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Retinal Disease Diagnosis System Using

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Deep Learning Algorithms : A Review

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Punitha.R, 'U%/DWKD
Dr.B.Latha
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Research Scholar, Department ofInformation and 3URIHVVRU'HSDUWPHQWRI&RPSXWHU6FLHQFHDQG(QJLQHHULQJ
Professor, Department of Computer Science and Engineering,
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Communication Engineering, Anna University, 6UL6DL5DP(QJLQHHULQJ&ROOHJH
Sri Sai Ram Engineering College,
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Assistant Professor, Department ofInformation Technology, &KHQQDL7DPLO1DGX,QGLD
Chennai,Tamil Nadu,India.
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Sri Sai Ram Institute of Technology, ODWKDFVH#VDLUDPHGXLQ
latha.cse@sairam.edu.in
&KHQQDL7DPLO1DGX,QGLD
Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
SXQLUDYL#JPDLOFRP
puni.ravi22@gmail.com 

2022 1st International Conference on Computational Science and Technology (ICCST) | 978-1-6654-7655-3/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ICCST55948.2022.10040285


$EVWUDFW² A
Abstract- $ lean
OHDQ OD\HU RI tissue
layer of WLVVXH on
RQ the
WKH rear
UHDU side
VLGH of
RI the
WKH human
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Most AMD patients have dry AMD (atrophic DWURSKLF$0'AMD).
H\HLVWKHUHWLQDDQGPLJKWEHLPSDFWHGE\UHWLQDOGLVHDVHV7KH
eye is the retina, and might be impacted by retinal diseases. The $W this
At WKLV point
SRLQW in
LQ OLIH WKH macula
life, the PDFXOD begins
EHJLQV to
WR thin.
WKLQ Early,
(DUO\
PRVW prevalent
most SUHYDOHQW retinal
UHWLQDO complication
FRPSOLFDWLRQ is
LV DJHUHODWHG PDFXODU
age-related macular LQWHUPHGLDWHDQGODWHVWDJHVRIGU\$0'DOORFFXUWRJHWKHU
intermediate, and late stages of dry AMD all occur together.
GHJHQHUDWLRQ (AMD),
degeneration $0' ZKLFKLPSDLUVH\HVLJKWZKLFKLVWKHPDMRU
which impairs eyesight which is the major
for vision impairment in those over 50. The wet and dry,
7\SLFDOO\LWGHYHORSVJUDGXDOO\RYHUDQXPEHURI\HDUV/DWH
Typically, it develops gradually over a number of years. Late
UHDVRQIRUYLVLRQLPSDLUPHQWLQWKRVHRYHU7KHZHWDQGGU\
reason
GU\ $0'
dry KDV no
AMD has QR known
NQRZQ FXUH KRZHYHU there
cure, however WKHUH are
DUH techniques
WHFKQLTXHV
'586(1DQG$0'UHVSHFWLYHO\DUHWKHWZRFDWHJRULHVRI$0'
DRUSEN and AMD respectively are the two categories of AMD.
'LDEHWHVUHODWHG PDFXODU edema
HGHPD (DME),
'0(  which
ZKLFK can
FDQ KDUP WKH WR maximize
to PD[LPL]H your
\RXU remaining
UHPDLQLQJ vision.
YLVLRQ You
<RX can
FDQ DOVR WDNH
also take
Diabetes-related macular harm the
IRYHD LV
fovea, is EURXJKW RQ by
brought on E\ DFFXPXODWLRQ RI H[FHVV
accumulation of excess IOXLG LQ the
fluid in WKH SUHFDXWLRQVWRVDIHJXDUG\RXURWKHUH\HLI\RXRQO\KDYHODWH
precautions to safeguard your other eye if you only have late
PDFXOD Untreated,
macula. 8QWUHDWHG LW
it PD\
may UHVXOW LQ eyesight
result in H\HVLJKW impairment.
LPSDLUPHQW GU\$0'LQRQHRI\RXUH\HV
dry AMD in one of your eyes.
7KHUHIRUH it
Therefore, LW LV FUXFLDOO\ important
is crucially LPSRUWDQW to
WR diagnose
GLDJQRVH disorders
GLVRUGHUV early.
HDUO\ 
2XU main
Our PDLQ objective
REMHFWLYH LV WR DVVLVW
is to SK\VLFLDQV in
assist physicians LQ identifying
LGHQWLI\LQJ these
WKHVH :HW AMD
Wet $0' is LV D OHVV frequent
a less IUHTXHQW form
IRUP RI ODWH AMD
of late $0' that
WKDW
LOOQHVVHV early
illnesses HDUO\ on,
RQ before
EHIRUH they
WKH\ SURJUHVV
progress WR
to D
a PRUH VHULRXV VWDJH
more serious stage. W\SLFDOO\ results
typically UHVXOWV in
LQ rapid
UDSLG visual
YLVXDO loss
ORVV (advanced
DGYDQFHG neovascular
QHRYDVFXODU
7KLV paper
This SDSHU reviews
UHYLHZV the
WKH methods
PHWKRGV DQG
and DSSURDFKHV IRU classifying
approaches for FODVVLI\LQJ $0'  Wet
AMD). :HW AMD
$0' FDQ GHYHORS at
can develop DW any
DQ\ VWDJH RI dry
stage of GU\ AMD,
$0'
GLVHDVHV
diseases WKDW DIIHFW
that WKH retina
affect the UHWLQD using
XVLQJ RSWLFDO
optical FRKHUHQFH
coherence
KRZHYHU wet
ZHW AMD
$0' is LV DOZD\V
however always ODWH
late VWDJH 7KH macula
stage. The PDFXOD LV
is
WRPRJUDSK\ (OCT)
tomography 2&7  images
LPDJHV DQG GHHS OHDUQLQJ
and deep learning DOJRULWKPV
algorithms.
KDUPHGZKHQDEHUUDQWEORRGYHVVHOVGHYHORSEHKLQGWKHH\H
harmed when aberrant blood vessels develop behind the eye.
9DULRXVGHHSOHDUQLQJWHFKQLTXHVXWLOL]HGIRUWKHHQKDQFHPHQWRI
Various deep learning techniques utilized for the enhancement of
SDWLHQWFDUHZHUHUHYLHZHG 7KHJRRGQHZVLVWKDWWKHUHDUHZHW$0'WUHDWPHQWRSWLRQV
The good news is that there are wet AMD treatment options
patient care were reviewed.
DYDLODEOH
available.


