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Real-Time Effective Monitoring and Control in Oil and Gas Industry Using
SCADA Technology as a Management Tool

Article · July 2022

DOI: 10.46610/JOARES.2022.v08i02.004

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 Journal of Volume-8, Issue-2 (May-August, 2022)
Alternative and Renewable Energy Sources

www.matjournals.com https://doi.org/10.46610/JOARES.2022.v08i02.004

Real-Time Effective Monitoring and Control in Oil and Gas Industry Using
SCADA Technology as a Management Tool
Akinwale Eso1, Omorogiuwa Eseosa2*
1
PhD Research Student, Department of Electrical/Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,
University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
2
Head, Department of Electrical/Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,
University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria

*Corresponding Author: eseosa.omorogiuwa@uniport.edu.ng

ABSTRACT respondents, 106(78.52%) agreed with the

Pipeline leakage detection, if not addressed
swiftly/promptly, could result to loss of lives
and properties. Researches have shown that
the best means of curbing or drastically
minimizing these losses is through real time
monitoring using DCS and CAO-SCADA
Technology as the management tool. This tool
was adopted in this work and then applied to
a particular oil and gas terminal in Nigeria.
Research questions were generated and data
obtained as well as the research instrument
used were validated. A total of one hundred
and thirty-five respondents were used for the
study. From the formulated testing based on
z-test, three hypotheses were investigated
termed as HO1, HO2 and HO3. HO1 test
hypothesis of pipeline failure as a result of
leakages along it and if the leakage detection
is because there is no DSC, CAO-SCADA
management tool along the pipeline. The
result obtained showed that z-calculated is
less than the critical value of 1.96 with a
significant level of 0.05. From the results
obtained, the hypothesis HO1 is accepted,
thus failure of this pipeline is because the
DSO, CAO-SCADA is not present in the
system. HO2 testing determined if there exists
any difference significantly between the DSC
and CAO-SCADA system. From the result,
the z-calculated which is 0.0065 is less than
the critical value which is 1. This implies that
the null hypothesis (HO2) is accepted.
Meaning that there is no significant difference
between CAO-SCADA and the DCO for the
effective management and monitoring and
safety operations in the pipeline. The last
hypothesis is to test if there exists significant
difference between DCS and CAO-SCADA
system for effective industrial system control
of leakages in pipeline. Out of the 135(100%)
recommendations made by the researchers
while 12.59% partially agreed. 4(5.18%)
have a clear understanding and 5(0.0370%)
are indifferent about the recommendations
made.
Keywords- Oil and gas, Pipelines, Real time,
Resources, Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)
INTRODUCTION
Supervisory control and data acquisition
(SCADA) when applied to pipelines in the oil
and gas industry is an approach used to acquire
data on a real time basis from pipelines using
sensors placed on these pipelines. These data are
then displayed such that people can conveniently
monitor pipelines and other facilities with the aid
of certain control facilities. In developing and
developed countries, there exist various boards
established by extant laws that oversees how
pipelines are produced, put to use, monitor,
record and access how various companied use
SCADA technology in the monitoring, control
and detection of leakages Various approached
exist in the management and control of oil fields
and pipelines in the oil and gas industry. The
approach adopted by any oil field is a function of
the level of sophistication of such a system and
this is dependent on its level of computerization.
Some oil and gas companies indulge in partial
monitoring while others do full computerized
monitoring of their pipelines. From records,
some that does partial computerization always
end up having serious challenges which in turn
translate to losses of lives, properties and
finance. In an attempt to migrate into real time
data usage as a management tool, supervisory

