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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) AND INDIAN EDUCATION SYSTEM: PROMISING

APPLICATIONS, POTENTIAL EFFECTIVENESS AND CHALLENGES

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 Towards Excellence: An Indexed, Refereed & Peer Reviewed Journal of Higher Education/
Dr. Gunjan Dubey, Dr. Mohammad Hasan & Mr. Aftab Alam/ Page 259-269

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) AND INDIAN EDUCATION SYSTEM:

PROMISING APPLICATIONS, POTENTIAL EFFECTIVENESS AND
CHALLENGES

Dr. Gunjan Dubey

Dr. Mohammad Hasan
Mr. Aftab Alam

Abstract

The 21st century has been regarded as the era of information and technologies and also
proving it very much through the advent of Artificial Intelligence (AI). As a technological
tool AI has changed the faces of society and markets a lot. Siri, Alexa, chatbots and so on,
the promising tools of AI, are being used in deducting the customers’ preferences in making
choices in on line shopping based on their past actions and experiences. Queries support
system of banks, airlines, telecom companies and so on are being handled by AI enabled
system too. Similarly, education sector has also become one of the subject matters of AI. It is
a computer programme also known as machine learning system that can think, act, recognise
the faces, deduct the objects and images, and follow the instructions as a human being can do.
Many of the scientists are opined that AI is the future of education system and days are not
far away when the entire educational activities including teaching-learning process may fall
dependent on AI driven education system. Considering the potential applications and
effectiveness of AI in education system, present article posits to explain the meaning,
concepts, potential applications, effectiveness and challenges of AI with respect to Indian
education system. Like any technology, AI also has some pros and cons in regard to its
applications. AI driven education system may have some negative impacts like deterioration
of values, threat to human civilisation, potential health risk of learners and staff, reduction in
employment opportunities for traditional teachers, complete dependency on technology,
learning gap, issues of data management and cyber securities and so on.

Key Words: Artificial Intelligence; Promising Applications, Potential Effectiveness &

Challenge.

Introduction

The future of Indian education system is seem to be technology oriented as it got serious
consideration in the NEP-2020. Considering the key factors associated with success of
education system of developed countries, policy makers have arrived at the conclusion that
educations system must be transformed and restructured to make the people ready to receive
Artificial Intelligence (AI) that has the capacity to transform the entire education system and

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 Towards Excellence: An Indexed, Refereed & Peer Reviewed Journal of Higher Education/
Dr. Gunjan Dubey, Dr. Mohammad Hasan & Mr. Aftab Alam/ Page 259-269
can lead it to the path of improvement as needed. Acknowledging the fact, AI has been given
due emphasis over the traditional means of technologies used in education system. Along
with AI, Code Language and 3-D Graphics are also given place in NEP-2020 (Ministry of
Education, 2020) so that in future, foundations of education can be visualised as technology
oriented. Technology enabled education system is considered to have potential to make shift
the entire education system as per the need of hours. Like the MOOCs, a recent online, pre-
recorded education programme has made significant impact on the education system
particularly in on going covid-19 pandemic when the teachers and students are restricted to
attend the offline academic programmes, AI may also play vital role in catering the needs of
millions of students of different realm of education system if the education system is ready to
involve or make use of AI in educational functions including the teaching and learning
process. AI has been recognised globally as a promising and potential effective educational
tool to be used for different purposes in the field of education.

Artificial Intelligence (AI): Meaning and Concept

The history of Artificial Intelligence (AI) can be traced from 1950 when Allen Turing,
recognised as the father of AI, developed a ‘Turing Machine’ which was enabled with like a
computer programme that shows human like intelligence. But, the term AI coined by John
McCarthy in 1956 who has defined AI as “the science and engineering of making intelligent
machine.” Further, he defined it as “the study (of artificial intelligence) is to proceed on the
basis of the conjecture that every aspect of learning or any other feature of intelligence can be
in principle be so precisely described that a machine can be made to simulate it” (in Russel &
Norvig, 2010). Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a machine which is considered to have the
ability to perform assignments and resolve the certain issues and problems as a human being
does. It may also be explicated as a system of computer programme which can do tasks
which generally required human intelligence like resolving complicated problems, making
choices and decisions, objects deduction, images and faces recognition and so on. (Zulekha,
2019). In general, it is an electro mechanical process of a machine that thinks, understands
the languages, solves the problems, perceives and anticipates the environment, adapts the
situations, anticipates the actions and so on. Adaptability, learning and anticipatory actions
are considered as the key characteristics of AI (Ilkka, 2018, p.7).

