COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES

DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY

AN ASSESMENT OF SOCIO ECONOMIC FACTOR THAT AFFECTING

FARMER TO ADOPT MODERN AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGIES

IN AMBASSEL WOREDA IN CASE OF DENKA KEBELE

A SENIOR PROPOSAL PAPER SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF

SOCIOLOGY FOR PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT OF
(BA)DEGREE IN SOCIOLOGY.

i.
PREPAERD BY, MULUGETA WORKNEH

ADVISER, MS DEBREGENET Y DECEMBER 2023

BONGA ETHIOPIA

ACRONOMY

ADLI Agricultural development leads industrialization

CSA central statistical analysis Authority
EU European Union
FAO Food agricultural organization
GDP Growth domestic product
GTP Growth transformation plan
IFAD International fund for agricultural development
MOARD Ministry of Agriculture and rural development
PASDEP Plan for Accelerated and sustained development to end
SDPRP Sustainable development and program
SSA Sub Saharan Africa

II
Table of Content

III
s
CHAPTER ONE........................................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................1
1.1 Background of The study.....................................................................................................1
1.2 Statement of the problem.................................................................................................2
1.3 Objective of the study.......................................................................................................4

1.3.1. General Objective.....................................................................................................4

1.3.2 Specific objectives....................................................................................................4
1.4. Research questions..........................................................................................................4
1.5 Significance of the study..................................................................................................4
1.6. Definition of terms..........................................................................................................5

1.6.1 Conceptual definition term........................................................................................5

1.6.2 Operational definition...............................................................................................5
1.7 scope of the study.............................................................................................................5
1.8 Limitation of the study.....................................................................................................5
1.9 Conceptual Frame work...................................................................................................6

CHAPETER TWO.....................................................................................................................7
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE..................................................................................7
2.1. An over view of Agricultural extension..........................................................................8
2.2 The Agricultural sector and it importance........................................................................8
2.3 The process of Agricultural Technology Adoption in Developing countries...................9
2.4 Determinants of Agricultural Technology Adoption......................................................10

2.4.1 Technology Factors.................................................................................................11

2.4.2 Economic Factors....................................................................................................11
2.4.3 Institutional factor...................................................................................................12
2.5 Socio- Economic Factors Affecting adoption of Agricultural Technology....................12

2.6 Diffusion of Innovation (DOI) Theories....................................................................13

2.6.1 Gender and Development Theory...........................................................................13
2.7 Agricultural Sector of Ethiopia.......................................................................................13
2.8 The Attitude of Farmer Agricultural Extension system..................................................15

IV
CHAPETER THREE...............................................................................................................15
3. RESEARCH METHOD.......................................................................................................15
3.1. Study Design.....................................................................................................................15
3.2. Study approach..............................................................................................................16
3. Study Area........................................................................................................................16
3.3 Study population.............................................................................................................16
3.4 Sampling Technique and size.........................................................................................16
3.5 Data Collection technique and instrument.....................................................................16

3.5.1 Questioner...............................................................................................................17
Interview guide lines is method of data collection, which enables to gather qualitative
data from the respondent, in doing so researchers use semi structured interview...........17
3.5.2 Interview.................................................................................................................17
3.6 Source of Data................................................................................................................17

3.6.1 Primary Source of Data...........................................................................................17

3.6.2 Secondary Source of Data.......................................................................................17
3.7 Method of Data Analysis and Interpretation..................................................................17
3.8 Ethical Consideration.....................................................................................................17

References................................................................................................................................19

V
 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of The study

Agriculture is science of cultivating the harvesting crop raising livestock and art production
of plant and animal useful to man the need to feed growing world population and make
agricultural production more efficient most important agriculture is world largest economic
sector and an worldwide basis more people are involved in agriculture in all other occupation
combined (EV,2009). Where a most part of the world like European America and part of Asia
are meting food requirement for their own people or in the process of doing so other countries
in Africa and part of Asia are still struggling to feed their growing population UN ,
(2008).report the store world population is growing by 86 million per year and prediction to
in is that will reach billion people by 2050 agriculture serve as source of employment directly
for most people or in directly by generating drop out the farm.(IFAD,2000).
Agriculture plays important role in economic growth enhancing food security poverty
reduction and rural development is the main source of around 2.5billion people in the
development world (FAO, 2003). And modern agriculture is identified as vital development
tool for achieving millennium development goal one of which is to have people suffering
from extremely poverty and hanger by 2015 world bank 2008). However, majority of small
holder farmer relies on traditional method of production and this has lowered the level of
productivity (World Bank, 2008).
Agricultural technology adoption is important to ending poverty and food in security has
been discussed Besley and cause (199. IN developing countries improving the livelihood via
agricultural productivity world remains a mere wish agricultural technology adoption rare is
low. Hence their use need to adopt the proven or the agricultural technology so as to height

