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Optimization of Particle Swarm based MPPT under Partial

6KDGLQJ&RQGLWLRQVLQ3KRWRYROWDLF6\VWHPV
Shading Conditions in Photovoltaic Systems
0XVD0XVDGGLT6KHKX0L'RQJ-LDVKHQJ+X
Musa Musaddiq Shehu, Mi Dong, Jiasheng Hu
6FKRRORI$XWRPDWLRQ&HQWUDO6RXWK8QLYHUVLW\
School of Automation, Central South University
&KDQJVKD&KLQD
Changsha 410083, China
(PDLOPXVKH#FVXHGXFQ
Email: mushe13@csu.edu.cn

$EVWUDFW0D[LPXPSRZHUSRLQWWUDFNLQJ
Abstract: - Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) 0337 LVD
is a FXUYH
curve ZLOO
will KDYH
have PXOWLSOH
multiple SHDNV
peaks. $V
As D
a UHVXOW
result RI
of WKH
the VRODU
solar
YLWDO DQG HVVHQWLDO UHTXLUHPHQW IRU SKRWRYROWDLF
vital and essential requirement for photovoltaic (PV) 39  LUUDGLDQFH
irradiance, the PV MPPT algorithms can be classified LQWR
WKH 39 0337 DOJRULWKPV FDQ EH FODVVLILHG into
V\VWHPV
systems XQGHU
under QRUPDO
normal LUUDGLDQFH
irradiance DQG and SDUWLDO
partial VKDGLQJ
shading WZR
two W\SHV
types: ORFDO
local PD[LPXP
maximum WUDFNLQJ
tracking DOJRULWKPV
algorithms DQG
and JOREDO
global
FRQGLWLRQV 36&V  $OWKRXJK
conditions (PSCs). Although, SHUWXUE
perturb DQG
and REVHUYH 3 2
observe (P&O) PD[LPXPWUDFNLQJDOJRULWKPV>@
maximum tracking algorithms [4].
2021 IEEE 16th Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications (ICIEA) | 978-1-6654-2248-2/21/$31.00 ©2021 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ICIEA51954.2021.9516360