Stages, Types and Domains of Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Following are the Stages, Types and Domain of Artificial Intelligence as categorised and
explained by Zulekha (2019).

Stages of Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Following are the three stages of AI.

1. Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI): It is also called as weak AI. It is the stage where AI
includes machines that can do only specifically defined set of tasks. At this juncture,
machines can carry out only those tasks which are predefined as it do not have thinking
abilities. For examples-Siri, Alexa, Sophia, AlfaGo, the self-driving cars and so on.

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 Towards Excellence: An Indexed, Refereed & Peer Reviewed Journal of Higher Education/
Dr. Gunjan Dubey, Dr. Mohammad Hasan & Mr. Aftab Alam/ Page 259-269
2. Artificial General Intelligence (AGI): It is also recognised as strong Artificial
Intelligence (AI) and is considered as the advancement of AI where machines will have the
thinking abilities and will able to make decisions as human beings do in general. But at
present, we do not have such machines and it is being anticipated that scientists must come
up with the machines which will be as smart as human beings. Whereas, many scientists has
opined that the AI is considered as the menace to human civilization. Moreover, Stephen
Hawking pointed out that the “development of full Artificial Intelligence could spell the end
of human race.”

3. Artificial Super Intelligence (ASI): By this stage of AI, computers’ abilities will outshine
the human beings’. Though, it is considered as the assumed or hypothetical stage showed in
scientific movies and science fiction books where things are shown that how the machines
will take over the world in future.

Types of Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Based on the functions, AI can be categorised into four types.

1. Reactive Machine Artificial Intelligence (RMAI): Such kinds of machines work only on
present data by considering the present situations. RMAI cannot decipher inferences from the
data in connection to evaluations of their futures course of actions.

2. Limited Memory Artificial Intelligence (LMRI): As the name advocates, it has limited
memory and can have refined, informed and improved decisions from the memory of its past
data. This kind of AI has the memory useful to store past experiences and for the evaluation
of future course of actions.

3. Theory of Mind Artificial Intelligence (TMAI): It is regarded as the advanced kind of

AI, and is predicted to have vital role in human psychology. The theory of Mind Artificial
Intelligence puts emphasis on emotional intelligence for having better understanding about
the pattern of human thoughts and believed. However, such kind of AI is not found fully
developed yet but in this perspective many researches are going on round the clock. .

4. Self-aware Artificial Intelligence (SAAI): It comprises the machines which may have
the power of their own developed consciousness that may lead to become self-aware. Like
the theory of Mind Artificial Intelligence, it is also not developed yet. In this regard, Elon
Musk (n.d.) has warned that “AI is a fundamental risk to the existence of human civilization.”

Domains of Artificial Intelligence

Following are the different domains Artificial Intelligence (AI).

1. Machine Learning: It is a science that gets involve the machines in order to solve the
problems by processing, analysing and interpreting the data. Machine learning can supervise
the unsupervised and reinforcement learning.

2. Deep Learning: It is also called as neuron network. The deep learning is concerned with
executing neuron networks on high demands data to deal with insights and formulate

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 Towards Excellence: An Indexed, Refereed & Peer Reviewed Journal of Higher Education/
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solutions. The logics behind it are the face verification algorithm on Facebook and self-
driving cars that said to have assistants like Siri and Alexa.

3. Robotics: It emphasises on the applications of robots. AI robots are like the artificial agent
which works in real world situations for producing results by taking into account the some
actions. Sophia is named as the good example of the AI in robotics.

4. Expert Systems: It is a domain of AI in which computer system learns as well as

reciprocates with the ability of decision making of a human expert. It can use its logic notions
in resolving the complex problems. Expert System domain of AI does not depend on the
conventional programming system rather on more advanced programme. It is used in
information management there seen to use in fraud deduction, virus deduction and also in
managing medical and hospital records and so on.

5. Fuzzy Logic: It is a computing based approach where it works on the principle of degree
of truth. Fuzzy Logic is the Boolean Logic. It has the utility in medical field in terms of
resolving complex problems including decision making issues. Moreover, it is also useful in
performing the task of automating the gas system in cars.

