Final PPT For Athangudi

ANALYSING THE
POTENTIAL OF
ATHANGUDI TILE AS A
SUSTAINABLE
FLOORING MATERIAL IN
AND AROUND
SOUTH INDIA
GREESHMA BENHUR KALATHIPARAMBIL

S
OURCE:NagaDheer
ajKumarReddyChukka,A.Ar
i
vumangai,S
anj
eevKumar
,R.Sub-
ashchandr
abos
e,Yeddul
aBharathS
imhaReddy,L.Nat
ray
an,Gel
etaChal
aDebel a
(
2022)
.
S
OURCE:
NagaDheer
i
vumangai
,Sanj
eevKumar
,R.
(2022)
.
SOUT
HINDI
A
S
OURCE:
NagaDheer
i
vumangai
,Sanj
eevKumar
,R.
(2022)
.
S
OURCE:
NagaDheer
i
vumangai
,Sanj
eevKumar
,R.
(2022)
.
WHAT SETS it APART?
1. 2.
traditional exclusivity of
hand-made athangudi soil
flooring tiles
OBJECTIVES
TO STUDY THE HISTORY
01. AND EVOLUTION OF
ATHAGUDI TILE
TO COMPARE THE CARBRON

EMISSION OF ATHANGUDI TILE,
02. VITRIFIED TILE AND CEMENT
TILE
TO ANALYSE THE ECONOMIC
03. FEASIABILITY OF ATHAGUDI TILE,
VITRIFIED AND CEMENT TILE.
TO ANALYSE THE SOCIAL

04. ACCEPTANCE OF ATHANGUDI ,
VITRIFED AND CEMENT TILE.
Consumer
SCOPE !
• Geographical Focus: The study concentrates on the region of Tamil Nadu,
considering the local context, climate, and construction practices that may
influence the performance of flooring materials.
• Material Comparison: The primary focus is on comparing Athangudi tiles with

vitrified and cement tiles. This comparison encompasses factors such as
sustainability, cost, and social acceptance.
• Cultural and Historical Exploration: The research includes an examination of the

cultural and historical significance of Athangudi tiles to provide a comprehensive
understanding of their context.
SCOPE !
• Practical Application: The emphasis is on the practical use of Athangudi tiles in
modern construction settings, aiming to assess their feasibility and relevance in
contemporary architecture.
• To get to know about the external barriers limiting the handmade tile.
LIMITATION !
• The study limited to the comparison of 3 tiles.
• The study limited to south india alone.
• The chemical and physical properties of tile not explored.
• The cost market limited to south india
• Data Availability: The study is constrained by the availability of comprehensive and

up-to-date data on Athangudi, vitrified, and cement tiles, especially in the context of
their environmental impact, cost, and long-term performance.
• Evolution of Construction Trends: The field of construction is dynamic, with trends

and materials evolving over time. The study acknowledges that the findings may be
influenced by the dynamic nature of the construction industry.
LIMITATION!
• Regional Context: The specificity to Tamil Nadu may limit the generalizability of
the findings to other regions with different climates, cultural practices, and
construction norms.
• Temporal Factors: The study is conducted within a specific timeframe, and changes
in technology, market conditions, or environmental regulations occurring after the
study period may not be fully considered.
• External Variables: External factors beyond the scope of this study, such as
government policies, economic conditions, or unforeseen events, may impact the
applicability of the findings.
LITERATURE
REVIEWS
EVOLUTION AND HISTORY OF ATHANGUDI TILE
CARBON EMISION CALACULATION
RESEARCH MYTHODOLOGY
CARBON EMISSION DATA
Evolution of chettinad tile
The example of Chettinad in Tamil Nadu, where mansions are being
dismantled and their components sold separately, demonstrates how
this piecemeal existence can be a potential solution. By salvaging and
repurposing these components, their architectural beauty and historical
significance can be preserved while catering to diverse needs and
purposes.
By salvaging and repurposing individual components of heritage buildings, such

