An Illustrated Guide To Veterinary Medical Terminology Mindtap Course List 4th Edition Ebook PDF Version

An Illustrated Guide to Veterinary
Medical Terminology (MindTap Course

List) 4th Edition – Ebook PDF Version
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vi CONTENTS
5. WHAT IS IN A NAME? Abbreviations Related to the

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115
What Is Your Name? .............................. 116 Respiratory System ................................. 233
Review Exercises .................................... 119 Review Exercises ................................... 234
6. GUT INSTINCTS 127 10. SKIN DEEP 243

Functions of the Digestive System ...............127 Functions of the Integumentary System ........ 243
Structures of the Digestive System ...............127 Structures of the Integumentary System ....... 244
Digestion ..............................................143 Test Me: Integumentary System ................. 250
Test Me: Digestive System ....................... 144 Pathology: Integumentary System .............. 252
Pathology: Digestive System ..................... 146 Procedures: Integumentary System ............. 259
Procedures: Digestive System ....................153 Abbreviations Related to the
Integumentary System ............................. 260
Abbreviations Related to the
Digestive System ....................................156 Review Exercises ................................... 260
Review Exercises ....................................156
11. THE GREAT COMMUNICATOR 269
7. NULL AND VOID 167 Functions of the Endocrine System ............. 269
Functions of the Urinary System..................167 Structures of the Endocrine System ............. 269
Structures of the Urinary System .................168 Test Me: Endocrine System ...................... 275
Urine ...................................................171 Pathology: Endocrine System ................... 275
Test Me: Urinary System...........................172 Procedures: Endocrine System .................. 277
Pathology: Urinary System ........................176 Abbreviations Related to the
Endocrine System .................................. 278
Procedures: Urinary System .......................179
Review Exercises ................................... 279
Urinary System ..................................... 179
12. 1 + 1 = 3 (OR MORE) 289
The Functions of the Reproductive System .... 290
8. HAVE A HEART 191 Functions of the Male Reproductive System ... 290
Functions of the Cardiovascular System .......191 Structures of the Male Reproductive System .... 290
Structures of the Cardiovascular System .......191 Functions of the Female Reproductive System ... 293
Test Me: Cardiovascular System ............... 202 Structures of the Female Reproductive System ... 294
Pathology: Cardiovascular System ............. 204 The Estrous Cycle .................................. 297
Procedures: Cardiovascular System ........... 208 Mating, Pregnancy, and Birth ................... 299
Abbreviations Related to the Test Me: Reproductive System .................. 302
Cardiovascular System ........................... 208 Pathology: Reproductive System ................ 302
Review Exercises ................................... 209 Procedures: Reproductive System............... 305
9. A BREATH OF FRESH AIR 219 Reproductive System............................... 306
Functions of the Respiratory System .............219 Review Exercises ................................... 307
Structures of the Respiratory System ........... 220
Breathing ............................................. 226 13. NERVES OF STEEL 317
Test Me: Respiratory System ..................... 228 Functions of the Nervous System ................ 317
Pathology: Respiratory System .................. 230 Structures of the Nervous System ............... 318
Procedures: Respiratory System ................. 233 Central Nervous System...........................321
Copyright 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
CONTENTS vii
Peripheral Nervous System ...................... 325 16. TESTING TESTING 397

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Test Me: Nervous System ........................ 328 Basic Physical Examination Terminology ..... 398
Pathology: Nervous System ..................... 329 Laboratory Terminology........................... 400
Procedures: Nervous System .................... 333 Basic Medical and Disease Terms ............ 402
Abbreviations Related to the Nervous System ... 334 Pathogenic Organisms ........................... 402
Review Exercises ................................... 334 Types of Diseases ................................. 404
Disease Terminology ............................. 405
14. SEEING AND HEARING 343
Endoscopy Terminology .......................... 407
Functions of the Eye ............................... 344
Centesis Terminology.............................. 407
Structures of the Eye ............................... 344
Imaging Techniques Terminology .............. 407
Vision.................................................. 347
Abbreviations Related to Testing................. 412
Test Me: Eyes ....................................... 347
Review Exercises .................................... 413
Pathology: Eyes .................................... 349
Procedures: Eyes ................................... 353 17. DRUGS AND DISSECTION 421
Functions of the Ear ................................ 353 Pharmacologic Terms ..............................421
Structures of the Ear ............................... 353 Surgical Terms ...................................... 425
Mechanism of Hearing ........................... 356 Abbreviations Related to Pharmacology
Mechanism of Equilibrium........................ 356 and Surgery ......................................... 433
Test Me: Ears........................................ 358 Review Exercises ................................... 434
Pathology: Ears ..................................... 358
Procedures: Ears .................................... 359 18. LIKE CATS AND DOGS 441
Abbreviations Related to the Ocular Dogs and Cats ..................................... 441
and Auditory Systems ............................. 359 Anatomy and Physiology Terms ................ 442
Review Exercises ................................... 360 Breed-Related Terms ............................... 443
Descriptive and Management Terms .......... 443
15. FEED AND PROTECT ME 369 Canine and Feline Vaccinations ............... 448
Hematologic System .............................. 370 Abbreviations Related to Canines
Test Me: Hematologic System ................... 374 and Felines .......................................... 449
Pathology: Hematologic System ................ 374 Review Exercises ................................... 450
Procedures: Hematologic System ............... 377
Lymphatic System ...................................377 19. HORSE SENSE 459
Immune System ...................................... 380 Horses, Donkeys, Mules, and Ponies ......... 459
Test Me: Lymphatic and Immune Systems .... 384 Mode of Movement ............................... 460
Pathology: Lymphatic and Immune Systems ...384 Anatomy, Physiology, Disease, and
Coat Color Terms ...................................461
Procedures: Lymphatic and Immune Systems ... 385
Markings ............................................. 463
Oncology ............................................ 385
Equipment ............................................ 465
Test Me: Oncology ................................ 385
Management Terms ............................... 465
Pathology: Oncology ............................. 386
Types of Horses .................................... 469
Procedures: Oncology ............................ 387
Terms for Unsoundness in Horses .............. 470
Abbreviations Related to the Hematologic,
Lymphatic, and Immune Systems as well Equine Vaccinations ............................... 472
as Oncology ........................................ 387 Abbreviations Related to Equine ................ 472
Review Exercises ................................... 388 Review Exercises ................................... 473
viii CONTENTS
20. MAKE ROOM FOR THE Pet Bird Terms ....................................... 520
RUMINANTS 479 Ratite Terms ......................................... 522
Abbreviations for Avians ..........................523
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Ruminants ............................................ 479

Cattle ................................................. 479 Review Exercises ................................... 524
Equipment and Industry Terms .................. 480
Milk-Related Terms ................................. 486 23. ALL THE REST 531
Feeding-Related Terms ............................ 489 Laboratory Animals, Pocket Pets,
Reptiles, and Amphibians .........................531
Sheep ................................................. 490
Rodents ............................................... 538
Goats ................................................. 492
Ferrets ................................................. 546
Camelids ............................................. 493
Rabbits ................................................ 548
Ruminant Vaccinations ............................ 494
Reptiles ............................................... 552
Abbreviations Related to Ruminants............ 495
Amphibians .......................................... 556
Abbrevations for Laboratory Animals
and Pocket Pets ..................................... 558
21. HOG HEAVEN 501
Pigs .....................................................501
Equipment and Industry Terms .................. 502 APPENDIX A: Abbreviations 567
Swine Management Terms ...................... 503
Swine Vaccinations ................................ 503 APPENDIX B: Plural Forms of
Abbreviations Related to Swine ................ 505 Medical Terms 575
APPENDIX C: Prefixes, Combining
22. BIRDS OF A FEATHER 511 Forms, and Suffixes for Medical
Birds .................................................... 511 Terms 577
Anatomy and Physiology Terms .................512
Poultry Terms .........................................516 Index 595
PREFACE
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TO THE STUDENT Chapter 5 consists of terms used in the animal indus-

try to describe males and females of selected species
Medical terminology may seem like a foreign lan-
and terms for their young and for groups of their spe-
guage because many of the terms are unfamiliar, seem
cies. Chapters 6 through 15 are organized by body
strange, or do not make sense. However, to communi-
systems. These chapters describe the anatomy of the
cate in the medical world, you need a thorough under-
body system; include clinical terms used in reference
standing of the language.
to it; and conclude with diagnostic tests, pathology,
Most medical terms are based on word parts that
and procedures for the body system. Chapters 16 and
already may be familiar. You may have heard words
17 relate tests, procedures, and treatments used in
such as appendicitis, gastritis, and tonsillectomy or
the care of animals in the veterinary medical field.
used them in the past. You may not realize how many
Chapters 18 through 23 are species-specific chapters
medical terms you already know. Building on this
that you can study independently to enhance your
foundation, learning new word parts will make medi-
knowledge of a particular species or that your instruc-
cal terminology seem more logical.
tor may incorporate into other chapters to assess your
This text and the accompanying materials sim-
progress. Appendix A consists of tables of abbrevia-
plify the process of learning medical terminology.
tions, and Appendix B contains plural forms of medi-
Review the introductory sections so you are familiar
cal terms. Appendix C lists prefixes, combining forms,
with the organizational scheme of the textbook and
and suffixes.
CourseMateTM. Once you become comfortable with
the materials, you will find yourself learning medical
terms faster than you ever imagined possible. COURSEMATE
CourseMate complements your textbook with several
Chapter Organization robust and noteworthy components:
The chapters in An Illustrated Guide to Veterinary • An interactive eBook, with highlighting, note tak-
Medical Terminology, Fourth Edition, are organized in ing, and search capabilities.
the following fashion: • Interactive and engaging learning tools, including
flashcards quizzes, games, PowerPoint® presenta-
• Introduction to medical terms
tions, and much more!
• Anatomical foundations
• Engagement Tracker, a first-of-its-kind tool that
• Body systems
monitors student participation and retention in
• Species-specific chapters
the course.
Chapter 1 provides the basics of how medical terms
To access CourseMate content:
are formed, analyzed, and defined. Chapter 2 provides
terms used in everyday dialogue regarding position- • Go to www.cengagebrain.com.
ing of animals and relationships between body parts. • For an Internet access code (Order #
Chapters 3 and 4 discuss anatomical landmarks both 978-1-1331-2582-2)
internally (musculoskeletal system) and externally • For a Print access code (Order #
(common terms for landmarks on an animal’s body). 978-1-1331-2583-9)
ix
x PREFACE
TO THE INSTRUCTOR Kenneth Brooks, DVM, Diplomate ABVP

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Lodi Veterinary Hospital, SC, Lodi, WI

An Instructor Companion Website is available to facilitate
classroom preparation, presentation, and testing. This Eric Burrough, DVM
includes an instructor’s manual that provides answer keys Kirkwood Community College, Cedar Rapids, IA
for all exercises in the text, teaching tips, and activities
Stephen J. Carleton, DVM
to enhance your teaching of medical terminology. A test
Quinnipiac University, Connecticut
bank contains 1,000 questions in the following formats:
multiple choice, short answer, and matching. An image Anne E. Chauvet, DVM, Diplomate
library containing the images from the text can be used ACVIM—Neurology
to create PowerPoint® slides, transparencies, or handouts University of Wisconsin Veterinary Medical Teaching
for students. PowerPoint® presentations can be used to Hospital, Madison, WI
deliver lectures or to provide as handouts to students.
Jane Clark, DVM
This content can be accessed through your
Madison Area Technical College, Madison, WI
Instructor SSO account.
To set up your account: Michael T. Collins, DVM, PhD
University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary
• Go to www.cengagebrain.com/login.
Medicine, Madison, WI
• Choose Create a New Faculty Account.
• Next you will need to select your Institution. Thomas Curro, DVM, MS
• Complete your personal Account Information. Henry Doorly Zoo, Omaha, Nebraska
• Accept the License Agreement.
Deb Donohoe, LATG
• Choose Register.
Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
• Your account will be pending validation; you will
receive an e-mail notification when the validation Wendy Eubanks, CVT
process is complete. Chickasaw Trail Animal Hospital, Orlando, FL
• If you are unable to find your Institution; com-
Ron Fabrizius, DVM, Diplomate ACT
plete an Account Request Form.
Poynette Veterinary Service, Inc., Poynette, WI
Once your account is set up or if you already have an
Kelly Gilligan, DVM
account:
Four Paws Veterinary Clinic, LLC, Prairie du Sac, WI
• Go to www.cengagebrain.com/login.
Carmen M. Gorder
• Enter your e-mail address and password and
Science Student, Waterloo, WI
select Sign In.
• Search for your book by author, title, or ISBN. John H. Greve, DVM, PhD
• Select the book and click Continue. Iowa State University, Ames, IA
• You will receive a list of available resources for
Gerald Hackett, DVM
the title you selected.
California Polytechnic University, Pomona, CA
• Choose the resources you would like and click
Add to My Bookshelf. Brain J. Heim, DVM
Cedar Valley College, Lancaster, Texas
Mark Jackson, DVM, PhD, Diplomate ACVIM,
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS MRCVS
Special thanks to the following people who helped Glasgow University, Scotland
review this text and answered many questions regard-
Linda Kratochwill, DVM
ing medical terminology throughout its development.
Crow-Goebel Veterinary Clinic, Scanlon, MN
Without their expertise, the text would not have been
as complete. Amy Lang, RTR
University of Wisconsin Veterinary Medical Teaching
Kevin R. Berry, CVT
Hospital, Madison, WI
Gaska Dairy Health Services, Columbus, WI
Laura L. Lien, CVT, BS, MS, VTS (LAIM)
Kay Bradley, BS, CVT
PREFACE xi
Carole Maltby, DVM staff at Cengage Learning and my family for their con-
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Maple Woods Community College, Kansas City, MO tinued support.