6. Natural Language Processing (NLP): It is a system of processing the natural language

which is called as the science of drawing insights from the natural language of human being.
NLP is used in order to communicate with machines and online businesses, and the examples
of NLP are Twitter and Amazon. Twitter uses NLP to analyse the fake news and abusive
languages, and to filter out the terroristic languages from the tweets whereas Amazon uses
NLP to understand and analyse the customers’ feedbacks and improves the users experience
as well.

Indian Education System and Artificial intelligence (AI)

The Indian education system particularly in regard to AI has been devoid of reflecting any
intention to accommodate and adapt AI till the New Education Policy (NEP-2020) got
cabinet nod for implementing at nationwide in July 2020. Academic discourses within the
institutional boundaries are negligible except few that too in the discipline of computer
science, engineering and management studies. We would say that AI in the common or
general education system is at infancy stage where it has just started scrolling slowly as the
Ministry of Education has put promising emphasis on introducing the Machine Language, AI
and 3-D graphics in the education system of India so that the Indian education system can be
at par to the global education system in which education is being imparted through AI of
much advance level from years before. However, Central Board of Secondary Education
(CBSE), New Delhi, India has decided to incorporate the AI in its school curriculum.

As per an article only 15 % teacher of government schools are trained in handling the
computer. Whereas, only 3 % of the government and private school teachers of the states like
Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Mizoram were reported trained in computer as compared to the
states like Goa, Punjab and Maharashtra where more than 50% school teachers including
government and private were found trained in the same (Sen, Nihalani & Radhakrishnan,

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 Towards Excellence: An Indexed, Refereed & Peer Reviewed Journal of Higher Education/
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n.d.). As per the report of Ministry of Education-UDISE (2019-20) that only one forth
teachers in India were reported trained to deal with the technology oriented teaching learning
process where as 83.43% of the total schools of all management (government, government
aided & private) had electricity supply, however only 80.16% schools were reported to have
functional electricity connection. While, only 22.28% of all management schools in India had
internet facility. Moreover, only 38.54% schools of all management of which only 30.03% of
government, 62.97% government aided and 59.88% of private schools had computer facility.
Similarly only 37.13% of the all management schools in India of which only 28.55% of the
government, 61.84% of government aided and 58.48% of the private schools were found to
have functional computer facility.

In spite of National Policy on ICT in school education (2012) through which ICT enabled
teaching leaning process and enhancement of ICT literacy and competency was given top
priority, the reality of facts and figures mentioned in UDISE-2019-20, realising the
conceptualisation of AI in general education system of Indian including schools and
universities is not like a bed of roses rather hard nut to crack as even in 21 st century the
significant proportion of teachers are untrained in technologies, limited schools have
functional electricity supply, internet connections and computer facilities which have been
recognised as inevitable to go with the potential, effective and promising uses of AI in the
different realms of education system. In this connection, a revolutionary and insightful efforts
like National Literacy Mission (1988) and Operation Blackboard (1987) is needed to launch
at nationwide to revamp and establish the essential infrastructures required for AI, it would
be better to have a National Policy on AI including Code Language and 3-D graphics in
school and university education similar to the National Policy on ICT (2012).

Artificial Intelligence: Promising Applications and Potential Effectiveness

AI has become globally recognised as a techno potential tool which could fetch effectiveness
in educational functions and practices if uses properly and effectively. Having been
establishment of its effectiveness by many scientists of the world, it has also been regarded as
the threat to human life as well. However, business houses and educational field has the vast
scope of its promising applications and potential effectiveness, but the range of potential
effectiveness is determined by the intentions and objectives of its uses.

Decades ago futurists, science fictions, scientific movies and many more scientists were
insinuating and predicting about the cataclysmic and catastrophic changes may happen in the
life of people and in society too with the advent of fast changing face of AI and its
applications. Widespread of AI in the 21st century has been creating the avenue of its
effective, reliable, potential and promising uses particularly in auto driven cars, business
houses like Amazon & Flipkart. Moreover, queries support system of airlines, banks, food
delivery apps and other virtual sopping platforms are using AI driven chatbots (Makkar,
2019). Similarly, education is also one of the sectors where AI can make effective and
potential changes.

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In connection to potential effectiveness, promising applications of AI in educational functions
and practices are explained as follows.

1. Personalised Learning Opportunity: AI Driven teaching learning process could come

with more suited teaching techniques and strategies and could adapt to the students’ learning
pace and behaviour easily. In AI enabled personalised learning, students will gets learning
experiences as per their needs; those confortable with audio and video materials will has that,
students confortable with text materials will get that and so on.

