The Architecture of 8085 Microprocessor

The diagram shown below represents the Architecture of the 8085 Microprocessor

The 8085 Microprocessor includes various functional blocks such as

 Registers
 Arithmetic & Logic Unit
 Instruction Decoder
 Machine Cycle Encoder
 Address Buffer
 Address/Data Buffer
 Incrementer Address Latch
 Decrementer Address Latch
 Interrupt Control
 Serial I/O Control
 Timing & control circuitry.

Registers:
 The 8085 has eight addressable Eight-bit registers such as A, B, C, D, E, H, L, & F.
 The 8085 has two Sixteen bit registers such as Stack Pointer (SP) & Program Counter
(PC).

These registers are classified as

 General Purpose Registers
 Temporary Registers:
 Temporary data register
 W and Z registers

Special Purpose Registers:

 Accumulator (A)
 Flag registers
  Instruction register (IR)

Sixteen-bit Registers
 Program Counter (PC)
 Stack Pointer (SP)

General Purpose Registers:

 General purpose registers such as B, C, D, E, H, and L are 8-bit general purpose registers
used as separate Eight-bit registers or as sixteen-bit register pairs, like BC, DE, and HL.
 When used in register pair mode, the high order byte is stored in the first register like B
when BC is used as a register pair, and the lower order byte is stored in the second
register like C when BC is used as a register pair.
 Register pair HL works as Data or Memory Pointer known as a scratch pad register for
programmers to load the data in this register.
 But bus access is not essential for storing (writing), & reading data from these registers,
 Its operation is internal, hence it provides the easiest method to store intermediate or
temporary results and can be used when we require it.
 Usually, only efficient programmers prefer this HL register pair to store intermediate
results because bus access is essential for using memory locations and requires more time
for program execution.

Temporary Registers:
 Temporary Data Register: The Arithmetic & Logic Unit has two inputs.
 The first input is from Accumulator and the second input is from Temporary Data
Register.
 But the programmer can’t access this Temporary Data Register.
 It is used to execute arithmetic and logical instructions internally
For example, an instruction ADD B is an arithmetic instruction.
 This instruction adds the contents of register A and register B and stores the final added
value in register A.
 This operation is performed by the Arithmetic & Logic Unit.
 Here,
 The content of register B is moved to the temporary data register to apply the second
input to the ALU.
 The Arithmetic & Logic Unit reads inputs from register A and Temporary Data Register.

W and Z registers:
 W and Z registers are temporary registers and are not available for the programmer.
 These W and Z registers are used to store eight-bit data during instruction execution.
 The 8085 Microprocessor uses these W and Z registers for internal operation.

Application of W and Z registers

 The CALL instruction transfers program control to a subroutine or subprogram.
 This instruction pushes the existing value of the Program Counter PC to the stack register
to load the given address into the Program Counter PC.
 Hence the given address is stored temporarily in the W and Z registers and loaded on the
address bus for the fetch cycle.
 Thus the program counter is transferred to the address given in the instruction.
 An instruction XCHG swaps the contents of the H register with the D register, and the
contents of the L register with the E register.
 During swapping these W and Z registers are used to store temporary data.

Special Purpose Registers:

Register A (Accumulator):
 It is a tri-state eight-bit register it has three stable states.
 This register is broadly used in arithmetic, logic, load, & store operations as well as in
I/O.
  In maximum cases, this register A functions as an accumulator to store the result of
arithmetic and logical operations

Flag Register:
 It is an eight-bit register.
 The five bits among these eight bit carries essential information in the form of flags:
1. Sign Flag (S)
2. Zero Flag (Z)
3. Auxiliary Carry Flag (AC),
4. Parity Flag (P), And
5. Carry Flag (CY)