D”PZi MwYZ e¨envwiK 1g cÎ 1

cixÿv bs 1.1 ZvwiLt

cixÿ‡bi bvgt Ges we›`y؇qi ms‡hvRK †iLvsk‡K Abycv‡Z AšÍwe©f³Kvix we›`yi ¯’vbvsK
wbY©q| B
g~jZZ¡t hw` Gi Dci we›`ywUi Rb¨ nq †hb Kv‡Z©mxq
C
Z‡j I `ywU we›`y nq Ges -A‡ÿi mgvšÍivj
nq Z‡e we›`y †K Abycv‡Z fvM Ki‡e| Avevi A Q
P
I we›`y `yBwUi ms‡hvM †iLvsk‡K we›`ywU
Abycv‡Z AšÍwe©f³ Ki‡j, we›`yi ¯’vbv¼
( ) Y
cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiYt (i) †cwÝj (ii) †¯‹j (iii) MÖvd †ccvi P Q G
A(3,5)
(iv) B‡iRvi (v) kvc©bvi (vi) mv‡qw›UwdK K¨vjKz‡jUi|
Kvh©c×wZt
1. GKwU QK KvM‡R ¯’vbvs‡Ki Aÿ‡iLv
I AuvwK|
C(6,2)
2. Dfq Aÿ eivei ÿz`ªZg e‡M©i evû = GKK
B(7,1)
a‡i Ges we›`y `yBwU emvB|
awi we›`yØq I | miæ †cwÝj w`‡q ms‡hvM K‡i
X O X
‡iLvsk †jLwP‡Î Dc¯’vcb Kwi| /
Y
3. we›`y w`‡q -A‡ÿi mgvšÍivj †iLvi Dci /

GKK I GKK a‡i I `yBwU we›`y wbB|

4. †hvM Kwi Ges †iLv AsKb Kwi hv †K we›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i|
5. we›`yi ¯’vbvsK wPwýZ Kwi|
dj msKjbt
we›`yi ¯’vbvsK
MÖvd n‡Z cÖvß gvb m~Î n‡Z cÖvß gvb
(30 Ni, 10 Ni)=
( )

djvdjt cÖ`Ë we›`y؇qi ms‡hvM †iLvsk‡K Abycv‡Z AšÍwef³Kvix we›`yi ¯’vbvsK

gšÍe¨: MÖvd †_‡K cÖvß gvb Ges MvwYwZKfv‡e wbwg©Z gvb GKB| AZGe djvdj mwVK|
 D”PZi MwYZ e¨envwiK 1g cÎ 2
cixÿY bs 1.2 ZvwiLt
cixÿ‡bi bvgt wÎfz‡Ri kxl©we›`y Ges wÎfzRwU †ÿÎdj wbY©q|
g~jZË¡t wÎfz‡Ri kxl©Îq Ges n‡j, wÎfzRwUi †ÿÎdj
| | eM© GKK|
cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiYt (i) †cwÝj (ii) †¯‹j (iii) MÖvd †ccvi (iv) B‡iRvi (v) kvc©bvi (vi) mv‡qw›UwdK
K¨vjKz‡jUi|
Kvh©c×wZt
1. GKwU QK KvM‡R ¯’vbv‡¼i Aÿ‡iLv I AuvwK|
Y
2. Dfq Aÿ eivei ÿz`ªZg P
e‡M©i evû = GKK a‡i A(5, 6)
Ges
we›`y wZbwU emvB|
miæ †cwÝj w`‡q
ms‡hvM K‡i wÎfzRwU A¼b B(-9, 1) L(5, 1)