as doors, windows, columns, or decorative elements, these architectural elements
can be enjoyed and appreciated separately. This approach not only allows for
the preservation of unique architectural features but also enables them to be
integrated into different contexts, communities, and regions.
Architecture: An Heirloom in the
Context of Chettinad, India
The concept of extending the shelf life of heritage buildings through the
fragmenting of their components presents an interesting perspective.
While traditional preservation practices often emphasize the holistic
nature of architecture, considering it as a whole entity that cannot be
fragmented or understood in parts, there is potential for a piecemeal
existence for heritage buildings.
Life Cycle Assessment of a Construction
phase Carbon footprint of a Building.
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a methodology for assessing the
environmental impacts of a product or process, from its raw material
extraction to its disposal. In the context of buildings, an LCA can be
used to assess the carbon footprint of the building's construction,
operation, and demolition phases.Construction Phase Carbon
FootprintThe construction phase of a building's life cycle accounts for a
significant portion of its overall carbon footprint. This is due to the
energy-intensive nature of construction activities, as well as the use of
materials that have high embodied energy, such as concrete and steel.
Environmental Impact and Carbon Footprint
Assessment of Sustainable Buildings: An
Experimental Investigation
CO2 emissions are the primary cause of climate change. In 2020, global
CO2 emissions from fossil fuels and industrial processes reached a
record high of 36.3 billion tonnes. This is 2.4% higher than in 2019 and
11% higher than in 2010.The burning of fossil fuels is the largest source
of CO2 emissions, accounting for about 78% of global emissions in 2020.
The rest of the emissions come from industrial processes, such as cement
production and steel manufacturing, and from land use changes, such
as deforestation.The effects of climate change are already being felt
around the world. These effects include rising sea levels, more extreme
weather events, and changes in plant and animal life. If we do not take
action to reduce CO2 emissions, the effects of climate change will
become more severe.
LIVE CASE STUDY
SIVAN SAKTHI ATTANGUDI TILES
Sivansakthi Complex, Athangudi,
karaikudi taluk Tamil Nadu 630101
LIVE CASE STUDY
LIVE CASE STUDY
LIVE CASE STUDY
LIVE CASE STUDY
LIVE CASE STUDY-
ATHANGUDI TILE
Quantities of Raw Materials
• Portland Cement: 30-40% by weight
• Sand: 40-50% by weight
• Aggregates: 10-20% by weight
• Pigments: 1-5% by weight
• Water: Approximately 15-20% of the total

weight of dry materials
LIVE CASE STUDY
Here is the step by step procedure involved
in the Athangudi or Chettinad Tile
Manufacture:
1. The above ingredients in required proportion are

mixed and rubbed dried (20 times)
2. The mixing is done only by hand and then is sieved
and packed. Pure oxides are used for better
results. To obtain darker shade of the colours, the
mixture is used after 2 days.
3. Water is added to the mix and then stirred to obtain
the required consistency.
4. The frame is dipped in water and is placed on the
clean glass.
5. The die is also placed on the glass and care is taken
so that fits well within the framework.
LIVE CASE STUDY
Manufacture:
6. The above mixture of colour oxide is then poured into

different compartments which takes the shape of the
design of the die.
7. The die is carefully removed by a jerk without
disturbing the wet oxides and dry cement and mud
mixture in 1:3 ratio is sprinkled over it.
8. The frame is then packed with filling mixture of
cement and sand in 1:3 ratio (water added).
9. The frame is removed carefully leaving the mixture on
the glass, which later forms the tile and kept to dry at
room temperature.
10. Then the tile and the glass together are immersed in
the water.
LIVE CASE STUDY
Manufacture:
11. The curing is done in water for 24 hours. If the curing