A. Edward Marshall, DVM, PhD
Auburn University, Auburn, AL
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Sheila McGuirk, DVM, PhD, Diplomate ACVIM
Dr. Janet Romich received her Bachelor of Science degree
in Animal Science from the University of Wisconsin–
River Falls and her Doctor of Veterinary Medicine
James T. Meronek, DVM, MPH and Master of Science degree from the University of
ABS Global Inc, DeForest, WI Wisconsin–Madison. Currently, Dr. Romich teaches
at Madison Area Technical College in Madison,
David Morales, DVM
Wisconsin, where she has taught and continues to
Oklahoma State University, Oklahoma City, OK
teach a variety of science-based courses. Dr. Romich
Karl Peter, DVM was honored with the Distinguished Teacher Award in
Foothill College, Los Altos Hills, CA 2004 for use of technology in the classroom, advisory
and professional activities, publication list, and fund-
Kathrine Polzin, BA, CVT
raising efforts. She received the Wisconsin Veterinary
Technician Association’s Veterinarian of the Year Award
in 2007 for her contributions in educating veterinary
Stuart Porter, VMD technician students and promoting the use of veterinary
Blue Ridge Community College, Weyers Cave, VA technicians in the workplace. Dr. Romich authored the
textbooks Fundamentals of Pharmacology for Veterinary
Teri Raffel, CVT
Technicians and Understanding Zoonotic Diseases, as
well as served as a coauthor on Delmar’s Veterinary
Linda Sullivan, DVM Technician Dictionary. Dr. Romich remains active in vet-
University of Wisconsin Veterinary Medical Teaching erinary practice through her relief practice, where she
Hospital, Madison, WI works in both small- and mixed-animal practices.
Laurie Thomas, BA, MA
Clinicians Publishing Group/Partners in Medical How to Use This Text
Communications, Clifton, NJ
An Illustrated Guide to Veterinary Medical Terminology,
Beth Uldal Thompson, VMD Fourth Edition, helps you learn and retain medical ter-
Veterinary Technician/Veterinary Learning Systems, minology using a logical approach to medical word
Trenton, NJ parts and associations. Following are the keys to learn-
ing from this text.
Animart
Madison, WI
I also would like to express my gratitude to Beth Illustrations
Thompson, VMD, and Laurie Thomas, BA, MA, of Complete with detailed labeling, the text’s line draw-
Veterinary Learning Systems for their determination ings clarify key concepts and contain important infor-
in advancing my writing skills through the publication mation of their own. In addition to line drawings,
of journal articles for Veterinary Technician Journal. photos are included to enhance the visual perception
Without their guidance I would not have honed my of medical terms and improve retention of medical
writing skills. I also would like to thank the many vet- terms and use of these terms in the real world. Review
erinary technician and laboratory animal technician each illustration and photo carefully for easy and effec-
students at Madison Area Technical College for their tive learning.
support and continued critique of the veterinary ter-
minology course. A special thank-you goes to the 1998
veterinary technician and laboratory animal techni- Charts and Tables
cian students at Madison Area Technical College, who Charts and tables condense material in a visually
learned terminology through my rough draft of the appealing and organized fashion to ensure rapid learn-
original text. Finally, I would like to thank the excellent ing. Some tables include terms organized by opposites
xii PREFACE
or body systems to facilitate relating the information include several formats: multiple choice, matching,
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to various situations. case studies, word building, diagram labeling, cross-

word puzzles, and critical thinking. The answers to the
exercises are found in the Instructor’s Manual.
New Terms
New terms appear in bold type, followed by the pro-
nunciation and definition. NEW TO THIS EDITION
Features
Pronunciation System • An overview has been added to the beginning of
The pronunciation system is an easy approach to each chapter. This serves as a road map to the
learning the sounds of medical terms. This system is chapter content.
not laden with linguistic marks and variables, ensuring • Biology Bonus—a boxed feature that correlates the
that students do not get bogged down in understand- terminology to biological concepts. These will be
ing the key. Once students become familiar with the found throughout the reading where appropriate.
key, it is very easy for them to progress in speaking the • A section on relevant abbreviations has been
medical language. added at the end of most chapters.
• Additional Review Questions have been added
to chapters including True/False and Critical
Pronunciation Key Thinking questions.
• Additional artwork has been added to most
Pronunciation Guide chapters to further engage students and enhance
• Pronunciation guides for common words are student comprehension.
omitted.
Chapter 1
• Any vowel that has a dash above it represents the
• Added a section on root words
long sound, as in ā hay, ē we, ī ice, ō toe, and ū
• Added some additional suffixes (-ia, -ion, -ive, -us)
unicorn.
• Added examples related to spelling and pronun-
• Any vowel followed by an “h” represents the short
ciation of terms
sound, as in ah apple, eh egg, ih igloo, oh pot, and
• Added box emphasizing the importance of proper
uh cut.
communication both verbal and written to avoid
• Unique letter combinations are as follows: oo
medical errors
boot, ər higher, oy boy, aw caught, and ow ouch.
Chapter 2
Other Pronunciation Guidelines • Added discussion of the suffix -logist
Word parts are represented in the text as prefixes, com- Chapter 3
bining forms, and suffixes. The notation for a prefix is • Added terms: fissure, densitometer, goniometer,
a word part followed by a hyphen. The notation for a epiphysitis, spur, crepitus, displaced fracture,
combining form (word root and its vowel to ease pro- pathologic fracture, stress fracture, external
nunciation) is the root followed by a slash and its vowel, fixation, atrophy, leiomyoma, myoma, and
as in nephr/o. The notation for a suffix is a hyphen fol- rhabdomyoma
lowed by the word part. The terms prefix, combining • New table distinguishing between bone depres-
form, and suffix do not appear in the definitions. sions and extensions
• New section on chiropractic care and related
Learning Objectives terminology
The beginning of each chapter lists learning objectives Chapter 6
so that students know what is expected of them as they • New terms added: prandial, coprophagic therapy,
read the text and complete the exercises. reflux, inflammatory bowel disease, malnutrition,
total parenteral nutrition, and transfaunation
• New word parts: cirrh/o and dips/o
Review Exercises • Expanded definition of colic as presented in the horse
Exercises at the end of each chapter help you interact • Expanded definition of dehydration and
with and review the chapter’s content. The exercises diarrhea
PREFACE xiii
Chapter 7 • Includes a list of common terminology used to

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• Added the following word parts: home/o and describe tumors

azot/o • Added discussion of various types of biopsies
• Added the following terms: nephroplasty, neph- • Added the terms: hematology, colloid, reticu-
rostomy, nephrotomy, ureterotomy, ureteroplasty, locytosis, segmented neutrophil, heterophils,
urethrolithiasis urethrolith, and urethrotomy ultrasound, disseminated intravascular coagula-
• Expanded definition of urinalysis tion, modified transudate, herd immunity, innate
immunity, inherent or genetic immunity, titer,
Chapter 8
apoptosis, and encapsulated, leiomyosarcoma,
• Added terms: atrial septal defect, mitral stenosis,
rhabdomyosarcoma, fulguration, protocol, rads,
and thromboembolism
radiosensitive, radioresistant, and leukotrichia
• Added section on abbreviations related to the
• Added word parts: poikilo, mut/a, and blast/o
cardiovascular system
Chapter 16
Chapter 9
• Expanded description of pH
• Added terms: arterial blood gases, consolidation,
• Expanded discussions of the various imaging
and sputum culture
techniques
• Added the following word parts: -plegia
• Added term: enzyme linked immunosorbent assay
Chapter 10 • Added word parts: staphyl/o and strept/o
• Added terms: root, caseous, excoriation, pododer-
matitis, bumblefoot, and sore hocks Chapter 17
• Added the word parts: -grade, alopec/o, carcin/o, • Expanded discussion of surgery
fistul/o, papill/o, and papill/i • Added the terms: pharmacogenomics, vaccine,
antacid, preventative, manipulative, diagnostic,
Chapter 11 minimally invasive, reconstructive, cryogenic,
• More descriptive definition of the secretions of and cauterizing
the pancreas • Added word parts: thec/o
• Expanded definition of hypoglycemia
• Added the word parts: mellit/o, ket/o, gynec/o, Chapter 18
and mast/o • Expanded discussion of variations in personalities
of cats and dogs as well as the roll of the American
Chapter 12 Kennel Club and the Cat Fancier’s Association
• Added definition of artificial insemination • Added terms: brindle, ad libitum feeding, allog-
• Added the word parts: copulat/o, coit/o, abort/o, rooming, Association of American Feed Control
crypt/o, -tocia, terat/o, mut/a, phim/o, fet/o, and Officials, bloom, body condition, cattery, cham-
vas/o pion, choke chain, collar, fancier, food hopper, guar-
• Added term: ovoviviparous anteed analysis, harness, head halter, brush, digest,
Chapter 13 kennel, kneading, leash, libido, limit feeding, litter
• Added definition of the blood brain barrier pan (box), mask, natural breed, net quality state-
• Added these word parts: lept/o, home/o, -plegia, ment, nutritional adequacy statement, obligate car-
opisth/o, and bifid/o nivore, pedigreed cat, pet quality, ruff, sex-linked
trait, sexing, socialization, spraying, steatitis, stray,
Chapter 14 disposition, tie, topknot, undercoat, and wirecoat
• Added the word parts: extrins/o
• Added the following terms: episclera, fundus, Chapter 19
funduscopy, infectious keratoconjunctivitis, • Expanded introduction to the chapter
keratoconjunctivitis sicca, dry eye, nictitating • Added terms: barrel racing, English, gait, gym-
gland prolapse, and cherry eye or third eyelid khana, racing, showing, bay, buckskin, overo,
prolapse pinto, roan, stock type, tobiano, curb bit, snaffle
bit, reins, covered by a stallion, groom, grooming
Chapter 15 equipment, in foal, saddle pad, and stock
• Updates and clarifications of definitions through-
out the chapter; includes differentiation between Chapter 20
mammals and non-mammals • Expanded introduction to cattle, sheep, goats, and
• Expanded discussion of immunity camelids
xiv PREFACE
• Added terms: auction, backgrounding, beef contract growers, coop, dressed bird, feed effi-
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checkoff, breed character, bulk tank, California ciency, force-feeding, free range, hatchability,
mastitis test, colostrometer, composite breed, hatchery, hen-day production, hierarchy, pecking
condition, Confined Animal Feeding Operations, order, incubation, litter, variety, aviary, aviculture,
dairy character, downer, estrus synchronization, cage, and self-mutilation
finish, frame, grade, gutter, gutter cleaner, alley • Discussion of feather patterns and comb types
scraper, herd health program, implant, market
Chapter 23
animal, muscling, nose tongs, precondition-
• Added the following terms: altricial, arboreal,
ing, range, registered, tilt table, milk grade, milk
autonomy, bolt hole, Bruce effect, Harderian
letdown, milking parlor, energy feed, energy
gland, dwarf, ectotherm, endotherm, fixed for-
efficiency, grass, handfed, milk replacer, total
mula, free choice, fuzzy, genome, homeotherm,
mixed ration, accelerated lambing, broken mouth,
hoppers, hutch, hygrometer, parthenogenesis,
browse, early spring lambs, fall lambs, farm flock,
pinky, poikilotherm, precocial, whorl, scruff,
fed lambs, feeder lambs, flocking instinct, lambing
urethral cone, urostyle, warren, Whitten effect,
pen, late spring lamb, mixed grazing, open face,
Coprophagic therapy, urolithiasis, polyphyodon-
yearling, dust pile, humming, and kush
tic, hemipenes, metamorphosis, amplexus, spawn,
Chapter 21 and poikilotherms
• Expanded introduction to swine • Expanded discussion of mice, rats, guinea pigs,
• Added the following terms: dressing, free access hamsters, gerbils, chinchillas, ferrets, rabbits, and
gestation housing, and tail docking amphibians
Chapter 22
• Added the following terms: down feather, preen-
ing, average daily gain, battery cage, bleaching,
breed, brooding, cannibalism, class, confinement,
Chapter 1
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READY, SET, GO
OVERVIEW
Introduction to Medical Description of Greek and Latin origins of medical terms, as well as the
Terminology use of eponyms and modern language terms, for communication in a
medical setting
Anatomy of a Medical Term Introduction to word parts and their roles in creating complex medical terms
Prefixes The word part attached at the beginning of a word that usually, but not
always, indicates location, time, number, or status
Roots The word part that gives the essential meaning of the word; roots usually,
but not always, indicate a part of the body
Combining Vowels Single vowel used to make the medical word easier to pronounce; the
combining vowel is usually an o and is used when the suffix begins with a
consonant or when two or more roots are joined
Combining Forms Word root plus combining vowel
Suffixes The word part attached at the end of a word that usually, but not always,
indicates the procedure, condition, disorder, or disease
Analyzing Medical Terms Knowledge of word parts helps to decipher medical terms
What Did You Say? Guidelines to make pronunciation and medical dictionary use easier
General Pronunciation Guidelines “Sounds-like” pronunciation guide
Does Spelling Count? A one-letter spelling error can change the entire meaning of a term
Objectives
Upon completion of this chapter, the reader should be able to:
• Identify and recognize the types of word parts that make up a medical term
• Define commonly used prefixes, roots, combining forms, and suffixes presented in this chapter
• Analyze and understand basic medical terms
• Recognize the importance of spelling medical terms correctly
• Practice proper pronunciation of medical terms using the pronunciation guide
• Recognize the importance of and practice medical dictionary use
• Recognize, define, spell, and pronounce the medical terms in this chapter
2 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL word parts, the veterinary professional can greatly

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increase his or her medical vocabulary.