Kwi| X/ O
X
3. we›`y w`‡q -A‡ÿi C(-3, -1)
M(5, -1)
mgvšÍivj †iLv AvuwK| Q
4. I n‡Z Gi Y/
Ici h_vµ‡g I j¤^ AvuwK|
wnmvet we›`yi ¯’vbv¼ ( Ni, Ni)=
we›`yi ¯’vbv¼ ( Ni, Ni)=

wÎfz‡Ri †ÿÎdj
MÖvd n‡Z cÖvß gvb m~Î n‡Z cÖvß gvb
= UªwcwRqvg Gi †ÿÎdj+wÎfzR | ||
Gi †ÿÎdj wÎfzR Gi †ÿÎdj =

|
eM©GKK
eM©GKK
djvdjt wÎfz‡Ri †ÿÎdj eM©GKK
gšÍe¨t MÖvd †_‡K cÖvß gvb I MvwYwZKfv‡e wbwg©Z gvb GKB| AZGe djvdj mwVK|
 D”PZi MwYZ e¨envwiK 1g cÎ 3
cixÿY bs 1.3 ZvwiLt

cixÿ‡bi bvgt mij‡iLvi †jLwPÎ AsKb|

g~jZË¡t I m¤^wjZ mKj †hvMvkÖqx mgxKiY GKwU mij‡iLv wb‡`©k K‡i hLb I
DfqB GKB mv‡_ k~b¨ bq|

cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiYt (i) †cwÝj (ii) †¯‹j (iii) MÖvd †ccvi (iv) B‡iRvi (v) kvc©bvi (vi) mv‡qw›UwdK
K¨vjKz‡jUi|

Kvh©c×wZt
1. cÖ`Ë mgxKiY n‡Z cvB-

mgxKiYwU‡Z Gi K‡qKwU gvb wb‡q Gi Abyiƒc gvb †ei Kwi I wb‡Pi QKwU •Zix Kwi:

2. GKwU QK KvM‡R ¯’vbv‡¼i Aÿ‡iLv I AuvwK|

3. Dfq Aÿ eivei ÿz`ªZg e‡M©i evû = GKK ‡¯‹j a‡i I we›`y¸wj ¯’vcb
Kwi Ges miæ †cwÝj w`‡q ms‡hvM K‡i mij‡iLvi †jLwPÎ AsKb Kwi|
Y
A(3, 4)

B(-2, 1)

X/ X
O

C(-7, -2)

Y/
‡jLwP‡Îi •ewkó¨t
i) cÖ`Ë mij‡iLvi Xvj-†Q` AvK…wZ I e‡j †iLvwU
Aÿ‡K abvZ¥K w`‡K GKK `~‡i †Q` Ki‡e|
ii) e‡j †iLvwU -A‡ÿi abvZ¥K w`‡Ki mv‡_ m~ÿè‡KvY Drcbœ K‡i|
 D”PZi MwYZ e¨envwiK 1g cÎ 4
cixÿv bs 2 ZvwiLt

cixÿ‡bi bvgt mgxKi‡Yi (e„Ë) †jLwPÎ AsKb|

g~jZË¡t mgxKiY GKwU e„‡Ëi mgxKiY hvi †K‡›`ªi ¯’vbvsK Ges

e¨vmva© |

cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiYt (i) †cwÝj (ii) †¯‹j (iii) MÖvd †ccvi (iv) B‡iRvi (v) kvc©bvi (vi) ‡cwÝj K¤úvm (vii)
mv‡qw›UwdK K¨vjKz‡jUi|

Kvh©c×wZt
1. e„ˇK e„‡Ëi mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡i cvB,

e„‡Ëi †K›`ª Ges e¨vmva© =

2. GKwU QK KvM‡R ¯’vbv‡¼i Aÿ‡iLv I AuvwK|
3. Dfq Aÿ eivei ÿz`ªZg e‡M©i evû = GKK ‡¯‹j a‡i e„‡Ëi †K›`ª we›`yi Ae¯’vb wPwýZ
Kwi|
4. we›`y‡K †K›`ª K‡i GKK e¨vmva© wb‡q ‡cwÝj K¤úvm Gi mvnv‡h¨ e„Ë AsKb Kwi|
Y

C(-3, 4)