DOJRULWKP
algorithm does not map the global maximum power SRLQW
GRHV QRW PDS WKH JOREDO PD[LPXP SRZHU point
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algorithm IRU for SDUWLFOH
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Because the PV output power only has one peak when
RSWLPL]DWLRQ
optimization (PSO)362 WUDFNVLWHIILFLHQWO\7KLVSDSHUH[SORUHV
tracks it efficiently. This paper explores WKH
the solar LUUDGLDQFH
VRODU irradiance LV
is XQLIRUP
uniform, ORFDO
local PD[LPXP
maximum WUDFNLQJ
tracking
WKH
the rapid determination RI
UDSLG GHWHUPLQDWLRQ of *033
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under PSCs using Da DOJRULWKPVVXFKDV3HUWXUEDQG2EVHUYH
algorithms such as Perturb and Observe (P&O), 3 2 ,QFUHPHQWDO
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proposed SDUWLFOH
particle VZDUP
swarm RSWLPL]DWLRQ
optimization 0337MPPT WHFKQLTXH
technique &RQGXFWDQFH
Conductance (IC), ,& DQG
and &RQVWDQW9ROWDJH
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can be used
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for
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achieve this analysis, MA TLAB/SIMlULINK LV
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used. 7KH
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these PHWKRGV
methods DUH
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and WKH\
they DUH
are VLPSOH
simple WR
to LPSOHPHQW
implement.
UHVXOWV
results RI
of WKH
the VLPXODWLRQ
simulation LOOXVWUDWH
illustrate WKH
the KLJK
high WUDFNLQJ
tracking +RZHYHUEHFDXVHRIWKHVKDGRZVFDVWE\FORXGVEXLOGLQJV
However, because of the shadows cast by clouds, buildings,
SHUIRUPDQFH
performance RI of WKH
the SURSRVHG
proposed WHFKQLTXH
technique XQGHU
under YDULRXV
various DQG
and WUHHV
trees, WKH
the VRODU
solar LUUDGLDQFH
irradiance RQ
on WKH
the 39
PV SDQHO
panel FDQQRW
cannot EH
be
LUUDGLDQFH
irradiance SDWWHUQV
patterns. )LQDOO\
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the PSO is FRQWUDVWHG
contrasted ZLWK
with WKH
the NHSWFRQVWDQWLQZRUNLQJFRQGLWLRQV$VDUHVXOWWKHJOREDO
kept constant in working conditions. As a result, the global
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assess LWV
its HIIHFWLYHQHVV
effectiveness LQ
in WUDFNLQJ
tracking 0337DOJRULWKPVVKRXOGEHXVHGWRILQGWKH*0DPRQJWKH
MPPT algorithms should be used to find the GM among the
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multiple ORFDO
local PD[LPXPV
maximums (LMs) /0V  >@
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point $OJRULWKP
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tracking (MPPT), particle swarm optimization (PSO), 362  2SWLPL]HU
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are some of the GM tracking algorithms
3HUWXUEDQGREVHUYH 3 2 SKRWRYROWDLFV\VWHP
Perturb and observe (P&O), photovoltaic system WKDW
that KDYH
have EHHQ
been GHYHORSHG
developed LQ in WKH
the 39
PV ILHOG
field VR
so IDU
far >@
[7].
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Although they are highly powerful and dynamic techniques
,
I. ,1752'8&7,21
INTRODUCTION EXWWKH\QHHGDFHUWDLQDPRXQWRIWLPHWRWUDLQDQGFRPSXWH
but they need a certain amount of time to train and compute
>@
[8].
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As WKH
the JOREDO
global IRVVLO
fossil HQHUJ\
energy UHGXFHV
reduces UDSLGO\
rapidly, UHQHZDEOH
renewable
HQHUJ\
energy such as solar power must be sought.  3KRWRYROWDLF
VXFK DV VRODU SRZHU PXVW EH VRXJKW Photovoltaic 0RWLYDWHGE\WKHVKRUWFRPLQJVRIWKHVHH[LVWLQJ0337
Motivated by the shortcomings of these existing MPPT
39  V\VWHPV
(PV) systems DUH
are LQFUHDVLQJO\
increasingly LPSRUWDQW
important DV
as D
a UHQHZDEOH
renewable PHWKRGV
methods, DQ
an RSWLPL]DWLRQ
optimization RI
of SDUWLFOH
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is SURSRVHG
proposed WR
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HQHUJ\V\VWHPEHFDXVHRIVXFKDGYDQWDJHVDVSROOXWLRQIUHH
energy system because of such advantages as pollution-free, WUDFNWKH*033IRUD39V\VWHP
track the GMPP for a PV system XQGHU36&V7KHQRYHOW\
under PSCs. The novelty
ORZ
low PDLQWHQDQFH
maintenance DQGand QR
no QRLVH
noise >@
rll. 39
PV KDV
has EHHQ
been XVHG
used LQ
in D
a RIWKLVWHFKQLTXHLVDVIROORZV
of this technique is as follows:
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variety RI
of DSSOLFDWLRQV
applications, LQFOXGLQJ
including WKHthe SRZHU
power JULG
grid, HOHFWULF
electric
YHKLFOHV
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and VSDFH
space H[SORUDWLRQ
exploration, DQGand KDV
has UHVXOWHG
resulted LQ
in ,Q
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order WR
to DYRLG
avoid VWDJQDWLRQ
stagnation DW at WKH
the ORFDO
local RSWLPXP
optimum,
VLJQLILFDQW LPSURYHPHQWV WR WKH FRUUHVSRQGLQJ DSSOLFDWLRQV
significant improvements to the corresponding applications SDUWLFOH
particle swarm optimization (PSO) is a flexible DQG
VZDUP RSWLPL]DWLRQ 362  LV D IOH[LEOH and UREXVW
robust
>@
[2]. DSSURDFK
approach VXLWDEOH
suitable IRUfor GHDOLQJ
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non-linear
FKDUDFWHULVWLF
characteristic RI
of VRODU
solar SDQHOV
panels. %\
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creating LQLWLDO
initial UDQGRP
random
7KH
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goal RI
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photovoltaic SRZHU
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generation LV
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solutions (particles), which then explore the VHDUFK
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extract the maximum available power at any moment. A PV WKLVPHWKRGRSWLPL]HVSUREOHPV$ILWQHVVIXQFWLRQDVVHVVHV
this method optimizes problems. A fitness function assesses
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has D
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non-linear SRZHU
power RXWSXW
output WKDW
that YDULHV
varies ZLWK
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and WKH
the EHVW
best VROXWLRQV
solutions DUH
are
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irradiance and temperature and is subjected to the presence PDLQWDLQHG
maintained. The optimizer iteratively changes the LQSXWV
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of
RIORFDORSWLPDXQGHU36&V+RZHYHUWKHUHLVRQO\RQHUHDO
of local optima under PSCs. However, there is only one real WKHV\VWHPVXQWLOVRPHGHVLUHGFULWHULRQLVPHW
the systems until some desired criterion is met.
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maximum SRZHU
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triggers WKH
the QHHG
need IRU
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a
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controller to be built to look for this operating point. 7KLV
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introduction, modeling of photo voltaic panel is discussed in
39
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point WUDFNLQJ 0337  VKRXOG
tracking (MPPT) should EH
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the solar irradiance [3]. When the solar irradiance on the PV LQWURGXFHV 362 WHFKQLTXH
introduces PSO technique LQ
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deals ZLWK
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comparison RI 362 DQG
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patterns. Finally, Section VI concludes the paper.
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shaded, WKH
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978-1-6654-2248-2/21/$31.00 2021
978-1-6654-2248-2/21/$31.00 @2021
c IEEE
IEEE 267
267

Authorized licensed use limited to: UNIVERSITY TENAGA NASIONAL. Downloaded on November 22,2023 at 09:42:09 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
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MODELING OF PV PANEL 7KHRXWSXWSRZHULVGHVFULEHGDVWKHIROORZV
The output power is described as the follows:

$solar
A VRODUFHOOWUDQVIHUVWKHGLUHFWVXQOLJKWLQWRHOHFWULFLW\
cell transfers the direct sunlight into electricity
WKURXJK aD photovoltaic
through SKRWRYROWDLF effect.
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VRODU cell's
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characteristics differ with different solar irradiations. In fig. 
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FHOO is
LV shown
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DQ electrical
HOHFWULFDO equivalent
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Table 1 Parameters ofthe PV module
ZLWKVLQJOHGLRGHPRGHO>@>@
with single diode model [9], [10]. 3DUDPHWHUV 9DOXHV
Parameters Values