is done perfectly, the cracks developed will be minimal.
Then they do the curing by keeping it in the shade and
pouring water. The longer the curing the better it is.
12. After curing, the edges of the tiles are evened using
broken Athangudi tiles.
13. The tiles are then dried for 7 days. Only 3 mm glass is
preferred as thicker glasses do not allow the tile to dry
evenly.
14. The tiles are removed from the glass and are stacked
like sandwiches with the newspaper in between the
glossy surfaces.
15. It takes 9 days to make a batch of tiles.
LITERATURE CASE STUDY-
CEMENT TILE
• White Cement
• Grey Cement (around 175 tiles can be made

with one bag of cement)
• Sand (around 300 sq. ft. of tiles can be made

out of 1 tractor load of sand)
• Colouring pigment
• Tank Water
CEMENT TILE
Manufacturing process of cement tile.
Step 1: Material Preparation
• The first step involves gathering and preparing the raw

materials for cement tile production.
These typically include:
• Portland Cement: The main binder that provides strength
and durability to the tiles.
• Sand: An inert filler that adds bulk and reduces the cost of
the tile mixture.
• Aggregates: Gravel or crushed stone that enhances the
structural integrity of the tiles.
• Pigments: Mineral or organic compounds that impart color
to the tiles.
• Water: Necessary for the hydration reaction of cement and to
create a workable mixture
CEMENT TILE
Step 2: Mixing and Molding

egrity of the tiles.
• Mixer Preparation: The raw materials are combined

in a mixer to achieve a uniform
consistency.
• Mold Preparation: Molds are cleaned and prepared to
receive the tile mixture. These molds
define the shape and pattern of the tiles.
• Filling Molds: The mixed tile mixture is poured into the
prepared molds, ensuring even
distribution and filling all cavities.
• Compaction: The filled molds are subjected to
compaction, either manually or using
vibration tables, to remove air pockets and densify the
mixture
CEMENT TILE
Step 3: Surface Treatment
• Color Layer Application: A thin layer of colored

cement mixture, often referred to as the
“mortar layer,” is applied to the top surface of the
tile.
• Pattern Creation: Skilled artisans use hand tools
or stencils to create intricate designs and
patterns on the mortar layer. Pigments are
incorporated to achieve desired colors.
• Sealing: A protective sealant is applied to the
surface of the tiles to enhance durability,
stain resistance, and color vibrancy
CEMENT TILE
Step 4: Curing
• Initial Curing: The tiles are placed in a controlled

environment, often a curing chamber, for
initial setting and hardening. This typically involves
maintaining specific temperature and
humidity conditions.
• Demolding: Once the tiles have gained su cient
strength, they are carefully removed from
the molds without damaging the delicate patterns.
• Extended Curing: The tiles undergo further curing,
often in a controlled environment, to
allow the cement to fully hydrate and develop its
ultimate strength.
VITRIFIED TILE
• Clay: 50-60% by weight
• Quartz: 25-35% by weight
• Feldspar: 10-20% by weight
• Glaze: 5-10% by weight

VITRIFIED TILE
Manufacturing process of vitrified tile
Step 1: Raw Material Preparation
• The first step in the manufacturing process is to

prepare the raw materials. Clay is mined
and then processed to remove impurities. Quartz and
feldspar are also mined and then crushed into
a fine powder.
Step 2: Mixing and Pressing
• The raw materials are then mixed together in a pug

mill to form a dough-like consistency.
The dough is then fed into a press, which compresses
it into a flat sheet.
VITRIFIED TILE
Step 3: Drying
• The flat sheet of tile is then passed through a

dryer to remove moisture. The drying process is
carefully controlled to prevent the tile from
cracking.
Step 4: Glazing
• A layer of glaze is then applied to the

surface of the tile. The glaze is typically made
from a mixture of silica, alumina, and fluxing
agents. The glaze is applied by spraying,
dipping, or brushing.
VITRIFIED TILE
Step 5: Firing
• The glazed tile is then fired in a kiln at a

temperature of around 1200 degrees Celsius. The
firing process vitrifies the tile, making it dense, non-
porous, and strong.
Step 6: Inspection
• The fired tiles are then inspected for defects.

