1

Paper

The High Bar of Reform in Rome

Terrence Simons 2023

History Classicism Religion

Rome Christianity Hedonism Philosophy Reform Tradition Evolution of Civilization

©Western Occidental
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Abstract

Ancient Rome, with its rich cultural heritage and diverse society, was a melting pot of conflicting
ideologies. Among the many clashes that shaped this era, one of the most intriguing was the clash
between Christianity and Hedonism. This clash pitted the moral teachings of Christianity against the
pursuit of pleasure and self-indulgence advocated by Hedonism. In this paper, we will delve into the
intricate dynamics of this clash, examining its influence on Roman society and culture. By
understanding the moral dilemmas faced by the people of Ancient Rome, we can gain valuable
insights into the ongoing debate of morality and inclusion in modern society.

Synopsis

Ancient Roman morality was a complicated fabric of intellectual and religious beliefs. Roman society
valued social order and tradition. The Romans believed morality was essential to their civilization's
security and success. Their morality was shaped by their devotion of gods and goddesses.

14 pages.

Thesis

Understanding Morality in Ancient Rome

Morality in Ancient Rome was a complex tapestry woven from various philosophical and religious
beliefs. Roman society placed great importance on maintaining social order and upholding traditional
values. The Romans believed that adherence to certain moral principles was necessary for the stability
and prosperity of their civilization. These principles were deeply rooted in their religious practices, with
the worship of gods and goddesses playing a significant role in shaping their moral compass.

There was a continual dialogue between Romans about how to preserve tradition, religious and
philosophical and how to establish morality despite hedonistic cultural value. See Weber. Reform
appears as an overthrow and not a progress because we cannot view hedonism as the Romans saw it.
Errors are prevalent in our understanding of the essence of Roman philosophy. 12

However a contrasted view this opinion is, it is important to note that some philosophers argue that
seeking immediate and sensual pleasures may lead to a lack of fulfillment and true happiness in the long
run and this is precisely what motivated the Romans to worship the ancient Gods. The primary concern
was to avoid the disapproval of these Gods and to harmonize their function on a daily basis with them 3.

1
Evola agreed with Spengler’s criticism of the progressive and evolutionist myth and with his rejection of the
modern “linear” understanding of history.” Evola, Julius. Revolt Against the Modern World Politics Religion and
Social Order in the Kali Yuga. Simon and Schuster, 2018.
2
The author refers to esotericism as a misappropriation through esotericism of Aristotelian metaphysics which is
beyond the scope of this paper to examine. Ibid.
3
“Even those philosophers who sought to integrate them and reduce one to the other (typically reducing emotion
to an inferior genus of reason, a ‘confused perception’ or ‘distorted judgment’) maintained the distinction and
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It is only through this manner of reasoning those greater misperceptions are avoided about the high bar
of Roman reform, and how errors such as the sudden rupture of intellect can be avoided.

Overview of Roman Religion and Worship.

Roman religion and worship played a significant role in the daily lives of Roman citizens during the time
of Roman Hedonism4 5. The Romans were polytheistic and believed in a pantheon of gods and goddesses
who controlled various aspects of life6. They worshipped these deities through rituals, sacrifices, and
prayers, believing that their devotion would bring favor and protection. Temples and shrines were built
throughout the empire, where people could offer their devotion and seek guidance from the gods.
Religious festivals and ceremonies were also an integral part of Roman society, providing opportunities
for communal celebration and enjoyment. Simply describing Roman hedonism as primitive emotions
associated with the erosion of intellect does not establish why and how the process of sympathetic
action between men and the gods exists, nor does it fulfill any requirement of proving the nature of the
Christian abolition of sin as an abolition of intellectual pursuit through experience. The fact can easily be
demonstrated and becomes the central thesis of this paper: Rome reformed itself by means of removing
the belief in superstitious fear of the gods.