X/ X

‡j‡Li •ewkó¨t
Y/
i. †jLwU GKwU e„Ë|
ii. †jLwU Awew”Qbœ|
iii. e„ËwU g~jwe›`yMvgx|
iv) e„ËwU Aÿ‡K GKwU we›`y‡Z Ges Aÿ‡K GKwU we›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i|
 D”PZi MwYZ e¨envwiK 1g cÎ 5
cixÿY bs 3.1 ZvwiLt
cixÿ‡bi bvgt GKwU wÎfz‡Ri evû¸wj h_vµ‡g †m.wg., †m.wg. Ges †m.wg. n‡j H wÎfz‡Ri e„nËg I
ÿz`ªZg †KvY wbY©q|
g~jZË¡t g‡b Kwi GKwU wÎfzR hvi wZbwU evû h_vµ‡g †m.wg., †m.wg. Ges
†m.wg. ‡Z e„nËg evû †m.wg. Gi wecixZ †KvY e„nËg †KvY Ges ÿz`ªZg evû
†m.wg. Gi wecixZ †KvY ÿz`ªZg †KvY| Zvn‡j cÖ`Ë Dcv‡Ëi mvnv‡h¨ AsKb K‡i Puv`vi mvnv‡h¨
e„nËg I ÿz`ªZg †Kvb wbb©q Kwi Ges m~Î I †_‡K cÖvß gv‡bi mv‡_
mZ¨Zv hvPvB Kwi|
cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiYt (i) †cwÝj (ii) †¯‹j (iii) MÖvd †ccvi (iv) B‡iRvi (v) kvc©bvi (vi) Puv`v (vii) ‡cwÝj
K¤úvm (viii) mv‡qw›UwdK K¨vjKz‡jUi|
Kvh©c×wZt
1. GKwU QK KvM‡R ¯’vbv‡¼i Aÿ‡iLv I A¼b Kwi|
2. Dfq Aÿ eivei ÿz`ªZg e‡M©i evû = GKK ‡¯‹j awi|
3. MÖvd †ccv‡i eivei ÿz`ªZg e‡M©i evûi mgvb K‡i e„nËg evû ‡m.wg
†K‡U †bB|
4. ‡K †K›`ª K‡i ÿz`ªZg e‡M©i evûi mgvb e¨vmva© wb‡q GKwU e„ËPvc AvuwK Ges †K
†K›`ª K‡i ÿz`ªZg e‡M©i evûi mgvb e¨vmva© wb‡q AviI GKwU e„ËPvc AvuwK| e„ËPvcØq
ci¯úi we›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i| Ges †hvM Kwi| Zvn‡j †Z
‡m.wg., ‡m.wg Ges ‡m.wg m~wPZ K‡i|
Y
5. Puv`vi mvnv‡h¨ e„nËg †KvY I ÿz`ªZg †KvY wbY©q Kwi|
wnmvet

X/ B X
A
dj msKjbt Y/
e„nËg †KvY wbY©q ÿz`ªZg †KvY wbY©q
MÖvc †_‡K cÖvß gvb m~Î †_‡K cÖvß gvb MÖvc †_‡K cÖvß gvb m~Î †_‡K cÖvß gvb
†m.wg. †m.wg. †m.wg.