Defective tiles are discarded.
Step 7: Packing and Shipping

• The finished tiles are then packed and shipped to
customers.
CARBON EMISSION
CALCULATION
CARBON EMISSION
+ + + =
TOTAL
material material processing delivery CARBON
extraction transportation EMISSION
STAGE 1 STAGE 2 STAGE 3 STAGE 4
SOURCE:
Naga Dheeraj Kumar Reddy Chukka, A. Arivumangai, Sanjeev Kumar, R. Subashchandrabose, Yeddula Bharath Simha
Reddy, L. Natrayan, Geleta Chala Debela (2022). “Environmental Impact and Carbon Footprint Assessment Of
Sustainable Buildings: An Experimental Investigation”, :Hindawi Adsorption Science & Technology
MATERIAL EXTRACTION
STAGE 1
Total carbon emission produced by each material during the extraction stage.
(QTY) * (EMISSION RATE) = CARBON EMISSION OF MATERIAL
ATHANGUDI TILE
CEMENT TILE
VITRIFIED TILE
SOURCE:
Naga Dheeraj Kumar Reddy Chukka, A. Arivumangai, Sanjeev Kumar, R. Subashchandrabose, Yeddula Bharath
Simha Reddy, L. Natrayan, Geleta Chala Debela (2022). “Environmental Impact and Carbon Footprint
Assessment Of Sustainable Buildings: An Experimental Investigation”, :Hindawi Adsorption Science & Technology
MATERIAL TRANSPORTATION
STAGE 2
Total carbon emission produced during the tranportation of the material to the production unit.
(FUEL) * (EMISSION RATE) = CARBON EMISSION OF VEHICLE
ATHANGUDI TILE
CEMENT TILE
VITRIFIED TILE
SOURCE:
PROCESSING / MANUFACTURING
STAGE 3
Total carbon emission produced during the manufacturing stage.
Zero carbon emission produced as it is a

handmade tile. ATHANGUDI TILE
CEMENT TILE
VITRIFIED TILE
SOURCE:
DELIVERY / END PRODUCT
STAGE 4
Total carbon emission produced during the manufacturing stage.
In this stage 8 major commercial cities are identified and the

production units are marked. The distance between the major city
and production unit is considered for calculating the carbon
emission. These cities are the major commercial points of south
india
Calaculation steps:
Convert the mpg figure to km/liter multiplying by 0.352

Divide 1 by the km/liter figure to get the liter/km figure
Multiply this by 2.63 to get the CO2 produced in kg/km
ERNAKULAM TRIVANDUM KOZHIKODE CHENNAI BANGLORE MANGLORE HYDERBAD

STAGE 4
PRODUCTION COMMERCIAL
UNIT CITY
ATHANGUDI TILE
SOURCE:
STAGE 4
UNIT CITY
ATHANGUDI TILE
SOURCE:
STAGE 4
UNIT CITY
CEMENT TILE
SOURCE:
STAGE 4
UNIT CITY
CEMENT TILE SOURCE:

STAGE 4
UNIT CITY
VITRIFIED TILE
SOURCE:
STAGE 4
UNIT CITY
VITRIFIED TILE SOURCE:

TOTAL CARBON EMISSION
UNIT CITY
CARBON EMISSION COMPARISON OF 3 TILE

SOURCE:
TOTAL CARBON EMISSION
UNIT CITY
CARBON EMISSION ON EACH STAGE
STAGE 1 - STAGE 2 - STAGE 3 - STAGE 4
MATERIAL EXTRACTION STAGE PROCESSING STAGE
TRANSPORTATION STAGE TOTAL CARBON EMISSION

SOCIAL ACCEPTANCE
QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY
https://docs.google.com/forms/d/1u2TQ8GbCI0fMdx
MTtKItSS4IKSfk8MidSYif7sSNjoY/edit#responses
TOTAL RESPONSE - 345