0D[LPXPSRZHUSRLQW
Maximum power point ‫= ܲܲܯ‬
MPP ൌ ʹ͸͸™
266w

+ 2SHQFLUFXLWYROWDJH
Open circuitvoltage ܸ‫= ܿ݋‬
Voc ൌ 436v
Ͷ͵͸˜
s

� D
6KRUWFLUFXLWFXUUHQW
Short circuit current ‫ ݄ݏܫ‬ൌ ͺǤ͵ͷ
Ish= 8.35A

033YROWDJH
MPPvoltage ܸ݉‫= ݌݌‬
Vmpp ൌ 35v
͵ͷ˜

033FXUUHQW
MPP current ‫= ݌݌݉ܫ‬
Impp ൌ ͹Ǥ͸
7.6A

)LJ7KHHTXLYDOHQWFLUFXLWRI39SDQHO
Fig. 1 The equivalent circuit ofPV panel

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As shown in fig. 1 above, S is the sunlight radiance, /௣௛ ph 
UHSUHVHQWV the
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JHQHUDWHG photo, ‫ܫ‬ௗ LV
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CHARACTERISTICS OF PV ARRAY UNDER
GLRGHܴR ௦sLVWKHVHULHVUHVLVWDQFHܴ 3$57,$/6+$',1*&21',7,216
PARTIAL SHADING CONDITIONS
diode, sh LVWKHVKXQWUHVLVWDQFH
is the series resistance, R ௦௛ is the shunt resistance,
‫ܫ‬LVWKHRXWSXWFXUUHQWDQG9LVWKHWHUPLQDOYROWDJH
I is the output current, and V is the terminal voltage.
,QSUDFWLFDO39JHQHUDWLRQWKH39DUUD\FRQVLVWVRI39
In practical PV generation, the PV array consists of PV
 ‫ݍ‬ PRGXOHV in
modules LQ series
VHULHV to
WR achieve
DFKLHYH aD sufficient
VXIILFLHQW level
OHYHO of
RI output
RXWSXW
‫ ܫ‬ൌ ‫ܫ‬௣௛ െ ‫ܫ‬௢ ቄ‡š’ ቂ ሺܸ ൅ ‫ܴܫ‬௦ ሻቃ െ ͳቅ YROWDJH If
voltage. ,I uniform
XQLIRUP radiation
UDGLDWLRQ is
LV received
UHFHLYHG byE\ all
DOO modules
PRGXOHV of
RI
‫ܶܭܣ‬
ܸ ൅ ‫ܴܫ‬௦  WKH39DUUD\WKHPD[LPXPSRZHURXWSXWRIWKH39DUUD\LV
the PV array, the maximum power output of the PV array is
െ  HTXDOWRWKHVXPRIWKH PD[LPXPSRZHURIDOO PRGXOHV,I
ܴ
R ௦௛
sh equal to the sum of the maximum power of all modules. If
7KH photocurrent
The SKRWRFXUUHQW is
LV based
EDVHG primarily
SULPDULO\ on
RQ the
WKH amount
DPRXQW of
RI WKH39DUUD\LVSDUWLDOO\VKDGHGWKHLQWHQVLW\RIUDGLDWLRQWR
the PV array is partially shaded, the intensity of radiation to
VRODUPV
solar 39 radiation
UDGLDWLRQ and
DQG on
RQ the
WKH cell
FHOO temperature
WHPSHUDWXUH of
RIPV.it
39LW is
LV WKHVKDGHG39DUUD\ZLOOGHFUHDVHWKHQWKH39DUUD\SRZHU
the shaded PV array will decrease, then the PV array power
GHVFULEHGDV
described as: RXWSXW becomes
output EHFRPHV unstable,
XQVWDEOH harmful
KDUPIXO to WR the
WKH normal
QRUPDO PV39 array
DUUD\
RSHUDWLRQ >@
operation [11], >@
[12]. The7KH impact
LPSDFW on RQ theWKH output
RXWSXW
 l‫ܫ‬௣௛
ph ൌ=U ሺ‫ܫ‬௦௖
sc+൅ ሾ݇
[ki௜ (ሺܶ
T-െ Tr S/1000 
ሻሿሻܵȀͳͲͲͲ
ܶ௥ )]) ;ϮͿ
(2) FKDUDFWHULVWLFV of
characteristics RI the
WKH PV
39 array
DUUD\ under
XQGHU partial
SDUWLDO shading
VKDGLQJ
,QZKLFK‫ܫ‬ l LVWKHVKRUWFLUFXLWFXUUHQWRIWKHFHOODWWKH FRQGLWLRQVPXVWEHVWXGLHGLQRUGHUWRRYHUFRPHWKHLPSDFW
conditions must be studied in order to overcome the impact
In which ௦௖ sc is the short circuit current of the cell at the
reference WHPSHUDWXUHܶ௥  and
UHIHUHQFH temperatureTr, DQG݇ ki௜ LV WKH short
is the VKRUW circuit
FLUFXLW current
FXUUHQW FDXVHGE\SDUWLDOVKDGLQJDQGLPSURYHWKHHIILFLHQF\RI39
caused by partial shading and improve the efficiency of PV
WHPSHUDWXUH coefficient
temperature FRHIILFLHQW of
RI theWKH cell. ‫ܫ‬௥௦ is
FHOO Irs LV the
WKH reverse
UHYHUVH SURGXFWLRQ
production.
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saturation current which is expressed as follows:
5HIHUHQFH >@
Reference PDGH aD research
[13] made UHVHDUFK on RQ the
WKH effect
HIIHFW of
RI
 l‫ܫ‬௦௖
sc UDGLDWLRQDQGWHPSHUDWXUHRQWKHRXWSXWFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIWKH
radiation and temperature on the output characteristics of the
‫ܫ‬௥௦ ൌ
Irs = ௤௏೚೎  ;ϯͿ 39 array,
PV DUUD\ the
WKH results
UHVXOWV show
VKRZ that
WKDW the
WKH output
RXWSXW power
SRZHU of
RI PV
39
ሾ qVoc ሿ (3)
‡š’ ஺௄்ೝ െ ͳ
exp[AKTr] 1 _ PRGXOHVKDVDPD[LPXPSRLQWWKDWYDULHVZLWKWKHFKDQJHV
modules has a maximum point that varies with the changes
:KHUHYHU /0
Wherever ‫ܫ‬௢ ݅‫ݏ‬ WKH saturation
is the FXUUHQW ܸ
VDWXUDWLRQ current, ௢௖ LV
Vac WKH open
is the RSHQ LQ the
in WKH intensity
LQWHQVLW\ and
DQG temperature
WHPSHUDWXUH of
RI the
WKH radiation.
UDGLDWLRQ Radiation
5DGLDWLRQ
circuit voltage, A is the ideality constant of the diode and VT் 
FLUFXLWYROWDJH$LVWKHLGHDOLW\FRQVWDQWRIWKHGLRGHDQGܸ LQWHQVLW\KDVDJUHDWHULQIOXHQFHRQWKHRXWSXWRI39SRZHU
intensity has a greater influence on the output of PV power
LVWKHWKHUPDOYROWDJHUHSUHVHQWHGE\WKHIRUPXOD
is the thermal voltage represented by the formula: WKDQ that
than WKDW of
RI temperature.
WHPSHUDWXUH This
7KLV paper
SDSHU focuses
IRFXVHV on RQ
FKDUDFWHULVWLFVRI39DUUD\RXWSXWLQIOXHQFHGE\WKHLQWHQVLW\
characteristics of PV array output influenced by the intensity
 ‫ܭ‬Ǥ ܶ
K.T RIUDGLDWLRQ
of radiation.
்ܸ ൌ
Vy = ‫ ݍ‬ - ;ϰͿ
(4)
q
:KHUH K
Where ‫ݏ݅ܭ‬ WKH Boltzmann
is the %ROW]PDQQ constant,
FRQVWDQW Tܶ LV WKH Kelvin
is the .HOYLQ $ PSCs
A. 36&VDQGLWVHIIHFWWKURXJKE\SDVVEORFNLQJGLRGHV
and its effect through by pass/blocking diodes
WHPSHUDWXUH of
temperature RI the
WKH cell
FHOO and
DQG qT is
LV the
WKH electron
HOHFWURQ charge.
FKDUJH The
7KH 8QGHU partial
Under SDUWLDO shading
VKDGLQJ conditions,
FRQGLWLRQV the
WKH PV
39 module
PRGXOH
UHYHUVH saturation
reverse FXUUHQW‫ܫ‬/0௢ FKDQJHV
VDWXUDWLRQ current DOVR with
changes also ZLWK temperature
WHPSHUDWXUH JHQHUDWHVPXOWLSOHSHDNVVRPHRIWKHPDUHORFDODQGRQHLV
generates multiple peaks, some of them are local and one is
DVGHVFULEHGEHORZ
as described below: aDJOREDOSHDN/HWXVILUVWGLVFXVVWKH39PRGXOH
global peak. Let us first discuss the PV module'sVEHKDYLRU
behavior
ZKHQFRQQHFWLQJ
when connecting theWKHE\SDVV GLRGHV,QWKHHYHQWRISDUWLDO
by-pass diodes. In the event of partial