TERMINOLOGY
Medical terms are used every day in medical offices,
newspapers, television, and conversational settings. PREFIXES
Most people are familiar with many medical terms; Prefixes are added to the beginning of a word or root
however, other medical terms seem complicated and to modify its meaning. For example, the term operative
foreign. Learning and understanding how medical can be modified using various prefixes.
terminology developed can help in mastering these
terms. • The prefix pre- means before. Preoperative
Current medical vocabulary is based on terms of means before or preceding an operation.
Greek and Latin origin, eponyms (words formed from • The prefix peri- (pehr-ē) means around.
a person’s name), and modern language terms. The Perioperative means pertaining to the period
majority of medical terms are derived from word parts around an operation or the period before, during,
based on Greek and Latin words. Increasing familiar- and after an operation.
ity with these Greek and Latin terms as well as the • The prefix post- means after. Postoperative
ability to identify word parts aids in learning com- means after an operation.
mon medical terms and recognizing unfamiliar medi- Many prefixes have another prefix whose meaning
cal terms by word analysis. Medical terminology may is opposite of its own. Initially, when learning prefixes,
seem daunting at first because of the length of medical it is helpful to learn them in these pairs or in similar
words and the seemingly complex spelling rules, but groups (Table 1–1, Table 1–2, and Figure 1–1).
once the basic rules of breaking down a word into its
constituents are mastered, the words become easier to
read and understand. ROOTS
Roots are the foundation of most medical terms and
provide the essential meaning of the word. Roots
ANATOMY OF A MEDICAL TERM usually, but not always, describe the part of the body
Many medical terms are composed of word part com- that is involved. Examples of roots are found distrib-
binations. Recognizing these word parts and their uted throughout this chapter and an extensive root
meanings simplifies learning medical terminology. list categorized by body system will be presented in
These word parts are as follows: Chapter 2 (Table 2–2).
• prefix: word part found at the beginning of a COMBINING VOWELS

word. Usually indicates number, location, time, or
status. A combining vowel sometimes is used to make the
• root: word part that gives the essential medical term easier to pronounce. The combining
meaning of the word. A root cannot stand vowel is used when the suffix begins with a consonant,
alone; a suffix must be added to complete the as in the suffix -scope. An arthroscope is an instru-
term. ment used to visually examine the joint. Because the
• combining vowel: single vowel, usually an o, that suffix -scope begins with a consonant, the combining
is added to the end of a root to make the word vowel o is used. O is the most commonly used com-
easier to pronounce. A combining vowel is used bining vowel; however, i and e may be used as well. A
when a suffix begins with a consonant or when combining vowel is not used when the suffix begins
two or more roots are joined. with a vowel (a, e, i, o, or u), as in the suffix -itis.
• combining form: combination of the root and Gastritis is inflammation of the stomach. Because the
combining vowel. suffix -itis begins with a vowel, the combining vowel
• suffix: word part found at the end of a word. o is not used.
Usually indicates procedure, condition, disease, A combining vowel is always used when two
or disorder. or more root words are joined. For example, when
gastr/o (stomach) is joined with enter/o (small intes-
Understanding the meaning of the word parts tine), the combining vowel is used with gastr/o, as in
allows the dissection of medical terms in a logical way. the term gastroenteritis. A combining vowel is not
By breaking down unfamiliar terms into recognizable used between a prefix and the root word.
READY, SET, GO 3
TABLE 1–1 Contrasting Prefixes

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Without a prefix, the root traumatic means A- (ah or ā) means without or no.
pertaining to injury. Atraumatic means without injury.
Without a prefix, the root uria means urination. An- (ahn) means without or no.
Anuria means absence of urine.
Ab- (ahb) means away from. Ad- (ahd) means toward.
Abduction means to take away from the midline. Adduction means move toward the midline.
Without a prefix, the root emetic means pertaining Anti- (ahn-tī or ahn-tih) means against.
to vomiting. Antiemetics work against or prevent vomiting.
Dys- (dihs) means difficult, painful, or bad. Eu- (yoo) means good, easy, or normal.
Dysphagia means difficulty eating or swallowing. Euthyroid means having a normally functioning
thyroid gland.
Endo- (ehn-dō) means within or inside. Ex- (ehcks) or exo- (ehcks-ō) means without, out of,
outside, or away from.
Endocrine means to secrete internally. Exocrine means to secrete externally (via a duct).
Endo- means within or inside. Ecto- (ehck-tō) means outside.
Endoparasite is an organism that lives within the Ectoparasite is an organism that lives on the outer
body of the host. surface of the host.
Hyper- (hī-pә r) means elevated, higher, or more than Hypo- (hī-pō) means depressed, lower, or less than
normal. normal.
Hyperglycemia means elevated amounts of blood Hypoglycemia means depressed amounts of blood
glucose. glucose.
Inter- (ihn-tә r) means between. Intra- (ihn-trah) means within.
Intercostal means between the ribs. Intramuscular means within the muscle.
Poly- (pohl-ē) means many or excessive. Oligo- (ohl-ih-gō) means scant or little.
Polyuria means excessive amount or frequency of Oliguria means scant amount or frequency of
urination. urination.
Pre- (prē) means before. Post- (pōst) means after.
Preanesthetic means pertaining to before anesthesia. Postanesthetic means pertaining to after anesthesia.
Sub- (suhb) means below, under, or less. Super- (soo-pә r) and supra- (soo-prah) mean above,
beyond, or excessive.
Sublingual means under the tongue. Supernumerary means more than the regular number.
Suprascapular means above the shoulder blade.
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning®.
COMBINING FORMS Panleukopenia is a deficiency of all types of white

blood cells.
The combining form is a word root plus a combining
vowel. Combining forms usually describe a part of the
body. New words are created when combining forms SUFFIXES
are added to prefixes, other combining forms, and suf-
fixes. For example, the term panleukopenia is com- Suffixes are attached to the end of a word part to
posed of the following word parts: modify its meaning. For example, the combining form
gastr/o means stomach and can be modified using
• pan- (pahn), a prefix meaning all various suffixes.
• leuk/o (loo-kō), a combining form meaning white
• -penia (pē-nē-ah), a suffix meaning deficiency or • The suffix -tomy means cutting into or incision.
reduction in number Gastrotomy is incision into the stomach.
4 CHAPTER 1
TABLE 1–2 Directional Prefixes and Their Many suffixes can be grouped together by mean-
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Meanings ing or by the category they modify. Initially, when

learning suffixes, it is easiest if the learner groups them
Prefix Pronunciation Definition by meaning or category.
epi- (eh-pē) upper
extra- (ehcks-trah) outside “Pertaining To” Suffixes
hyper- (hī-pә r) above, increased, or • -ac (ahck), as in cardiac (pertaining to the
more than normal heart).
• -al (ahl), as in renal (pertaining to the kidney).
hypo- (hī-pō) below, under, or
• -an (ahn), as in ovarian (pertaining to the
decreased
ovary).
infra- (ihn-frah) below or beneath • -ar (ahr), as in lumbar (pertaining to the loin,
inter- (ihn-tә r) between lower back).
• -ary (ahr-ē), as in alimentary (pertaining to the
intra- (ihn-trah) within gastrointestinal tract).
meta- (meht-ah) beyond • -eal (ē-ahl), as in laryngeal (pertaining to the
larynx).
per- (pә r) throughout
• -ic (ihck), as in enteric (pertaining to the small
sub- (suhb) below, under, or intestine).
decreased • -ine (ihn), as in uterine (pertaining to the
uterus).
super- (soo-pә r) above, increased, or
• -ous (uhs), as in cutaneous (pertaining to the
more than normal
skin).
supra- (soo-prah) above, increased, or • -tic (tihck), as in nephrotic (pertaining to the
more than normal kidneys).
trans- (trahnz) across
ultra- (uhl-trah) above, increased, or Surgical Suffixes
more than normal • -ectomy (ehck-tō-mē) = surgical removal, as in
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning®.
mastectomy, surgical removal of the breast or
mammary glands.
• -pexy (pehck-sē) = suture to stabilize, as in gas-
Ultra, super, supra
tropexy, surgically stabilizing the stomach to the
a
hyper Epi
et
M
abdominal wall.
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning ®.
r • -plasty (plahs-tē) = surgical repair, as in rhino-

Pe plasty, surgical repair of the nose.
• -stomy (stō-mē) = surgically created opening,
Inter Intra Extra
as in colostomy, a surgically created opening
Trans between the colon and body surface.
• -tomy (tō-mē) = cutting into, as in laparotomy,
Infra Sub, hypo an incision into the abdomen.
FIGURE 1–1 Directional prefixes.

Procedural Suffixes
• -centesis (sehn-tē-sihs) = surgical puncture to
• The suffix -stomy means a surgically created remove fluid or gas (for diagnosis or for treatment
opening. Gastrostomy is a surgically created to remove excess fluid or gas), as in cystocen-
opening between the stomach and the body tesis, a surgical puncture of the urinary bladder
surface. with a needle to remove fluid (urine).
• The suffix -ectomy means surgical removal or • -gram (grahm) = record of, as in electrocar-
excision. Gastrectomy is surgical removal of the diogram, the electrocardiographic hard copy
stomach. record.
READY, SET, GO 5
• -graph (grahf) = instrument that records (or Conditional and Structural Suffixes
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used as a record), as in electrocardiograph, the

• -algia and -dynia (ahl-jē-ah and dihn-ē-ah) = pain,
machine that records the electrical activity of
as in arthralgia and arthrodynia, joint pain.
the heart.
• -ia (ē-ah) = state or condition, as in hyperglycemia,
• -graphy (grahf-ē) = procedure that records, condition of elevated amounts of blood glucose.
as in electrocardiography, the procedure • -ion (shuhn) = action, process, state, or condition, as
used to record the electrical activity of in infarction, condition of blood flow obstruction.
the heart. • -itis (ī-tihs) = inflammation, as in hepatitis,
• -lysis (lī-sihs) = separation or breakdown, as inflammation of the liver.
in urinalysis, separation of the urine into its • -ive (ihv) = performs or tends toward, as in
constituents. congestive, tends toward accumulation of fluid.
• -scope (skōp) = instrument to visually examine, • -malacia (mah-lā-shē-ah) = abnormal softening,
as in endoscope, an instrument used to visually as in osteomalacia, abnormal softening of bone.
examine inside the body. • -megaly (mehg-ah-lē) = enlargement, as in
• -scopy (skōp-ē) = procedure to visually examine, cardiomegaly, enlargement of the heart.
as in endoscopy, the procedure of visually exam- • -osis (ō-sihs) = abnormal condition, as in cardiosis,
ining inside the body. an abnormal condition of the heart.
• -therapy (thehr-ah-pē) = treatment, as in chemo- • -pathy (pahth-ē) = disease, as in enteropathy, a
therapy, treatment with chemical substances or disease of the small intestine.
drugs. • -sclerosis (skleh-rō-sihs) = abnormal hardening, as in
arteriosclerosis, abnormal hardening of the arteries.
• -um (uhm) = structure, as in pericardium, the
Double R Suffixes structure surrounding the heart.
• -rrhagia or -rrhage (rā-jē-ah or rihdj) = bursting • -us (uhs) = thing, as in tarsus, the joint (“thing”)
forth, as in hemorrhage, bursting forth of blood between the tibia and fibula and metatarsal bones.
from the vessels.
Suffixes may change a word’s part of speech. Different
• rrhaphy (rahf-ē) = to suture, as in enterorrhaphy,
suffixes may change the word from a noun (naming people,
suturing of the small intestine.
places, or things) to an adjective (descriptor) (Figure 1–2).
• -rrhea (rē-ah) = flow, discharge, as in diarrhea,
Examples of this include the following terms:
complete discharge of the bowels.
• -rrhexis (rehck-sihs) = rupture, as in myorrhexis, • Cyanosis is a noun meaning condition of blue
rupture of the muscle. discoloration, whereas cyanotic is an adjective
meaning pertaining to blue discoloration.
• Anemia is a noun meaning a blood condition
of deficient red blood cells and/or hemoglobin,
whereas anemic is an adjective meaning pertaining
to a blood condition of deficient red blood cells
and/or hemoglobin.
• Mucus is a noun meaning a slime-like substance
What Is the Difference Between that is composed of glandular secretion, salts, cells,
Human and Veterinary Medical and leukocytes (white blood cells), whereas mucous
Terminology? is an adjective meaning pertaining to mucus.
Most times the medical terms used in human • Ilium is a noun meaning a structure of the hip,
medical settings are identical to the ones used in whereas iliac is an adjective meaning pertaining
veterinary medical settings. The greater number to a structure of the hip.
of species in veterinary medicine and the addition • Condyle is a noun meaning a rounded projection
of terms used in animal production greatly expand on a bone, whereas condylar is an adjective mean-
the vocabulary of veterinary professionals. Species- ing pertaining to a rounded projection on a bone.
specific anatomical differences also influence the • Carpus is a noun meaning the joint (thing)
terms used in a specific area. Do you know where between the radius and ulna and metacarpal
the calf muscle is located on a person? Where is the bones, whereas carpal is an adjective meaning
calf muscle in a calf? pertaining to the joint between the radius and
ulna and metacarpal bones.
6 CHAPTER 1
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Noun Suffix Adjective Suffix
cyanosis -osis cyanotic -tic
anemia -ia anemic -ic
mucus -us mucous -ous

