Assignment Tasks on

Epidemiology and Control of Communicable

Diseases.

Prepared by
Dr. Tahmida Tasnim
Dr. Nasim Mosarrof Hossain
Saddam Hossain
Spring 21, MPH program
Department of Epidemiology.

To
Dr. Md. Mojibur Rahman
Associate Professor
Department of Epidemiology
Bangladesh University of Health Sciences
125/1 Darus Salam, Mirpur-1, Dhaka-1216
What is meant by emerging diseases? What are the driving forces
responsible for emerging of diseases?

Emerging disease:

Emerging diseases are infections that have recently appeared within a population
or those whose incidence or geographic range is rapidly increasing or threatens to
increase in the near future.

● They are also called emerging infectious diseases(EID)

● Emerging infections can be caused by: Previously undetected or unknown
infectious agents.

Examples:COVID 19,SARS,MERS,Avian influenza,AIDS(1983),Nipah

Encephalitis(1998),Hepatitis C(1989) and so on.

What are the driving forces responsible for emerging of diseases?

Driving forces:

Disease emergence or outbreaks often occur following a driver.

Examples of such drivers include climate and weather, economic development,

poverty and social inequality, war and famine, human–wildlife interactions,
land use and ecosystem changes.
 Explanations of drivers:
1.Ecological disruptions and human intrusion into new ecological system
increases the exposure of human to new infectious agents.
2.Climate change is another potential driver that shift the ecological role
or range of the disease.
3.Rapid and unplanned urbanizations and industrialization
High risk sexual practices,multiple sex partners and uses of injecting drugs
directly transmit the disease
4.Overcrowding causes person to person rapid spreading of diseases.
5.Poor housing quality,poor sanitation and water supply infrastructure.
6.Internation travels,and trades of goods and services through
international borders to facilitate the spreads of disease by bringing
pathogen to new geographical areas.
 7.Evolution of the infectious agent-mutations in bacterial gene that confer
resistance to antibiotics e.g. DR TB,irrational use of antibiotics
8.Reduced human immunity-immunization failure,malnutrition and
immunosuppressive disease&use of immunosuppresive drugs
9.War and political conflict-causes breakdown of public health
infrastructure.

What is meant by COVID-19?

COVID-19 means coronavirus disease ,is an ongoing global pandemic caused by

severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)

The figure 19 indicates:

On website we find the information and guidance from WHO regarding the
current outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) that was first reported from
Wuhan, China, on 31 December 2019.So, the figure 19 indicates the first outbreak
year of Coronavirus.
A brief highlight on historical background of COVID -19
Discuss the modes of spread, symptoms and usual progression of
COVID-19

The mode of spread:

There’s greater risk of gettingCOVID-19 in place where people are closer together
and spend more time together. Because the disease can spread from person to
person through small droplets from nose or mouth which are spread when a
person with COVID-19 coughs or exhales.
 COVID-19 Symptoms:

The most common symptoms are fever and a dry cough or productive cough.
Others may include tiredness, headache, sore throat, shortness of breath, loss of
taste or smell
Some patients may have nasal congestion,stuffy nose,runny nose or diarrhoea.

Some infected people may not develop any sign symptoms. They don’t feel
unwell too. Asymptomatic carriers also spread COVID-19.So,we must know the
incubation period and follow the prevention advice.
 Progression of COVID-19
Most people about 80% recover from the disease without special treatment.
Around 1 out of 6 become seriously ill and suffer from shortness of breath.
Comorbid patient, elderly generation, acute cases are associated with
increased mortality risk.