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൬ െ ൰൨
‫ ܶ ܣܭ‬- ܶ
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;ϱͿ
(5)
VKDGLQJ the
shading, WKH bypass
E\SDVV diodes
GLRGHV parallel
SDUDOOHO to
WR each
HDFK solar
VRODU cell
FHOO are
UHTXLUHGWRSURYLGHDORZUHVLVWDQFHSDWKDQGWKXVDYRLGWKH
required to provide a low resistance path and thus avoid the
DUH

‫ܫ‬௥௦ is the reverse saturated current at Tr௥ , and

:KLOH Irs
While, LV WKH UHYHUVH VDWXUDWHG FXUUHQW DW ܶ  DQG KRWVSRWSKHQRPHQRQDVVKRZQLQILJXUHEHORZ
hot spot phenomenon as shown in figure 2 below.
‫ܧ‬௚ LVWKHEDQGJDSHQHUJ\RIWKHVHPLFRQGXFWRUWKDWXVHGLQ
E9 is the band gap energy of the semiconductor that used in
7KH0$7/$%6,08/,1.39PRGHOGLVFXVVHGDERYH
The MATLAB/SIMULINK PV model discussed above
WKHSKRWRYROWDLFFHOO
the photovoltaic cell. LV used
is XVHG under
XQGHU partial
SDUWLDO shading
VKDGLQJ conditions
FRQGLWLRQV to
WR investigate
LQYHVWLJDWH the
WKH
FKDUDFWHULVWLFV of
characteristics RI the
WKH PV
39 module.
PRGXOH Consider
&RQVLGHU that
WKDW 3 PV
39

268
268 16th Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications (JCJEA
(ICIEA 2021)

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 PRGXOHVDUHFRQQHFWHGLQVHULHVDQGHDFKRIWKHPLVIHGE\
modules are connected in series and each of them is fed by
GLIIHUHQWirradiance
different LUUDGLDQFHlevels
OHYHOVin
LQorder
RUGHUto
WRemulate
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WKHSDUWLDOVKDGLQJFRQGLWLRQ
the partial shading condition. - Case1
- Case2
Bypass Diodes