2. Delivery of Quality Content: Preparation and delivery of smart contents is the key matter
of pedagogical aspects. AI assisted and driven system can create and deliver the quality
content in the forms of audio and video and also by turning the traditional text books into
digital one. New learning interface can be created that can be helpful to the students of all
levels and grades. Cram101 and Netex is helpful to teachers and enable them in developing e-
curriculum, AI devices driven more comprehensive syllabus with much illustrated audios and
videos (Agarawal,2020).

3. Equality and Equity in Learning Opportunity: If we keep all the constraints neutral, AI
enabled education system is considered as a tool to ensure equity in access to education for
everyone. Millions of learners are either studying or trying to enrol in schools, colleges and
universities deserve to access good education. AI enabled education system can ensure more
equalise and equity learning opportunities to the learners as the personalised e-curriculum,
tutorial programme, skill based learning applications are being developed at global level
wherein AI driven system will bring classrooms at fingertips and can empower the learners to
access the education as per their needs and abilities and may also get upgrade themselves
with the trends of global education.

4. Interactive Teaching-Learning: AI enabled education system is consider to be more

interactive as it provides individualised opportunities of interaction. Algorithms, a machine
learning and AI driven programme can follow the instructions of learners as many times as
can be. This enables the learners to have queries, clear doubts, understand the concepts,
revisit and customise the contents without much effort.

5. Remote Learning: Remote learning is one of the subjects of AI driven system of

education. AI can make possible to everyone who wishes to attend classes from home or
remote as it can stream the e-content in the forms of audio and audio-visuals on instructions.
AI can be a boon to millions of rural learners who may be unable to attend the institutions but
can access the AI driven electro-mechanised education system at their fingertips.

6. Curriculum Up gradation: AI enabled education system can have predictions about the
worthiness and compatibility of curriculum with the students. It can evaluate and suggest the
methods, skills and strategies of teaching; contents, activities, examinations patter and system
suited to the different students. It can enable the education system to have regular up
gradation of curriculum as per the need, interest and compatibility of the students by
providing feedback and future predictions.

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7. Dropouts Management: Drop outs are caused by various reasons. It is quite tough to
analyse ever reason causing to potential drop outs but it is predicted that AI driven system
can identify the list of potential drop outs. However, government of Andhra Pradesh, along
with Microsoft AI, has successfully piloted a project of identifying and managing drop outs
in Vishakapatanam (Bhaduri, 2020). AI enabled device can make predictions through actions
recognition, performance and reasons analysis of the students’ performance, actions and
potential causes lead to dropping outs them from the schools.

8. Assessment and Grading: AI can do assessment and grading concurrently that teachers
required days to do. AI driven system can do it by making audio and video streaming,
recognise the images and faces as the human can do during the proctored assessment while
writing examinations. So it can recognise and understand the actions of examinees, read the
answer script and do the grading with accuracy as per the performance and merits of the
students. Moreover, AI enabled tool may also reduce the marathon exercises of conducting
home and competitive examinations as it can do all exercises through image, face, actions
and instructions recognition abilities.

09. Research Activities: It is predicted that AI may also helpful in research activities through
text, script, image, face and voice recognition ability. Finding related studies, selection of
research design with reasons, coding, weeding out data, analysis, interpretations and so on
may be possible in future if AI enable technologies become common in use.

10. Assistant to Differently abled Learners: AI driven teaching learning process could
meet out the needs of differently abled learners as it can map the each and every learner’s
needs and capacity by their faces, images and voice recognition that help AI to help them out
individually in all teaching and learning matters. It could also be succeed in establishing
inclusive learning environment and could come up with the best teaching methods and
learning materials suited to them than a normal teacher could fail in doing so. Moreover, it
can make huge difference by doing swat analysis of such students and can understand their
learning gap as well and adjust to their pace and style of learning accordingly.

11. Remote Proctoring: AI enabled teaching learning process, examinations and other
activities of leaners could be monitored from the remote by AI through face, voice, and
actions recognition abilities it has. As with the help of algorithms, AI receives as well
understands human instructions and actions, and transmits the same to the required ends.

