV/PV), and plasma osmolality were determined. The
cannula was flushed with 9 mL sterile saline after sampling. Data were
normally distributed and analysed using one-way repeated measures AN-
OVA, followed by paired t-tests. Time points were compared to 40 min with
no correction for multiple comparisons. Compared to 40 min, PV was lower at
0 min (-6.5 ± 3.2%; P< 0.001) and tended to be lower at 5 min (-1.8 ± 3.1%;
P=0.051). Similarly, compared to 40 min BV was lower at 0 min (-
3.9 ± 2.6%; P< 0.001) and tended to be lower at 5 min (-1.4 ± 2.3%;
P=0.074). Conversely, plasma osmolality was higher at 0 min (289 ± 3
mosmol/kg; P=0.009) and 5 min (0.289 ± 0.003 mosmol/kg; P=0.018)
than 40 min (287 ± 3 mosmol/kg). The data shows stabilisation of PV/BV
after 10 min of sitting and offers an appropriate timeline for consistent blood
sampling be it in research, clinical and/or anti-doping settings.
The Effect of Nutrition and Genetics on Musculoskeletal Injury in
Contact Sports: A Systematic Review
Lucas F1,2,3, V Iatridi1,2, R Costello4, C Graham5, C Curtis6, A Delaxtrat1
1
Department of Sport, Health Sciences and Social Work, Oxford Brookes
University, Oxford, UK
2
Oxford Brookes Centre for Nutrition and Health, Oxford, England
3
Centre for Movement, Occupational and Rehabilitation Sciences
(MOReS), OxINMAHR, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK,
England
4
Centre for Sport, Exercise & Life Sciences, Coventry University, England
5
Cereneo Foundation, Switzerland
5
Crystal Palace Football Club, England
To date, how diet can ameliorate musculoskeletal injury (MSKI) has focussed
chiefly on contact sports male athletes. This systematic review aims to
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S12 ISENC 2022 ABSTRACTS
determine nutritional- and genetic-related risk factors in relation to MSKI in
contact sports with a focus on exploring potential differences by gender. The
review was conducted according to the Cochrane handbook and PRISMA
principles and is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42022318890.
Peer-reviewed randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and cross-sectional studies
with professional and recreational athletes aged between 18 and 44 years from
football/soccer, rugby and handball were included. Medline, PubMed, Sport-
Discus, Embase, CINHAL, and Web of Science were searched from Novem-
ber 2021 to February 2022. The quality of the evidence was assessed with the
Cochrane risk of bias tool and critical appraisal tool for RCTs and cross-
sectional studies, respectively. 14 studies (n=443) were eligible for review
covering exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) (n=10), injury rate (n=3),
and bone health (n=1). Five dietary interventions positively affected EIMD.
With injury rate, creatine supplementation led to fewer injuries than a placebo
(p < 0.001). Two out of the 14 studies focused on female athletes (n=43). One
assessed the Mediterranean diet and bone health: non-significant correlations
between diet adherence and bone ultrasound attenuation (r2=-0.079, p > 0.05)
or speed of sound (r2 =0.001, p> 0.05) were made. The second study assessed
nutrient intake and muscle damage. Athletes complying with daily recom-
mended intakes for nutrients had lower concentrations of creatine kinase pre-
match (carbohydrate (146 ± 68 vs. 116 ± 22 U/l, p< 0.01), fibre (148 ± 67 vs.
112 ± 24 U/l, p< 0.01), vitamin B1 (235 ± 85 vs. 135 ± 57 U/l, p< 0.001), and
chromium (191 ± 86 vs. 131 ± 52 U/l, p< 0.05). Across all studies, a range of
nutritional strategies were employed to mitigate the risk of MSKI with
equivocal results. No research paper had a cohort of both men and women
or explored the influence of genetics and nutrition on MSKI. Further research is
recommended into how genetics and nutritional intake may affect MSKI in
female contact sports.
Use of Supplements and Medications by Athletes at the 2022 Birming-
ham Commonwealth Games
Statham L1, AL Pipe2, P Harcourt3
1
Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United
Kingdom
2
Division of Prevention and Rehabilitation, University of Ottawa Heart
Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
3
Commonwealth Games Federation. With permission and support from
the CGF
While supplement and medication use are widespread in the general
population, elite athletes have been reported to have a higher preva-
lence, with reasons for use including performance optimisation, man-
aging nutritional deficiencies, and prevention of illness and injury.
Some substances may carry benefits but others may degrade perfor-
mance and cause harm. Contamination of supplements is also the source
of many adverse analytical findings in doping control procedures and
may result in the application of sanctions. This research aims to identify
the prevalence of supplement and medication use at the 2022 Birming-
ham Commonwealth Games. Athletes completed a self-report question-
naire regarding supplements and medications brought to the games at
the Birmingham Commonwealth Welcome Centre at the National
Exhibition Centre and athletes’ villages. Participants were a subset
of 402 athletes competing at the Games, from 35 nations and represent-
ing 23 sports. 43% of athletes reported at least 1 supplement and 47%
reported at least 1 medication. The most reported supplements included
protein (19%), multivitamins (15%), and electrolytes (12%) and the
most used medications were NSAIDs (26%) and Other Analgesics
(24%). The use of supplements and medications by athletes varied
by sport and country. The level of supplement use does not reflect the
evidence base regarding their efficacy, indicating the need for further
nutritional education.