ilium -um iliac -ac
condyle -e condylar -ar
carpus -us carpal -al
FIGURE 1–2 Suffix variation depending upon usage.
ANALYZING MEDICAL TERMS basic components: ovari/o/hyster/ectomy. Defining

from back to front, the suffix -ectomy is surgical
Medical terminology can be more easily understood
removal, one combining form ovari/o means ovary,
when the following objectives are adhered to when a
and the other combining form hysteri/o means
medical term is examined for the first time:
uterus. Together the term ovariohysterectomy
• Dissect: Analyze the word structurally by dividing means surgical removal of the ovaries and uterus.
it into its basic components. This term is based on the order in which the ovaries
• Begin at the end: After dividing the word into and uterus are found in the body.
its basic parts, define the suffix first, the prefix
second, and then the root. If there are two roots,
divide each one and read them from left to right. WHAT DID YOU SAY?
• Anatomical order: Where body systems are
Proper pronunciation of medical terms takes time
involved, the words usually are built in the
and practice. Listening to how medical profession-
order in which the organs occur in the body. For
als pronounce words, using medical dictionaries and
example, gastroenteritis is the proper term for
textbooks, and listening to prepared audio are the
inflammation of the stomach and small intes-
best ways to learn pronunciation. There are individual
tine. Because food passes from the stomach into
variations based on geographic location and personal
the small intestine, the medical term for stom-
preference. Medical dictionaries also vary in how they
ach appears before the medical term for small
present pronunciation of medical terms. Some sources
intestine. The order of word parts in a medical
mark the syllable receiving the greatest emphasis with
term may also represent the order of blood flow
a primary accent (') and the syllable receiving the sec-
through organs. The exception to this involves
ond most emphasis with a secondary accent ("). Other
some diagnostic procedures in which tools or
sources boldface and capitalize the syllable receiv-
substances are passed retrograde, or in the oppo-
ing the most emphasis, and other sources do not
site direction of anatomical order. In these cases,
emphasize syllables. Consult with references before
the words are built in the order in which the
pronouncing a word. When starting to work with an
equipment passes the body part.
unfamiliar dictionary (print or online version), spend a
Using these guidelines, analyze the term few minutes reviewing its user guide, table of contents,
ovariohysterectomy. First, divide the term into its and appendices.
READY, SET, GO 7
GENERAL PRONUNCIATION TABLE 1–3 Pronunciation Guide

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GUIDELINES Vowel Sound Example

A medical term is easier to understand and remember “a” at the end of ah idea
when you learn to pronounce it properly. To help you a word
master the pronunciation of new terms, a commonly “ae” followed by ah aerobic
accepted pronunciation of the word appears in paren- r or s
theses next to the term. Vowels can be short or long
“i” at the end of ī bronchi
(Table 1–3). Consonants are generally pronounced as
a word
in other English words.
“oe” eh oestrogen (old
English form)
DOES SPELLING COUNT? “oi” oy sarcoid
Be aware of spelling when using medical terminology. “eu” ū euthanasia
Changing one or two letters can change the mean- “ei” ī Einstein
ing of a word. Hepatoma is a liver mass, whereas “ai” ay air
hematoma is a mass or collection of blood (-oma is
“au” aw auditory
the suffix for mass). The urethra takes urine from the
urinary bladder to the outside of the body, whereas Exceptions to Consonant Pronunciations
ureters collect urine from the kidney and transport it Consonant Sound Example
to the urinary bladder.
“c” before e, i, s cecum
Medical terms may be pronounced the same but
and y
have different meanings, so spelling is important. For
example, ileum and ilium are pronounced the same. “c” before a, o, k cancer
However, ileum is the distal part of the small intestine and u
(e = enter/o or e = eating or small intestine has 2 e’s in “g” before e, i, j genetic
it), whereas ilium is part of the pelvic bone (pelvic has and y
an i in it). Some medical terms have the same spell- “g” before a, o, g gall
ing as terms used for other body parts. For example, and u
the combining form myel/o represents the spinal cord “ps” at begin- s psychology
and bone marrow. (It originates from the term mean- ning of word
ing white substance.) Cervical means pertaining to the
neck; however, it may pertain to the neck that joins the “pn” at begin- n pneumonia
head to the body (cervical vertebrae) or the neck of ning of word
an organ (the cervix of the uterus). Other terms have “c” at end of word k anemic
different spellings depending on how the term is used “cc” followed by first c = k, accident
grammatically. For example, when used as a noun, i or y second c = s
mucus (the slimy stuff secreted from mucous mem- “ch” at begin- k chemistry
branes) is spelled differently than when it is used as an ning of word
adjective (as in mucous membrane).
“cn” in middle of both c (pro- gastrocnemius
Some medical terms, if pronounced incorrectly,
word nounce k) and n
sound the same. For example, the term prostate (proh-
(pronounce ehn)
stāt) is a gland that secretes a fluid to aide in sperm
motility in males, whereas the term prostrate (proh- “mn” in middle of both m and n amnesia
strāt) means exhausted or to lie flat on the ground. word
Train your ears to hear the differences in word “pt” at begin- t pterodactyl
pronunciation. Prostate is not prostrate; reflex (an ning of word
automatic, involuntary response to change) is not “pt” in middle of both p and t optical
reflux (backward flow). word
Many medical terms form a verb, noun, plural, and
“rh” r rhinoceros
adjective form. For example, you will need to know
diagnose (verb), diagnosis (noun), diagnoses (plural), “x” at beginning z xylophone
and diagnostic (adjective). Keep this in mind when you of word xenograph
are learning new terms. Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning®.
8 CHAPTER 1
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When looking up a medical term in the diction-

ary, spelling plays an important role. However, the
term may not be spelled the way it sounds. The fol-
Why Is Precision Needed in lowing guidelines can be used to find a word in the
Veterinary Medical Communication? dictionary:
Each year animals die because of drug reactions and
medical errors. Many of these errors are due to inac- • If it sounds like f, it may begin with f or ph.
curate or imprecise written or verbal communication • If it sounds like j, it may begin with g or j.
between members of the veterinary health care team. • If it sounds like k, it may begin with c, ch, k, or qu.
Many words, when written or pronounced, have a • If it sounds like s, it may begin with c, ps, or s.
word part that if misspelled or mispronounced gives • If it sounds like z, it may begin with x or z.
the intended word an entirely different meaning.
A treatment based on the response to a medical term
with a different meaning than the intended term
could cause a medical error and perhaps the death
of a patient. Precision in written and verbal commu-
nication is essential to prevent errors in patient care.
Keep in mind that the medical record in which you
document a patient’s care and your actions is a legal
document. It may be used in court as evidence in
professional medical liability cases.
REVIEW EXERCISES
Multiple Choice
Choose the correct answer.
1. The prefix ______ means away from. 5. The suffix ______ means incision.
a. ad- a. -ex
b. ab- b. -tomy
c. ex- c. -ectomy
d. endo- d. -graphy
2. The suffix ______ means an instrument to visu- 6. The suffix ______ means abnormal condition.
ally examine. a. -osis
a. -ectomy b. -rrhea
b. -scope c. -rrhagia
c. -scopy d. -uria
d. -graphy
7. The suffix ______ means separation or breaking
3. The prefix ______ means elevated, while the into parts.
prefix ______ means depressed. a. -gram
a. pre-, post- b. -pexy
b. endo-, exo- c. -um
c. hyper-, hypo- d. -lysis
d. inter-, intra-
8. The prefix ______ means below.
4. The suffix ______ means pertaining to. a. supra-
a. -al b. super-
b. -ary or -ar c. inter-
c. -ic d. sub-
d. all of the above
READY, SET, GO 9
9. The prefix(es) ______ mean(s) many. 17. Which word association is incorrect?
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a. olig a. inter- means between

b. a-, an- b. sub- means below, under, or less
c. poly- c. an- means without or no
d. eu- d. ad- means away from
10. The prefix(es) ______ mean(s) without 18. Which suffix means to rupture?
or no. a. -rrhage
a. a-, an- b. -rrhaphy
b. olig- c. -rrhea
c. dys- d. -rrhexis
d. hyper- 19. Which prefix means around?
11. The suffix -algia means a. hyper-
b. hypo-
a. pain
c. peri-
b. excessive
d. supra-
c. liver
d. abnormal condition 20. In the term panleukopenia, the o between leuk
and penia is called a
12. The prefix pre- means a. combining form
a. after b. suffix
b. around c. combining vowel
c. before d. root
d. during
21. The term cardiomyopathy has a suffix meaning
13. Which suffix may be part of the term meaning a a. action
procedure to visually examine? b. condition
a. -lysis c. disease
b. -scopy d. pertaining to
c. -rrhexis 22. Which term has the suffix meaning study of ?
d. -scope a. myocardium
14. Which type of word part is always placed at the b. cardiologist
end of a term? c. intravenous
d. neurology
a. combining form
b. prefix 23. Which set contains prefixes that have opposite
c. suffix meaning?
d. root a. hyper- and hypo-
b. micro- and macro-
15. Which type of word part is always placed at the c. dys- and eu-
beginning of a term? d. all of the above
a. combining form
24. Which of the following terms is an adjective?
b. prefix
c. suffix a. mucus
d. root b. ilium
c. anemic
16. Which word part gives the essential meaning of a d. cyanosis
term? 25. Which term does not contain a prefix?
a. combining form a. transfusion
b. prefix b. gastritis
c. suffix c. intercostal
d. root d. polyuria
10 CHAPTER 1
Matching
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Match the word parts in Column I with the definition in Column II.
Column I Column II
1. ______ -itis a. incision or cutting into
2. ______ -gram b. before
3. ______ post- c. surgical puncture to remove fluid or gas
4. ______ -tomy d. difficult, painful, or bad
5. ______ pre- e. enlargement
6. ______ -centesis f. excision or surgical removal
7. ______ -therapy g. liver
8. ______ dys- h. kidney
9. ______ peri- i. inflammation
10. ______ ren/o j. record
11. ______ hepat/o k. after
12. ______ -megaly l. treatment
13. ______ -ectomy m. around
14. ______ hyper- n. pain
15. ______ -algia o. excessive, increased
Match the definition in Column I to its word part in Column II.

Column I Column II
1. ______ abnormal condition or disease a. -lysis
2. ______ abnormal softening b. -rrhea
3. ______ deficient, decreased c. -plasty
4. ______ bursting forth d. -rrhage
5. ______ creation of an artificial opening to the body surface e. eu-
6. ______ surgical repair f. -graphy
7. ______ all g. epi-
8. ______ suture to stabilize h. inter-
9. ______ procedure to visually examine i. -scopy
10. ______ good, easy, or normal j. -pexy
11. ______ upper k. hypo-
READY, SET, GO 11
12. ______ flow or discharge l. -malacia

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13. ______ separation or breakdown m. -osis
14. ______ procedure that records n. -stomy
15. ______ between o. pan-
Fill in the Blanks

Write the medical terms that represent the following definitions.
1. Pertaining to the stomach __________________________
2. Inflammation of the liver __________________________
3. Abnormal softening of bone __________________________
4. Joint pain __________________________
5. Procedure to visually examine inside the body __________________________
6. Heart enlargement __________________________
7. Pertaining to the kidney __________________________
8. Bursting forth of blood from vessels __________________________
9. Suturing of stomach to body wall __________________________
10. Treatment with chemicals or drugs __________________________
True or False
If the statement is true, write T on the line. If the statement is false, write F on the line.
1. ______ An ectoparasite is an organism that lives within the body of the host.
2. ______ Osteomalacia is abnormal hardening of bone.
3. ______ A colostomy is the surgical creation of an opening between the colon and the body surface body surface.
4. ______ Mucus is a slimelike substance composed of glandular secretion, salts, cells, and leukocytes.
5. ______ An ovariohysterectomy is surgical removal of the ovaries and uterus.
Spelling
Cross out any misspelled words in the following sentences and replace them with the proper spelling.
1. Thick mucous was evident in the cat with upper respiratory disease. __________________________
2. Urine was collected via cistocentesis so that the urinanalysis could be performed to determine whether the
dog had a urinary tract infection. __________________________
3. The horse’s diarhea was caused by intestinal parasites. __________________________
4. The cutaneus lesion was not cancerous. __________________________
5. A local anestetic was used so that the surgery could be performed on the cow. __________________________
6. The medical term meaning disease of the small intestine is interopathy. __________________________
12 CHAPTER 1
7. Hepititis is the medical term meaning inflammation of the liver. __________________________