Thesis Body

Roman religion and worship played a significant role in the daily lives of Roman citizens during the time
of Roman hedonism, as it provided a framework for understanding and engaging with the gods. The
Romans believed that by indulging in earthly pleasures and seeking out sensual experiences, they were
not only honoring the gods but also aligning themselves with divine energy. This belief system allowed
them to find joy and meaning in their lives, as they saw their pursuit of pleasure as a way to connect
with the divine and fulfill their spiritual obligations. Thus, Roman Hedonism can be seen as a unique
blend of religious devotion and philosophical outlook, shaping the lives and values of the Roman people.

continued to insist on the superiority of reason” Solomon, Robert C. "The philosophy of emotions. M. Lewic
Haviland The Handbook of Emotions, 1993.
4
Belliotti, Raymond Angelo. Roman Philosophy and the Good Life. Lexington Books, 2009. “Hedonism is a theory
that highlights the pursuit of pleasure as critical to the good life. As human beings understand keenly the joys of
physical and intellectual activities that generate pleasure, hedonism begins with a large lead over competing
views.”
5
Epicureanism. “The philosophy of Epicurus (341–270 B.C.E.) was a complete and interdependent system,
involving a view of the goal of human life (happiness, resulting from absence of physical pain and mental
disturbance), an empiricist theory of knowledge (sensations, together with the perception of pleasure and pain,
are infallible criteria), a description of nature based on atomistic materialism, and a naturalistic account of
evolution, from the formation of the world to the emergence of human societies.” Konstan, David, "Epicurus", The
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2022 Edition), Edward N. Zalta & Uri Nodelman (eds.), URL =
https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2022/entries/epicurus/.
6
Ogilvie, Robert Maxwell. The Romans and Their Gods. Random House, 2011. “The chief feature, then, of Roman
religion was the belief that all the important processes in the world were divinely activated and, conversely, that
different gods had charge of particular functions and spheres of activity. Some of the most primitive cults show by
their very names how the simple farmers of early Rome were naturally concerned to deify the agricultural
operations on which their livelihood depended.”
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One example of Roman Hedonism can be seen in their elaborate feasts and banquets. These events
were not just about indulging in delicious food and wine, but also about creating a sensory experience
that connected them to the divine. The Romans believed that by engaging in these extravagant feasts,
they were expressing their gratitude to the gods and inviting their presence into their lives. This belief
system influenced every aspect of the feast, from the carefully selected ingredients to the elaborate
decorations, creating a deeply spiritual and meaningful experience for all who attended. The Romans
took great pride in their ability to host these grand feasts, viewing it as a display of their wealth, power,
and social status. The more lavish and extravagant the feast, the more respect and admiration they
would receive from their peers. In fact, hosting a successful feast was often seen as a necessary
requirement for anyone aspiring to climb the social ladder in Roman society. As a result, immense effort
and resources were dedicated to ensuring that every detail of the feast was meticulously planned and
executed to perfection. From the moment guests arrived, they were greeted with an opulent display of
wealth and abundance. The tables were adorned with exquisite silverware, crystal goblets, and
beautifully embroidered linens. Servants dressed in elegant attire gracefully served an array of
sumptuous dishes, including roasted meats, exotic fruits, and rare delicacies imported from distant
lands. The air was filled with the intoxicating aromas of spices and perfumes, and the guests were
entertained by musicians and dancers performing in dazzling costumes. The Romans spared no expense
in creating an unforgettable feast that would leave a lasting impression on all who attended.

Hedonism and its Influence on Roman Society

The philosophy of Hedonism, which originated in Ancient Greece, gained significant traction in Roman
society during the period of the Republic. Hedonism espoused the idea that pleasure and the pursuit of
personal happiness were the ultimate goals in life. This philosophy found resonance among the elite and
the common people alike, as it provided an escape from the hardships of everyday existence. Roman
society, known for its opulence and decadence, embraced the pursuit of pleasure as a way of life.

Roman Intellect Became Christian Policy

The philosophy of Hedonism, which originated in Ancient Greece, gained significant traction in Roman
society during the period of the Republic. This philosophy, focused on the pursuit of pleasure and the
avoidance of pain, became increasingly popular among the Roman elite. However, Cicero, in his work De
Divinatione, argues that true divination and the ability to predict events that happen by chance can only
come from experts in their respective fields, not from soothsayers or diviners. Therefore, the philosophy
of Hedonism, with its emphasis on personal pleasure, would not be considered a reliable source for
predicting future events.

Hedonism Originated in Greece and was later adopted and adapted by the Romans. It found followers
among the wealthy and powerful aristocrats who indulged in luxurious lifestyles and sought immediate
gratification. However, Cicero's argument against relying on hedonistic principles for divination suggests
that the pursuit of personal pleasure may not necessarily lead to accurate predictions or a deeper
understanding of the future. Thus, while hedonism gained popularity in Roman society, its practicality as
a source of divination and foresight remained questionable.

