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MACHINE ELEMENTS 1 FORMULA SHEET

Gruebler’s Equation

Degrees of freedom for planar linkages joined


with common joints can be calculated through
Gruebler’s equation:

M = degrees of freedom = 3(n - 1) - 2jp – jh

where:

n = total number of links in the mechanism


Grashof ’s Criterion
jp = total number of primary joints (pins or
sliding joints) The following nomenclature is used to describe
the length of the four links.
jh = total number of higher-order joints (cam or
gear joints) s = length of the shortest link
sample: l = length of the longest link

p = length of one of the intermediate length


links

q = length of the other intermediate length links

Grashof’s theorem states that a four-bar


mechanism has at least one revolving link if:

s+l≤p+q

Conversely, the three nonfixed links will merely


rock if

s+l>p+q

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