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8. A disease named from a person’s name is an enaponym. __________________________
9. A hepatoma is a mass or collection of blood. __________________________
10. The ileum is a bone in the pelvis.__________________________
Word Part Identification

Underline the word root(s) in the Underline the suffix in the Underline the prefix in the
following terms. following terms. following terms.
1. hepat/it is 6. hepat/itis 11. hyper/secretion
2. gastr/o/intestin/al 7. gastr/o/intestin/al 12. peri/card/itis
3. cardi/o/logy 8. cardi/o/logy 13. endo/cardi/um
4. intra/ven/ous 9. intra/ven/ous 14. poly/uria
5. nephr/osis 10. nephr/osis 15. ur/o/lith
Crossword Puzzles
Prefixes
Supply the correct prefix in the appropriate space for the definition listed.
1 2
3 4 5
6 7
8
9 10
11 12
13
14
Across Down
1 beyond 2 against
3 across 4 without
6 between 5 excessive
8 throughout 6 within
9 above, beyond, excessive 7 outside
13 inside 8 after
14 less than normal 10 before
11 many
12 outside
READY, SET, GO 13
Suffixes
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Supply the correct suffix in the appropriate space for the definition listed.
5 6
7 8
9 10
11

12
13 14
15
Across Down
1 bursting forth 1 discharge
3 procedure that records 2 record of
5 abnormal softening 4 disease
8 cutting into 6 structure
11 surgical removal 7 surgical puncture to remove fluid
13 surgically create new opening 9 suture to stabilize
15 abnormal hardening 10 inflammation
12 breakdown
14 abnormal condition
14 CHAPTER 1
Medical Terms
VetBooks.ir
Supply the correct medical term in the appropriate space for the definition listed.
1 2
3 4 5
6 7
8 9
10
11 12

13
14
Across Down
1 enlargement of the heart 2 without injury
3 before an operation 4 away from midline
8 pertaining to the skin 5 infrequent urination
11 separation of urine into its components 6 toward midline
13 inflammation of the liver 7 frequent urination
14 increased amount of blood glucose 9 organism that lives on the outer surface of the host
10 pertaining to the heart
12 surgical removal of the mammary glands
READY, SET, GO 15
Medical Terms
VetBooks.ir
Supply the correct medical term in the appropriate space for the definition listed.
1 2 3
5 6
7 8
10
11

12
Across Down
4 disease of small intestine 1 between the ribs (plural form)
9 structure surrounding the heart 2 bursting forth of blood from vessels
10 instrument to visually examine inside the body 3 treatment with drugs
12 excess of regular number 5 difficulty eating or swallowing
6 within muscle
7 pertaining to the gastrointestinal tract
8 abnormal softening of bone
11 pertaining to the loin
16 CHAPTER 1
Word Search
VetBooks.ir
Find the following medical terms or word parts in the puzzle. (Make sure you understand what the terms mean
as you find them.)
E T I S A R A P O D N E A E S
R E N A L E S O C U L G Y Y G
E N T E R I C P E Y N C S G A
Y M O T C E O R N S O I Y O I
O P Y H Y A E O I P I T X L M
A T C L I P C N R E T A E O E
I E Y Y Y G O U E N A M P N C
Y O U H P A L N T I N U O I Y
H Y O U R S O C U A I A R M L
Y M O T E T S I X E R R T R G
Y L E E F R T A I I U T S E R

M E T U I I O T N K F G A T E
O U T G X T M I M H K F G F P
T K U U C I Y O O I T I U I Y
S O E O E S T N A I H P C S H
colostomy penia
ectomy prefix
endoparasite pronunciation
enteric renal
gastritis stomy
gastropexy suffix
glucose terminology
hyper tomy
hyperglycemia traumatic
hypo urination
leuko uterine
READY, SET, GO 17
Case Studies
VetBooks.ir
Fill in the blanks to complete the case history.
A 5-year-old male neutered cat is presented to a veterinary clinic with _________________________ (painful
urination) and _________________________ (scant urine production). Upon examination the abdomen is
palpated and _________________________ (enlarged urinary bladder) is noted. After completing the
examination, the veterinarian suspects an obstruction of the _________________________ (tube that
carries urine from the urinary bladder to outside the body). Blood is taken for analysis, and the cat is
admitted to the clinic. The cat is anesthetized, and a urinary catheter is passed. Urine is collected for
_________________________ (breakdown of urine into its components). In addition to the obstruction,
the cat is treated for _________________________ (inflammation of the urinary bladder).
In this case study, the meanings of some unfamiliar medical terms (underlined) cannot be understood by break-
ing up the term into its basic components. Using a print or online dictionary, define the following medical terms.
1. palpated _____________________________
2. obstruction __________________________
3. catheter _____________________________
Define the medical terms in the following case study. A space is provided after the terms that need a definition.
A 6-month-old female Golden Retriever presented to the clinic for a preoperative _________________________
examination prior to her scheduled ovariohysterectomy _________________________. On physical exam,
her vital signs were normal. Blood was collected for a preanesthetic _________________________ analysis
to check if the dog is anemic _________________________ or has metabolic disturbances such as hyper-
glycemia _________________________; a fecal sample was collected and set up to check for endoparasites
_________________________; and urine was collected via cystocentesis _________________________ to assess
whether or not she had a urinary tract infection. After her laboratory samples were analyzed, it was determined
that she was healthy and able to have surgery.
In this case study, the meanings of some unfamiliar medical terms (underlined) cannot be understood by break-
ing up the term into its basic components. Using a print or online dictionary, define the following medical terms.
1. examination _________________________
2. vital ________________________________
3. metabolic ___________________________
Critical Thinking Exercise

The following story and questions are designed to stimulate critical thinking through class discussion or brief
writing responses. There are many correct answers to these questions.
Stephanie Adams, a first-year veterinary technician student, sits on the couch with her veterinary medical ter-
minology book open to Chapter 1. Her gray cat, Sooty, sits rolled up beside her. Stephanie is frustrated because
she feels the words look too much alike yet have totally different meanings. “Why did I think I would be able to
learn all of these words? There are just too many to memorize.”
18 CHAPTER 1
Her phone rings and it is her mother calling to see how she is doing. Stephanie tells her she has a lot of home-
VetBooks.ir
work and does not know if she will be able to learn all of the new words for her medical terminology class. Her
mom reminds her that she already knows plenty of medical terms. “Remember when I had my physical exam
last year and I had to schedule an appointment with the cardiologist? You were the one who told me I would be
seeing a heart specialist.” Her mom made her realize she may be familiar with some of the words in Chapter 1.
Stephanie remembered that she had taken her pets to the veterinarian and understood many of the terms used
by the veterinary staff. She also goes to the doctor for her annual physical exam and has had laboratory tests
run such as a urinalysis and bloodwork, has had the Hepatitis B vaccine for a former job, and has arthritis in her
ankle from a sports injury. She knows what these medical terms mean and she soon realizes she knows more
than she gave herself credit.
She then thinks back to her veterinary medical terminology class and remembers she must complete her assign-
ment before tomorrow’s class. “Mucous and mucus; both sound the same. I know one is an adjective and one is a
noun, but which is which?” she wonders aloud. Then she remembers what her teacher said in class: “The longer
word is a type of membrane (mucous) and is an adjective because the terms adjective and mucous have more
letters in them. The shorter word is the secretion (mucus) and is a noun because the terms noun and mucus have
fewer letters in them.” Stephanie is beginning to believe in her ability to learn medical terminology.
Suggested Discussion Topics
1. Stephanie needs to learn veterinary medical terminology to become a veterinary technician. What study
habits would help her achieve her goal?
2. How can this textbook and other resource materials help her, and you, learn veterinary medical
terminology?
3. What veterinary medical terms are you already familiar with?
Chapter 2
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WHERE, WHY, AND WHAT?
OVERVIEW
In Position Terms used to describe direction and surface
The Plane Truth Terms used to describe the location of body planes
Studying Terms used to describe specific branches of study
You Have Said a Mouthful Terms used to describe the mouth and its structures
The Hole Truth Terms used to describe body cavities and membranes
Lying Around Terms used to describe which side is facing down when animals lie down
Moving Right Along Terms used to describe movement
Setting Our Cytes Ahead Terms used to describe cells and cellular structures
It’s in the Genes Terms used to describe genetic conditions
Grouping Things Together Describes groups of similarly specialized cells that work together to perform
specific functions
1, 2, 3, Go Prefixes assigning number value
Objectives
Upon completion of this chapter, the reader should be able to:
• Identify and recognize body planes, positional terms, directional terms, and body surface terms
• Define terms used to describe specific branches of study
• Identify terms used to describe the oral cavity and tooth surfaces
• Identify terms used to describe the structure of cells, tissues, and glands
• Define terms related to body cavities and structure
• Describe how an animal is positioned while lying down
• Recognize the parts of the cell and describe their functions
• Define terms related to genes or heredity
• List the four tissue types and describe terms associated with cell and tissue structure
• Recognize, define, spell, and pronounce medical terms related to pathology and procedures
• Identify body systems by their components, functions, and combining forms
• Identify prefixes that assign numeric value
19
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DANCE ON STILTS AT THE GIRLS’ UNYAGO, NIUCHI
Newala, too, suffers from the distance of its water-supply—at least

the Newala of to-day does; there was once another Newala in a lovely
valley at the foot of the plateau. I visited it and found scarcely a trace
of houses, only a Christian cemetery, with the graves of several
missionaries and their converts, remaining as a monument of its
former glories. But the surroundings are wonderfully beautiful. A
thick grove of splendid mango-trees closes in the weather-worn
crosses and headstones; behind them, combining the useful and the
agreeable, is a whole plantation of lemon-trees covered with ripe
fruit; not the small African kind, but a much larger and also juicier
imported variety, which drops into the hands of the passing traveller,
without calling for any exertion on his part. Old Newala is now under
the jurisdiction of the native pastor, Daudi, at Chingulungulu, who,
as I am on very friendly terms with him, allows me, as a matter of
course, the use of this lemon-grove during my stay at Newala.
FEET MUTILATED BY THE RAVAGES OF THE “JIGGER”
(Sarcopsylla penetrans)
The water-supply of New Newala is in the bottom of the valley,