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 Journal of
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control and data acquisition (SCADA)
technology is the choice for such task. Even
some that utilize SCADA technology still see the
need for improvement where data is recorded,
processed and broadcasted to all areas of the
network that requires such information. In this
work, the means of detecting and managing
pipeline leakages in real time is studied with a
view of correcting them within the shortest
possible time.
Modern SCADA management tools are
equipped with the following gadgets:
1. Transmitter: These are used for acquisition
of field data through the use of intelligent
sensors and are majorly powered by a 24V
power supply source.
2. Remote Terminal Unit (RTU): This is a
data acquisition center with the task of
processing the acquired data and it is
completely independent and intelligent
based.
3. Remote Terminal Unit Power Supply
System (RTUPSS): There is always a
power supply unit attached to the RTU.
This is called RTUPSS and it supplies
power at either 12V or 24V depending on
the circuit design.
4. Charge Controllers/Regulators: This
controls the charging as well as the
discharging rates of the batteries with the
sole aim of optimizing its life span. This
controller/regulator checks the state of
charge (SOC), state of health (SOH), the
charging temperature as well as the
charging process of the batteries and also
determines if certain sections of the entire
system is working effectively.
5. Batteries: Direct Current batteries with
nominal voltage values of 12V or 24V.
SCADA system is a combination of
interconnected communication networks that are
integrated into devices such as transmitters,
actuators, sensors, RTU, control systems
equipped with programmable logic controllers.
All these function together for effective and
efficient monitoring and control of pipelines
whether within an environment or remotely.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Supervisory control and data acquisition
(SCADA) as a management tool is used for real-
time data and this is populated in the data base
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as a management system through the
combination of the standards SQL technology.
SCADA system utilization in systems guarantees
reliability, efficiency, integrity of data as most
times, the data are queried with very high speed
of updating it [1]. It is worthy of note that
compatibility with other systems such as the
distributed system operators (DSO) as well as
the computer aided operator (CAO).Thus by
implication, effective communication of these
different units contributes to the overall
efficiency improvement of the entire system.
These systems are configured such that data
acquisition is made very easy and it works on
network even on low speed irrespective of
whether the communication line is noisy with all
forms of interferences. Russel.W.Treat in his
investigation titled “SCADA and telemetry in
gas transmission system posited that with such
systems, integrating various devices,
infrastructural facilities and their associated
software can enhance operators of facilities that
are located remotely and effectively. SCADA
systems ensure that return on investment of any
project is guaranteed. Laith et al. in 2017 did a
design of SCADA system for pipeline control
using LabVIEW with the sole aim of reducing
product contamination as they are transported
from one point to the other. The researchers
developed an algorithm to control the flow
process. Toblas in 2011 presented a paper titled
“Critical IT-Infrastructure (like Pipeline SCADA
systems) requires cyber-attack protection” in the
6th pipeline technology conference in Germany
[2]. The emphasis of the researcher is to deploy
IT technology to combat various forms of attack
either at the design phase or maintenance phase
using various forms of control systems.
Furthermore, security guidelines of a typical
pipeline equipped with SCADA system during
design and commissioning stages were also
investigated and reported accordingly. SCADA
systems application started since 1960 because
of the need to improve on efficient monitoring
and control of events on remote equipment using
real-time process data base. This was classified
as the first generation SCADA system. The
second generation SCADA systems though still
operated in real time but had faster response
time, improved network protocols etc. The third
generation of SCADA has an improved data
encryption and its configuration is based on
system architecture that is open, thus uses open
 Journal of
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protocols as well as standards. This implies that
standard protocols and security techniques
means there is improved security techniques and
approaches applicable to SCADA systems. The
national transport safety board investigated on
the roles of SCADA system in thirteen (13)
liquid lines that are hazardous and the years
under review is between 1992-2004. It was
reported that some sections of the SCADA
system contribution to these accidental hazards
as there was some forms of delay between the
controllers to recognize and detect when there is
pipeline leakages and also notify at its
appropriate time. Various factors such as error in
controllers in accurately evaluating data during
an abnormal operation, inability of both the
supervisors as well as the controllers to take
accurate decisions, controllers ineffectiveness in
the interpretation of the SCADA system as a
management tool, prompt and accurate response
of controllers among others (safety studies
2006). Bekibayev et al. in 2019 presented a work
titles “management of oil transportation via main
pipelines using SCADA system data. In the
investigation, software on oil transportation was
developed while incorporating SCADA system
that will be valuable to pipeline industries. The
researchers were able to demonstrate how the
application of digital technology is used to
control and detect pipelined flows and leakages
using the republic of Kazakhstan as a case study.
It has been established that oil flow management
on pipelines requires the use of smart software
that are integrated with the SCADA system for
effective monitoring, control and management
(Beisembetov et al. 2016 and Zhapbasbayev et
al. 2015) [3]. The need for the effective
monitoring is to ensure that oil as an asset is not
wasted as early detection of leakages due to theft
or corrosion will easily be detected and corrected
on time [4].
Research Method
In this section, an empirical
investigative study is carried out in order to
logically report the findings using the
Distributed control system (DCS) as well as the
Computer Aided operator (CAO) and
supervisory control and data acquisition
(SCADA) technology. It should be noted that
DCS and CAO-SCADA system is identified as
oil and gas management tool. In this section of
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the research design, the collection and analysis
of data used must be well planned and analyzed
based on existing and established scientific
method. Instruments are used to gather data and
the right mathematical expression/model are
applied. Furthermore the conditions with which
these data were collected and collated is
specified and reported accordingly and this is
related to the specified problem under study. In
this work under investigation, questionnaires
which is the most common instrument for
studies was adopted and these questions were
well formulated and structured to critically
address the stated problem. The designed
questionnaires will enable the researcher acquire
data from the right and most appropriate and
qualified respondents. If however in situations
whereby the respondents are not literate enough
to understand the questions clearly, the
researcher ensures that it simplifies such
questions further to a point where it can be
comprehended and understood. This implies that
literacy or illiteracy level is addressed so long as
the questions are targeted towards the
respondents’ level of experience acquired in the
course of their job assignment and delivery [5].
Source of Data Collection
The data used for these studies were
collected from two major sources. These include
the following:
• Primary data source
• Secondary data source
For the fact that the experience level and
relevance of personnel as well as individual
contributions to the overall performance of the
company is necessary, there is need to design
good questionnaire that will address these issues
among others. These questions raised is
traceable to the subject matter that is been
investigated in this study. These include the
DCS as well as the CAO-SCADA technology as
a management tool that monitors and detects and
manage pipeline leakages in real time.
Secondary data was also used for the study.
These include data obtained from already
published as well as recorded works, data from
non-published works, websites, journal articles,
textbooks, monogram, lecture notes etc. Though
this was also used for the study, the data
obtained was subject to validation as these were
not primarily obtained by the researcher [6].
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Validity of Research Instrument
In determination of the best and optimal
approach used to validate the authenticity of the
instrument used for the study, various experts
both in the industry and in the academic
environment were given the questionnaires to
see its suitability in addressing the statement of
the problem. Some forms of amendments,
corrections and adjustments were made to the
questionnaires before it was finally administered
to the respondents. With this approach used, the
research instrument used for the study is thus
validated.
Research Instrument Reliability
Determination
The reliability of the research
instruments also need to be tested because
whatever results that is obtained will form part
of the results that will be discussed.
Furthermore, conclusions, necessary
recommendations and contribution to knowledge
will also be established. The reliability is
determined using the approach called the test
and retest technique. In this technique,
questionnaires will be distributed to some group
of persons who has also been seen as experts in
the field of the subject matter been investigated
but are independent of the original set of people
the questionnaires are designed for. This means
that if the investigation is been carried out for
the oil and gas industry that does same scope of
a job, the company A will receive some
questionnaires and report independently and
their results will be compared to company B
who the actual sense is the investigating
company. Furthermore, in this technique (Test
and Re-test),the established company used for
the investigation will also be given same set of
questionnaires to the same staff after a period of
two weeks and then compare the results reported
by same respondents. These results are then
critically analyzed and then reported accordingly
[7].
Physical Survey of DCS and CAO-SCADA
System
One means of obtaining the primary data
used for the study is to physically inspect the
facility under study and a well-structured
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schedule of survey is designed. The designed
survey document is then used to prepare the
survey report that will eventually be used to
generate all the primary data required for the
study. In this investigation, the case study area is
a particular oil terminal in Nigeria. This terminal
was physically inspected. This was necessary in
order to know if there exist DCS and CAO-
SCAD facility in it. There was also the need to
physically inspect a particular oil Terminal to
establish if there are any DCS and CAO-
SCADA system and to also ascertain the
utilization, operational and application level of
DCS and CAO-SCADA system in this terminal.
It is pertinent to note that with the structured
scheduled survey the data needed for the studies
was generated.
Area/Study Location
In the determination of the area as well
as the geographical location of the place under
study, it follows a chronological order. This
order starts from specifying the country were the
investigation is been carried out, then the state as
well as the administrative, political or
educational zone depending on the means of
classification adopted in the country/area under
study. In this work, a particular oil terminal
location that is owned by a leading oil company
in Nigeria was used as a case study. This oil
terminal is actually the second largest among all
the oil terminals in Niger Delta region of
Nigeria. Niger delta region is the region where
oil and gas is been produced in Nigeria. This
covers all the Niger Delta states of Nigeria [8].
These include Bayelsa, Rivers, Akwa-Ibom,
Delta, and Cross Rivers etc. This particular oil
terminal belonging to one of the existing oil
companies in Nigeria is used for the
transportation of natural resources such as
associated gas, water and oil from the field
located in western delta region to the oil terminal
with oil exporting capacity of over 450,000b/d.
There also exist an over Thirty Two (32)
kilometer pipeline length that is used for the
purpose of delivering crude from the offshore
loading berths to locations were these resources
will finally be exported to their needed locations
. There is also a trunk line that exists within the
particular oil terminal known as Trans Terminal
Pipeline (TTP). This trunk line is described as
the major lines were so many onshore field
 Journal of
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branch lines feed into. The owners of this
terminal is one of the oil producing companies
that exist in Nigeria and has been into
exploration for over fifty (50) years now with all
of their operations in the Niger Delta region of
Nigeria. Table 1 shows pipeline kilometer
length, flow stations, well producing numbers as
Table 1: Some facilities and staff strength of the company.
Some Operations of the company and staff strength
Kilometer length
Number of flow stations
Number of gas plants
Number of producing wells
Staff strength (Direct employee)
Staff strength (Indirect employee) Over Twenty Five Thousand (25,000)
Data Collection Method
As stated earlier, questionnaires are the
instrument used for data collection in this study.
This questionnaires is designed in sections to
address critically the subject matter that is been
investigated. Section A emphasized the
demographic data of the respondents. Such data
include the name, marital status, age, sex etc. of
the respondents. The core issues bothering the
problem intended to solve in this investigation is
raised in section B for response by the
respondents.
Data Analysis Approach
The statistical tools that will be used to
analyse and report the results of the investigation
will be the frequency table among others. In
order to determine the supervisory system used
for the remote terminal units. Equation (1.0) is
used for the study
F 100
x researcher in the work valid. Furthermore the
N 1
Where F= Frequency of occurrence of an event
and N the total number of respondents. The
SCADA system consists of Input/output device
that are programmed and it displays both the
input data and the output result. The auxiliary
memory, display and control console, the central
processing unit, communication interface as well
as the real time unit (RTU). The TRU displays
the information in real time.
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well as the gas plants owned and is currently
been operated by this particular oil company.
Also shown in Table 1 is the staff strength of the
company whether those directly employed by
the company or those employed by contractors
to company.
Over Seven Thousand (7,000)
Over Eighty Nine (89)
Over Nine (9)
Over One Thousand (1,000)
Over Five Thousand (5,000)
DATA ANALYSIS
Response Rate and Respondents’ Profile
The total number of questionnaires
administered to the respondents was One
Hundred and Forty-Five (145). The test-retest
approach was adopted for the study.
Questionnaires were distributed to the same set
of persons at different times. This was important
to test the accuracies of their response times and
the time gap given was a period of three weeks
interval. Then the other part of the test retest
approach is to also give the same question to
companies that does same thing and see their
response differently for a period of one month.
These will also enable the researcher to ascertain
whether the results obtained are consistent as
reported by the various respondents.
Questionnaires that were returned back were one
hundred and thirty-five (135). This implies a
95.17% success rate from respondents thus
making the results drawn as well as conclusions/
recommendations made and the contributions to
knowledge that will be reported by the
level of understanding of DCS and CAO-
SCADA technology and its applications as a
very good management tool in the detection of
leakages that occur in pipelines in oil and gas
industry was also investigated and results
obtained is reported. The levels of formal
education of these respondents were also
captured during this investigation. Table 2
represents the sex of the respondents used for the
study
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Table 2: Distribution of respondent by their sex.