Roman Hedonism, also known as Cyrenaic Hedonism, is a philosophical doctrine that originated in
ancient Greece but gained popularity during the Roman Empire. It is based on the teachings of
Aristippus, a student of Socrates, who believed that the ultimate goal in life is to seek pleasure and avoid
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pain. However, unlike other schools of Hedonism, Roman Hedonism places a greater emphasis on
immediate and sensual pleasures rather than long-term happiness.

Why is Fornication a Rebellion Against God When Sexual Activity is Not?

“The Septuagint Pentateuch forbids God’s people from engaging in acts of religiously alienating
rebellion, or apostasy, as one of its main underlying rules. Certain kinds of sexual activity are marked as
apostasy, and these fit into two groups. First, sexual activity constitutes rebellion against God if it occurs
while worshipping gods other than or in addition to the Lord. When members of God’s people engage in
such sexual relations, they transgress the premier commandment to worship God alone and no other
gods.9 One cannot be devoted to the Lord alone and at the same time make love in a polytheistic or
other-theistic way, regardless of whether the sexual activity is sedately marital with a religiously alien
spouse or the most unruly cultic practice imaginable.” 7

A Likely Interpretation is That Sex Becomes Emblematic.

Fornication was also a common practice in Roman hedonism, with individuals engaging in casual sexual
encounters without any moral or emotional attachments. This hedonistic approach to sexuality further
emphasized the pursuit of personal pleasure and immediate gratification, without considering the
potential consequences or long-term implications. However, Cicero's argument highlights the limitations
of such a lifestyle when it comes to divination and understanding the future, suggesting that a more
balanced and thoughtful approach may be necessary for true insight and foresight. A main point of
Cicero's argument is that relying solely on a lifestyle focused on divination and understanding the future
can hinder one's ability to gain true insight and foresight. Cicero argues that a more holistic approach to
life, one that takes into account not only immediate pleasure but also long-term consequences, is
essential for developing a deeper understanding of oneself and the world. By considering the potential
implications of our actions and decisions, we can make more informed choices that align with our values
and goals, ultimately leading to a more fulfilling and meaningful life. In this way, Cicero challenges the
notion that personal pleasure and instant gratification are the ultimate goals, advocating instead for a
more thoughtful and balanced approach to sexuality and life as a whole. 8

In a broader sense Christianity interpreted Cicero's teachings as a rejection of hedonism and a call to
prioritize spiritual growth and moral responsibility.

Understanding Hedonism and its impact on Society

Hedonism, in its simplest form, is the pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain. It is a philosophy
that places pleasure and personal gratification at the forefront of one's life, often at the expense of
moral responsibility and spiritual growth. In a society driven by instant gratification and materialistic
pursuits, hedonism has become a prevalent mindset.

The impact of hedonism on society is far-reaching. It promotes a self-centered approach to life, where
one's own desires and pleasures take precedence over the needs and well-being of others. This can lead
7
Prohibitions against religiously diversifying marriage appear at Exod 34:15–16, Deut 7:1–6, and against sexual
rituals of a nonmarital sort at, for example, Num 25:1–9 and Mic 1:5–7. Authors Reference
8
Gaca, Kathy L. The Making of Fornication. Univ of California Press, 2017, books.google.ie/books?
id=1Go3DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA163&dq=the+making+of+fornication&hl=&cd=2&source=gbs_api.
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to a breakdown in social cohesion, as individuals prioritize their own happiness at the expense of
community values and collective responsibility.

Christianity's Interpretation of Cicero's Teachings

In the midst of this hedonistic culture, Christianity found inspiration in the teachings of Cicero, a
philosopher who rejected hedonism and emphasized the pursuit of virtue and a meaningful life. Early
Christian thinkers recognized the wisdom in Cicero's writings and sought to incorporate his ideas into
their own theological framework.

Cicero's teachings resonated with Christians because they provided a counterpoint to the prevailing
hedonistic mindset. His emphasis on virtue, self-reflection, and the pursuit of a meaningful life aligned
with the core values of Christianity. By interpreting Cicero's writings through a Christian lens, these early
thinkers found common ground in their quest for spiritual growth and moral responsibility.

The Rejection of Hedonism in Christianity

At its core, Christianity rejects the hedonistic pursuit of pleasure as the ultimate goal in life. Instead, it
promotes a more holistic approach that encompasses the spiritual, moral, and ethical aspects of human
existence. By rejecting hedonism, Christians acknowledge that true fulfillment comes from a deeper
connection with a higher power and a commitment to living a life of purpose and righteousness.