12. Resources and Events Management: AI may be helpful in optimising the use of
institutions’ resources. It may locate where the files or records are kept and also furnish the
record whatever and whenever needed. In Events management, AI enabled robot or
algorithms may reduce the manual exercises as it could do the works of many staff required
at different points and time through face and actions recognition; object deduction, and by
following the instructions as human being could.

13. Feed Back: By the virtue of unique ability of face, script, image recognition and
deduction, and by following the instructions including human actions AI can give the
immediate feedback as it keeps on working on the students’ performance trends individually

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while carrying out the teaching learning process or other activities. Immediate feedback to the
students and as well other concerned on students current and future academic performance
can be possible in AI enabled teaching learning process.

14. Training and Skills Development: Studies predict that training and skill development
programmes for the teachers and others staff can be possible efficiently by using AI. As the
AI enabled computer programme may read the instructions, recognise the faces and images of
participants as the human being does. Instilling the skill into the teachers is possible by
devising the AI enabled training programme. Need based one to one training shall also be
possible. Moreover, AI can follow the instructions (voice or actions) and reciprocate
accordingly.

Apart from the points explained, an AI enabled education system can ease the administrative
tasks, protect the data, ensure cyber security, ensure accuracy and accessibility, and also
assist the teachers and intuitions in many aspects.

Issues and Challenges

Similar to many technological tools and techniques, AI also has many issues and challenges
in perspective of education system, society, government’s approach, policy implementation
and so on. Following could be the possible and potential challenges before the AI driven
education system.

() Resistant from society and parents to accept the AI driven education system fully, (ii)
Socio-religious taboos in adapting AI, (ii) Socio-economic back ground of learners, (iv)
Government’s casual approach,(v) No dedicated policy on AI at national level, (vi) Schools’
inability to adapt the AI driven education system, (vi) Financial exchequer, (vii) Poor
infrastructures at every ladder of education, (viii) Sustained functional electricity supply, (ix)
Sustained functional internet connectivity, (x), AI trained staff, (xi) Awareness gap among
the students, (xii), Public and Private; Urban and Rural gap among the students’ approach to
AI, (xiii) Absence in emotional aspects, (xiv) No physical involvement of teachers, (xv)
Possibility to deterioration of value system, ( xvi) Teachers’ place and respect at risk, (xvi)
Sharp cut in employment opportunity for teachers and other staff, (xvii) Threat to cyber
security, (xviii) Data management issues, (xix) Issues of correct programming of AI, (xx)
equality and equity in access to AI enabled education system, (xxi) Potential threat to human
civilisation and race, (xxii), Information and data based education than knowledge based,
(xxiii) Staff and Students’ at potential health risk, (xxiv) Potential encouragement to
materialistic society, (xxv) Arts and Humanities subject at the risk of fading away, (xxvi),
Possibility of centralised control of entire education system, (xxvii) No chance of guidance
and counselling, (xxviii) Over AI dependent education system and so on.

Conclusion

Artificial Intelligence is regarded as a system of machine learning or computer programme

that can do what a human being can do. If any technology that has the capacity to cast
catastrophic impact and bring change in the society of 21 st century we would name to the

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Artificial Intelligence. AI has become one of the highly debate inviting issues among the
scientists, educationists, policy makers and other stakeholders of education system. AI is
considered to be the custodian of future education system at every level if it gets full
coverage in implementation and application in the educational realms as it has the promising
applications in education system with respect to teaching learning process, administrative
tasks, managing resources and events, assessment and grading, equal opportunity in access to
education, remote and proctored learning, curriculum up gradation, predictions about
potential drop outs, inclusion oriented education system and so on. However, AI enabled
education system is still in infancy stage. Socio religious taboos, students’ abilities, proper
policy on AI, essential infrastructures, financial constraints and so on are the potential issues
and challenges pertaining to AI enabled education system. Moreover, functional and
sustained electricity connection, internet connectivity and trained staff in AI programming is
inevitable to ripe the effective and desired results out of its potential uses in the education
sector.

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Dr. Gunjan Dubey

(Professor)
Department of Education
Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, (U.P)
Email: gunjandubey.edu@gmail.com
and
Dr. Mohammad Hasan
(Asst. Professor)
College of Teacher Education-MANUU, Darbhanga, Bihar
Email: mohdhasanazmi@gmail.com
and
Mr. Aftab Alam
(Asst. Professor)
College of Teacher Education-MANUU, Darbhanga, Bihar
Eamil: aftabalameflu@gmail.com

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