Sex No. of Respondents Percentage
Male 105 77.77%
Female 30 22.22%
Total 135 100%

From Table 2, out of a total of 135
respondents given the questionnaires to fill or
100% of the sample population, 105 were male
representing 77.77% of the total sample
population while 20 were female representing
22.22% of the total population.
Table 3 shows the age distribution of the
respondents based on their levels of experience.
Five classes of age were used for the studies.
These include ages from 20-25 years, 26-30
years, 31-35years, 6-40 years, 41-45 years and
those above 45 years.

Table 3: Age distributions of respondents in percentages.

Years No. of Respondents Percentage Years No. of Respondents Percentage
20-25 14 10.37% 36-40 19 14.07%
26-30 16 11.85% 41-45 26 19.26%
31-35 21 15.55% Above 45 39 28.88%
(Source: Primary Data, 2022)

From Table 3, it is shown that the ages
of staff in the company as tabulated from 20-25
to ages above 45 years. Those employees whose
age is between 20-25years are 14 and expressed
in percentage gives 10.37%. Those employees
whose age is between 26-30years are 16 and
expressed in percentage gives 11.85%.
Employees whose age is between 31-35years are
21 and expressed in percentage gives 15.55%.
Employees whose age is between 36-40years are
19 and expressed in percentage gives 14.07%.
Employees whose age is between 41-45years are
26 and expressed in percentage gives 19.26%.
Employees whose age is above 45years are 39
and expressed in percentage gives 28.88%.
Furthermore, a question was raised will
address the number of years of experience of the
respondents. The year of experience is as shown
in Table 4.

Table 4: Staff with oil and gas industry years of experience.