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E
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)LJ%\SDVVEORFNLQJGLRGHVLQ39V\VWHP
Fig. 2 By pass/blocking diodes in PV system OL--�-�-�-�-�-��
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
7KHGLIIHUHQWUDGLDWLRQLQWHQVLWLHVDUHVKRZQLQ7DEOH
The different radiation intensities are shown in Table 2 Voltage (v) 
IRU WKH WKUHHPV
for the three 39modules.
PRGXOHVOutput
2XWSXWcharacteristics
FKDUDFWHULVWLFVof
RIthe
WKHPV
39
DUUD\ are
array DUH analyzed
DQDO\]HG for
IRU the
WKH modules
PRGXOHV under
XQGHU three
WKUHH different
GLIIHUHQW ,9FKDUDFWHULVWLFFXUYH
;ďͿ I-V
(b) characteristic curve
UDGLDWLRQLQWHQVLWLHV
radiation intensities.
)LJ2XWSXWFKDUDFWHULVWLFFXUYHVRI39DUUD\XQGHUSDUWLDOVKDGLQJZLWK
Fig. 3 Output characteristic curves ofPV array under partial shading with
7DEOH,UUDGLDQFHVLQWKLVDQDO\VLVDW &  GLIIHUHQWUDGLDWLRQLQWHQVLW\
Table 2 Irradiances in this analysis at 25°C different radiation intensity

39DUUD\
PV array 5DGLDWLRQLQWHQVLW\
Radiation :EP 
intensity (Wb/m2)
&DVHV 0RGXOH 0RGXOH 0RGXOH ,9
IV. 362%$6('033781'(53$57,$/6+$',1*
PSO BASED MPPT UNDER PARTIAL SHADING
Cases Module 1 Module 2 Module 3
&DVH    $ PSO
A. 362$OJRULWKP
Algorithm
Case 1 1000 1000 1000
&DVH    ,Qthis
In WKLVpaper,
SDSHUthe WKHproposed
SURSRVHGtechnique
WHFKQLTXHisLVbased
EDVHGonRQthe
WKH
Case2 500 700 900
&DVH    362 algorithm.
PSO DOJRULWKP The 7KH PSO
362 algorithm
DOJRULWKP isLV aD met
PHW heuristic
KHXULVWLF
Case3 600 800 1000
WHFKQLTXH developed
technique GHYHORSHG in LQ 1995
 by E\ Eberhart
(EHUKDUW and DQG Kennedy,
.HQQHG\
% 2XWSXWFKDUDFWHULVWLFFXUYHVRI39DUUD\ LQVSLUHGby
inspired E\theWKHforaging
IRUDJLQJofRIbirds
ELUGVand
DQGfish
ILVKas
DVaDswarm,
VZDUPtheWKH
B. Output characteristic curves ofPV array PDLQidea
LGHDfor
IRUthis
WKLValgorithm.
DOJRULWKPDue'XHtoWRthe
WKHrapid
UDSLGresponse
UHVSRQVHof RI
)URPtheWKHanalysis
DQDO\VLVofRIfig.3
ILJbelow,
EHORZthe
WKHPV
39array
DUUD\power
SRZHU main
From SDUWLFOHV WKH SUREDELOLW\ RI ILQGLQJ WKH RSWLPDO VROXWLRQ LV
RXWSXWKDVRQHPD[LPXPSRZHUSRLQWZKHQWKHLQWHQVLW\RI particles, the probability of finding the optimal solution is
output has one maximum power point when the intensity of IDVWHUwith
ZLWKhigh
KLJKtracking
WUDFNLQJefficiency
HIILFLHQF\ (fish
ILVKor
RUbirds).
ELUGV In
,Qthe
WKH
UDGLDWLRQLVXQLIRUPWRWKHWKUHHPRGXOHVDVLQFDVH:KHQ faster
radiation is uniform to the three modules, as in case 1. When VHDUFKDUHDHDFKSDUWLFOHIOLHVDQGKDVLWVRZQORFDWLRQDQG
WKH three
WKUHH modules
PRGXOHV have
KDYH distinct
GLVWLQFW radiation
UDGLDWLRQ intensity
LQWHQVLW\ under
XQGHU search area, each particle flies and has its own location and
the YHORFLW\ itLW isLV updated
XSGDWHG every
HYHU\ iteration.
LWHUDWLRQ Each
(DFK particle
SDUWLFOH isLV
SDUWLDOVKDGLQJDVFDVHDQGFDVH RQO\RQHRI ZKLFKLV velocity,
partial shading as case 2, and case 3 (only one of which is
JOREDOmaximum,
PD[LPXPthe WKHothers
RWKHUVare
DUHlocal
ORFDOmaximums),
PD[LPXPV powerSRZHU UHOHDVHGDV࢖
released ࢈ࢋ࢙࢚ DQGࢍ
as Pbest' ࢈ࢋ࢙࢚ LVWKHEHVWSDUWLFOHDPRQJDOORI
and Obest is the best particle among all of
global WKHP8QGHUWZRFRQGLWLRQVWKLVWHFKQLTXHLVVWRSSHGHLWKHU
RXWSXWKDV PXOWLSOHSHDNV&DVH them. Under two conditions this technique is stopped, either
output has multiple peaks. Case l'sVSRZHURXWSXWLVJUHDWHU
power output is greater WKHvelocity
YHORFLW\of RIthe
WKHparticles
SDUWLFOHVreaches
UHDFKHVzero
]HURorRUthe
WKHmaximum
PD[LPXP
WKDQthat
WKDWof
RIthe
WKHother
RWKHUtwo
WZRcases.
FDVHVIn
,Qcase
FDVH2,
and
DQGcase
FDVH3,
IV
,9 the
than QXPEHUof RIiterations
LWHUDWLRQVisLVcompleted
FRPSOHWHG [14].
>@The
7KHmovement
PRYHPHQWof RI
FKDUDFWHULVWLFVKDYHDVWDLUVWHSVKDSH7KHWHVWVGHPRQVWUDWH number
characteristics have a stair-step shape. The tests demonstrate SDUWLFOHVLQWKHVHDUFKVSDFHLVVKRZQLQ)LJ
WKDWXQGHUSDUWLDOVKDGLQJ39DUUD\SRZHURXWSXWGHFUHDVHV particles in the search space is shown in Fig.4
that under partial shading, PV array power output decreases.
)RUpartial
For SDUWLDOshading
VKDGLQJofRIthe
WKHPV39array,
DUUD\radiation
UDGLDWLRQintensity
LQWHQVLW\for
IRU
VHULDOmodules
PRGXOHVisLVdifferent,
GLIIHUHQWresulting
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PD[LPXP pbest
serial
RXWSXWVUnder
outputs. 8QGHUpartial
SDUWLDOshading
VKDGLQJconditions,
FRQGLWLRQVthe
WKHconventional
FRQYHQWLRQDO
SHUWXUE and
perturb DQG observe
REVHUYH maximum
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SRLQW tracking
WUDFNLQJ
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algorithm will therefore fail. x�+l
t