Christianity teaches that hedonism is a fleeting and shallow pursuit, leading to emptiness and
dissatisfaction. Instead, it encourages believers to seek lasting joy through spiritual growth and a
meaningful relationship with God. This rejection of hedonism sets Christianity apart from a culture that
often prioritizes immediate gratification and material wealth.

Prioritizing Spiritual Growth in Christianity

In embracing Cicero's teachings, Christianity places a strong emphasis on spiritual growth as a central
component of the believer's journey. The pursuit of virtue and the development of one's character are
seen as essential for achieving true fulfillment and aligning one's life with God's will.

Christianity recognizes that spiritual growth is a lifelong process that requires dedication, self-reflection,
and a sincere desire for transformation. It encourages believers to cultivate virtues such as love,
humility, compassion, and forgiveness, which are essential for a meaningful and purposeful life.

By prioritizing spiritual growth, Christians strive to deepen their relationship with God and align their
thoughts, words, and actions with His teachings. This process involves regular prayer, studying scripture,
participating in worship, and engaging in acts of service to others. Through these practices, Christians
seek to nurture their spiritual well-being and become more Christ-like in their character.

Emphasizing Moral Responsibility in Christianity

Cicero's teachings on moral responsibility have also found resonance within Christianity. Christianity
places great importance on living a life guided by moral principles and ethical behavior. This emphasis
on moral responsibility stems from the belief that humans are created in the image of God and are
called to reflect His goodness and righteousness in their actions.
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Christianity teaches that believers have a responsibility to love and care for their fellow human beings,
to seek justice, and to act with integrity and honesty. This moral responsibility extends to all aspects of
life, including personal relationships, professional endeavors, and societal engagement.

By embracing Cicero's teachings on moral responsibility, Christians are reminded of the importance of
upholding ethical standards and seeking the well-being of others. It serves as a reminder that their
actions have consequences and that they are called to be stewards of the world around them.

The Influence of Cicero's Teachings on Christian Philosophy

Cicero's teachings have had a profound influence on Christian philosophy, shaping the way believers
approach their faith and navigate the complexities of the human experience. His emphasis on personal
growth, virtue, and moral responsibility has become deeply ingrained in Christian thought and practice.

Christian philosophers and theologians have drawn upon Cicero's writings to develop a more nuanced
understanding of the human condition and the pursuit of a meaningful life. They have integrated his
ideas into theological frameworks, combining ancient wisdom with Christian theology to create a holistic
approach to faith and personal development.

Cicero's teachings have provided Christians with a philosophical foundation that complements their
spiritual beliefs, offering insights into the complexities of human nature and the challenges of living a
virtuous life. This synthesis of Christian and philosophical thought has enriched the theological discourse
and expanded the philosophical horizons of Christianity.

Examples of How Christianity Incorporates Cicero's Teachings

Throughout history, Christianity has incorporated Cicero's teachings in various ways, both in theory and
practice. For example, Christian theologians have used Cicero's writings to develop ethical frameworks
that guide believers in their moral decision-making. They have drawn upon his ideas on justice, virtue,
and the pursuit of the common good to inform Christian ethics and social teachings.

Furthermore, Christian communities have embraced Cicero's emphasis on personal growth and self-
reflection. Practices such as meditation, contemplative prayer, and spiritual retreats have been
influenced by Cicero's teachings, providing believers with opportunities for introspection and spiritual
formation.

Cicero's teachings have also influenced Christian art and literature. His emphasis on the power of
language and rhetoric has shaped the way Christians communicate their faith and share their
testimonies. Christian authors and orators have drawn upon his techniques to inspire and persuade
others, using the art of persuasion to convey the truths of Christianity.

The Relevance of Cicero's Teachings in modern Christianity

Despite the passage of time, Cicero's teachings remain relevant in modern Christianity. In a world that is
increasingly driven by materialism, instant gratification, and self-centeredness, his emphasis on virtue,
moral responsibility, and spiritual growth serves as a timeless reminder of what truly matters.
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Cicero's teachings offer Christians a counter-cultural perspective, challenging them to resist the allure of
hedonism and embrace a higher purpose. His wisdom encourages believers to prioritize their spiritual
well-being and invest in the development of their character.