Service Duration Frequency Percentage Service Duration Frequency Percentage
Above 20 yrs. 40 29.63% 3-5 yrs. 19 14.07%
10-20 yrs. 26 19.26% 1-3 yrs. 17 12.59%
5 -10 yrs. 15 11.11% Less than1 yr. 18 13.33%
(Source: Primary Data, 2022)

From the results obtained as shown in
Table 4 shows that those who have above 20
years work experience of the 135 respondents
are 40 (29.63%). Those who have 10-20 years'
work experience of the 135 respondents are 26
(19.26%). Furthermore it was found that those
who have 5-10 years' work experience of the 135
respondents are 15 (11.11%). Those who have 3-
5 years' work experience of the 135 respondents
are 19 (14.07%). Those who have 1-3 years'
work experience of the 135 respondents are 17
(12.59%). Those who have less than 1year work
experience of the 135 respondents are 18
(13.33%).

Table 5: Job title with oil and gas industry.

Job Job
(Frequency) Percentage (Frequency) Percentage
Responsibility Responsibility
Director 6 4.44% Site Engineer 12 8.88%
General manager 5 3.71% ICTC Engineer 8 5.92%

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Senior manager 7 5.19%
Project manager 12 8.88%
ICTC Manager 10 7.41%
Facility manager 5 3.71%
Cost manager 6 4.44%
Project consultant 9 6.66%
Project contractor 7 5.19%
(Source: Primary Data, 2022)
From the data and as reported in Table
5, it shows that Six (6) among the respondents
are directors of Oil and gas industry and this
represent 4.44% of the sampled population
which is one hundred and thirty five (135). Five
(5) of the respondents are general managers and
this represents 3.71% of the entire population of
the respondents. Seven (7) of the respondents are
senior managers and this represents 5.19% of the
entire population of the respondents. Twelve
(12) of the respondents are project managers and
this represents 8.88% of the entire population of
the respondents. Ten (10) of the respondents are
information and communication technology
(ICTC) managers and this represents 7.41% of
the entire population of the respondents. Five (5)
of the respondents are facility managers and this
represents 3.71% of the entire population of the
respondents. Six (6) of the respondents are cost
managers and this represents 4.44% of the entire
population of the respondents. Nine (9) of the
respondents are project consultants and this
represents 6.66% of the entire population of the
respondents. Seven (7) of the respondents are
project contractors and this represents 5.19% of
the entire population of the respondents. Twelve
(12) of the respondents are site engineers and
this represents 8.88% of the entire population of
the respondents. Eight (8) of the respondents are
ICTC Engineers and this represents 5.92% of the
entire population of the respondents. Seven (7)
of the respondents are cost engineers and this
represents 5.19% of the entire population of the
respondents. Ten (10) of the respondents are
planning engineers and this represents 7.41% of
the entire population of the respondents. Eight
(8) of the respondents are drilling engineers and
this represents 5.92% of the entire population of
the respondents. Fifteen (15) of the respondents
are technicians and this represents 11.11% of the
entire population of the respondents. Eight (8) of
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Cost Engineer 7 5.19%
Planning
10 7.41%
Engineer
Drilling engineer 8 5.92%
Technician 15 11.11%
Client 8 5.92%
Others 23 17.04%
the respondents are clients and this represents
5.92% of the entire population of the
respondents. Other respondents gave some 23
and this represents 17.04% of the entire
population of the respondents. A plot of number
of years of experience and their job
responsibilities. Data in Table 6 shows job
description of staff working in these sections of
the oil and gas industry and their level of
experience was also determined.in this section of
the questionnaire, a total of one hundred and five
persons responded and this is reported in Table
6. From the results shown in Table 6, those
respondents that are knowledgeable in
estimation of project cost are twenty four (24),
thus representing a 22.85% of the total sample
size. Those respondents that are knowledgeable
in project planning are fourteen (14), thus
representing 13.33% of the total sample.
Respondents that are knowledgeable in project
cost controlling are thirteen (13), thus
representing 12.38% of the total sample size.
Those respondents that are knowledgeable in
project progress monitoring are twelve (12), thus
representing 11.43% of the total sample size.
Those respondents that are knowledgeable in
ICTC unit on oil and gas issues are eleven (11),
thus representing a 10.48% of the total sample
size. Those respondents that are knowledgeable
in project completion assessment are ten (10),
thus representing a 9.52% of the total sample
size. Those respondents that are knowledgeable
in project evaluation and achieving the goal of
the project from beginning to the end are eleven
(11), thus representing a 10.48% of the total
sample size with a total sample size. From this
analysis, it can be deduced that most of the
respondents are aware of various job
descriptions in the oil and gas industry and are
also have the right competence to respond to the
problem identified by the researcher.
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Table 6: Job section with oil and gas industry.

Job Section Frequency Percentage (%)
Cost Estimation of the Project 24 22.85%
Project Planning 14 13.33%
Construction Supervision 13 12.38%
Project Cost Controlling 10 9.52%
Project Progress Monitoring 12 11.43%
ICTC Unit on Oil and Gas Issues 11 10.48%
Project Completion Assessment 10 9.52%
Project Evaluation /goal 11 10.48%
Total 105 100
(Source: Primary Data, 2022)

Table 7: Education levels of respondents at oil and gas industry.

Education Level Frequency Percentage
PhD 4 2.96%
Post Graduate (PGD, and Masters 10 7.41%
Graduate 32 23.70%
Diploma 30 22.22%
Certificate(Secondary School Certificate) 34 25.19%
First School Leaving Certificate (FSLC) 25 18.52%
Total 135 100
(Source: Primary Data, 2022)

In order to access the level of formal
education of the respondents, Table 7 was
formulated. This table shows the various levels
of academic attainment by each respondent
starting from first school-leaving certificate to
the doctorate degree holders working in the oil
and gas industry. As shown in Table 7, the
respondents that has PhD in the companies used
for the studies are 4 and when expressed in
percentage give a total of 2.96% and the total
number of respondents is One Hundred and
Thirty Five (135). The respondents that has Post
Graduate (PGD, and Masters in the companies
used for the studies are 10 and when expressed
in percentage give a total of 7.41% and the total
number of respondents is One Hundred and
Thirty Five (135). The respondents that are
Graduate in the companies used for the studies
are 32 and when expressed in percentage give a
total of 23.70% and the total number of
respondents is One Hundred and Thirty-Five
(135). The respondents that are diploma holders
in the companies used for the studies are 30 and
when expressed in percentage give a total of
22.22% and the total number of respondents is
One Hundred and Thirty-Five (135). The
respondents that are certificate holders in the
companies used for the studies are 34 and when
expressed in percentage give a total of 25.19%
and the total number of respondents are One
Hundred and Thirty Five (135). From Table 7, it
shows that staff is literate enough to respond to
the questions raised towards solving the problem
stated in the study by the researcher.