djvdjt wb‡Y©q e„nËg †KvY Ges ÿz`ªZg †KvY

gšÍe¨t MÖvd †_‡K cÖvß gvb Ges MvwYwZKfv‡e wbYx©Z gvb cÖvq mgvb| AZGe djvdj mwVK|
 D”PZi MwYZ e¨envwiK 1g cÎ 6
cixÿY bs 3.2 ZvwiLt
cixÿ‡Yi bvgt GKwU wÎfz‡Ri †KvY¸wj n‡j wÎfzRwUi evû¸wji AbycvZ wbY©q|
g~jZË¡t g‡b Kwi, Gi †KvY¸wj I Gi wecixZ evû¸wj
h_vµ‡g | Zvn‡j cÖ`Ë DcvË n‡Z MÖv‡di mvnv‡h¨ Ges m~‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ I
Gi AbycvZ wbY©q Kwi|
cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiYt (i) †cwÝj (ii) †¯‹j (iii) MÖvd †ccvi (iv) B‡iRvi (v) kvc©bvi (vi) Puv`v (vii) ‡cwÝj
K¤úvm (viii) mv‡qw›UwdK K¨vjKz‡jUi|
Kvh©c×wZt
1. GKwU MÖvd †ccv‡i ¯’vbvs‡Ki Aÿ‡iLv I AvuwK|
2. Dfq Aÿ eivei ÿz`ªZg e‡M©i evû = †m.wg. †¯‹j awi|
3. MÖvd †ccv‡i eivei ‡m.wg †K‡U †bB|
4. Puv`vi mvnv‡h¨ we›`y‡Z I we›`y‡Z AsKb Kwi| I
‡iLv ci¯úi‡K we›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i|
5. MÖvd †_‡K Puv`vi mvnv‡h¨ Ges †cwÝj K¤úv‡mi mvnv‡h¨ I evûi •`N©¨ †g‡c eivei ewm‡q
h_vµ‡g I evû؇qi •`N©¨ wbY©q Kwi|
wnmvet Avgiv Rvwb, -‡Z
Y

Avevi

X/ X

dj msKjbt Y/
wbY©q
MÖvd †_‡K cÖvß AbycvZ M~Î †_‡K cÖvß AbycvZ

djvdjt wb‡Y©q AbycvZ

gšÍe¨t MÖvd †_‡K cÖvß gvb Ges MvwYwZKfv‡e wbYx©Z gvb cÖvq mgvb| AZGe djvdj mwVK|
 D”PZi MwYZ e¨envwiK 1g cÎ 7
cixÿY bs 4.1 ZvwiLt
cixÿ‡Yi bvgt dvsk‡bi Ges iƒcvšÍwiZ ‡jLwPÎ AsKb K‡i †j‡Li •ewkó¨
wbY©q|

g~jZË¡t GKwU cive„‡Ëi mgxKiY hvi kxl©we›`y g~jwe›`y‡Z Ges Aÿ -Aÿ| Gi †jL
wb‡Ri mgvšÍiv‡j GKK ev‡g mwi‡q w`‡q cive„‡Ëi †jL cvIqv hvq hvi kxl©we›`y |

cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiYt (i) †cwÝj (ii) †¯‹j (iii) MÖvd †ccvi (iv) B‡iRvi (v) kvc©bvi (vi) ‡cwÝj K¤úvm (vii)
mv‡qw›UwdK K¨vjKz‡jUi|

Kvh©c×wZt
1. GKwU MÖvd †ccv‡i ¯’vbvs‡Ki Aÿ‡iLv I AvuwK|
2. wb‡Pi ZvwjKvq Gi wfbœ wfbœ gv‡bi Rb¨ Gi cÖwZiƒcx gvb wbY©q Kwit

3. Dfq Aÿ eivei ÿz`ªZg e‡M©i evû = GKK †¯‹j a‡i ZvwjKvfz³ we›`y¸wj QK KvM‡R ¯’vcb Kwi Ges
miæ †cwÝj w`‡q ¯’vwcZ we›`y¸wj gy³ n‡¯Í eµvKv‡i †hvM K‡i Gi †jL AsKb Kwi|
4. †jLwUi cÖwZwU we›`y‡K e‡M©i evûi mgvb A_©vr GKK evg w`‡K mwi‡q Gi
‡jL AsKb Kwi|
Y

X/ *-3, 0) 0, 0 X
(-4, -1) (-1, -1) (1, -1)
(2,-1)

(-4,-1)
(-5, -4) (-2,-4) (2, -4)

(0,-9)
(-6, -9) (-3, -9) (3, -9)