IJSNEM Vol. 33, No. S1, 2023
Effect of Carbohydrate Supplementation on Endocrine and Muscle
Glycogen Contents in Amenorrhoeic Runners
Kamei A1, E Takai1, Y Ishii1, E Kondo2,3, M Nakamura1, H Takahashi1,3,
S Nose-Ogura4
1
Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Japan
2
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Japan
3
Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
4
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Tokyo, Japan
The aim of this study was to investigate whether difference of menstruation
status affects change in body weight (BM) and composition, muscle
glycogen (mGly) concentration, and blood parameters with carbohydrate
supplementation. The participants were 12 female middle- and long-
distance runners (eumenorrhea; n = 6, mean±SD age 23 ± 3 y, BMI
19.0 ± 1.7 kg/m2, amenorrhea; n = 6, age 19 ± 2 y, BMI 17.7 ± 0.8 kg/
m2). This study consisted of 1 day for the preliminary survey and 4 days for
the experiment. The preliminary survey was conducted about one month
before the main survey. The participants visited the laboratory on the
evening of the first day, and were allowed to take the prescribed meal and
ad-libitum water and to participate to normal training until end of study.
The prescribed meal of the second day contained the macronutrients based
on the preliminary survey, and the prescribed meal of the third day was
added 2 g/kg BM/d of carbohydrate to the amounts of macronutrients on
the second day. BM, body composition, and mGly concentration were
measured every morning. Blood sample was collected at day-2 and day-4.
The mGly concentration in the calf of the right leg were measured using
13
C-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). In addition, physical activ-
ity and dietary intake were recorded throughout the study, and energy
availability was calculated from energy intake, energy expenditure during
exercise and fat-free mass. In the eumenorrhea group, the change in mGly
concentration from day-3 to day-4 recovered to 100.5 ± 15.1%, recovered
only 79.8 ± 27.8% in the amenorrhea group. Luteinizing hormone in the
amenorrhea group increased after carbohydrate supplementation in four of
six participants, decreased in one participant, and did not change in one
participant with a low level of 0.11 mIU/ml before supplementation. In
conclusion, mGly concentration in amenorrhea runners did not recover
adequately with 2 g/kg BM/d of carbohydrate supplementation. However,
some amenorrhea runners showed an increase in luteinizing hormone,
speculating the increased luteinizing hormone as per carbohydrate sup-
plementation could stimulate estrogen and progesterone, and contribute to
recover the menstrual cycle.
Effects of Supplementing Zinc-Magnesium Aspartate on Sleep Quality
and Submaximal Weightlifting Performance, Following Two Conse-
cutive Nights of Partial Sleep Deprivation (4 h per Night)
Gallagher C1, V Austin1, KW Taylor1, J Dally1, J Jacques1, S Pullinger2, N
Walsh1, B Edwards1
1
Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John
Moores University, Liverpool, UK
2
Sport Science Department, Inspire Institute of Sport, Vidyanagar, Dist.
Bellary – 583275
This study examined whether supplementing zinc-magnesium aspartate
(ZMA), while under conditions of partial sleep deprivation (4h sleep over
two consecutive nights), was beneficial on sleep quality and subsequent
day (07:00 h and 17:00 h) submaximal weightlifting performance. Seven-
teen resistance trained males participated (22 ± 2 years; 177 ± 5 cm;
76 ± 11 kg), with 7 of the participants completing 3 conditions: ZMA
supplementation with 4 hours sleep (ZMA), placebo supplementation with
4 hours sleep (PLA), or a no pill control condition with 4 hours sleep (NP),
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with the remaining 9 participants only completing ZMA and PLA con-
ditions. 1 repetition max (1RM) bench press and back squat, habitual sleep
and food intake were recorded, as well as completion of two familiarisation
sessions. The study was a randomised, double blinded, placebo-controlled
trial and all conditions were separated by 7 days, with trial order being
randomised and counterbalanced. Resting tympanic temperature, Profile of
Mood States and Stanford Sleepiness questionnaires were recorded at four
time points (07:00, 11:00h, 14:00, 17:00 h) on the day of testing protocol.
An active warm up was then performed, followed by three repetitions of
left- and right-hand grip strength. The submaximal exercise session then
commenced, which consisted of three repetitions at 40, 60 and 80% of
1RM for bench press and back squat. Performance measures were recorded
using Muscle Lab linear encoders that were attached perpendicular to the
Olympic bar. Data was analysed using a general linear model with repeated
measures. No main effect for condition was found for any Muscle Lab
variables, yet RPE, muscle fatigue, breathing and perceived exertion
increased in line with load on the bar. A trend was observed for breathing
values, for both bench press (P = 0.069) and back squat (P = 0.058)
and time to peak velocity (P = 0.095). We reported no main effect for
condition for all actimetry data and sleep questionnaires, except the
Stanford Sleepiness Questionnaire, which demonstrated an interaction
(P = 0.010). In summary, supplementation of ZMA for 2 nights of
consecutive partial sleep deprivation (4 h per night), has demonstrated
no effect on sleep quality or subsequent day submaximal weightlifting
performance.