Table 8: Departments of respondents of oil and gas industry.

Departments Frequency Percentage
Maintenance 21 17.21%
Operations 13 10.66%
Marketing & Sales 12 9.84%
Customer care /reception 9 7.38%
Transport & Logistic 10 8.19%
Finance & Accounts 9 7.38%
Human resources 10 8.19%

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Project management and planning
Information and communication technology
Total
(Source: Primary Data, 2022)
In order to assess the various
departments in the oil also and gas industries
used for the study, questionnaires were also
administered to ascertain the number of staff in
the department. This will enable the researcher
to know if the respondents have the competence
to respond to the questions raised. From the data
obtained from the various departments as shown
in Table 8, the number of respondents in
maintenance section of the company is 21 and
when expressed in percentage gives 17.21%.
The number of respondents in the operations
section of the company is 13 and when
expressed in percentage gives 10.66%.The
number of respondents in the marketing and
sales section of the company is 12 and when
expressed in percentage gives 9.84%.The
number of respondents in the customer
care/reception section of the company is 9 and
when expressed in percentage gives 7.38%. The
number of respondents in the transport and
logistics section of the company is 10 and when
expressed in percentage gives 8.19%. The
number of respondents in the finance and
accounts section of the company is 9 and when
expressed in percentage gives 7.38%. The
number of respondents in human resources
section of the company is 10 and when
expressed in percentage gives 8.19%. The
number of respondents in project management
and planning section of the company is 25 and
when expressed in percentage gives 20.49%.
The number of respondents in the information
and communication technology section of the
company is 13 and when expressed in
percentage gives 10.66%. From the records as
Table 9: Distributions of respondents in frequency and percentages on understanding level of control
system.
Response Frequency Percentage
Yes 65
Partially 44
No 14
Indifferent 5 3.70%
Total 135
(Source: Field Survey, 2020)
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25 20.49%
13 10.66%
122 100
shown in Table 8, the project management and
planning section is taking the lead.
Analysis of Research Questions
In this section which is termed section
B, critically analyzed all the research questions
raised using the questionnaire as the instrument
tool.
• Question 1 Do you understand the meaning
and working principles of industrial control
system?
In order to ascertain if the respondents
have a clear understanding of what a control
system entails including the working principle,
question 1 was raised and administered. From
the results obtained as the total number of the
one hundred and thirty five (135) respondents,
sixty five (65) understands what control system
means including its working principles when
expressed in percentage give 48.15%. Forty four
(44) partially understands the concept of control
system and its working principles and when
expressed in percentage give 32.59% while
fourteen (14) of the respondents has no
understanding of control system and its working
principle and when expressed in percentage give
10.37%. However, five (5) of the respondents
felt indifferent to the question asked by the
researcher and when expressed in percentage
give 3.70%. Table 9 shows the distributions of
Respondents in frequency and percentages based
on their understanding level of control system
while representing the information in graphical
form with the frequency levels indicated.
48.15%
32.59%
10.37%
100
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• Question 2: Do you understand the SCADA technology means including the

meaning of DSO, CAO-SCADA working principle, question 2 was raised and
technology system? administered (Table 10).
In order to ascertain if the respondents have a
clear understanding of what DSO, CAO-

Table 10: Distributions of respondents in frequency and percentages on understanding level of DSO,
CAO-SCADA technology.
Response Frequency Percentage
Yes 54 40.00%
Partially 35 25.93%
No understanding 21 15.55%
Indifferent 24 17.77%
Total 135 100
(Source: Field Survey, 2020)

From the results obtained as shown in
Table 11, of the total number of the one hundred
and thirty five (135) respondents, fifty four (54)
understands what DSO, CAO-SCADA
technology system means including its working
principles when expressed in percentage give
40.00%. Thirty five (35) partially understands
what DSO, CAO-SCADA technology system
means including its working principles and when
expressed in percentage give 25.93%while
twenty one (21) of the respondents have no
understanding what DSO, CAO-SCADA
technology system means including its working
principles and when expressed in percentage
give 15.55%. However, twenty-four (24) of the
respondents felt indifferent of the question asked
by the researcher and when expressed in
percentage give 17.77%. Table 11 shows the
distributions of Respondents in frequency and
Percentages based on their understanding level
of DSO, CAO-SCADA Technology while
representing the information in graphical form
with the frequency levels indicated
• Question 3: Do you understand the
relationship between industrial control
system and DSO, CAO-SCADA System.
In order to ascertain if the respondents have a
clear understanding of the relationship between
Industrial Engineering and DSO, CAO-SCADA
technology, question 3 was raised and
administered. Table 11 shows the distributions
of Respondents in frequency and Percentages
based on their understanding level of DSO,
CAO-SCADA Technology while representing
the information in graphical form with the
frequency levels indicated.