some 1,600 feet lower down. The way is not only long and fatiguing,
but the water, when we get it, is thoroughly bad. We are suffering not
only from this, but from the fact that the arrangements at Newala are
nothing short of luxurious. We have a separate kitchen—a hut built
against the boma palisade on the right of the baraza, the interior of
which is not visible from our usual position. Our two cooks were not
long in finding this out, and they consequently do—or rather neglect
to do—what they please. In any case they do not seem to be very
particular about the boiling of our drinking-water—at least I can
attribute to no other cause certain attacks of a dysenteric nature,
from which both Knudsen and I have suffered for some time. If a
man like Omari has to be left unwatched for a moment, he is capable
of anything. Besides this complaint, we are inconvenienced by the
state of our nails, which have become as hard as glass, and crack on
the slightest provocation, and I have the additional infliction of
pimples all over me. As if all this were not enough, we have also, for
the last week been waging war against the jigger, who has found his
Eldorado in the hot sand of the Makonde plateau. Our men are seen
all day long—whenever their chronic colds and the dysentery likewise
raging among them permit—occupied in removing this scourge of
Africa from their feet and trying to prevent the disastrous
consequences of its presence. It is quite common to see natives of
this place with one or two toes missing; many have lost all their toes,
or even the whole front part of the foot, so that a well-formed leg
ends in a shapeless stump. These ravages are caused by the female of
Sarcopsylla penetrans, which bores its way under the skin and there
develops an egg-sac the size of a pea. In all books on the subject, it is
stated that one’s attention is called to the presence of this parasite by
an intolerable itching. This agrees very well with my experience, so
far as the softer parts of the sole, the spaces between and under the
toes, and the side of the foot are concerned, but if the creature
penetrates through the harder parts of the heel or ball of the foot, it
may escape even the most careful search till it has reached maturity.
Then there is no time to be lost, if the horrible ulceration, of which
we see cases by the dozen every day, is to be prevented. It is much
easier, by the way, to discover the insect on the white skin of a
European than on that of a native, on which the dark speck scarcely
shows. The four or five jiggers which, in spite of the fact that I
constantly wore high laced boots, chose my feet to settle in, were
taken out for me by the all-accomplished Knudsen, after which I
thought it advisable to wash out the cavities with corrosive
sublimate. The natives have a different sort of disinfectant—they fill
the hole with scraped roots. In a tiny Makua village on the slope of
the plateau south of Newala, we saw an old woman who had filled all
the spaces under her toe-nails with powdered roots by way of
prophylactic treatment. What will be the result, if any, who can say?
The rest of the many trifling ills which trouble our existence are
really more comic than serious. In the absence of anything else to
smoke, Knudsen and I at last opened a box of cigars procured from
the Indian store-keeper at Lindi, and tried them, with the most
distressing results. Whether they contain opium or some other
narcotic, neither of us can say, but after the tenth puff we were both
“off,” three-quarters stupefied and unspeakably wretched. Slowly we
recovered—and what happened next? Half-an-hour later we were
once more smoking these poisonous concoctions—so insatiable is the
craving for tobacco in the tropics.
Even my present attacks of fever scarcely deserve to be taken
seriously. I have had no less than three here at Newala, all of which
have run their course in an incredibly short time. In the early
afternoon, I am busy with my old natives, asking questions and
making notes. The strong midday coffee has stimulated my spirits to
an extraordinary degree, the brain is active and vigorous, and work
progresses rapidly, while a pleasant warmth pervades the whole
body. Suddenly this gives place to a violent chill, forcing me to put on
my overcoat, though it is only half-past three and the afternoon sun
is at its hottest. Now the brain no longer works with such acuteness
and logical precision; more especially does it fail me in trying to
establish the syntax of the difficult Makua language on which I have
ventured, as if I had not enough to do without it. Under the
circumstances it seems advisable to take my temperature, and I do
so, to save trouble, without leaving my seat, and while going on with
my work. On examination, I find it to be 101·48°. My tutors are
abruptly dismissed and my bed set up in the baraza; a few minutes
later I am in it and treating myself internally with hot water and
lemon-juice.
Three hours later, the thermometer marks nearly 104°, and I make
them carry me back into the tent, bed and all, as I am now perspiring
heavily, and exposure to the cold wind just beginning to blow might
mean a fatal chill. I lie still for a little while, and then find, to my
great relief, that the temperature is not rising, but rather falling. This
is about 7.30 p.m. At 8 p.m. I find, to my unbounded astonishment,
that it has fallen below 98·6°, and I feel perfectly well. I read for an
hour or two, and could very well enjoy a smoke, if I had the
wherewithal—Indian cigars being out of the question.
Having no medical training, I am at a loss to account for this state
of things. It is impossible that these transitory attacks of high fever
should be malarial; it seems more probable that they are due to a
kind of sunstroke. On consulting my note-book, I become more and
more inclined to think this is the case, for these attacks regularly
follow extreme fatigue and long exposure to strong sunshine. They at
least have the advantage of being only short interruptions to my
work, as on the following morning I am always quite fresh and fit.
My treasure of a cook is suffering from an enormous hydrocele which
makes it difficult for him to get up, and Moritz is obliged to keep in
the dark on account of his inflamed eyes. Knudsen’s cook, a raw boy
from somewhere in the bush, knows still less of cooking than Omari;
consequently Nils Knudsen himself has been promoted to the vacant
post. Finding that we had come to the end of our supplies, he began
by sending to Chingulungulu for the four sucking-pigs which we had
bought from Matola and temporarily left in his charge; and when
they came up, neatly packed in a large crate, he callously slaughtered
the biggest of them. The first joint we were thoughtless enough to
entrust for roasting to Knudsen’s mshenzi cook, and it was
consequently uneatable; but we made the rest of the animal into a
jelly which we ate with great relish after weeks of underfeeding,
consuming incredible helpings of it at both midday and evening
meals. The only drawback is a certain want of variety in the tinned
vegetables. Dr. Jäger, to whom the Geographical Commission
entrusted the provisioning of the expeditions—mine as well as his
own—because he had more time on his hands than the rest of us,
seems to have laid in a huge stock of Teltow turnips,[46] an article of
food which is all very well for occasional use, but which quickly palls
when set before one every day; and we seem to have no other tins
left. There is no help for it—we must put up with the turnips; but I
am certain that, once I am home again, I shall not touch them for ten
years to come.
Amid all these minor evils, which, after all, go to make up the
genuine flavour of Africa, there is at least one cheering touch:
Knudsen has, with the dexterity of a skilled mechanic, repaired my 9
× 12 cm. camera, at least so far that I can use it with a little care.
How, in the absence of finger-nails, he was able to accomplish such a
ticklish piece of work, having no tool but a clumsy screw-driver for
taking to pieces and putting together again the complicated
mechanism of the instantaneous shutter, is still a mystery to me; but
he did it successfully. The loss of his finger-nails shows him in a light
contrasting curiously enough with the intelligence evinced by the
above operation; though, after all, it is scarcely surprising after his
ten years’ residence in the bush. One day, at Lindi, he had occasion
to wash a dog, which must have been in need of very thorough
cleansing, for the bottle handed to our friend for the purpose had an
extremely strong smell. Having performed his task in the most
conscientious manner, he perceived with some surprise that the dog
did not appear much the better for it, and was further surprised by
finding his own nails ulcerating away in the course of the next few
days. “How was I to know that carbolic acid has to be diluted?” he
mutters indignantly, from time to time, with a troubled gaze at his
mutilated finger-tips.
Since we came to Newala we have been making excursions in all
directions through the surrounding country, in accordance with old
habit, and also because the akida Sefu did not get together the tribal
elders from whom I wanted information so speedily as he had
promised. There is, however, no harm done, as, even if seen only
from the outside, the country and people are interesting enough.
The Makonde plateau is like a large rectangular table rounded off
at the corners. Measured from the Indian Ocean to Newala, it is
about seventy-five miles long, and between the Rovuma and the
Lukuledi it averages fifty miles in breadth, so that its superficial area
is about two-thirds of that of the kingdom of Saxony. The surface,
however, is not level, but uniformly inclined from its south-western
edge to the ocean. From the upper edge, on which Newala lies, the
eye ranges for many miles east and north-east, without encountering
any obstacle, over the Makonde bush. It is a green sea, from which
here and there thick clouds of smoke rise, to show that it, too, is
inhabited by men who carry on their tillage like so many other
primitive peoples, by cutting down and burning the bush, and
manuring with the ashes. Even in the radiant light of a tropical day
such a fire is a grand sight.
Much less effective is the impression produced just now by the
great western plain as seen from the edge of the plateau. As often as
time permits, I stroll along this edge, sometimes in one direction,
sometimes in another, in the hope of finding the air clear enough to
let me enjoy the view; but I have always been disappointed.
Wherever one looks, clouds of smoke rise from the burning bush,
and the air is full of smoke and vapour. It is a pity, for under more
favourable circumstances the panorama of the whole country up to
the distant Majeje hills must be truly magnificent. It is of little use
taking photographs now, and an outline sketch gives a very poor idea
of the scenery. In one of these excursions I went out of my way to
make a personal attempt on the Makonde bush. The present edge of
the plateau is the result of a far-reaching process of destruction
through erosion and denudation. The Makonde strata are
everywhere cut into by ravines, which, though short, are hundreds of
yards in depth. In consequence of the loose stratification of these
beds, not only are the walls of these ravines nearly vertical, but their
upper end is closed by an equally steep escarpment, so that the
western edge of the Makonde plateau is hemmed in by a series of
deep, basin-like valleys. In order to get from one side of such a ravine
to the other, I cut my way through the bush with a dozen of my men.
It was a very open part, with more grass than scrub, but even so the
short stretch of less than two hundred yards was very hard work; at
the end of it the men’s calicoes were in rags and they themselves
bleeding from hundreds of scratches, while even our strong khaki
suits had not escaped scatheless.
NATIVE PATH THROUGH THE MAKONDE BUSH, NEAR

MAHUTA
I see increasing reason to believe that the view formed some time
back as to the origin of the Makonde bush is the correct one. I have
no doubt that it is not a natural product, but the result of human
occupation. Those parts of the high country where man—as a very
slight amount of practice enables the eye to perceive at once—has not
yet penetrated with axe and hoe, are still occupied by a splendid
timber forest quite able to sustain a comparison with our mixed
forests in Germany. But wherever man has once built his hut or tilled
his field, this horrible bush springs up. Every phase of this process
may be seen in the course of a couple of hours’ walk along the main
road. From the bush to right or left, one hears the sound of the axe—
not from one spot only, but from several directions at once. A few
steps further on, we can see what is taking place. The brush has been
cut down and piled up in heaps to the height of a yard or more,
between which the trunks of the large trees stand up like the last
pillars of a magnificent ruined building. These, too, present a
melancholy spectacle: the destructive Makonde have ringed them—
cut a broad strip of bark all round to ensure their dying off—and also
piled up pyramids of brush round them. Father and son, mother and
son-in-law, are chopping away perseveringly in the background—too
busy, almost, to look round at the white stranger, who usually excites
so much interest. If you pass by the same place a week later, the piles
of brushwood have disappeared and a thick layer of ashes has taken
the place of the green forest. The large trees stretch their
smouldering trunks and branches in dumb accusation to heaven—if
they have not already fallen and been more or less reduced to ashes,
perhaps only showing as a white stripe on the dark ground.
This work of destruction is carried out by the Makonde alike on the
virgin forest and on the bush which has sprung up on sites already
cultivated and deserted. In the second case they are saved the trouble
of burning the large trees, these being entirely absent in the
secondary bush.
After burning this piece of forest ground and loosening it with the
hoe, the native sows his corn and plants his vegetables. All over the
country, he goes in for bed-culture, which requires, and, in fact,
receives, the most careful attention. Weeds are nowhere tolerated in
the south of German East Africa. The crops may fail on the plains,
where droughts are frequent, but never on the plateau with its
abundant rains and heavy dews. Its fortunate inhabitants even have
the satisfaction of seeing the proud Wayao and Wamakua working
for them as labourers, driven by hunger to serve where they were
accustomed to rule.
But the light, sandy soil is soon exhausted, and would yield no
harvest the second year if cultivated twice running. This fact has
been familiar to the native for ages; consequently he provides in
time, and, while his crop is growing, prepares the next plot with axe
and firebrand. Next year he plants this with his various crops and
lets the first piece lie fallow. For a short time it remains waste and
desolate; then nature steps in to repair the destruction wrought by
man; a thousand new growths spring out of the exhausted soil, and
even the old stumps put forth fresh shoots. Next year the new growth
is up to one’s knees, and in a few years more it is that terrible,
impenetrable bush, which maintains its position till the black
occupier of the land has made the round of all the available sites and
come back to his starting point.
The Makonde are, body and soul, so to speak, one with this bush.
According to my Yao informants, indeed, their name means nothing
else but “bush people.” Their own tradition says that they have been
settled up here for a very long time, but to my surprise they laid great
stress on an original immigration. Their old homes were in the
south-east, near Mikindani and the mouth of the Rovuma, whence
their peaceful forefathers were driven by the continual raids of the
Sakalavas from Madagascar and the warlike Shirazis[47] of the coast,
to take refuge on the almost inaccessible plateau. I have studied
African ethnology for twenty years, but the fact that changes of
population in this apparently quiet and peaceable corner of the earth
could have been occasioned by outside enterprises taking place on
the high seas, was completely new to me. It is, no doubt, however,
correct.
The charming tribal legend of the Makonde—besides informing us
of other interesting matters—explains why they have to live in the
thickest of the bush and a long way from the edge of the plateau,
instead of making their permanent homes beside the purling brooks
and springs of the low country.
“The place where the tribe originated is Mahuta, on the southern
side of the plateau towards the Rovuma, where of old time there was
nothing but thick bush. Out of this bush came a man who never
washed himself or shaved his head, and who ate and drank but little.
He went out and made a human figure from the wood of a tree
growing in the open country, which he took home to his abode in the
bush and there set it upright. In the night this image came to life and
was a woman. The man and woman went down together to the
Rovuma to wash themselves. Here the woman gave birth to a still-
born child. They left that place and passed over the high land into the
valley of the Mbemkuru, where the woman had another child, which
was also born dead. Then they returned to the high bush country of
Mahuta, where the third child was born, which lived and grew up. In
course of time, the couple had many more children, and called
themselves Wamatanda. These were the ancestral stock of the
Makonde, also called Wamakonde,[48] i.e., aborigines. Their
forefather, the man from the bush, gave his children the command to
bury their dead upright, in memory of the mother of their race who
was cut out of wood and awoke to life when standing upright. He also
warned them against settling in the valleys and near large streams,
for sickness and death dwelt there. They were to make it a rule to
have their huts at least an hour’s walk from the nearest watering-
place; then their children would thrive and escape illness.”
The explanation of the name Makonde given by my informants is
somewhat different from that contained in the above legend, which I
extract from a little book (small, but packed with information), by
Pater Adams, entitled Lindi und sein Hinterland. Otherwise, my
results agree exactly with the statements of the legend. Washing?
Hapana—there is no such thing. Why should they do so? As it is, the
supply of water scarcely suffices for cooking and drinking; other
people do not wash, so why should the Makonde distinguish himself
by such needless eccentricity? As for shaving the head, the short,
woolly crop scarcely needs it,[49] so the second ancestral precept is
likewise easy enough to follow. Beyond this, however, there is
nothing ridiculous in the ancestor’s advice. I have obtained from
various local artists a fairly large number of figures carved in wood,
ranging from fifteen to twenty-three inches in height, and
representing women belonging to the great group of the Mavia,
Makonde, and Matambwe tribes. The carving is remarkably well
done and renders the female type with great accuracy, especially the
keloid ornamentation, to be described later on. As to the object and
meaning of their works the sculptors either could or (more probably)
would tell me nothing, and I was forced to content myself with the
scanty information vouchsafed by one man, who said that the figures
were merely intended to represent the nembo—the artificial
deformations of pelele, ear-discs, and keloids. The legend recorded
by Pater Adams places these figures in a new light. They must surely
be more than mere dolls; and we may even venture to assume that
they are—though the majority of present-day Makonde are probably
unaware of the fact—representations of the tribal ancestress.
The references in the legend to the descent from Mahuta to the
Rovuma, and to a journey across the highlands into the Mbekuru
valley, undoubtedly indicate the previous history of the tribe, the
travels of the ancestral pair typifying the migrations of their
descendants. The descent to the neighbouring Rovuma valley, with
its extraordinary fertility and great abundance of game, is intelligible
at a glance—but the crossing of the Lukuledi depression, the ascent
to the Rondo Plateau and the descent to the Mbemkuru, also lie
within the bounds of probability, for all these districts have exactly
the same character as the extreme south. Now, however, comes a
point of especial interest for our bacteriological age. The primitive
Makonde did not enjoy their lives in the marshy river-valleys.
Disease raged among them, and many died. It was only after they
had returned to their original home near Mahuta, that the health
conditions of these people improved. We are very apt to think of the
African as a stupid person whose ignorance of nature is only equalled
by his fear of it, and who looks on all mishaps as caused by evil
spirits and malignant natural powers. It is much more correct to
assume in this case that the people very early learnt to distinguish
districts infested with malaria from those where it is absent.
This knowledge is crystallized in the
ancestral warning against settling in the
valleys and near the great waters, the
dwelling-places of disease and death. At the
same time, for security against the hostile
Mavia south of the Rovuma, it was enacted
that every settlement must be not less than a
certain distance from the southern edge of the
plateau. Such in fact is their mode of life at the
present day. It is not such a bad one, and
certainly they are both safer and more
comfortable than the Makua, the recent
intruders from the south, who have made USUAL METHOD OF
good their footing on the western edge of the CLOSING HUT-DOOR
plateau, extending over a fairly wide belt of
country. Neither Makua nor Makonde show in their dwellings
anything of the size and comeliness of the Yao houses in the plain,
especially at Masasi, Chingulungulu and Zuza’s. Jumbe Chauro, a
Makonde hamlet not far from Newala, on the road to Mahuta, is the
most important settlement of the tribe I have yet seen, and has fairly
spacious huts. But how slovenly is their construction compared with
the palatial residences of the elephant-hunters living in the plain.
The roofs are still more untidy than in the general run of huts during
the dry season, the walls show here and there the scanty beginnings
or the lamentable remains of the mud plastering, and the interior is a
veritable dog-kennel; dirt, dust and disorder everywhere. A few huts
only show any attempt at division into rooms, and this consists
merely of very roughly-made bamboo partitions. In one point alone
have I noticed any indication of progress—in the method of fastening
the door. Houses all over the south are secured in a simple but
ingenious manner. The door consists of a set of stout pieces of wood
or bamboo, tied with bark-string to two cross-pieces, and moving in
two grooves round one of the door-posts, so as to open inwards. If
the owner wishes to leave home, he takes two logs as thick as a man’s
upper arm and about a yard long. One of these is placed obliquely
against the middle of the door from the inside, so as to form an angle
of from 60° to 75° with the ground. He then places the second piece
horizontally across the first, pressing it downward with all his might.
It is kept in place by two strong posts planted in the ground a few
inches inside the door. This fastening is absolutely safe, but of course
cannot be applied to both doors at once, otherwise how could the
owner leave or enter his house? I have not yet succeeded in finding
out how the back door is fastened.
MAKONDE LOCK AND KEY AT JUMBE CHAURO