In a society that often values success, wealth, and personal achievement above all else, Cicero's
teachings remind Christians of the importance of humility, compassion, and selflessness. They serve as a
call to action, urging believers to live out their faith in tangible ways, making a positive impact on the
world around them.

Conclusion: The Enduring Impact of Cicero's Teachings on Christian Thought

In conclusion, the teachings of Cicero have had a lasting impact on Christian thought and practice. By
rejecting hedonism and emphasizing the pursuit of spiritual growth and moral responsibility, Christianity
has found a unique perspective that integrates elements of ancient philosophy with its own beliefs.

Cicero's teachings have enriched the understanding of the spiritual journey, offering Christians a
roadmap for personal development and ethical living. Through his wisdom, believers are reminded of
the importance of self-reflection, virtue, and the pursuit of truth.

Christianity's interpretation of Cicero's teachings provides a holistic approach to faith, one that
encompasses the spiritual, moral, and ethical dimensions of human existence. By embracing his wisdom,
Christians are able to navigate the complexities of the modern world with a renewed sense of purpose
and a commitment to living out their faith in meaningful ways.

In The Making of Fornication an apt description of these matters is provided by Kathy L. Gaca.

Chrysippus highlights how crucial it is to start teaching men and women at an early age how to
deliberate, consent, and create loving attachments in their sexual relationships. The early Stoic proposal
also suggests that adults should care for not only their own children but also every child in the
community. This innovative conception of eros intertwines Stoic cosmology, theology, psychology, and
ethical theory to critique popular Greek eros and sexual mores.

Chrysippus argues that by teaching young men and women how to deliberate, consent, and form
affectionate bonds in their sexual relationships, society can foster healthier and more fulfilling
connections. This emphasis on education and emotional intelligence extends beyond the individual, as
the Stoic proposal suggests that adults should also take responsibility for the well-being of every child in
the community. By intertwining cosmology, theology, psychology, and ethical theory, the Stoics offer a
comprehensive critique of traditional Greek eros and challenge prevailing sexual norms.

The early Stoic view of eros is one that should be given more credit in the fields of ethics and political
theory, especially when it comes to sexuality, friendship, and family values. On the other hand, the later
Stoic view departs from the earlier view that human nature is sexually communal and holds that human
nature is heterosexually paired. This leads to the conviction that traditional marriage, the household,
and childrearing are necessary for individuals to attain virtue and defend their native cities and gods.
Although Seneca and Epictetus grant exceptions for devoted male philosophers, the general change in
the Stoic understanding of human nature is still discernible. Nevertheless, the early Stoic view that
sexual eros can be transformed into "good eros" endures in later
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In contrast, Roman Stoics like Seneca and Musonius maintain that eros or sexual desire is simply a
passion, as popular Greek thought perceives it. They agree that eros can be a domineering master but
argue against surrendering to its influence. Instead, they advocate for avoiding eros with a stoic
disposition, except for procreation within marriage.

Overall, the text highlights the evolving perspectives on eros within Stoicism and emphasizes the
significance of Chrysippus' contributions to ethical reasoning in relation to sexuality, friendship, and
family values.

Chrysippus, one of the prominent Stoic philosophers, played a crucial role in shaping the Stoic
perspective on eros. His contributions expanded the understanding of eros beyond mere passion and
advocated for its rational use in fostering harmonious relationships. Chrysippus emphasized the
importance of self-control and moderation in navigating sexual desires, aligning with the Stoic principles
of virtue and ethical reasoning. His ideas continue to influence discussions on eros and its role in
personal and societal well-being.

Chrysippus' teachings on eros also shed light on the Stoic view of friendship and family values. He
believed that eros, when channeled appropriately, could strengthen the bonds of friendship and
contribute to the stability of the household. By promoting virtuous relationships within the confines of
marriage, Chrysippus argued for the cultivation of a harmonious society that upholds traditional values.
His ideas resonate with the Stoic emphasis on living in accordance with nature and fulfilling one's social
obligations.