Table 11: Distributions of respondents in frequency and percentages on understanding level of DSO,
CAO-SCADA technology.
Response Frequency Percentage
Yes 57 42.22%
Partially 36 26.67%
No understanding 23 17.04%
Indifferent 19 14.07%
Total 135 100
(Source: Field Survey, 2020)

From the results obtained as shown in Table 11,
of the total number of the one hundred and thirty
five (135) respondents, Fifty seven (57)
understands the relationship between industrial
control system and DSO, CAO-SCADA
technology when expressed in percentage give
42.22%. Thirty six (36) partially understands the
relationship between industrial control system
and DSO, CAO-SCADA technology and when
expressed in percentage give 26.67% while
twenty three (23) of the respondents have no
understanding understands the relationship
between industrial control system and DSO,
CAO-SCADA technology and when expressed

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in percentage give 17.04%. However, twenty-
four (24) of the respondents felt indifferent of
the question asked by the researcher and when
expressed in percentage give 14.07%. Table 11
shows the distributions of Respondents in
frequency and Percentages based on their
understanding level of DSO, CAO-SCADA
Technology while representing the information
in graphical form with the frequency levels
indicated.
• Question 4: Can DSO and CAO-SCADA
technology be used for effective
monitoring and control of processes that
exist in oil and gas industry without
human interface?
In order to determine if the respondents know
whether DCS and CAO-SCADA technology can
be used as an effective tool in monitoring and
controlling oil and gas process without human
interface, this question was raised and the
response is recorded and this is as reported in
Table 12. This table shows the response in four
categories. These are those that responded yes,
partially agreed with the question, those that did
not understand the question and are those
respondents that are indifferent to the question
raised.

Table 12: Distributions of respondents in frequency and percentages on understanding level of DCS
and CAO-SCADA.
Response Frequency Percentage
Yes 60 44.44%
Partially 43 31.85%
No 19 14.07%
Indifferent 13 9.63%
Total 135 100
(Source: Field Survey, 2020)

From the results obtained as shown in
Table 12, of the total number of the one hundred
and thirty five (135) respondents, Sixty (60)
understands that DSO and CAO-SCADA
technology is used for effective monitoring and
control of processes that exist in oil and gas
industry without human interface and when
expressed in percentage give 44.44%. Forty
three (43) partially understands that DSO and
CAO-SCADA technology is used for effective
monitoring and control of processes that exist in
oil and gas industry without human interface and
when expressed in percentage give 31.85%,
while nineteen (19) of the respondents have no
understanding that DSO and CAO-SCADA
technology is used for effective monitoring and
control of processes that exist in oil and gas
industry without human interface and when
expressed in percentage give 14.07%. However,
Thirteen (13) of the respondents felt indifferent
to the question asked by the researcher and when
expressed in percentage give 9.63%.
• Question 5: Is there a standard approach
that the company uses to effectively
manage risk in real time?
In order to know from the respondents if there
exists an approach used to effectively manage
risk in the oil and gas Company in real time, this
question was raised and then administered to the
respondents. This Table 13 shows the response
in four categories. These are those that
responded yes, partially agreed with the
question, those that did not understand the
question and are those respondents that are
indifferent to the question raised.

Table 13: Distributions of respondents in frequency and percentages on understanding level of oil
and gas company in real time.
Response Frequency Percentage
Yes 68 50.37%
Partially 37 27.41%
No 21 15.56%
Indifferent 9 6.67%
Total 135 100
(Source: Field Survey, 2020)

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From the results obtained from the
respondents to determine if there exist an
approach used to effectively manage risk in the
oil and gas company in real time, of the total
number of the one hundred and thirty five (135)
respondents, Sixty eight (68) claimed that there
exist an approach used to effectively manage
risk in the oil and gas company in real time and
when expressed in percentage give 50.37%.
Thirty-Seven (37) partially claimed that there
exists an approach used to effectively manage
risk in the oil and gas company in real time and
when expressed in percentage give 27.41%.
Twenty-one (21) claimed that they do not real
understand or know if there exists an approach
used to effectively manage risk in the oil and gas
company in real time and when expressed in
percentage give 15.56%. Nine (9) claimed to be
indifferent with respect to whether there exist an
approach used to effectively manage risk in the
Table 14: Distribution of respondents in frequency and percentage on well-designed system of
computerized pipe management.
Response Frequency Percentage
Yes
Partially
No
Indifferent
Total 135
(Source: Field Survey, 2020)
In order to know from the respondents,
result obtained from the respondents whether
there exist a well-designed computerized system
of pipeline management system in their
company, of the total number of the one hundred
and thirty five (135) respondents, Sixty nine (69)
claimed that there exist a well-designed
computerized system of pipeline management
system in their company when expressed in
percentage give 51.11%. Forty-five (45) partially
claimed that there exist a well-designed
computerized system of pipeline management
system in their company and when expressed in
percentage gives 33.33%. Sixteen (16) claimed
that they have no idea whether there exist a well-
designed computerized system of pipeline
management system in their company and when
expressed in percentage give 11.85%. Nine (9)
claimed to be indifferent with respect to whether
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oil and gas company in real time and when
expressed in percentage give 6.67%.
• Question 6: Is there a well-designed system
of computerized pipe management?
In order to know from the respondents if there
exists a well-designed computerized system of
pipeline management system in their company,
this question was raised and then administered to
the respondents. The essence is to also ascertain
the level of computerized management levels
that exist and how it has been used to detect and
tackle leakages in oil and gas pipelines. Table 14
shows the response in four categories. These are
those that responded yes, partially agreed with
the question, those that did not understand the
question and are those respondents that are
indifferent to the question raised.
69 51.11%
45 33.33%
16 11.85%
5 3.70%
100
exist a well-designed computerized system of
pipeline management system in their company
and when expressed in percentage give 3.70%.
• Question 7: Are there challenges affecting
the effective implementation of CAO-
SCADA and DCS in the oil and gas
industry? If yes, kindly list?
In order to determine if there are challenges that
are affecting the implementation of DCS CAO-
SCADA technology into the oil and gas
industry, this question was formulated and then
administered accordingly to the respondents. In
order to also know from these respondents if
there are ways that the DCS and CAO-SCADA
technology can be implemented, there were also
asked of their opinion and these were recorded
in this report (Table 15).
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Table 15: Distributions of respondents in frequency and percentages on the challenges affecting
effective implementation of CAO-SCADA and DCS in oil and gas industry.
Response Frequency Percentage
Yes 76 56.30%
Partially 49 36.30%
No 8 5.93%
Indifferent 2 1.48%
Total 135 100