This is the general way of closing a house. The Makonde at Jumbe
Chauro, however, have a much more complicated, solid and original
one. Here, too, the door is as already described, except that there is
only one post on the inside, standing by itself about six inches from
one side of the doorway. Opposite this post is a hole in the wall just
large enough to admit a man’s arm. The door is closed inside by a
large wooden bolt passing through a hole in this post and pressing
with its free end against the door. The other end has three holes into
which fit three pegs running in vertical grooves inside the post. The
door is opened with a wooden key about a foot long, somewhat
curved and sloped off at the butt; the other end has three pegs
corresponding to the holes, in the bolt, so that, when it is thrust
through the hole in the wall and inserted into the rectangular
opening in the post, the pegs can be lifted and the bolt drawn out.[50]
MODE OF INSERTING THE KEY
With no small pride first one householder and then a second

showed me on the spot the action of this greatest invention of the
Makonde Highlands. To both with an admiring exclamation of
“Vizuri sana!” (“Very fine!”). I expressed the wish to take back these
marvels with me to Ulaya, to show the Wazungu what clever fellows
the Makonde are. Scarcely five minutes after my return to camp at
Newala, the two men came up sweating under the weight of two
heavy logs which they laid down at my feet, handing over at the same
time the keys of the fallen fortress. Arguing, logically enough, that if
the key was wanted, the lock would be wanted with it, they had taken
their axes and chopped down the posts—as it never occurred to them
to dig them out of the ground and so bring them intact. Thus I have
two badly damaged specimens, and the owners, instead of praise,
come in for a blowing-up.
The Makua huts in the environs of Newala are especially
miserable; their more than slovenly construction reminds one of the
temporary erections of the Makua at Hatia’s, though the people here
have not been concerned in a war. It must therefore be due to
congenital idleness, or else to the absence of a powerful chief. Even
the baraza at Mlipa’s, a short hour’s walk south-east of Newala,
shares in this general neglect. While public buildings in this country
are usually looked after more or less carefully, this is in evident
danger of being blown over by the first strong easterly gale. The only
attractive object in this whole district is the grave of the late chief
Mlipa. I visited it in the morning, while the sun was still trying with
partial success to break through the rolling mists, and the circular
grove of tall euphorbias, which, with a broken pot, is all that marks
the old king’s resting-place, impressed one with a touch of pathos.
Even my very materially-minded carriers seemed to feel something
of the sort, for instead of their usual ribald songs, they chanted
solemnly, as we marched on through the dense green of the Makonde
bush:—
“We shall arrive with the great master; we stand in a row and have
no fear about getting our food and our money from the Serkali (the
Government). We are not afraid; we are going along with the great
master, the lion; we are going down to the coast and back.”
With regard to the characteristic features of the various tribes here
on the western edge of the plateau, I can arrive at no other
conclusion than the one already come to in the plain, viz., that it is
impossible for anyone but a trained anthropologist to assign any
given individual at once to his proper tribe. In fact, I think that even
an anthropological specialist, after the most careful examination,
might find it a difficult task to decide. The whole congeries of peoples
collected in the region bounded on the west by the great Central
African rift, Tanganyika and Nyasa, and on the east by the Indian
Ocean, are closely related to each other—some of their languages are
only distinguished from one another as dialects of the same speech,
and no doubt all the tribes present the same shape of skull and
structure of skeleton. Thus, surely, there can be no very striking
differences in outward appearance.
Even did such exist, I should have no time
to concern myself with them, for day after day,
I have to see or hear, as the case may be—in
any case to grasp and record—an
extraordinary number of ethnographic
phenomena. I am almost disposed to think it
fortunate that some departments of inquiry, at
least, are barred by external circumstances.
Chief among these is the subject of iron-
working. We are apt to think of Africa as a
country where iron ore is everywhere, so to
speak, to be picked up by the roadside, and
where it would be quite surprising if the
inhabitants had not learnt to smelt the
material ready to their hand. In fact, the
knowledge of this art ranges all over the
continent, from the Kabyles in the north to the
Kafirs in the south. Here between the Rovuma
and the Lukuledi the conditions are not so
favourable. According to the statements of the
Makonde, neither ironstone nor any other
form of iron ore is known to them. They have
not therefore advanced to the art of smelting
the metal, but have hitherto bought all their
THE ANCESTRESS OF
THE MAKONDE
iron implements from neighbouring tribes.
Even in the plain the inhabitants are not much
better off. Only one man now living is said to
understand the art of smelting iron. This old fundi lives close to
Huwe, that isolated, steep-sided block of granite which rises out of
the green solitude between Masasi and Chingulungulu, and whose
jagged and splintered top meets the traveller’s eye everywhere. While
still at Masasi I wished to see this man at work, but was told that,
frightened by the rising, he had retired across the Rovuma, though
he would soon return. All subsequent inquiries as to whether the
fundi had come back met with the genuine African answer, “Bado”
(“Not yet”).
BRAZIER
Some consolation was afforded me by a brassfounder, whom I

came across in the bush near Akundonde’s. This man is the favourite
of women, and therefore no doubt of the gods; he welds the glittering
brass rods purchased at the coast into those massive, heavy rings
which, on the wrists and ankles of the local fair ones, continually give
me fresh food for admiration. Like every decent master-craftsman he
had all his tools with him, consisting of a pair of bellows, three
crucibles and a hammer—nothing more, apparently. He was quite
willing to show his skill, and in a twinkling had fixed his bellows on
the ground. They are simply two goat-skins, taken off whole, the four
legs being closed by knots, while the upper opening, intended to
admit the air, is kept stretched by two pieces of wood. At the lower
end of the skin a smaller opening is left into which a wooden tube is
stuck. The fundi has quickly borrowed a heap of wood-embers from
the nearest hut; he then fixes the free ends of the two tubes into an
earthen pipe, and clamps them to the ground by means of a bent
piece of wood. Now he fills one of his small clay crucibles, the dross
on which shows that they have been long in use, with the yellow
material, places it in the midst of the embers, which, at present are
only faintly glimmering, and begins his work. In quick alternation
the smith’s two hands move up and down with the open ends of the
bellows; as he raises his hand he holds the slit wide open, so as to let
the air enter the skin bag unhindered. In pressing it down he closes
the bag, and the air puffs through the bamboo tube and clay pipe into
the fire, which quickly burns up. The smith, however, does not keep
on with this work, but beckons to another man, who relieves him at
the bellows, while he takes some more tools out of a large skin pouch
carried on his back. I look on in wonder as, with a smooth round
stick about the thickness of a finger, he bores a few vertical holes into
the clean sand of the soil. This should not be difficult, yet the man
seems to be taking great pains over it. Then he fastens down to the
ground, with a couple of wooden clamps, a neat little trough made by
splitting a joint of bamboo in half, so that the ends are closed by the
two knots. At last the yellow metal has attained the right consistency,
and the fundi lifts the crucible from the fire by means of two sticks
split at the end to serve as tongs. A short swift turn to the left—a
tilting of the crucible—and the molten brass, hissing and giving forth
clouds of smoke, flows first into the bamboo mould and then into the
holes in the ground.
The technique of this backwoods craftsman may not be very far
advanced, but it cannot be denied that he knows how to obtain an
adequate result by the simplest means. The ladies of highest rank in
this country—that is to say, those who can afford it, wear two kinds
of these massive brass rings, one cylindrical, the other semicircular
in section. The latter are cast in the most ingenious way in the
bamboo mould, the former in the circular hole in the sand. It is quite
a simple matter for the fundi to fit these bars to the limbs of his fair
customers; with a few light strokes of his hammer he bends the
pliable brass round arm or ankle without further inconvenience to
the wearer.
SHAPING THE POT
SMOOTHING WITH MAIZE-COB
CUTTING THE EDGE

