Magnesium > Zinc > Nickel > copper > silver

Ni + Cu(NO3)2 --> Ni(NO3)2 + Cu

Cu + AgNO3 ---> Cu(NO3)2 + Ag

Changing temperature, release gas,

oxygen and water

Iron is oxidized to iron ion (+2 or +3).

 Painting creates a layer separating oxygen from reacting with iron.

Sacrificial protection is that we need to stick zinc with iron, zinc is

stronger than iron in reactivity series so zinc is reacted with oxygen first.

Above gold

Metals above H+ can react with steam and dilute acids.

 electrolysis

Carbon
 Ore (iron oxide), limestone, coke (Carbon)

Carbon dioxide react with C to form Carbon monoxide.

CO2 + C -----> 2CO

3CO + Fe2O3 ---> 3CO2 + Fe

Because it is a mixture of substances not pure substance. where Calcium carbonate

helps to reduce the melting of the mixture.

Calcium silicate is less dense than molten iron.

To protect molten iron from reacting with oxygen

It has high melting point.

Because it does not react with oxygen.

In the furnace, CaCO3 could be decomposed to form CaO which can react

with water to explode.