Y/
‰ewkó¨t
i. †jLwPÎ `yBwU cive„Ë| Gi kxl©we›`y Gi kxl© we›`y
ii. Gi †jL A‡ÿi mv‡c‡ÿ, I Gi †jL †iLvi mv‡c‡ÿ cÖwZmg|
iii. Dfq eµ‡iLvB wb‡Pi w`‡K †Lvjv  AvK…wZi cive„Ë|
 D”PZi MwYZ e¨envwiK 1g cÎ 8
cixÿY bs 4.2 ZvwiLt
cixÿ‡Yi bvgt GKB †jLwPÎ dvsk‡bi I Zvi wecixZ dvsk‡bi †jLwPÎ AsKb I †j‡Li
•ewkó¨ wbY©q|
g~jZË¡t †j‡Li Dci¯’ we›`y¸wji fzR I †KvwUi ¯’vb wewbgq K‡i Gi
†jLwPÎ AsKb Kiv hvq A_ev, ‡iLvi mv‡c‡ÿ Gi cÖwZ”Qwe AsKb K‡i
Gi ‡jL cvIqv hvq|
cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiYt (i) †cwÝj (ii) †¯‹j (iii) MÖvd †ccvi (iv) B‡iRvi (v) kvc©bvi (vi) ‡cwÝj K¤úvm (vii)
mv‡qw›UwdK K¨vjKz‡jUi|
Kvh©c×wZt
1. GKwU MÖvd †ccv‡i ¯’vbvs‡Ki Aÿ‡iLv I AvuwK|
2. wb‡Pi ZvwjKvq Gi wfbœ wfbœ gv‡bi Rb¨ Gi cÖwZiƒcx gvb wbY©q Kwit
-6
-7

3. Dfq Aÿ eivei ÿz`ªZg e‡M©i evû = GKK †¯‹j a‡i ZvwjKvfz³ we›`y¸wj QK KvM‡R ¯’vcb Kwi Ges
miæ †cwÝj w`‡q ¯’vwcZ we›`y¸wj †hvM K‡i Gi †jL AsKb Kwi|
4. GB †¯‹‡j we›`y¸wj ¯’vcb Kwi Ges miæ †cwÝj w`‡q ¯’vwcZ we›`y¸wj †hvM K‡i
Gi †jL AsKb Kwi| Y
(2, 9)

(1, 7)

(0, 5)
(9, 2)
(7, 1)
(5, 0)
/
X X
(0,0)

(-7, -6)

(-6, -7)
‣ewkó¨t
i. †jLwPÎ `yBwU mij †iLv wb‡`©k K‡i| Y/
ii. ‡jLwPÎØq GKwU we›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i|
iii. ‡jLwPÎØq †iLvi mv‡c‡ÿ ci¯ú‡ii cÖwZ”Qwe|
 D”PZi MwYZ e¨envwiK 1g cÎ 9

cixÿY bs ZvwiLt
cixÿ‡Yi bvgt w·KvYwgwZK dvsk‡bi †jL AsKb K‡i †j‡Li •ewkó¨ wbY©q hLb

g~jZË¡t myZivs GKwU ch©vqx

(Periodic) dvskb hvi ch©vq , ZvB cÖwZ e¨ewa‡Z Gi †jLwPÎ AweKj GKiƒc n‡e|

cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiYt (i) †cwÝj (ii) †¯‹j (iii) MÖvd †ccvi (iv) B‡iRvi (v) kvc©bvi (vi) Puv`v (vii) ‡cwÝj
K¤úvm (viii) mv‡qw›UwdK K¨vjKz‡jUi|
Kvh©c×wZ:
1. GKwU QK KvM‡R ¯’vbvs‡Ki Aÿ‡iLv I AvuwK|
2. wb‡Pi ZvwjKvq Gi wfbœ wfbœ gv‡bi Rb¨ Gi cÖwZiƒcx gvb wbY©q Kwit