SURVEY RESULT
SOCIAL ACCEPTANCE
HOMETOWN AGE
SURVEY RESULT
SOCIAL ACCEPTANCE
SURVEY RESULT
SOCIAL ACCEPTANCE
SURVEY RESULT
SOCIAL ACCEPTANCE
SURVEY RESULT
SOCIAL ACCEPTANCE
SURVEY RESULT
SOCIAL ACCEPTANCE
SURVEY RESULT
SOCIAL ACCEPTANCE
SOCIAL ACCEPTANCE
QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY result
TOTAL RESPONSE - 345
final results !!!!
RESULT
CARBON EMISSION SOCIAL ACCEPTANCE
COST
RESULT
Athangudi tiles favourable sustainability indicators in comparison to vitrified and cement tile. There
by stating that athangudi tile is
environmentally sustainable
economically feasible
socially viable
The study concludes that Athangudi tiles present a compelling case as a
sustainable flooring material in the specific context of Tamil Nadu. The synthesis
of cultural significance and positive sustainability indicators positions these
traditional tiles as a noteworthy alternative to widely used vitrified and cement
tiles. The integration of Athangudi tiles into contemporary construction practices
not only aligns with cultural preservation goals but also contributes to
sustainable building practices.
THANK YOU

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Final PPT For Athangudi

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ANALYSING THE

GREESHMA BENHUR KALATHIPARAMBIL

TO COMPARE THE CARBRON

TO ANALYSE THE SOCIAL

• Material Comparison: The primary focus is on comparing Athangudi tiles with

• Cultural and Historical Exploration: The research includes an examination of the

• The study limited to south india alone.

• The chemical and physical properties of tile not explored.

• The cost market limited to south india

• Data Availability: The study is constrained by the availability of comprehensive and

• Evolution of Construction Trends: The field of construction is dynamic, with trends

By salvaging and repurposing individual components of heritage buildings, such

• Portland Cement: 30-40% by weight

• Sand: 40-50% by weight

• Aggregates: 10-20% by weight

• Pigments: 1-5% by weight

• Water: Approximately 15-20% of the total

1. The above ingredients in required proportion are

6. The above mixture of colour oxide is then poured into

11. The curing is done in water for 24 hours. If the curing

• Grey Cement (around 175 tiles can be made

• Sand (around 300 sq. ft. of tiles can be made

• The ﬁrst step involves gathering and preparing the raw

Step 2: Mixing and Molding

• Mixer Preparation: The raw materials are combined

• Color Layer Application: A thin layer of colored

• Initial Curing: The tiles are placed in a controlled

• Clay: 50-60% by weight

• Quartz: 25-35% by weight

• Feldspar: 10-20% by weight

• Glaze: 5-10% by weight

• The ﬁrst step in the manufacturing process is to

Step 2: Mixing and Pressing

• The raw materials are then mixed together in a pug

• The ﬂat sheet of tile is then passed through a

• A layer of glaze is then applied to the

• The glazed tile is then ﬁred in a kiln at a

• The ﬁred tiles are then inspected for defects.

Step 7: Packing and Shipping

(FUEL) * (EMISSION RATE) = CARBON EMISSION OF VEHICLE

Zero carbon emission produced as it is a

In this stage 8 major commercial cities are identiﬁed and the

Convert the mpg ﬁgure to km/liter multiplying by 0.352

Multiply this by 2.63 to get the CO2 produced in kg/km

ERNAKULAM TRIVANDUM KOZHIKODE CHENNAI BANGLORE MANGLORE HYDERBAD

CEMENT TILE SOURCE:

VITRIFIED TILE SOURCE:

CARBON EMISSION COMPARISON OF 3 TILE

MATERIAL EXTRACTION STAGE PROCESSING STAGE

TRANSPORTATION STAGE TOTAL CARBON EMISSION

TOTAL RESPONSE - 345

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