The book established clearly how Christian reform was based on the Roman and Greeks together and
not a disinvested group or cult operating on the margins of the Roman culture.9

Superstitio, the Romans believed that the success and prosperity of their empire depended on the favor
of the gods. Therefore, they would often include religious rituals and offerings as part of their feasts. In
this particular banquet, a priest was present, chanting prayers and making sacrifices to ensure the gods'
blessings. The Romans believed that by indulging in such opulence and extravagance, they were showing
their gratitude to the gods and securing their continued favor. Thus, every detail of the feast was
meticulously planned and executed to honor the gods and impress the guests with the power and
wealth of the Roman Empire. "At the heart of superstitio lies irrationality, while at the heart of religio
lies rationality. The Romans believed that the success and prosperity of their empire depended on
maintaining the correct relationship with the gods through religio, not superstitio." 10

"Cicero views superstition as a result of human manipulation and believes that it is evident in the use of
auspices and divination. He argues that relying on omens, astrology, and dreams for guidance is
superstitious and that people should instead rely on reason and the five human senses. He sees
superstitious practices as products of feeble minds that are unable to discern the truth. Cicero
recommends seeking a free and calm mind as an alternative to seeking omens. He also suggests that
instead of attributing misfortune to the gods, people should make more inquiries into the causes of
things. Overall, Cicero discourages superstition and encourages rational thinking and inquiry." 11

9
Gaca, K. L. (2017, October 26). The Making of Fornication. Univ of California Press.
10
Ogilvie, Robert Maxwell. The Romans and Their Gods. Random House, 2011.
11
Adekannbi, G. O. Roman Divination: a Discourse on the Treatise of Cicero the Statesman. 2006.
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Nor is there any need of divination even in matters within the domain of science and of art... When
people are sick, we as a general rule, do not summon a prophet or a seer, but we call a physician. Again,
persons who want to learn to play on the harp or on the flute take lessons, not from a soothsayer but
from a musician. The same rule applies... in other department of learning; You think whatever can be
foreknown by means of science, reasons, experiences or conjecture is to be referred to, not to, diviners,
but to experts' it follows, therefore, that divination of 'things that happen by chance' is possible only of
things which cannot be foreseen by means of skill or wisdom; (Cicero, De Divinatione 2. 3.9-10).

Throughout history, Christianity has incorporated Cicero's teachings in various ways, both in theory and
practice. For example, Christian theologians have used Cicero's writings to develop ethical frameworks
that guide believers in their moral decision-making. They have drawn upon his ideas on justice, virtue,
and the pursuit of the common good to inform Christian ethics and social teachings. One concrete
example of this can be seen in the Just War Theory, which was heavily influenced by Cicero's ideas on
justice and war. Christian theologians, such as St. Augustine and St. Thomas Aquinas, incorporated
Cicero's principles into their discussions on when it is morally justifiable to wage war. By integrating
Cicero's concepts of proportionality and just cause into Christian thought, they provided a foundation
for ethical considerations in military conflicts throughout history.

However, a counterexample to this integration of Cicero's ideas can be found in the Crusades. Despite
the influence of Christian ethics and teachings, the Crusades were characterized by violence, pillaging,
and atrocities committed in the name of Christianity. The principles of just cause and proportionality
were often ignored, as innocent civilians were targeted and entire cities were razed to the ground. This
demonstrates that even with a strong ethical framework, individuals and groups can still deviate from it
and justify unjust actions.

"The just war theory12(Phoenix) is an ethical framework used to determine when it is permissible to go
to war. It originated with Catholic moral theologians like Augustine of Hippo and Thomas Aquinas. The
theory is divided into three categories: jus ad bellum (justice towards war), jus in bello (justice in war),
and jus post bellum (justice after war). The theory requires political leaders to test their decision to go to
war by applying principles such as just cause, right intention, legitimate authority, probability of success,
and last resort. The theory also emphasizes the importance of discrimination in targeting and avoiding
civilian casualties."13 (“Just War Theory - Wikipedia”) (Centre) (https://dphx.org/respect-life/know-the-
issues/just-war/)14 15

Did Christianity End or Improve Roman Culture?

1. The impact of Christian moral theologians on Roman culture: explore how the emergence of
Christianity and its ethical principles influenced the existing Roman cultural norms and values.