3. -Aÿ eivei ÿz`ªZg e‡M©i evû = Ges -Aÿ eivei ÿz`ªZg e‡M©i evû = GKK †¯‹j a‡i
ZvwjKvfz³ we›`y¸wj QK KvM‡R ¯’vcb Kwi Ges miæ †cwÝj w`‡q ¯’vwcZ we›`y¸wj gy³ n‡¯Í eµvKv‡i †hvM K‡i
Gi †jL AsKb Kwi| Y

(900,1)

(-1800,0)
/
X O(0,0) X
(1800,0)

‣ewkó¨t
i. †jLwPÎ Awew”Qbœ| (-900,1)

ii. Bnv †XD‡qi gZ|

Y/
iii. Bnv g~jwe›`yMvgx
iv. GKwU ch©vqe„Ë dvskb hvi ch©vq
 D”PZi MwYZ e¨envwiK 1g cÎ 10
cixÿY bs ZvwiLt

cixÿ‡Yi bvgt ciggvb dvsk‡bi †jL AsKb K‡i †j‡Li •ewkó¨ wbY©q|

g~jZË¡t mgxKi‡Y Gi mKj ev¯Íe gv‡bi Rb¨ Gi gvb AFbvZ¥K|

, hLb
= , hLb
cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiYt (i) †cwÝj (ii) †¯‹j (iii) MÖvd †ccvi (iv) B‡iRvi (v) kvc©bvi (vi) mv‡qw›UwdK
K¨vjKz‡jUi|

Kvh©c×wZ:
1. GKwU QK KvM‡R ¯’vbvs‡Ki Aÿ‡iLv I AvuwK|
2. wb‡Pi ZvwjKvq Gi wfbœ wfbœ gv‡bi Rb¨ Gi cÖwZiƒcx gvb wbY©q Kwit

3. Dfq Aÿ eivei ÿz`ªZg e‡M©i evû = GKK †¯‹j a‡i ZvwjKvfz³ we›`y¸wj QK KvM‡R ¯’vcb Kwi Ges
miæ †cwÝj w`‡q ¯’vwcZ we›`y¸wj gy³ n‡¯Í †hvM K‡i Gi †jL AsKb Kwi|

(-2, 5) (3, 5)

(-1, 3) (2, 3)
‣ewkó¨t
i. †jLwPÎwU †iLvi mv‡c‡ÿ cÖwZmg
ii. ‡jLwPÎwU 1g PZzfv© M I 2q PZzfv© ‡M Amxg
(0, 1) (1, 1)
ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z|
iii. †jLwPÎwU g~jwe›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i bv| X/ (0.5, 0) X
O
iv. †jLwPÎwU A‡ÿi abvZ¥K w`‡K we`¨gvb|
Y/
 D”PZi MwYZ e¨envwiK 1g cÎ 11

cixÿY bs ZvwiLt
cixÿ‡Yi bvgt we›`yi mwbœK‡U dvsk‡bi †jL‡K Avmbœfv‡e H we›`y‡Z ¯úk©‡Ki †jL
Øviv ¯’vbxqfv‡e cÖwZ¯’vcb|
g~jZË¡t we›`yi mwbœK‡U dvskmb‡K Avmbœfv‡e H we›`y‡Z ¯úk©K Øviv ¯’vbwqfv‡e cÖwZ¯’vcb Kivi
m~Î,
cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiYt (i) †cwÝj (ii) †¯‹j (iii) MÖvd †ccvi (iv) B‡iRvi (v) kvc©bvi (vi) mv‡qw›UwdK
K¨vjKz‡jUi|
Kvh©c×wZt
1. GKwU QK KvM‡R ¯’vbvs‡Ki Aÿ‡iLv I AvuwK|
2. wb‡Pi ZvwjKvq Gi wfbœ wfbœ gv‡bi Rb¨ Gi cÖwZiƒcx gvb wbY©q Kwit