Indicators of Exercise Addiction Are Increased in Female Athletes At
Risk For Low Energy Availability
Wasserfurth P1, D Toepffer1, H Engel1, K Kirchner1, R Halioua2, M
Claussen2, K Koehler1
1
Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University Munich,
Germany
2
Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Univer-
sity Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, Switzerland
Relative energy deficiency in sports (RED-S) is centered by chronic low
energy availability (LEA), with a bidirectional causative relationship with
mental health. Aside the well-established link between eating disorders and
LEA, exercise addiction (ExA) has been proposed as another independent
LEA risk factor. The aim of this investigation was to assess the relationship
between LEA, eating disorders, ExA and biomarkers indicative of LEA in a
sample of female endurance athletes. In a cross-sectional study, 23 athletes
(27 ± 6 yrs, BMI 20.6 ± 2.0 kg/m2) who train ≥ 4 times/week completed the
Low Energy in Females Questionnaire (LEAF-Q), the Brief Eating Disorder
in Athletes Questionnaire (BEDA-Q), and an expanded version of the
Exercise Addiction Inventory (EAI). Biomarkers of LEA included a
reduction in resting metabolic rate, defined as a ratio of measured and
predicted RMR < 0.9 and reduced circulating concentrations of triiodothy-
ronine (T3). According to the LEAF scores, 52% of all athletes were at risk
of LEA. Athletes at risk for LEA demonstrated a higher risk for eating
disorders (42% vs. 9%) and exercise addiction (ExA; 25% vs. 0%), which
was predominantly (67%) categorized as secondary ExA. Overall, EAI
scores were increased in athletes at risk for LEA (22.4 ± 3.7 vs 18.9 ± 2.7,
p=0.014), and more of those athletes reported to train despite pain or injury
(42% vs. 18%). Additionally, athletes at risk for LEA were more likely to
have suppressed RMR and low T3 (42% vs 36% and 17% vs. 9%
respectively). EAI scores were not associated with LEA biomarkers. Our
findings indicate that the inclusion of exercise addiction could complement
the LEAF-Q when screening athletes for LEA. Given that mental health and
LEA are bidirectional, early detection of compromised mental health could
aid in prevention of chronic LEA and RED-S. Acknowledgements: This
study was funded by the Robert-Enke-Foundation.
IJSNEM Vol. 33, No. S1, 2023
ISENC 2022 ABSTRACTS S13
Total and Free 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels are Associated With
Bone Mineral Density in Adolescent Athletes
Granda D1, J Malczewska-Lenczowska1, O Surała1, B Szczepańska1
1
Department of Nutrition Physiology and Dietetics, Institute of Sport,
National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
Vitamin D plays an important role in calcium and bone homeostasis. In the
circulation most 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) is bound to vitamin D-
binding protein (VDBP) or albumin. The remaining small proportion of
unbound vitamin D is the free form (f25(OH)D). According to the “free
hormone” hypothesis, f25(OH)D does reflect its biological actions better than
commonly used t25(OH)D. We hypothesized that f25(OH)D may better
correlate with bone density than t25(OH)D in healthy adolescent subjects. The
study included 50 healthy adolescent males (25 ski jumpers (SJ) and 25 non-
athletes (NA)), aged 16.0 ± 0.1 and 17.4 ± 1.1 years, respectively. t25(OH)D
and f25(OH)D (ELISA, DiASource) were determined in serum and bone
mineral density (BMD) were assessed in femur neck and lumbar spine (L1-
L4) (DXA, Lunar Prodigy). In the whole group subjects with low bone
density (Z-score ≤-1) constituted of 18.0% in both studied bone areas - there
were no differences between the groups (p> 0.05). The mean concentrations
of t25(OH)D and f25(OH)D were higher in SJ than NA (t25(OH)D:
29.3 ± 8.4 ng/ml vs 20.4 ± 4.5 ng/ml, p< 0.001; f25(OH)D: 6.8 ± 1.9 pg/ml
vs 5.2 ± 1.6 p=0.003, respectively). Values of t25(OH)D ≤ 30 ng/mL were
taken as deficit or insufficient levels. Accordingly 86% of subjects (SJ=76%;
NA=100%) were qualified as deficiency/insufficiency and only 11.8%
(SJ=24%; NA=0%) as sufficiency. Regardless of the t25(OH)D status no
differences were found in mean BMD values between the SJ and NA group
(T-student test). However, when vitamin D status was assessed with f25(OH)
D, there was a difference between SJ and NA group in the femur neck BMD
Z-score among vitamin D insufficient subjects (mean BMD Z-scores in SJ
and NA respectively: -0.61 ± 1.18 vs 0.49 ± 1.16, p=0.049). In the athletes
there was a moderate positive correlation between t25(OH)D and femur neck
(r=0.403) and L1-L4 (r=0.431) BMD Z-score, and between f25(OH)D and
L1-L4 BMD Z-score (r=0.485). No similar correlations were observed in NA
group. Presented results confirm that both the t25(OH)D and f25(OH)D are
associated with bone mineral density, but mainly in the athlete population.
The f25(OH)D does not seem superior to t25(OH)D in predicting risk of low
bone density in adolescent.