800
-Case1
vf �
* \ v�+l
\
t
-Case2
600 *
-Case3
* --� gbest
I
� 400

a.
)LJ0RYHPHQWRISDUWLFOHVLQWKHVHDUFKVSDFH>@
Fig. 4 Movement ofparticles in the search space [ 15]
200

3DUWLFOHVof
Particles RIswarm
VZDUPuse
XVHequations
HTXDWLRQV7and
DQG8respectively
UHVSHFWLYHO\to
WR
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update their velocity and positions.
20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Voltage (v)   ‫ݒ‬௝௧ାଵ ൌ ߱‫ݒ‬௝௧ ൅ ܿଵ ‫ݎ‬ଵ ൫‫݌‬௕௘௦௧௝ െ ‫݌‬௝௧ ൯
;ϳͿ
(7)
39FKDUDFWHULVWLF&XUYH
;ĂͿ P-V
(a) characteristic Curve
൅ ܿଶ ‫ݎ‬ଶ ൫݃௕௘௦௧௝ െ ‫݌‬௝௧ ൯

16th Conference
16th Conference on
on Industrial
Industrial Electronics
Electronics and
and Applications
Applications ((ICIEA 2021)
JCJEA 2021) 269
269

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 ‫]݌‬௝ +l
p
௧ାଵ
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‫݌‬J௝௧ ൅ vj௧ାଵ
௝
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j݆ ൌ 1,2,3
=
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ܰሺܰ‫݋‬Ǥ particles)
‫ݏ݈݁ܿ݅ݐݎܽ݌݂݋‬ሻ

:KHUH
Where: Input va riables & constraints

‫݌‬௕௘௦௧ 3HUVRQDOEHVWSRVLWLRQIRUWKHSDUWLFOHLWVHOI
Pbest: Personal best position for the particle itself
݃௕௘௦௧ *OREDOEHVWSRVLWLRQDPRQJWKHSDUWLFOHV
Bbest: Global best position among the particles
‫݌‬௝//RFDWLRQRIWKHSDUWLFOH
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Random numbers between [0, 1]
c1,
ܿଵ ǡ c2:
ܿଶ &RJQLWLYHDQGVRFLDOFRHIILFLHQW
Cognitive and social coefficient
߱,QHUWLDZHLJKW Evaluate fitness value of jth
w: Inertia weight

t:‫ݐ‬1XPEHURILWHUDWLRQV
Number of iterations particle
11XPEHURISDUWLFOHV
N: Number of particles
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WKH particles
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SRZHU ofRI
WKH39PRGXOHIURPWKHILWQHVVIXQFWLRQ
the PV module from the fitness function.

7KHSDUDPHWHUVHWWLQJIRUWKH362LVVKRZQLQWDEOH
The parameter setting for the PSO is shown in table 3.

7DEOH362VLPXODWLRQSDUDPHWHUV
Table 3 PSO simulation parameters Personal best & Global best
3DUDPHWHUV
Parameters 9DOXHV
Values
1XPEHURISDUWLFOHV
Number of particles 
50
0D[LPXPQXPEHURILWHUDWLRQV
Maximum number of iterations 
100
&RJQLWLYHFRHIILFLHQW
Cognitive coefficient 
0.5 Update the particle position &
6RFLDOFRHIILFLHQW
Social coefficient 
0.5 velocity
,QHUWLDZHLJKW
Inertia weight 
0.7