12
Phoenix, Diocese Of. “Just War - the Roman Catholic Diocese of Phoenix.” The Roman Catholic Diocese of
Phoenix, 26 Apr. 2023, dphx.org/respect-life/know-the-issues/just-war
13
“Just War Theory - Wikipedia.” Just War Theory - Wikipedia, 27 Feb. 2022,
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_war_theory.
14
https://dphx.org/respect-life/know-the-issues/just-war/. dphx.org/respect-life/know-the-issues/just-war.
Accessed 17 Dec. 2023.
15
Centre, The Ethics. “Just War Theory - the Ethics Centre Ethics Explainer.” THE ETHICS CENTRE, 19 July 2016,
ethics.org.au/ethics-explainer-just-war.
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The emergence of Christianity and its ethical principles had a profound impact on the existing Roman
cultural norms and values.16 17 18 Christian moral theologians challenged the prevalent practices of
slavery, gladiatorial games, and the mistreatment of women, advocating for a more compassionate and
egalitarian society. As a result, Roman culture underwent significant improvements, with an increasing
emphasis on human dignity, compassion, and justice. However, it is important to note that Christianity
did not completely eradicate all aspects of Roman culture, as certain elements continued to coexist with
the newfound Christian values.

2. Transformation or decline: discuss whether Christianity marked the end of Roman culture as it was
known, or if it brought about positive changes that improved certain aspects of society. 19 20

Transformation or decline: Christianity marked a significant transformation in Roman culture rather than
its complete end. While it did challenge and change certain aspects of Roman society, such as the
gladiatorial games and the mistreatment of women, it also incorporated and adapted elements of
Roman culture into its practices. The positive changes brought about by Christianity, such as the
emphasis on human dignity and compassion, ultimately had a profound impact on the development of
Western civilization. Therefore, it can be argued that Christianity brought about positive changes that
improved certain aspects of society rather than leading to the decline of Roman culture.

3. Cultural clashes and assimilation: examine how the clash between traditional Roman practices and
Christian teachings resulted in either a merging or rejection of certain elements from both cultures.

The clash between traditional Roman practices and Christian teachings resulted in a merging of certain
elements from both cultures. For example, many Roman holidays and festivals were reinterpreted and
Christianized, such as the celebration of Christmas replacing the Roman festival of Saturnalia.
Additionally, Roman architecture and art forms were incorporated into Christian churches, creating a
unique blend of Roman and Christian influences. However, there were also aspects of Roman culture
that Christianity rejected because they were incompatible with Christian teachings, such as the
gladiatorial games and the worship of pagan gods.

4. Emblematic of this rejection was the destruction of pagan temples21 22 and statues. One detailed
example of the incorporation of Roman culture into Christianity is the Basilica of Saint Peter in Vatican
City, Rome. The basilica was built on the site where Saint Peter, one of Jesus' apostles, was believed to
be buried. It incorporated elements of Roman architecture, such as a large dome inspired by the
Pantheon, and featured intricate Roman-style sculptures and mosaics depicting scenes from Christian
narratives. However, Christianity rejected the worship of pagan gods, leading to the destruction of

16
Pelikan, Jaroslav. Christianity and Classical Culture the Metamorphosis of Natural Theology in the Christian
Encounter With Hellenism. Yale UP, 1993.
17
Meeks, Wayne A. The Origins of Christian Morality the First Two Centuries. Yale UP, 1993.
18
Pelikan, Jaroslav. Christianity and Classical Culture the Metamorphosis of Natural Theology in the Christian
Encounter With Hellenism. Yale UP, 1993.
19
Salzman, Michele Renee. The Making of a Christian Aristocracy Social and Religious Change in the Western
Roman Empire. Harvard UP, 2009.
20
Mith Julia MH. Europe after Rome a new cultural history 500, 1000.
21
Saradi, Helen. The Christianization of Pagan Temples in the Greek Hagiographical Texts. From Temple to Church
Destruction and Renewal of Local Cultic Topography in Late Antiquity, 2008.
22
"Constantine and the problem of anti-pagan legislation in the fourth century. Classical Philology 89 No. 2, 1994.
 12

pagan temples and statues. This rejection was a significant turning point in the transition from pagan
worship to the dominance of Christianity in the Roman Empire. The destruction of pagan temples was
seen as a symbolic act of purging the old beliefs and establishing the new faith. It also served to
eliminate any remnants of idolatry and ensure that the focus of worship was solely on the one true God.
This deliberate eradication of pagan symbols and sites further solidified the power and influence of
Christianity in Rome and paved the way for the spread of the religion throughout the empire.

The body as a Temple of the Holy Spirit became a central concept in Christian teachings 23, emphasizing
the individual's responsibility to maintain purity and avoid indulging in sinful behaviors. This belief led to
a shift in focus from external temples to internal spiritual cultivation. As Christianity gained momentum,
believers were encouraged to view their bodies as sacred vessels, treating them with respect and
practicing self-discipline. This new perspective not only reinforced the authority of the Church but also
fostered a sense of personal responsibility and accountability among its followers. The body became an
integral part of religious devotion, reflecting the transformative power of Christianity in shaping both
beliefs and behaviors.