Formulation of an Isonitrogenous Negative Control for Human Feed-
ing Studies Measuring Muscle Protein Synthesis
Norton C1,2,3,4, BP Carson1,2,4, M Amigo-Benavent2,4,5, RW Davies4,6,
PM Jakeman1,2,3
1
Department of Physical Education & Sport Sciences, Faculty of Educa-
tion and Health Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX, Limerick,
Ireland
2
Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX, Limerick,
Ireland
3
Sport and Human Performance Research Centre, University of Limerick,
V94 T9PX, Limerick, Ireland
4
Food for Health Ireland, Science Centre South (S2.79), University
College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
5
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX,
Limerick, Ireland
5
Chester Medical School, University of Chester, University Centre
Shrewsbury, Shrewsbury, United Kingdom, SY3, UK
The ability of protein to enhance muscle protein synthesis (MPS) is of great
interest in human health and disease. The bioactivity of proteins to regulate
MPS resides, principally, with the essential amino acid (EAA) composition
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S14 ISENC 2022 ABSTRACTS
and the temporal pattern of postprandial EAA hyperaminoacidaemia.
Feeding and digestion are complex physiological processes that effect a
change in MPS independent of that ascribed to protein, so null comparators
are difficult to devise. Current practice centres on non-nitrogenous, iso-
energetic equivalents (e.g. carbohydrate) that may not be an appropriate
control for human feeding studies. The aim of this research was to design
an isonitrogenous amino acid (AA) formulation for use as a negative
control (i.e. non-bioactive) in the study of protein ingestion on MPS. Milk-
derived proteins (MDP) provided the reference protein and AA content for
the null formulation. EAAs, sulphur-containing and functional amino acids
(fAA) were removed and replaced by the residual amino acids enhanced in
proportion to their reference composition. Based on a 0.33g.kg-1 body
mass dose, the final amount of each AA was within tolerable upper limits
(UL) of intake. Our results show the protein and AA content of the control
formulation was equal to the MDP reference at an administered dose of
0.33g·kg-1 BM (body mass). We confirm absence of any postprandial
bioactivity in vitro (cell culture) and in vivo (human) experiments. We
conclude that this novel AA formulation advances methodologies for use
in investigating the role of protein feeding on MPS and may act as a viable
negative control in human feeding studies.
Relationship Between Water Turnover and Body Composition, Train-
ing Time, and Environment in Judo Athletes During the Summer
Training Season
Kondo E1,2,3, A Uchizawa2,4, H Hiraoka1, H Okada1, K Watanabe1, Y
Tanabe2,5, M Kosugi6, A Ito6, H Takahashi1,7, Y Higaki6, AM Silva3, H
Sagayama1
1
Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba
2 activity independent of energy availability. Therefore, our aim was to
Japan Society for the Promotion of Sciences
3
Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon
4
Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of
Tsukuba
5 1.76 ± 0.01 m, body mass 72.5 ± 5.7 kg, VO2max 68.2 ± 7.3 ml.min-
Faculty of Health and Sports Sciences, Toyo University
5
Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University
7
Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance, University
of Tsukuba
Establishing water requirements in Judo athletes is important to maintain
conditioning and make weight for competitions. Adequate fluid intake,
especially during the summer training season, also contributes to reducing
the risk for heat-related illness. Water turnover (WT) varies widely across
inter-individual athletes through factors such as body size and composition,
training time, and environmental factors. Daily water requirements, includ-
ing water from meals, are estimated according to WT using stable isotope
techniques. This study aimed to clarify the relationship among WT and body
size and composition, daily training time, and environment in Judo athletes
during the summer training season. Twenty-six Judo athletes (21 male, 5
female) underwent 7-day WT measurement using a stable-isotope dilution
technique and body composition as per a three-component model involving
body density from air displacement plethysmography (fat, total body water,
and residual mass). Body surface area was estimated using Dubois and
Dubois’s estimation equation. The athletes recorded their training time
during the WT measurement. Mean (± SD) WT was 5.8 ± 1.8 L/day (range,
3.1–11.0 L/day). WT correlated with height (r = 0.667), body mass
(r = 0.510), body volume (r = 0.439), body surface area (r = 0.598), residual
mass (r = 0.514), training time (r = 0.433), and ambient temperature
(r = 0.417). In contrast, there was no relationship with body mass index,
body density, fat mass, and relative humidity. Body surface area showed the
strongest relationship with WT (β = 0.897, p < 0.001) as per stepwise
multiple regression analysis using training time (β = 0.395, p = 0.001)
IJSNEM Vol. 33, No. S1, 2023
and body density (β = 0.290, p = 0.039) as independent variables; body
surface area, training time, and body density accounted for 72.5% of the
total variation in WT. In conclusion, WT in Judo athletes during the summer
training season could be estimated using body surface area, training time,
and body density. We speculate that body water loss through evaporation
from the body surface and perspiration could be affected by daily WT.