From the result obtained, of the total implementation of DCS, CAO-SCADA

number of the One Hundred and Thirty Five
(135) respondents, Seventy Six (76) claimed that
there are challenges that are affecting the
implementation of DCS, CAO-SCADA
technology into the oil and gas industry and
when expressed in percentage is 56.30%, the
challenges as stated by these respondents were
also recorded by the researcher. Furthermore, of
the total number of one hundred and thirty five
(135) respondents, forty nine (49) claimed that
there are challenges that are affecting the
implementation of DCS CAO-SCADA
technology into the oil and gas industry and
when expressed in percentage is 36.30%. The
challenges as stated by these respondents were
also recorded by the researcher. Moreso, of the
total number of one hundred and thirty five
(135) respondents, eight (8) claimed that they
have no understanding if there are challenges
that are affecting the implementation of DCS
CAO-SCADA technology into the oil and gas
industry and when expressed in percentage is
5.93%.The challenges as stated by these
respondents were also recorded by the
researcher. Also of the total number of one
hundred and thirty five (135) respondents, two
(2) claimed to be indifferent on whether there
are challenges that are affecting the
technology into the oil and gas industry and
when expressed in percentage is 1.48%. The
challenges as stated by these respondents were
also recorded by the researcher.
• Question 8: What are the necessary
recommendations based on the strength of
the findings?
In order to make recommendations based on the
investigation carried out by the researcher, the
respondents were asked to respond to some
recommendations made. Their responses were
recorded and reported in this work. However,
some that the respondents did not agree to was
also highlighted and their reasons for not
agreeing to this were also asked and recorded in
this research. These questions raised in this
recommendation section range from level of
regulatory compliance by the companies as set
up by the government. Furthermore,
recommendations were made on regular training
and retraining of personnel’s and also adhering
to risk management and prevention when there is
a leakage. Recommendations were also made on
the effective and efficient use of DSC and CAO-
SCADA technology as a management tool in the
oil and gas industry (Table 16).

Table 16: Distributions of respondents in score and percentages on the necessary recommendations
based on the strength of the findings.
Response Frequency Percentage
Yes 106 78.52%
Partially 17 12.59%
No 7 5.18%
Indifferent 5 3.70%
Total 135 100
(Source: Field Survey, 2020)

From the result obtained, of the total recommendations made by the researcher in the
number of the One Hundred and Thirty Five course of the investigation in the oil and gas
(135) respondents, One hundred and Six (106) industry and when expressed in percentage is
claimed that they agreed with the 78.52%. Furthermore, of the total number of the

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One Hundred and Thirty-Five (135) respondents,
Seventeen (17) claimed that they partially agreed
with the recommendations made by the
researcher in the course of the investigation in
the oil and gas industry and when expressed in
percentage is 12.59%. The challenges as stated
by these respondents were also recorded by the
researcher. Moreso, of the total number of the
One Hundred and Thirty Five (135) respondents,
seven (7) claimed that they have no
understanding with the recommendations made
by the researcher in the course of the
investigation in the oil and gas industry and
when expressed in percentage is 5.18%. The
challenges as stated by these respondents were
also recorded by the researcher. Also of the total
number of one hundred and thirty-five (135)
respondents, five (5) claimed to be indifferent
with the recommendations made by the
researcher in the course of the investigation in
the oil and gas industry and when expressed in
percentage is 3.70%. The challenges as stated by
these respondents were also recorded by the
researcher.
Testing of the Hypothesis
The hypotheses that have been
formulated were then tested using z-test while
noting that the sample space population is one
hundred and thirty-five (135).
Hypothesis 1
• Ho1: Is the failure in leakage of pipeline in
the oil and gas industry due to the absence
of DSO CAO-SCADA system

Table 17: Z-test analysis of difference in the mean scores of failure in leakage of pipeline in the oil
and gas industry due to the absence of DSO CAO-SCADA system.
Variable N SD Df Z- Cal Z-Tab Level Sign Decision Remark
Group A 90 3.34 0.86 54 0.67 ±1.66 0.05 Agreed No Significant
Group B 45 3.28 0.85 51 0.63 ±1.63 0.05 Agreed No Significant

The result in Table 17 shows that, the z- Hypothesis 2

calculated (0.67) is less than the critical or table
value of (1.96) at 0.05 level of significance and
degree of freedom of 49. That is, /Z-cal/</Z-tab/
= 0.67< 1.96, at 0.05 alpha. Therefore, the
hypothesis (Ho1) was accepted. Thus the failure
in leakage of pipeline in the oil and gas industry
is due to the absence of DSO CAO-SCADA
system, therefore there is no significant
difference between DSO, CAO-SCADA and
leak detection in an oil and gas industry.
• Ho2: There is no significant difference
between DCO and CAO-SCADA system
which is assumed to be an effective scheme
for the monitoring, management, safety and
information system for oil pipeline
operation in an oil and gas industry.

Table 18: Z-test analysis of difference in the mean scores of the inference drawn on the significant
difference between DCO and CAO-SCADA system as an effective monitoring, management, safety
and information system for oil pipeline operation in oil and gas industry.
Variable N ±1.86 SD Df Z- Cal Z-Tab Level Sign Decision Remark
Group A 85 3.41 0.81 56 0.067 ±1.73 0.05 Agreed No Significant
Group B 50 3.34 0.74 52 0.63 ±1.99 0.05 Agreed No Significant

The result from Table 18 shows that, the
z calculated (0.065) is less than the z-critical of
the table value of 1.96 at 0.05 levels of
significance and degree of freedom of 48. That
is./z-cal/</z-tab/ = 0.065< 1.96, at 0.05 alpha.
Therefore, the null hypothesis (Ho2) was
accepted. Thus, there is no significant difference
between CAO-SCADA and the DCS tool as a
management system that is used by the oil and
gas industry as an effective monitoring tool,
management, safety and information system for
oil pipeline operation.