ii.
production as well as productivity and their by need to adopt the proven or agricultural
technology living condition of the rural poor further more for developing countries the best
way to catch developed countries in through agricultural technologies diffusion and adoption
(Faster and Rodent,2010).have had claimed as production and productivity will likely to slow
Down and rural poverty was prevelated is not given to the use and adoption of agricultural
technologies (Faster and Rosen , 2010).
Several factors affecting the development of agriculture in Africa include develop market and
low price of agricultural product climate change and vulnerable weather condition lack of
accuses to modern mechanized equipment and irrigation facilities and access credit facility
(Thomas, 2002).
Agriculture is serves as the main source of food and generates 90%of the foreign exchange
earnings. It provides raw materials for more than 70%of the country's industry (Getahun,
2004).Despite its importance in the live likelihood of the people and its potential. The sectors
have remained at subsistence level .in general low productivity characterizes agriculture. The
poor performance in food production coupled with rapid population growth of 3.1% during
1980-1990 aggravated the problem of house hold food security and per-capital food
production. In addition climate change, induce soil fertility, recurrent and prolonged drought,
environmental degradation reliance on traditional agricultural practice, lack of in adequate
financial service and human capital weak agricultural markets and poor infrastructure are
believed to have responsible for the low productivity of the agricultural sector to increase
agricultural productivity and improved food security at both national and house hold level.
Efforts have been under way to generate and disseminate improved agricultural technologies
among small holder farmers (Berhanu, 2002).
According to these study will be area the so called Denka Kebele most of the people are rural
dwellers farm house holds and the farmers will be most produce sorghum,teff,been,miaze and
all of the problem which affecting modern agriculture technology adoption and the farmers
starting to use of modern agricultural technology to overcome the problem low production.

1.2 Statement of the problem

2
The Ethiopian agricultural sector focus serious multi faced problem in production and supply
of food this problem have called for various techniques and approach which are intended to
improve productivity of sector so as to break the victim of food in security and under
development of problem agricultural stagnation(Befikadu and Berhau,2000).
A part from Bing biased against livestock sub sector these approach have captured only
farmer located a few kilo meter from both side of all -weather red (Belay, 1998).the
agricultural extension service indicates number of genetic problem complexities involved in
service effect of wider agricultural development policy environment for success the critical
role of other institutional support service such as input. Credit and agricultural marketing,
lack of political support and commitment, in adequate public funding and insufficient
relevant technologies (Belay, 2003).
The peasant farmer for labor saving can more appropriately be address implements for land
preparation harvesting etc.by any mechanized implement again technological change in per-
industrial agriculture first took the form not of mechanization but of a switch from lower in to
higher working capacity hand tools (Collins, 2009).
(Belay2020) points out that the farmer make a very marginal contribution in design and
formulating extension activities also not that neither the farmer nor the front line extension
agent are consulate in course of policy formulation. yet the year rural farmer depends on
endogenous or local knowledge for improved farming system and animal husbandry. Such
endogenous knowledge refers to skill and experience and gained through oral traditional and
practice over many generation (Norm, etc 1988).
The researcher didn't get any research done on the study are out of the topic. But some
researchers did research are other area on the topic such as Berihan selassie araya(1985)
study on the role of extension service in the development of agriculture and other study
mergashalla ,(2013) determining factors and impacts of modern agricultural technologies
adopt in west to wolega. Those are age of the house hold head, education level of the house
hold, distance from the market, asset owned But the researcher is going to study about socio-
economic factors that affecting to adopt of modern agricultural technologies in Ambassel
woreda the cause of Denka Kebele both socio and economic factors. Because in this Kebele

3
will be a lot of problems are exist that affecting to adopt modern agricultural technology

1.3 Objective of the study

1.3.1. General Objective

The General objective of this study will be to investigate the socio economic factors that
affecting farmers to adopt modern agricultural technologies in Ambassel woreda in case of
Denka kebele.

1.3.2 Specific objectives

 To assess the current status of farmers to modern agricultural technologies usage

 To identify social factors that affecting farmers to adopt modern agricultural
technologies
 To identify economic constraints to introduce and adopt modern agricultural
technologies

1.4. Research questions

 What is the level of farmers regarding technologies usage?