The Effect of a Low or High Carbohydrate Meal Prior to Exercise on
Markers of Bone Metabolism in Endurance Athletes
Raleigh C1,3, S Madigan1,3, C Sinnott-O’Connor3, C Sale4, C Norton1,2,
BP Carson1,2
1
Department of Physical Education & Sport Sciences, Faculty of Educa-
tion and Health Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX, Limerick,
Ireland
2
Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX, Limerick,
Ireland
3
Sport Ireland Institute, Sport Ireland Campus, Abbottstown, Dublin 15,
D15 Y52H
4
Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, 99 Oxford Road,
Manchester, M1 7EL, UK
Low carbohydrate dietary practices have gained increased attention in
recent times with many endurance athletes, researchers and coaches
advocating adopting this strategy to augment endurance phenotypic
adaptation. However, recent evidence suggests that maintaining high
carbohydrate availability across a training day that includes multiple
sessions may attenuate the bone resorptive response to vigorous physical
determine how a single pre-exercise energy and protein matched meal that
is either low carbohydrate high fat (LCHF) or high carbohydrate low fat
(HCLF) prior to a standardised bout of exercise could influence bone
metabolic biomarkers. Four male participants (age 28 ± 6 y, height
1.kg-1) completed 2 hours of running at 70% VO2max on 2 separate
occasions with blood samples collected in the fasted state, 1 hour after
feeding, immediately, 1, 2, 3 and 4 hours after exercise for the measure-
ment of carboxyterminal telopeptide (β-CTX) as an indicator of bone
resorption and procollagen-1 N-terminal peptide (P1NP) as an indicator of
bone formation. HCLF (1.5 g.kg BM-1 CHO, 0.4 g.kg BM-1 PRO and 0.1
g.kg BM-1 FAT) and LCHF (0.1 g.kg BM-1 CHO, 0.4 g.kg BM-1 PRO
and 0.9 g.kg BM-1 FAT) Conditions were administered in a randomised,
counterbalanced, crossover fashion. Baseline concentrations were com-
pared using a paired samples t-test. Data were analysed using a two-way
repeated measures ANOVA with a Tukey post-hoc test. There was no
difference between conditions in baseline concentrations of β-CTX
(p = .154) or P1NP (p = .299). There was a main effect of time for both
β-CTX (F(6,18) = 5.95, p = 0.001) and P1NP (F(6,18) = 7.52, p < 0.001)
but no main effect of condition or the interaction of time and condition.
These data demonstrate that bone metabolism is sensitive to both feeding
and vigorous exercise. However, preliminary analysis of four participants
is insufficiently powered (45%) to definitively answer the effect of
condition at this stage. Using the data collected here it is estimated that
16 participants will be required to provide 80% statistical power to
establish an interaction effect or not on β-CTX concentration.
Prevalence of Low Carbohydrate Dietary Practices and Fasted Train-
ing in Elite Endurance Athletes and Associations With Bone Injury
Incidence
Raleigh C1,3, S Madigan1,3, C Sinnott-O’Connor3, C Sale4, C Norton1,2,
BP Carson1,2
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1
Department of Physical Education & Sport Sciences, Faculty of Education
and Health Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX, Limerick, Ireland
2
Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX, Limerick,
Ireland
3
Sport Ireland Institute, Sport Ireland Campus, Abbottstown, Dublin 15,
D15 Y52H
4 interactions a two-way mixed ANOVA was used. Significance was accepted
Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, 99 Oxford Road,
Manchester, M1 7EL, UK
Low carbohydrate (CHO) diets can present as an attractive dietary modifica-
tion to endurance athletes due to purported benefits to the endurance
phenotype. This approach, however, may increase the risk of low energy
availability which can influence bone stress injury risk. Recent evidence also
suggests that sub-optimal CHO intakes may also mediate bone metabolism
independently of energy availability. This study aimed to investigate the
prevalence of reduced CHO intake and fasted training in elite endurance
athletes; and examine potential associations with bone injury incidence using
a self-reported questionnaire. Eligible participants were endurance athletes
aged 18- 35, who trained for a minimum of 8 hours per week and had
competed at national championships event at a minimum. The questionnaire
was designed specifically to fulfil the aims of this research and sampling was
both purposeful and snowball. Of the 327 eligible respondents, 94 (29%)
reported currently reducing their CHO intake over a period of weeks to
months and 125 (38%) reported engaging in fasted training. Bone fractures
and bone stress injuries were reported by 114 (35%) participants during their
career. The most common type of injury was a fracture (n= 100), the most
common cause of injury was overuse or overload (n= 56) and the most
common area of the body was the foot (n= 36). A negative binomial
regression model was used to determine the influence of these dietary
practices on bone injury incidence. The model also included the following
predictors: biological sex, athlete level, sport, whether they had a diagnosed
condition that impacted bone or performance, years of dedicated training and
weekly training volume. Bone injury incidence was 1.53-fold (p = 0.041, 95%
CI: 1.02 – 2.31) greater in those who used fasted training than those who did
not. Bone injury incidence was similar in those who used period(s) of reduced
CHO intake than in those who did not. These data demonstrate that elite
endurance athletes engage in periods of CHO restriction and fasted training,
and that these practices can be associated with higher incidence of bone
injuries. Future research should aim to determine the direct influence of both
acute and chronic reductions in CHO availability and the potential impact this
has on bone remodelling, bone injury and bone health.