FINISHING THE BOTTOM
LAST SMOOTHING BEFORE

BURNING
FIRING THE BRUSH-PILE

LIGHTING THE FARTHER SIDE OF
THE PILE
TURNING THE RED-HOT VESSEL
NYASA WOMAN MAKING POTS AT MASASI

Pottery is an art which must always and everywhere excite the
interest of the student, just because it is so intimately connected with
the development of human culture, and because its relics are one of
the principal factors in the reconstruction of our own condition in
prehistoric times. I shall always remember with pleasure the two or
three afternoons at Masasi when Salim Matola’s mother, a slightly-
built, graceful, pleasant-looking woman, explained to me with
touching patience, by means of concrete illustrations, the ceramic art
of her people. The only implements for this primitive process were a
lump of clay in her left hand, and in the right a calabash containing
the following valuables: the fragment of a maize-cob stripped of all
its grains, a smooth, oval pebble, about the size of a pigeon’s egg, a
few chips of gourd-shell, a bamboo splinter about the length of one’s
hand, a small shell, and a bunch of some herb resembling spinach.
Nothing more. The woman scraped with the
shell a round, shallow hole in the soft, fine
sand of the soil, and, when an active young
girl had filled the calabash with water for her,
she began to knead the clay. As if by magic it
gradually assumed the shape of a rough but
already well-shaped vessel, which only wanted
a little touching up with the instruments
before mentioned. I looked out with the
MAKUA WOMAN closest attention for any indication of the use
MAKING A POT. of the potter’s wheel, in however rudimentary
SHOWS THE a form, but no—hapana (there is none). The
BEGINNINGS OF THE embryo pot stood firmly in its little
POTTER’S WHEEL
depression, and the woman walked round it in
a stooping posture, whether she was removing
small stones or similar foreign bodies with the maize-cob, smoothing
the inner or outer surface with the splinter of bamboo, or later, after
letting it dry for a day, pricking in the ornamentation with a pointed
bit of gourd-shell, or working out the bottom, or cutting the edge
with a sharp bamboo knife, or giving the last touches to the finished
vessel. This occupation of the women is infinitely toilsome, but it is
without doubt an accurate reproduction of the process in use among
our ancestors of the Neolithic and Bronze ages.
There is no doubt that the invention of pottery, an item in human
progress whose importance cannot be over-estimated, is due to
women. Rough, coarse and unfeeling, the men of the horde range
over the countryside. When the united cunning of the hunters has
succeeded in killing the game; not one of them thinks of carrying
home the spoil. A bright fire, kindled by a vigorous wielding of the
drill, is crackling beside them; the animal has been cleaned and cut
up secundum artem, and, after a slight singeing, will soon disappear
under their sharp teeth; no one all this time giving a single thought
to wife or child.
To what shifts, on the other hand, the primitive wife, and still more
the primitive mother, was put! Not even prehistoric stomachs could
endure an unvarying diet of raw food. Something or other suggested
the beneficial effect of hot water on the majority of approved but
indigestible dishes. Perhaps a neighbour had tried holding the hard
roots or tubers over the fire in a calabash filled with water—or maybe
an ostrich-egg-shell, or a hastily improvised vessel of bark. They
became much softer and more palatable than they had previously
been; but, unfortunately, the vessel could not stand the fire and got
charred on the outside. That can be remedied, thought our
ancestress, and plastered a layer of wet clay round a similar vessel.
This is an improvement; the cooking utensil remains uninjured, but
the heat of the fire has shrunk it, so that it is loose in its shell. The
next step is to detach it, so, with a firm grip and a jerk, shell and
kernel are separated, and pottery is invented. Perhaps, however, the
discovery which led to an intelligent use of the burnt-clay shell, was
made in a slightly different way. Ostrich-eggs and calabashes are not
to be found in every part of the world, but everywhere mankind has
arrived at the art of making baskets out of pliant materials, such as
bark, bast, strips of palm-leaf, supple twigs, etc. Our inventor has no
water-tight vessel provided by nature. “Never mind, let us line the
basket with clay.” This answers the purpose, but alas! the basket gets
burnt over the blazing fire, the woman watches the process of
cooking with increasing uneasiness, fearing a leak, but no leak
appears. The food, done to a turn, is eaten with peculiar relish; and
the cooking-vessel is examined, half in curiosity, half in satisfaction
at the result. The plastic clay is now hard as stone, and at the same
time looks exceedingly well, for the neat plaiting of the burnt basket
is traced all over it in a pretty pattern. Thus, simultaneously with
pottery, its ornamentation was invented.
Primitive woman has another claim to respect. It was the man,
roving abroad, who invented the art of producing fire at will, but the
woman, unable to imitate him in this, has been a Vestal from the
earliest times. Nothing gives so much trouble as the keeping alight of
the smouldering brand, and, above all, when all the men are absent
from the camp. Heavy rain-clouds gather, already the first large
drops are falling, the first gusts of the storm rage over the plain. The
little flame, a greater anxiety to the woman than her own children,
flickers unsteadily in the blast. What is to be done? A sudden thought
occurs to her, and in an instant she has constructed a primitive hut
out of strips of bark, to protect the flame against rain and wind.
This, or something very like it, was the way in which the principle
of the house was discovered; and even the most hardened misogynist
cannot fairly refuse a woman the credit of it. The protection of the
hearth-fire from the weather is the germ from which the human
dwelling was evolved. Men had little, if any share, in this forward
step, and that only at a late stage. Even at the present day, the
plastering of the housewall with clay and the manufacture of pottery
are exclusively the women’s business. These are two very significant
survivals. Our European kitchen-garden, too, is originally a woman’s
invention, and the hoe, the primitive instrument of agriculture, is,
characteristically enough, still used in this department. But the
noblest achievement which we owe to the other sex is unquestionably
the art of cookery. Roasting alone—the oldest process—is one for
which men took the hint (a very obvious one) from nature. It must
have been suggested by the scorched carcase of some animal
overtaken by the destructive forest-fires. But boiling—the process of
improving organic substances by the help of water heated to boiling-
point—is a much later discovery. It is so recent that it has not even
yet penetrated to all parts of the world. The Polynesians understand
how to steam food, that is, to cook it, neatly wrapped in leaves, in a
hole in the earth between hot stones, the air being excluded, and
(sometimes) a few drops of water sprinkled on the stones; but they
do not understand boiling.
To come back from this digression, we find that the slender Nyasa
woman has, after once more carefully examining the finished pot,
put it aside in the shade to dry. On the following day she sends me
word by her son, Salim Matola, who is always on hand, that she is
going to do the burning, and, on coming out of my house, I find her
already hard at work. She has spread on the ground a layer of very
dry sticks, about as thick as one’s thumb, has laid the pot (now of a
yellowish-grey colour) on them, and is piling brushwood round it.
My faithful Pesa mbili, the mnyampara, who has been standing by,
most obligingly, with a lighted stick, now hands it to her. Both of
them, blowing steadily, light the pile on the lee side, and, when the
flame begins to catch, on the weather side also. Soon the whole is in a
blaze, but the dry fuel is quickly consumed and the fire dies down, so
that we see the red-hot vessel rising from the ashes. The woman
turns it continually with a long stick, sometimes one way and
sometimes another, so that it may be evenly heated all over. In
twenty minutes she rolls it out of the ash-heap, takes up the bundle
of spinach, which has been lying for two days in a jar of water, and
sprinkles the red-hot clay with it. The places where the drops fall are
marked by black spots on the uniform reddish-brown surface. With a
sigh of relief, and with visible satisfaction, the woman rises to an
erect position; she is standing just in a line between me and the fire,
from which a cloud of smoke is just rising: I press the ball of my
camera, the shutter clicks—the apotheosis is achieved! Like a
priestess, representative of her inventive sex, the graceful woman
stands: at her feet the hearth-fire she has given us beside her the
invention she has devised for us, in the background the home she has
built for us.
At Newala, also, I have had the manufacture of pottery carried on
in my presence. Technically the process is better than that already
described, for here we find the beginnings of the potter’s wheel,
which does not seem to exist in the plains; at least I have seen
nothing of the sort. The artist, a frightfully stupid Makua woman, did
not make a depression in the ground to receive the pot she was about
to shape, but used instead a large potsherd. Otherwise, she went to
work in much the same way as Salim’s mother, except that she saved
herself the trouble of walking round and round her work by squatting
at her ease and letting the pot and potsherd rotate round her; this is
surely the first step towards a machine. But it does not follow that
the pot was improved by the process. It is true that it was beautifully
rounded and presented a very creditable appearance when finished,
but the numerous large and small vessels which I have seen, and, in
part, collected, in the “less advanced” districts, are no less so. We
moderns imagine that instruments of precision are necessary to
produce excellent results. Go to the prehistoric collections of our
museums and look at the pots, urns and bowls of our ancestors in the
dim ages of the past, and you will at once perceive your error.
MAKING LONGITUDINAL CUT IN
BARK
DRAWING THE BARK OFF THE LOG
REMOVING THE OUTER BARK

BEATING THE BARK
WORKING THE BARK-CLOTH AFTER BEATING, TO MAKE IT

SOFT
MANUFACTURE OF BARK-CLOTH AT NEWALA

To-day, nearly the whole population of German East Africa is
clothed in imported calico. This was not always the case; even now in
some parts of the north dressed skins are still the prevailing wear,
and in the north-western districts—east and north of Lake
Tanganyika—lies a zone where bark-cloth has not yet been
superseded. Probably not many generations have passed since such
bark fabrics and kilts of skins were the only clothing even in the
south. Even to-day, large quantities of this bright-red or drab
material are still to be found; but if we wish to see it, we must look in
the granaries and on the drying stages inside the native huts, where
it serves less ambitious uses as wrappings for those seeds and fruits
which require to be packed with special care. The salt produced at
Masasi, too, is packed for transport to a distance in large sheets of
bark-cloth. Wherever I found it in any degree possible, I studied the
process of making this cloth. The native requisitioned for the
purpose arrived, carrying a log between two and three yards long and
as thick as his thigh, and nothing else except a curiously-shaped
mallet and the usual long, sharp and pointed knife which all men and
boys wear in a belt at their backs without a sheath—horribile dictu!
[51]
Silently he squats down before me, and with two rapid cuts has
drawn a couple of circles round the log some two yards apart, and
slits the bark lengthwise between them with the point of his knife.
With evident care, he then scrapes off the outer rind all round the
log, so that in a quarter of an hour the inner red layer of the bark
shows up brightly-coloured between the two untouched ends. With
some trouble and much caution, he now loosens the bark at one end,
and opens the cylinder. He then stands up, takes hold of the free
edge with both hands, and turning it inside out, slowly but steadily
pulls it off in one piece. Now comes the troublesome work of
scraping all superfluous particles of outer bark from the outside of
the long, narrow piece of material, while the inner side is carefully
scrutinised for defective spots. At last it is ready for beating. Having
signalled to a friend, who immediately places a bowl of water beside
him, the artificer damps his sheet of bark all over, seizes his mallet,
lays one end of the stuff on the smoothest spot of the log, and
hammers away slowly but continuously. “Very simple!” I think to
myself. “Why, I could do that, too!”—but I am forced to change my
opinions a little later on; for the beating is quite an art, if the fabric is
not to be beaten to pieces. To prevent the breaking of the fibres, the
stuff is several times folded across, so as to interpose several
thicknesses between the mallet and the block. At last the required
state is reached, and the fundi seizes the sheet, still folded, by both
ends, and wrings it out, or calls an assistant to take one end while he
holds the other. The cloth produced in this way is not nearly so fine
and uniform in texture as the famous Uganda bark-cloth, but it is
quite soft, and, above all, cheap.
Now, too, I examine the mallet. My craftsman has been using the
simpler but better form of this implement, a conical block of some
hard wood, its base—the striking surface—being scored across and
across with more or less deeply-cut grooves, and the handle stuck
into a hole in the middle. The other and earlier form of mallet is
shaped in the same way, but the head is fastened by an ingenious
network of bark strips into the split bamboo serving as a handle. The
observation so often made, that ancient customs persist longest in
connection with religious ceremonies and in the life of children, here
finds confirmation. As we shall soon see, bark-cloth is still worn
during the unyago,[52] having been prepared with special solemn
ceremonies; and many a mother, if she has no other garment handy,
will still put her little one into a kilt of bark-cloth, which, after all,
looks better, besides being more in keeping with its African
surroundings, than the ridiculous bit of print from Ulaya.
MAKUA WOMEN

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An Illustrated Guide to Veterinary

Medical Terminology (MindTap Course

5. WHAT IS IN A NAME? Abbreviations Related to the

6. GUT INSTINCTS 127 10. SKIN DEEP 243

Peripheral Nervous System ...................... 325 16. TESTING TESTING 397

Ruminants ............................................ 479

TO THE STUDENT Chapter 5 consists of terms used in the animal indus-

TO THE INSTRUCTOR Kenneth Brooks, DVM, Diplomate ABVP

Lodi Veterinary Hospital, SC, Lodi, WI

Maple Woods Community College, Kansas City, MO tinued support.

to various situations. case studies, word building, diagram labeling, cross-

Chapter 7 • Includes a list of common terminology used to

• Added the following word parts: home/o and describe tumors

INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL word parts, the veterinary professional can greatly

increase his or her medical vocabulary.

• prefix: word part found at the beginning of a COMBINING VOWELS

TABLE 1–1 Contrasting Prefixes

COMBINING FORMS Panleukopenia is a deficiency of all types of white

Meanings ing or by the category they modify. Initially, when

r • -plasty (plahs-tē) = surgical repair, as in rhino-

FIGURE 1–1 Directional prefixes.

used as a record), as in electrocardiograph, the

Noun Suffix Adjective Suffix

cyanosis -osis cyanotic -tic

anemia -ia anemic -ic

mucus -us mucous -ous

Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning ®.

condyle -e condylar -ar

carpus -us carpal -al

FIGURE 1–2 Suffix variation depending upon usage.

ANALYZING MEDICAL TERMS basic components: ovari/o/hyster/ectomy. Defining

GENERAL PRONUNCIATION TABLE 1–3 Pronunciation Guide

GUIDELINES Vowel Sound Example

When looking up a medical term in the diction-

a. olig a. inter- means between

1. ______ -itis a. incision or cutting into

2. ______ -gram b. before

3. ______ post- c. surgical puncture to remove fluid or gas

4. ______ -tomy d. difficult, painful, or bad

5. ______ pre- e. enlargement

6. ______ -centesis f. excision or surgical removal

7. ______ -therapy g. liver

8. ______ dys- h. kidney

9. ______ peri- i. inflammation

10. ______ ren/o j. record

11. ______ hepat/o k. after

12. ______ -megaly l. treatment

13. ______ -ectomy m. around

14. ______ hyper- n. pain

15. ______ -algia o. excessive, increased

Match the definition in Column I to its word part in Column II.

1. ______ abnormal condition or disease a. -lysis

2. ______ abnormal softening b. -rrhea

3. ______ deficient, decreased c. -plasty

4. ______ bursting forth d. -rrhage

5. ______ creation of an artificial opening to the body surface e. eu-

6. ______ surgical repair f. -graphy

7. ______ all g. epi-

8. ______ suture to stabilize h. inter-

9. ______ procedure to visually examine i. -scopy

10. ______ good, easy, or normal j. -pexy

11. ______ upper k. hypo-

12. ______ flow or discharge l. -malacia