$ Modeling
A. 0RGHOLQJRIERRVWFRQYHUWHU
of boost converter
7KH DC-DC
The '&'& boost ERRVW converter
FRQYHUWHU has KDV the
WKH function
IXQFWLRQ of RI
LQWHUIDFLQJ the
interfacing WKH PV39 array
DUUD\ with
ZLWK the WKH load
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DQG executing
H[HFXWLQJ
PD[LPXP power
maximum SRZHU point
SRLQW tracking.
WUDFNLQJ By %\ controlling
FRQWUROOLQJ the
WKH boost
ERRVW
FRQYHUWHU V duty
converter's GXW\ cycle
F\FOH according
DFFRUGLQJ to WR the
WKH designed
GHVLJQHG algorithm,
DOJRULWKP
WKH MPPT
the 0337 based
EDVHG PSO362 isLV obtained.
REWDLQHG The 7KH duty
GXW\ cycle
F\FOH in
LQ this
WKLV
SDSHULVࢍ
paper ࢈ࢋ࢙࢚ (with
is Ybest ZLWKUHJDUGWRWKHSRZHUILWQHVVHTXDWLRQWKH
regard to the power fitness equation, the
JOREDO best
global EHVW position
SRVLWLRQ among
DPRQJ allDOO particles).
SDUWLFOHV  In,Q line
OLQH with
ZLWK the
WKH 
)LJ)ORZFKDUWRI362SURFHVV
Fig. 5 Flowchart ofPSO process
IORZFKDUW
fl VKRZQ in
owchart shown LQ Fig.
)LJ 5,
 if
LI itLW is
LV nearby
QHDUE\Pmax
3PD[ (reference
UHIHUHQFH
SRZHU RUQRWWKHRXWSXWSRZHULVFKHFNHG,I\HVWKHGXW\
power) or not, the output power is checked. If yes, the duty 9 5(68/76$1'',6&866,21
V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
F\FOH Y
cycle ࢍbest
࢈ࢋ࢙࢚ LV PDLQWDLQHG If
is maintained. ,I not,
QRW in LQ the
WKH next
QH[W iteration,
LWHUDWLRQ
DQRWKHU duty
another GXW\ cycle
F\FOH (particles)
SDUWLFOHV  is LV calculated
FDOFXODWHG again
DJDLQ toWR be
EH $FLUFXLWGLDJUDPUHSUHVHQWLQJWKHRYHUDOOLPSOHPHQWHG
A circuit diagram representing the overall implemented
FKHFNHG
checked. V\VWHPUHDOL]HGLQ6,08/,1.LVSUHVHQWHGLQILJEHORZ
system realized in SIMULINK is presented in fig. 6 below.
7KUHH 266W
Three : modules
PRGXOHV are
DUH connected
FRQQHFWHG in
LQ series
VHULHV that
WKDW gives
JLYHV aD
7DEOH%RRVWFRQYHUWHUVLPXODWLRQSDUDPHWHUV
Table 4 Boost converter simulation parameters
3DUDPHWHUV 9DOXHV
WRWDO panel
total SDQHO output
RXWSXW of
RI800W. 8VLQJ the
: Using WKHPSO
362 algorithm,
DOJRULWKP the
WKH
Parameters Values
0337 unit
MPPT XQLW is
LV used
XVHG to
WR track
WUDFN the
WKH global
JOREDO GMPP
*033 maximum
PD[LPXP
,QGXFWRU(L)
Inductor / P+
5rnH
SRZHUSRLQW7KHRXWSXWRIWKHFRQWUROXQLWLVWKHGXW\F\FOH
power point. The output of the control unit is the duty cycle
RI the
of WKH boost
ERRVW converter.
FRQYHUWHU Fig.3
)LJ shows
VKRZV that
WKDW three
WKUHH different
GLIIHUHQW
&DSDFLWRU & 
Capacitor (Cl) Ϥ)
4.71lF
LQWHQVLWLHVDUHFRQVLGHUHGLQWKLVSDSHU
intensities are considered in this paper.

&DSDFLWRU & 
Capacitor (C2) Ϥ)
2201lF
&DVH 1:
Case  The
7KH time
WLPH of
RI the
WKH simulation
VLPXODWLRQ is
LV set
VHW at
DW 0.5s;
V the
WKH
LUUDGLDQFH of
irradiance RI PV
39 modules
PRGXOHV isLV given
JLYHQ in
LQ table
WDEOH 2 at &
DW 25°C
6ZLWFKLQJIUHTXHQF\
Switching frequency .+]
50KHz WHPSHUDWXUH)LJFRPSDUHGWKHSRZHURXWSXWRI362DQG
temperature. Fig. 7 compared the power output of PSO and
3 2 algorithms,
P&O DOJRULWKPV which
ZKLFK shows
VKRZV that
WKDW PSO
362 technique
WHFKQLTXH tracks
WUDFNV
5HVLVWRU(R)
Resistor 5 ¡
300 WKH033DERXWVDIWHUWKHV\VWHPLVUXQQLQJZKLOH3
the MPP about 0.03s after the system is running while P&O 2

270
270 16th Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications (ICIEA 2021)

Authorized licensed use limited to: UNIVERSITY TENAGA NASIONAL. Downloaded on November 22,2023 at 09:42:09 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 WUDFNV
tracks DW
at V
0.065s. &DVH
Case 
1 RFFXUV
occurs XQGHU
under XQLIRUP
uniform LUUDGLDWLRQ
irradiation 1000

FRQGLWLRQ
condition.
BOO
&DVH
Case 2&3:3DUDPHWHUVRIFDVH
Parameters of case 2&3 VKRZQLQWDEOHDUH
shown in table 2 are
i?
I
XVHG
used WR
to VWXG\
study WKH
the 0337
MPPT XQGHU
under SDUWLDO
partial VKDGLQJ
shading FRQGLWLRQV
conditions, " 600

l
�
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and the simulation time is set at 0.5s. The simulation results
DUH
are VKRZQ
shown LQ
in )LJ
Fig. 
8 DQG
and )LJ
Fig. 
9 UHVSHFWLYHO\
respectively. ,Q
In WKH
the FDVH
case RI
of
i0 400