After 10 Weeks of Endurance Training, A High Carbohydrate Diet
With a Low Glycaemic Index Results in Similar Changes in Body Fat
Mass Compared to a Ketogenic Diet
Moitzi A1, M Gleichweit1, A Feichter1, C Kamaryt1, D König1,2
1
Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Austria
2 cycling test was subsequently completed. There were no differences
Centre for Sports Science and University Sports, University of Vienna,
Austria
It is well known that training and manipulation in macronutrient intake help
reducing body weight and fat mass while increasing fat-free mass to reach an
optimal balance between strength/power and body mass, which is desirable
for endurance athletes. The hypothesis of the present investigation was that a
high carbohydrate diet with a low glycaemic index would be able to achieve
those adaptions by attenuating postprandial insulin secretion. After an initial
exercise test, 57 recreational active male runners (age: 28 ± 5 y, peak oxygen
uptake: 55.7 ± 7.7 mL/min/kg) were randomly assigned to one of three
experimental groups (LOW-GI: ≥ 65% low glycaemic carbohydrates daily,
n = 19; HIGH-GI: ≥ 65% high glycaemic carbohydrates daily, n = 19;
LCHF: ≥ 65% fat, ≤ 50 g carbohydrates daily, n = 19) stratified by their
IJSNEM Vol. 33, No. S1, 2023
ISENC 2022 ABSTRACTS S15
VO2 peak. During ten weeks, participants completed five running sessions
per week and fed according to the assigned nutritional regime. Body mass
and composition was assessed before, during and after the intervention
using bioelectrical impedance analysis (seca mBCA 515, Hamburg, Ger-
many). To detect changes from pre- to post-intervention a one-way ANOVA
followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test and to identify mean
differences at the three timepoints, between groups and corresponding
at p< 0.05. Results are reported as mean±standard deviation. Respectively,
there were changes to all three timepoints in weight, BMI, absolute and
relative fat mass in LOW-GI and LCHF. Reductions in body weight and
BMI were evenly lower in HIGH-GI (-1.7 ± 2.3 kg, -0.5 ± 0.7 kg*m-2,
n=16) and similar in LCHF (-4.8 ± 3.2 kg, -1.4 ± 1.0 kg*m-2, n=17) and
LOW-GI (-3.9 ± 3.4 kg, -1.3 ± 1.0 kg*m-2, n=16). Reductions in absolute
fat mass were greater in LOW-GI (-3.9 ± 3.0 kg, p=0.026) and LCHF (-
4.1 ± 2.6 kg, p=0.012) than HIGH-GI (-1.3 ± 2.6 kg). There were no
differences in changes in fat-free or skeletal muscle mass, but there was
a trend towards higher losses in fat free mass in LCHF than the carbohydrate
diets. In terms of reducing fat mass and maintaining fat-free mass a LOW-GI
diet is comparable to a LCHF diet. In contrast to the LCHF diet, the changes
in LOW-GI were achieved with a supply of carbohydrates in line with the
requirements for endurance sports. It could be speculated that this was due to
the higher rate of fat oxidation in LOW-GI because of lower insulin levels
compared to HIGH-GI.
Influence of Time-Of-Day That Acute Nitrate-Rich Beetroot Juice is
Consumed on Blood Pressure and Exercise Tolerance
Rowland SN1, LJ James1, E O’Donnell1, SJ Bailey1
1
Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
Dietary nitrate (NO3-) supplementation can lower systolic blood pressure
(SBP) and improve exercise performance, with such effects positively
associated with plasma nitrite concentration ([NO2-]). Salivary flow rate
(SFR) and pH have been reported to follow a circadian rhythm and to
peak in the afternoon. An elevated SFR would be expected to increase
NO3- secretion into the oral cavity and elevated salivary pH has been
reported to enhance oral NO3- reduction to NO2-. This study tested the
hypotheses that NO3--rich beetroot juice (BR) would increase plasma
[NO2-], lower SBP and improve exercise tolerance to a greater extent in
the afternoon compared to the morning and evening. Twelve healthy
males completed six separate trials, BR and NO3--depleted beetroot juice
(PL) ingested in the morning (BR-MORN and PL-MORN), afternoon
(BR-AFT, PL-AFT) and evening (BR-EVE and PL-EVE) in a repeated-
measures, crossover design. Following baseline measurements of SFR,
salivary pH, plasma [NO2-], and brachial and central SBP, with the latter
determined via applanation tonometry, participants ingested 140 mL of
concentrated BR (13 mmol NO3-) or PL. Measurements were repeated
2.5 h after ingestion and a severe-intensity time to exhaustion (TTE)
between the BR trials in mean SFR or salivary pH (P>0.05). Plasma
[NO2-] was not different after BR ingestion between BR-MORN
(642 ± 289 nM), BR-AFT (670 ± 314 nM) and BR-EVE (675 ± 355
nM; all P>0.05). Compared to baseline, brachial SBP at 2.5 h was
lowered in BR-MORN (4 ± 7 mmHg, P<0.05), but unchanged in BR-
AFT and BR-EVE (P> 0.05). Central SBP was reduced in BR-MORN
(3 ± 4 mmHg), BR-AFT (4 ± 3 mmHg), and BR-EVE (2 ± 3 mmHg, all
P<0.05), with no differences between conditions (P> 0.05). Exercise TTE
was not different between BR and PL at any timepoint (P> 0.05). Acute
BR consumption resulted in comparable increases in plasma [NO2-] and
reductions in central SBP in the morning, afternoon, and evening, but
only lowered brachial SBP in the morning. There were no improvements
in TTE following BR ingestion at any timepoint. These findings improve
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S16 ISENC 2022 ABSTRACTS
understanding of how the timing of BR ingestion might influence its
effects on vascular function, but do not support acute BR ingestion to
improve endurance performance.