.H\ZRUGV²5HWLQDO'LVHDVHV0DFXOD2SWLFDO&RKHUHQFH
Keywords-Retinal Diseases, Macula, Optical Coherence
7RPRJUDSKLFLPDJHV'HHS/HDUQLQJDOJRULWKPV
6WDJHVRI$0'
3 Stages of AMD:
Tomographic images, Deep Learning algorithms.
 
 •
• (PHUJLQJ$0'1RUPDOVL]HGGUXVHQGHSRVLWVDQGQR
Emerging AMD: Normal-sized drusen deposits and no
FRORULQJFKDQJHVQRYLVLRQLPSDLUPHQW
coloring changes, no vision impairment.
, ,1752'8&7,21
I. INTRODUCTION •
• 0HGLDQ$0'+XJHGUXVHQDQGFKDQJHVLQFRORULQJ
Median AMD: Huge drusen and changes in coloring.
 7KLVLQFXUVJHQWOHYLVXDOLPSDLUPHQWZKLFKGRHVQ¶W
This incurs gentle visual impairment which doesn't
%ORRG
Blood YHVVHOV LPSDLUPHQW behind
vessels impairment EHKLQG theWKH eye,
H\H which
ZKLFK FDXVHDSUREOHP
cause a problem.
UHVXOWVLQIOXLGOHDNDJHFDXVHVEOLQGQHVV7KLVIOXLGEXLOGXS
results in fluid leakage, causes blindness. This fluid buildup • )LQDO$0''HK\GUDWHGRU0RLVWHQHGPDFXODOXWHD
• Final AMD: Dehydrated or Moistened macula lutea
PD\KDYHDQLPSDFWRQWKHUHWLQDDQGDOWHUYLVLRQ
may have an impact on the retina and alter vision. UHVXOWVLQVLJKWORVV
results in sight loss .

•
• 
$Q eye
An H\H condition
FRQGLWLRQ known NQRZQ as DV age-related
DJHUHODWHG macularPDFXODU
7KLVVXUYH\SDSHUUHYLHZVWKHIROORZLQJ
This survey paper reviews the following
GHJHQHUDWLRQ
degeneration (AMD),$0' DUHWLQDOGLVHDVHFDXVHVSUREOHPVZLWK
a retinal disease, causes problems with