I
a.
SDUWLDOVKDGLQJWKH3
partial shading the P&O 2PHWKRGFDQQRWWUDFNWKH*033EXW
method cannot track the GMPP but
362FDQWUDFN
PSO can track ZLWKHIILFLHQF\DQGPDLQWDLQDVWDEOH
with 99.7% efficiency and maintain a stable 200

SRZHURXWSXW
power output.
0
0.05 0.1 0.15 02 0.25 0.3 0.35 0 .4 0.45 0.5
Tine (sec) 
 (Da)


1000

BOO
i?
�
..
� 600

�
0
a. 400

200

 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
)LJ0$7/$%6,08/,1.V\VWHPPRGHO
Fig. 6 MATLAB/SIMULINK system model nne(sec)
 (b)
E
&RPSDUHGWRWKH362DOJRULWKPWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRI
Compared to the PSO algorithm, the implementation of )LJ&DVHSRZHURXWSXW D 3P&O
Fig. 7 Case 1 power output (a) 2 (b)
E 362
PSO

3P&O2LVOHVVFRPSOLFDWHGEXWWKHUHVXOWVVKRZVWKDWWKH362
is less complicated, but the results shows that the PSO
DOJRULWKP
algorithm KDV
has EHWWHU
better VWHDG\
steady VWDWH
state SHUIRUPDQFH
performance ZKLOH
while WKH
the
SHUWXUE
perturb DQG
and REVHUYH
observe WHFKQLTXH
technique LV
is RVFLOODWRU\
oscillatory LQ
in QDWXUH
nature. 7KH
The 600

ZDYHIRUPV
waveforms LQGLFDWH
indicate WKDW
that WKH
the SURSRVHG
proposed DOJRULWKP
algorithm WUDFNHG
tracked 500
*033ZLWKKLJKWUDFNLQJHIILFLHQF\DVVKRZQLQWDEOH
GMPP with high tracking efficiency as shown in table 5.

7KLVVKRZVWKDWLQG\QDPLFZHDWKHUFRQGLWLRQV362LV
This shows that in dynamic weather conditions, PSO is
UREXVW
robust, EXW
but 32
PO LV
is JUHDWO\
greatly DIIHFWHG
affected DQG
and GLYHUJHV
diverges IURP
from 033
MPP.
%HFDXVH
Because WKH
the PHWKRG
method RIof SHUWXUE
perturb DQG
and REVHUYH
observe DVVXPHV
assumes
FRQVWDQWUDGLDWLRQGXHWR36&UHVXOWLQJLQWKHJHQHUDWLRQRI
constant radiation, due to PSC resulting in the generation of 100 j
PXOWLSOH
multiple SHDNV
peaks, WKH
the DOJRULWKP
EHWZHHQORFDODQGJOREDO
algorithm FRQIXVHV
confuses WR
to GLVWLQJXLVK
between local and global PD[LPXPSRLQWDQGDOZD\V
distinguish
maximum point and always JLYHV
gives
0 'I
0 0.05 0.·1 0.1 s 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45
SRZHUDURXQGORFDO033
power around local MPP. nne(sec)

D
(a)
7DEOH&RPSDULVRQRIVLPXODWLRQUHVXOWVEHWZHHQ362DQG3
Table 5 Comparison ofsimulation results between PSO and P&O 2 
&DVHV
Cases $OJRULWKPV
Algorithms 0337HIILFLHQF\
MPPT efficiency 7UDFNLQJWLPH
Tracking time

(%) VHF 
(sec)

&DVH
Case 1 362
PSO 
99.9 
0.03
aoor---+---,_---r--�r---4
'"'
<1
3P&O
2 
99.8 
0.065
� 400 h=*=l==l===����*==i=�
&DVH
Case 2 362
PSO 
99.7 
0.015
�
a.
200r---r---+---�--�--�
3P&O
2 
49.3 
0.04

&DVH
Case 3 362
PSO 
99.7 
0.03 0.05 0.1 0.15 02 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
Tine (sec)
3P&O
2 
49.3 
0.04

E
(b)

 )LJ&DVHSRZHURXWSXW D 3P&O
Fig. 8 Case 2 power output (a) 2 (b)
E 362
PSO

Conference on
16th Conference on Industrial
Industrial Electronics
Electronics and
and Applications
Applications (ICIEA
(JCJEA 2021)
2021) 271
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 600 &KDQJLQJ Shading
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7UDQV Ind.
,QG
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Informatics, SS
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Jan. 
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doi:
500
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10.1109/tii.2019.2895066.
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J. 3 Ram,
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%DEX andDQG N. 1 Rajasekar,
5DMDVHNDU "A ³$
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comprehensive review on solar PV maximum power point
WUDFNLQJ techniques,"
tracking WHFKQLTXHV´ Renewable
5HQHZDEOH and DQG Sustainable
6XVWDLQDEOH Energy
(QHUJ\
I 5HYLHZV vol.
Reviews, YRO 67.
 Elsevier
(OVHYLHU Ltd,
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SS 826-847,
± Jan.
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2017, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2016.09.076.
$.3RGGHU1.5R\DQG+53RWD³0337PHWKRGV
, [5] A. K. Fodder, N. K. Roy,and H. R. Pota,"MPPT methods
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IRU solar
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PV V\VWHPV
systems: aD critical
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based onRQ tracking
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nature," ,(7 Renew.
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*HQHU vol.
YRO 13,
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QR  SS
10, pp.
Tine (sec)  ±-XOGRLLHWUSJ
1615-1632, Jul. 2019,doi: 10.1049/iet-rpg.2018.5946.
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performance of the PSO algorithm has been evaluated under
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