Trimethylamine N-Oxide Concentrations and Blood Pressure in Fe-
males Across the Menstrual Cycle and Oral Contraceptive Pill Phases
and Compared to Males
Rowland SN1, LM Heaney1, LJ James1, E O’Donnell1, SJ Bailey1
1 Germany
Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), a gut-derived metabolite and marker
of gut dysbiosis, has been linked to hypertension and cardiovascular
disease. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) is proposed to be elevated in
females using hormonal contraceptives and males than in age-matched
females with a natural menstrual cycle, but the extent to which [TMAO]
differs between these populations has yet to be investigated. The purpose
of this study was to assess whether plasma [TMAO] and SBP differed
across the menstrual cycle (MC) and phase of oral contraceptive pill use
in females, and in males versus females. Brachial and central SBP were
measured, with the latter determined via applanation tonometry, and
plasma [TMAO] was assessed using liquid chromatography-mass spec-
trometry in: naturally menstruating females (NMF) (n = 11) during the
early follicular phase (EFP) and mid-luteal phase (MLP); in combined,
monophasic oral contraceptive pill using females (OCP) (n = 9) during
days 1-4 of the pill free interval (inactive) and days 17-21 of pill
consumption (active), and in males (n = 9). There were no differences
in [TMAO], or brachial or central SBP between NMF averaged across the
MC (1.9 ± 1.0 uM, 106 ± 8 mmHg, 94 ± 9 mmHg) and OCP averaged
across both pill phases (2.0 ± 1.5 uM, 108 ± 5 mmHg, 94 ± 4 mmHg,
P>0.05), or between EFP and MLP (P>0.05), or inactive and active pill
phases (P>0.05). Brachial SBP was higher in men (118 ± 4 mmHg) than
NMF and OCP across all phases (P<0.05). Central SBP was higher in
men (98 ± 3 mmHg) than OCP in both phases (P<0.05), but not different
to NMF (P>0.05). [TMAO] was higher in men (3.3 ± 1.5 uM) than NMF
in the MLP (1.8 ± 0.8 uM, P<0.05), and OCP in the active phase
(1.7 ± 1.0 uM, P<0.05), but not different to NMF in the EFP or OCP
in the inactive phase (P>0.05). There was a positive correlation between
[TMAO] and brachial SBP averaged across the MC in NMF (P<0.05,
r=0.611), but no correlations between [TMAO] and brachial SBP in OCP
averaged across both pill phases or males (P>0.05), or between [TMAO]
and central SBP (P>0.05). Plasma [TMAO] was not different across the
MC or contraceptive pill phase, or between NMF and OCP. However,
males exhibited higher SBP and plasma [TMAO] than age-matched NMF
and OCP. These findings improve understanding of the link between
plasma [TMAO] and SBP in healthy adults.
Effects of Internal Cooling on Physical Performance, Physiological
and Perceptional Parameters When Exercising in the Heat: A Sys-
tematic Review With Meta-Analyses
Heydenreich J1,2, K Koehler1,3, H Braun1,4, M Grosshauser1,5, H Hese-
ker1,6, D Koenig1,7, A Lampen1,8, S Mosler1,9, A Niess1,10, A Schek1,11, R
Ziegenhagen1,12, A Carlsohn1,13
1
Working Group Sports Nutrition of German Nutrition Society
2
Institute of Sports Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz,
Germany
3
Department of Sport & Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich,
Germany
4
Manfred Donike Institute for Doping Analysis, Institute of Biochemistry,
German Sport University Cologne, Germany
5
Olympic Center Rhineland-Palatinate/Saarland, Germany
IJSNEM Vol. 33, No. S1, 2023
6
Institute of Nutrition, Consumption and Health, University of Paderborn,
Germany
7
Division of Sports Medicine, Exercise Physiology and Prevention, Center
for Sport Science and University Sports, University of Vienna, Austria
8
Food Safety Department, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment,
Germany
9
Institute of Health Sciences, University of Education Schwäbisch Gmünd,
10
Department of Sports Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen,
Germany
11
Editorial team Leistungssport, German Olympic Sports Confederation,
Germany
12
Food Safety Department, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment,
Germany
13
Department of Nutrition and Home Economics, University of Applied
Science Hamburg, Germany
An elevated core temperature (Tcore) increases the risk of performance
impairments and heat-related illness. Internal cooling (IC) has the potential
to lower Tcore when exercising in the heat. The aim of the review was to
systematically analyze the effects of IC on performance, physiological, and
perceptional parameters. A systematic literature search was performed in the
PubMed database on 17 December, 2021. Intervention studies were
included assessing the effects of IC on performance, physiological, or
perceptional outcomes. Data extraction and quality assessment were con-
ducted for the included literature. The standardized mean differences (SMD)
and 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) were calculated using the inverse-
variance method and a random-effects model. 45 studies involving 465
active subjects (13.5% female; mean age 20 – 42 years) were included in the
meta-analysis. IC resulted in positive effects on time to exhaustion (SMD
[95% CI] 0.40 [0.13; 0.67], p < 0.01) and mean power output (0.26 [0.03;
0.48], p < 0.05). IC reduced Tcore (-0.21 [-0.37; -0.06], p < 0.01), sweat rate
(-0.22 [-0.36; -0.08], p < 0.01), and thermal sensation (-0.18 [-0.34; -0.01],
p < 0.05). IC resulted in a borderline reduction in time trial performance
(0.31 [-0.60; -0.02], p = 0.06), heart rate (-0.13 [-0.27; 0.01], p = 0.06), and