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the EDFN end
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WKH eye
H\H and DQG FDXVHV EOXUU\ perception.
causes blurry SHUFHSWLRQ ,W It
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i. 0HWKRGVDQGDSSURDFKHVIRUFODVVLI\LQJGLVHDVHVXVLQJ
Methods and approaches for classifying diseases using
RFFXUV ZKHQ the
occurs when WKH macula,
PDFXOD the WKH area
DUHD RI WKH H\H
of the WKDW regulates
eye that UHJXODWHV
FRPSXWHGWRPRJUDSKLFSLFWXUHV
computed tomographic pictures
SUHFLVHVWUDLJKWDKHDGYLVLRQVXIIHUVGDPDJHZLWKDJH7KH
precise, straight-ahead vision, suffers damage with age. The
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models of deep learning algorithms
PDFXODLVRQHRIWKHFRPSRQHQWVLQWKHUHWLQD
macula is one of the components in the retina, which is the ZKLFKLVWKH

SKRWRUHFHSWRUSUHVHQWDW
photoreceptor present at the WKHUHDURIWKHH\H
rear of the eye. AMD $0'>@>@
[8] [ 1 0],
HSLGHPLF GLVHDVH
epidemic ZKLFK is
disease which LV the
WKH root
URRW cause
FDXVH ofRI visual
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LQ 7KLV
This VXUYH\ DOVR UHYLHZV
survey also reviews theWKH LGHQWLILFDWLRQ
identification and DQG progress
SURJUHVV
ROGHU persons.
older SHUVRQV Although
$OWKRXJK AMD $0' doesn't
GRHVQ W result
UHVXOW in LQ total
WRWDO RIGLVHDVHLQ
of disease in WKHHDUO\VWDJH
the early stage WKDW
that KHOSVWKHSK\VLFLDQWR
helps the physician to VDYH
save
EOLQGQHVV ORVLQJ \RXU FHQWUDO YLVLRQ PLJKW
blindness, losing your central vision might make it more PDNH LW PRUH WKHSDWLHQWVIURPSHUPDQHQWYLVLRQORVV
the patients from permanent vision loss.
GLIILFXOW to
difficult WR read,
UHDG drive,
GULYH or RU perform
SHUIRUP FORVHXS
close-up tasks WDVNV like
OLNH 
FRRNLQJ
cooking RU KRPH maintenance.
or home PDLQWHQDQFH 6RPH SHRSOH GHYHORS
Some people develop $0' AMD 
>@ UHODWLYHO\ VORZO\ ZKHUHDV RWKHUV
[8] relatively slowly, whereas others develop it more GHYHORS LW PRUH ,, ',$%(7,&5(7,1$/',625'(5
II. DIABETIC RETINAL DISORDER
TXLFNO\ Take
quickly. 7DNH aD while
ZKLOH to
WR notice
QRWLFH visual
YLVXDO loss
ORVV if
LI it
LW is
LV an
DQ HDUO\
early

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Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) $0' >@[1].
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formulation RIof

OLTXLG caused
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most precise YLVXDO abilities.
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these EORRG vessels
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start to OHDN fluid
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SUHVVXUH
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inside the eye, which results in DME [2]. Macular edema can
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also develop as a result of inflammatory eye illnesses and in
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retina's blood vessels [7].


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Fig. ! . AMD Disease

978- 1 -6654-7655-3/22/$3 1 .00 ©2022 IEEE
978-1-6654-7655-3/22/$31.00 IEEE 780
Authorized licensed use limited to: NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY CALICUT. Downloaded on October 26,2023 at 13:40:31 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 
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Authorized licensed use limited 2022 1st International Conference onCALICUT.

Computational Science and26,2023
Technology (ICCST)
2022 1st International Conference on Computational Science and Technology (ICCST)
to: NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Downloaded on October at 13:40:31 7 8 1 apply.
UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions
781
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A CNN with 50 layers is called ResNet-50. 256 batch size 5RNHP
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Performance RIof WKH
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Ramasubramanian, 6XQGDUDPRRUWK\
Sundaramoorthy 6HOYDSHUXPDO
Selvaperumal, DQG
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3 (2019):
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by retinal diseases and the images are normal using a deep >@
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Bryan 0
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Williams, %DLGDD
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learning DSSURDFK
approach LV
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retinal OCT with deep learning." In Annual Conference on Medical
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pp. 
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[ 10] Motozawa, Naohiro, Guangzhou An, Seiji Takagi, Shohei Kitahata,
resting Accuracy [1]
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Michiko 0DQGDL
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Yasuhiko +LUDPL
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Ophthalmology and therapy 8, no. 4 (20 1 9)
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96.21
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9
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In 
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next
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computing WHFKQRORJLHV 1*&7 , SS
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