3. -Aÿ eivei ÿz`ªZg N‡ii evû = Ges -Aÿ eivei ÿz`ªZg N‡ii evû = GKK †¯‹j a‡i
ZvwjKvfz³ we›`y¸wj QK KvM‡R ¯’vcb Kwi Ges miæ †cwÝj w`‡q ¯’vwcZ we›`y¸wj gy³ n‡¯Í eµvKv‡i †hvM K‡i
Gi †jL AsKb Kwi|
4. we›`y‡Z ¯úk©K AsKb Kwi|
wnmvet

n‡Z cvB,
Y

djvdjt we›`yi mwbœK‡U

dvsk‡bi (90, 1)
†jL‡K Avmbœfv‡e H we›`y‡Z ¯úk©K (60, 0.87)

Gi †jL Øviv ¯’vbxqfv‡e

(30, 0.5)
cÖwZ¯’vcb Kiv nj|

X/ X
O(0,0)

(-30, -0.5)

(-60, -0.87)
(-90, -1)

Y/
 D”PZi MwYZ e¨envwiK 1g cÎ 12

cixÿY bs ZvwiLt
cixÿ‡Yi bvgt dvsk‡bi Rb¨ we›`y‡Z I wbY©q, ‡hLv‡b Ges †jLwP‡Î
I cÖ`k©b|
g~jZË¡t ¯^vaxb PjK I Aaxb Pj‡Ki AšÍi‡Ki ga¨Kvi m¤úK© Ges ¯^vaxb Pj‡Ki AwZÿz`ª
cwieZ©b Gi Rb¨ Aaxb Pj‡Ki AwZ ÿz`ª cwieZ©b
cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiYt (i) †cwÝj (ii) †¯‹j (iii) MÖvd †ccvi (iv) B‡iRvi (v) kvc©bvi (vi) mv‡qw›UwdK
K¨vjKz‡jUi|
Kvh©c×wZt
1. GKwU QK KvM‡R ¯’vbvs‡Ki Aÿ‡iLv I AvuwK|
2. wb‡Pi ZvwjKvq Gi wfbœ wfbœ gv‡bi Rb¨ Gi cÖwZiƒcx gvb wbY©q Kwit

3. -Aÿ I -Aÿ eivei ÿz`ªZg e‡M©i evû = GKK †¯‹j a‡i ZvwjKvfz³ we›`y¸wj QK KvM‡R ¯’vcb Kwi
Ges miæ †cwÝj w`‡q ¯’vwcZ we›`y¸wj gy³ n‡¯Í eµvKv‡i †hvM K‡i Gi †jL AsKb Kwi|
4. we›`y‡Z ¯úk©K AsKb Kwi| mij‡iLv‡K ¯úk©KwU Ges dvskbwU h_vµ‡g I we›`y‡Z
†Q` K‡i| Y

Q(3,9)

P
y

dy

A(2,4)
N

wnmvet X/ X
O(0,0)
n‡Z cvB,
myZivs Y/

Ges
wPÎ n‡Z cvB,

djvdjt I ‡jLwP‡Î cÖ`k©b Kiv n‡jv|

 D”PZi MwYZ e¨envwiK 1g cÎ 13

cixÿY bs ZvwiLt
cixÿ‡Yi bvgt QqwU †KvwU e¨envi K‡i ∫ Gi gvb wbY©q|
g~jZË¡t g‡b Kwi †ÿÎdj ∫
QqwU †KvwUi Rb¨ e¨envi K‡i ∫ Gi gvb wbY©q Kwi|
cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiYt (i) †cwÝj (ii) †¯‹j (iii) MÖvd †ccvi (iv) B‡iRvi (v) kvc©bvi (vi) mv‡qw›UwdK K¨vjKz‡jUi|
Kvh©c×wZt
1. e¨ewa‡Z mg`~ieZx© wU †KvwU Gi Rb¨ GB e¨ewai wb¤œcÖvšÍ I
DaŸ©cÖv‡šÍi we‡qvMdj‡K Øviv fvM K‡i cÖ‡Z¨K ÿz`ª As‡ki †`N©¨ Gi gvb wbY©q Kwi|