Portents

Unveiling the Hidden Benefits: How the Christianization of Rome Catalyzed Improvements in Sexuality
and Relationships

The Christianization of Rome marked a significant turning point in the history of the ancient city. As
Christianity spread across the Roman Empire, it brought about profound changes in various aspects of
society, including sexuality and relationships. In this article, we will explore the impact of Christianization
on these areas, shedding light on the hidden benefits that emerged from this historical transformation.

The Impact of Christianity on Sexuality in Ancient Rome

Prior to the Christianization of Rome, the city was known for its liberal attitudes towards sexuality. The
Romans embraced a hedonistic lifestyle, with extramarital affairs, promiscuity, and prostitution being
widely accepted. However, the arrival of Christianity challenged these norms and introduced a new set
of moral values.

Changes in Attitudes Towards Marriage and Fidelity

Christian teachings emphasized the sanctity of marriage and fidelity. The concept of monogamy became
central to Christian beliefs, encouraging individuals to commit to one partner for life. This shift in
attitude had a profound impact on the institution of marriage in Rome. Couples began to view their
relationships as sacred unions, based on love, trust, and mutual respect.

The Role of Christian Teachings in Promoting Sexual Ethics

Christianity introduced a code of sexual ethics that emphasized the importance of self-restraint and
chastity. This new perspective encouraged individuals to view their bodies as temples and to engage in
sexual activities within the confines of marriage. By promoting abstinence outside of marriage,
Christianity sought to protect individuals from the physical and emotional consequences of promiscuity.

The impact of Christianity on gender roles and relationships

23
Antonio, A. "The Holy Spirit in the Church and in souls. A Historic analogical Study of the Two Indwellings. 2001.
 13

In ancient Rome, gender roles were often defined by power dynamics and societal expectations.
However, with the Christianization of Rome, a more egalitarian view of relationships emerged. Christian
teachings emphasized the equal worth and dignity of all individuals, regardless of gender. This led to a
reevaluation of traditional gender roles and fostered more balanced and respectful relationships
between men and women.

The Influence of Christian Values on Family Structures

The Christianization of Rome also had a profound impact on family structures. Christianity promoted the
idea of the nuclear family, consisting of a husband, wife, and children. This emphasis on family unity and
stability helped strengthen the bonds between family members and provided a solid foundation for
society as a whole.

The Positive Effects of Christianization on Sexual Health and Education

Christianity brought about improvements in sexual health and education in ancient Rome. As Christian
teachings discouraged promiscuity and extramarital affairs, the spread of sexually transmitted infections
decreased significantly. Moreover, the emphasis on marital fidelity and the sanctity of marriage led to a
greater awareness of the importance of sexual health and responsible behavior within the context of a
committed relationship.

A Comparison of Before and After the Christianization of Rome

When comparing the state of sexuality and relationships before and after the Christianization of Rome,
it becomes evident that the transformation brought about by Christianity was significant. The libertine
attitudes of ancient Rome were replaced by a more moral and ethical framework that sought to
promote healthy, committed relationships.

Criticisms and debates surrounding the Christianization of Rome

Despite the many benefits that emerged from the Christianization of Rome, there have been criticisms
and debates surrounding this historical transition. Some argue that the imposition of Christian values
suppressed individual freedom and led to a repressive society. Others contend that the Christianization
of Rome resulted in the demonization of sexuality, creating a culture of shame and guilt.

Assessing the overall benefits of the Christianization of Rome on Sexuality and Relationships

In conclusion, the Christianization of Rome had a profound impact on sexuality and relationships in
ancient society. It brought about improvements in attitudes towards marriage, fidelity, and sexual
ethics. The influence of Christian values resulted in more egalitarian gender roles and stronger family
structures. Additionally, the spread of Christianity contributed to better sexual health and education.
While there are criticisms and debates surrounding the Christianization of Rome, it is undeniable that
this historical transformation catalyzed significant improvements in the realm of sexuality and
relationships.

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Copyright Terrence Simons OCCD-A (Occidental Academics)

2023 December https://sites.google.com/view/westernoccidental/

Western Occidental is an online university (not accredited)

Art theory, history and theology.