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Hypothesis Testing 3
• Ho3: There is no significant difference between the DSO and the CAO-SCADA that is used
for effective industrial control system.
Table 19: Z-test analysis of difference in mean scores based on significant difference between DSC
and CAO-SCADA and effective industrial control system.
Z-
Variables N ±1.83 SD Df
Cal
Sub-Contractors 45 3.56 0.89 51 0.15
Sub-Sub-
23 3.46 0.76 52 0.63
Contractors
Table 19 shows that, the z calculated
(0.15) is less than the table value of 1.96 at 0.05
level of significance and degree of freedom of
49. That is /Z-Cal/</Z-Tab/ = 0.15< 1.96, at 0.05
alpha. Therefore, the hypothesis (Ho3) was
accepted. Therefore, there is no significant
difference between DSC and CAO-SCADA as
an effective industrial and monitoring control
system.
CONCLUSION
The findings of this study revealed that
sex (male or female), age grade (20-25years,26-
30years,31-5years,36-40years,41-45years,above
45years) years of experience of the staff (less
than 1 year,1-3 years,3-5years,5-10years,10-
20years and above 20years), job title of the staff
(director, general manager, senior manager,
project manager, ICTC manager, facility
manager, cost manager, project consultant,
project contractor, site engineer, technician,
clients and others),their job description (project
cost controlling, project planning, project cost
estimation, construction supervisor, project
progress monitoring, ICTC unit on oil and gas
sales, project completion assessment, project
evaluation),their educational levels (PhD, post
graduate-PGD and Masters, graduate, diploma,
secondary school leaving certificate, first school
leaving certificate) respondents departments
(maintenance, operations, marketing and sales,
customer care/reception, transport and logistics,
finance and accounts, human resources, project
management and planning and information and
communication technology) were all determined
by the researcher. From the investigation,
77.77% of all the respondents are male while
22% are females. Furthermore, the most
populated respondents age are above 45 years
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Z- Level
Decision Remark
Tab Sign
No
0.05 Agreed
significant
No
0.05 Agreed
significant
while the least populated age of the respondents
are those between 20-25 years and when
expressed in percentage give 10.37%. The years
of experience of the respondents were also found
and the investigation revealed that those above
20 years of working experience is about 29.63%
of the entire staff working in the oil and gas
industry. The various job responsibilities were
also determined and the respondents from these
categories were found out. It was reported that
the technicians recorded about 11.11% while the
consultant also referred as clients is 5.92%.
Where the findings is made and various job
sections were assigned and determined and from
the investigation, the respondents in the cost
estimation section of projects recorded about
22.85% while 9.52% was recorded for those in
project cost controlling and project completion
assessment respectively. The educational
attainment of the respondents was also
investigated to be sure of the kind of results that
will be obtained. It was reported that of the one
hundred and thirty five (135) respondents, the
PhD holders are 4(2.96%) and those that have
post graduate qualifications are 10(7.41%). The
graduates and diploma holders are 32(23.70%)
and 30(22.22%) respectively. For the secondary
school and primary school certificate holders, it
was recorded as 34(25.19%) and 25(18.52%)
respectively. Respondents from various
departments were also investigated. It was
recorded that those in project management and
planning recorded about 20.49% followed by
respondents in maintenance section with a
recorded percentage of 17.21%.
Furthermore the investigation revealed the
following:
• Most of the companies though have a set
out standard for managing all forms of risk
such as cyber security risk, pipeline
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monitoring and evaluation risk and all other
forms of security risks, using SCADA
system, but these system of SCADA is not
fully utilized hence the industrial control
systems still have lapses on the part of
management who are supposed to regularly
train the staff on world global best practice
and implementations of some of these
practices acquired. Those companies that
have effective management techniques on
risks associated with SCADA system that
adhere to these standard practices are few in
number especially the indigenous
companies. The policies that bother on
security of both humans and personnel’s of
the companies should be combined with
standard policies as the investigation
revealed that these lapses also exist.
• Pipeline management system using SCADA
lacks the modern requisite software and
hardware facilities that are required for
effective monitoring and security control. It
seems not to be robust enough for an
effective control system that functions
accurately without the intervention of the
humans. For the fact that operations of
pipelines are on real time basis, therefore
monitoring of these operations should also
be in real time as this will also prevent
downtown or reduce it to its nearest
minimum if this SCADA system is fully
implemented and utilized in the area of
pipeline monitoring and security. This in
turn will improve on the overall
performance of the system in terms of
efficiency, reliability and improved
productivity.
• There is a connect in the SCADA system
for pipelines obtaining and data obtained in
real time are processed and used effectively
in pipelines leakage management.
Companies also use the DCS as a tool and
means for cost reduction and effective
management of risk either in the upstream
or the downstream sector in the oil and gas
industry. Most of the companies have their
very reliable internet facilities connected to
other network facilities as this is a major
factor required for effective functioning of
SCADA system.
• The CAO-SCADA system as a means of
industrial control and communication
system though has some features but still
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need to be more sophisticated in terms of its
functionality and operability in such a way
that the system will be less vulnerable to
attacks. There should be automated efficient
control and monitoring systems that work in
synergy with the communication systems. If
this is implemented fully, the company will
begin to operate optimally with very
minimal losses.
• The findings have also reported that the
compliance level by most management staff
of these companies in terms of Information
and communication technology, SCADA
system etc. is not too encouraging. Policies
that affect these sectors should be the alt-
most interest of these companies.
• The hypothesis One (1) (Ho1) was
accepted. This implies that the absence of
CAO-SCADA system result to failure in
pipeline leakages and detections in the Oil
and Gas Industry. It is because of this it was
concluded that there is actually no
significant difference between CAO-
SCADA and leak detection in the oil and
gas industry.
• The second hypotheses (Ho2) also revealed
that there is no significant difference
between CAO-SCADA and DCS as an
effective monitoring, management, safety
and information system for oil pipeline
operation.
• The Third Hypotheses (Ho3) revealed also
that there is no significant difference
between CAO-SCADA and effective
industrial control system for effective and
efficient optimal performance.
REFERENCES
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Gas Journal, 242(2), Available at:
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_Transmission_Systems#:~:text=SCADA%
20and%20Telemetry%20in%20Gas%20Tra
nsmission%20Systems.
2. M. Aouadj, et al. (2015). SCADA system
for the modeling and optimization of oil
collecting pipeline network: A case study
of Hassi Messaoud oilfield, Research
Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering
and Technology, 10(7), 789-804, Available
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