rate of perceived exertion (-0.16 [-0.31; -0.00], p = 0.05), whereas no effects
were found for skin temperature, blood lactate, and thermal comfort (all
p > 0.05). IC has the potential to support endurance performance and
selected physiological and perceptional parameters. Future research should
confirm the laboratory-based results in the field setting and involve non-
endurance activities and female athletes. Systematic review registration:
https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, identifier: CRD42022336623
Prevalence of Dietary Supplement Consumption in Swiss Endurance-
Trained and Moderately Active Subjects
Czech F1, R Frank1, J Heydenreich1,2
1
Institute of Sports Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz,
Mainz, Germany
2
Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen SFISM, Magglingen,
Switzerland
Dietary supplement (DS) use is widely spread among athletes in various
sports to enhance performance, reduce the risk of injury, stay healthy, and
optimize regeneration. The purpose of the present study was to investigate
the prevalence of DS use and to check for possible sex differences. In 125
endurance-trained and moderately active participants (49% female, 28 ± 6
yr, 22 ± 2 kg/m2, Physical Activity Level 1.9 ± 0.3), the DS intake was
assessed using a standardized dietary record on seven consecutive days. DS
intake was categorized using the ABCD classification system of the
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Australian Institute of Sports (AIS). Fisher’s exact test was utilized to
identify sex-based differences in the prevalence of DS use (α=0.05). The
prevalence of DS use was 62% (women 66%, men 59%). DS of group A had
with 53% the highest prevalence (women 54%, men 51%), caused by a high
intake of sports food (total 49%, women 49%, men 48%) and medical
supplements (total 19 %, women 16%, men 20%). The DS with the highest
prevalence was isolated protein with 24% (women 23%, men 25%)
followed by sports drinks (total 17%, women 16%, men 17%) and multi-
vitamins (total 14%, women 12%, men 17%). There were neither sex
differences in the overall prevalence of DS use nor for any group or
subgroup level or single DS (all p > 0.05). The present study confirms
the results of previous studies showing a relatively high prevalence of DS
use in athletes. The motives and the need for the use of DS remain unclear
among participants of the present study. However, athletes should carefully
weigh out risks (e.g., contamination, exceeding upper limits) and benefits
(e.g., meeting dietary recommendations) of DS use before supplementation
and should be assisted by a (sports-) nutrition expert or medical doctor.
Total Energy Expenditure in Japanese College Male Sprinters Using
the Double Labeled Water Method
Shimamura Y1, R Takemura1, K Iwanami1, D Yamamoto1, H Sagayama2,
K Iwayama1
1
Graduate School of Physical Education Studies Graduate Program in
Physical Education, Tenri University, Japan
2
Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of
Tsukuba, Japan
Anaerobic power output is associated with whole-body muscle mass and
directly affects sprint performance. It is necessary to know that the optimal
IJSNEM Vol. 33, No. S1, 2023
ISENC 2022 ABSTRACTS S17
energy intake for increasing and maintaining muscle mass. Effectively
making ideal body composition, total energy expenditure (TEE) should be
identified, and intake adequate energy in the daily diet. Some previous studies
have investigated TEE in a variety of athletes, but few studies were reported
on sprinters during the training season. The purpose of this study was to
determine the TEE and physical activity level (PAL) of sprinters using the
doubly labeled water (DLW) method, which is the gold standard for assessing
energy expenditure under free living. Five Japanese college male sprinters
(age: 21 ± 1y, height: 170.9 ± 0.4cm, body mass: 61.4 ± 5.5kg, body fat
percentage: 9.5 ± 0.8%) participated in this study. The best record for that
season were 10.84 ± 0.16 s (100m, n=3), 49.23 s (400m, n=1), and 53.70 s
(400mH, n=1). They are classified as sub-elite sprinters according to a
participant classification framework on previous studies. The TEE was
evaluated over 7 days during training season, and the athletes engaged in
their training for 5-6 days·week-1, 174 ± 41 minutes·day-1. Body mass and
body composition did not change between pre- and post-measurement using a
bioelectrical impedance. The PAL was calculated from TEE/measured resting
energy expenditure. The EI was estimated from the Food Frequency Ques-
tionnaire. The average TEE, PAL, and EI were 13.1 ± 1.1 MJ·day-1 (3132 ±
234 kcal·day-1), 1.88 ± 0.17 and 12.5 ± 3.1 MJ·day-1 (2979 ± 740 kcal·day-1),
respectively. There was no difference between the TEE and EI, and the EI was
comparable to Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese. These results indicated
that Japanese college male sprinters, the equivalent of sub-elite, may maintain
energy-balanced conditions during the training season. Therefore, it is
considered that male college sprinters can use the recommended dietary
requirements in order to achieve optimal body mass and composition. This is
the first study that TEE in sprinters during training season has been assessed
using the DLW method, and the results may be useful in establishing energy
requirements for other athletes.
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