2. Gi gvb n‡Z m~Î e¨envi K‡i wbY©q Kwi †hLv‡b

3. ‡_‡K wbY©q Kwi|

Y
4. Aÿ eivei ÿz`ªZg e‡M©i evû = GKK I -Aÿ eivei ÿz`ªZg e‡M©i evû = GKK a‡i
ZvwjKvfz³ we›`y¸wj QK KvM‡R ¯’vcb Kwi| miæ †cwÝj w`‡q we›`y¸wj ms‡hvRb K‡i †jLwPÎwU AsKb Kwi|
5. cÖvß QqwU †KvwU‡K A‡ÿi mwnZ †¯‹‡ji mvn‡h¨ mshy³ K‡i wU UªvwcwRqvg AvKv‡i cÖKvk Kwi|
wnmvet
( )
= ( )
= eM© GKK (cÖvq) Y (0.8 1.9)

djvdj: (0.64, 1.51)

wb‡Y©q †ÿÎdj ∫ (0.48, 1.26)
= eM©GKK cÖvq| (0.32, 1.11)
(0, 1) (0.16, 1.03)

gšÍe¨t Gi gvb hZ †ekx n‡e Gi gvb KZ

ÿz`ª n‡e Ges Gi gvb AwaKZi ï× n‡e|
y0 y1 y2 y3 y4 y5

O x0 x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 X
 D”PZi MwYZ e¨envwiK 1g cÎ 14
cixÿY bs ZvwiLt

cixÿ‡Yi bvgt cuvPwU †KvwU e¨envi K‡i ∫ Gi gvb wbY©q|

g~jZË¡t g‡b Kwi, †ÿÎdj ∫
cuvPwU †KvwUi Rb¨ e¨envi K‡i Gi gvb wbY©q Kwi|
cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiYt (i) †cwÝj (ii) †¯‹j (iii) MÖvd †ccvi (iv) B‡iRvi (v) kvc©bvi (vi) mv‡qw›UwdK
K¨vjKz‡jUi|
Kvh©c×wZt
1. e¨ewa‡Z mg`~ieZx© wU †KvwU Gi Rb¨ GB e¨ewai wb¤œcÖvšÍ I DaŸ© cÖv‡šÍi
we‡qvMdj‡K Øviv fvM K‡i cÖ‡Z¨K ÿz`ª As‡ki •`N©¨ Gi gvb wbY©q Kwi|

2. Gi gvb n‡Z m~Î e¨envi& K‡i wbY©q Kwi †hLv‡b

3. ‡_‡K Gi gvb wbY©q Kwit

4. Aÿ eivei ÿz`ªZg e‡M©i evû = GKK I -Aÿ eivei ÿz`ªZg e‡M©i evû = GKK a‡i
ZvwjKvfz³ we›`y¸wj QK KvM‡R ¯’vcb Kwi| miæ †cwÝj w`‡q we›`y¸wj ms‡hvRb K‡i †jLwPÎwU AsKb Kwi|
5. cÖvß cuvPwU †KvwU‡K A‡ÿi mwnZ †¯‹‡ji mvn‡h¨ mshy³ K‡i wU UªvwcwRqvg AvKv‡i cÖKvk Kwi|
wnmvet Y
( )
(0,1)
= ( ) (.25,.9412)
(.50,.80)
=
= eM© GKK (cÖvq) (.75,.64)
djvdjt
(1,.50)
wb‡Y©q †ÿÎdj ∫ y0 y1 y2 y3
= eM©GKK (cÖvq)| y4
gšÍe¨t Gi gvb hZ †ekx n‡e Gi gvb KZ
ÿz`ª n‡e Ges Gi gvb AwaKZi ï× n‡e|
O X
x0 x1 x2 x3 x4