 What are social factors that affecting farmers to adopt modern agricultural
technologies?
 What are the economic constraints of farmers to introduce and adopt modern
agricultural technologies?

1.5 Significance of the study

Significance of the study will be use the base line to other researcher and it will be providing
clear information for various concern body about the issue and this study will be serve as

4
supplementary provision for the future investigation of the problem as well as to creating
awareness of socio economic factors that affecting to adopt modern agricultural technology.

1.6. Definition of terms

1.6.1 Conceptual definition term

 Adoption: it is the process that farmer accept the new agricultural system in rural area
 Agriculture: the system of economy that practice mostly in developing country and it
is practice by farmer to get croup out put
 Farmers: are an individual who participate in agricultural activity

1.6.2 Operational definition

 Adoption: /processing able to change or be changed in order to deal successful with

new situation.
 Agriculture: it is the farmer to plough /cultivation/of the land
 Farmer: it is a rural person who owns or manages a farm.
 Farm: is an area of land and the use for growing crops and keeping animate.

1.7 scope of the study

Because of budget and time constraints the scope of the study will be limit on factors that
affecting rural farmers to adopt modern agricultural technologies in Ambassel woreda
particularly Denka kebele

1.8 Limitation of the study

Like many other research works this research will be not without limitations. The limitation
of the study will be include lack of relevant written data at office level, lack of transportation,
shortage of finance to cover large study area, unwillingness of respondents to give adequate
information and the like affect the findings of the study.

5
1.9 Conceptual Frame work

6
 Technological factor
Low awareness farmer
Decrease fertility of soil

Low adoption of modern agricultural technologies

Institutional factor
-low level of education
Economic factors -Lack of information
-low level of income -low awareness of training
- Low amount of production
-Low farm size

CHAPETER TWO

7
 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1. An over view of Agricultural extension

Agricultural extension Application of scientific research and new knowledge to agricultural

practice such as irrigation corporation of application of fertilizer and pesticide and
domestication of livestock where developed long ago, but have, made grate process in the
country, the history of agricultural has play a major role in human history, as agricultural
progress has been crucial factor in the world wide Socioeconomic Chang, (Gate Diamond,
2012).
The need for agricultural extension and rural information and also advisory service is likely
to intensify foreseeable feature. Immature the world agriculture face the challenge of keeping
pace with rapidly, increasing population with reserve of potentially cultivable land.
Agricultural extension has known become recognize as an essential mechanisms of for
developing information and advice as input in to modern farming the main focus of
agricultural extension work in most past independence period was to increase agricultural
production and spread the benefit of improve farming technique more widely(piciotten and
Anderson, 1987).

2.2 The Agricultural sector and it importance

Development is more closely associated some form of action and intervention to influence
the entire process of social change and has three element and aspect economic social and
human development it is dynamic concept suggest in movement away from previous situation
this process of development can talk difference from and have variety of objective, (Weakly
and Gar Jorth 1995).
In developing world particularly in Africa economic development is close associated with
agriculture. Agriculture is most important sector in whole process of development it provides
that food. The back of employment and
Income for the majority of rural population and earn currency for the national economy.
Agriculture is also conceded as an engine of local processing industries because it role as

8
source of raw material and market for output of this industries,(Issaace,1987). One of
characteristics of most developing county economy is that high proportion of labor force is
engage in agriculture this increase productivity in the agricultural sector should provide initial
stimulus far overall economic, development if developing country is substantially to
increase,, agriculture on sustain base, they too must provide institution that make it possible
for farmer to adopt improved practice and incentive that will induce them to do so, (Conifer
and As haw, 1987).
In typical agrarian economy of most developing countries agriculture it must make self-
substantial contribution which able national economic growth. To take place on aid front, as
to produce industrialization specifically it should increase food production considerable in
equality and currency of support industrial developing in (lssace, 1987).

2.3 The process of Agricultural Technology Adoption in Developing

countries.

Agriculture high light two major drivers if the successful agricultural technology adoption in
developing countries(1) availability of afford ability of technology, and(2) farmers
expectation that adoption will remain the profitable both which determine extent to which
farmer are sick over’s,(Foster and Rosenzwing,2010).A number of factor drive the above
expectation, ranging from availability and size of land family labor price and profitable
agriculture enterprise and peer effect conceptual farm work presented here high light the
various path way through which different factor which influence House Hold decision to
adopt agricultural technology one of the more high light constrain to agricultural technologies
is availability of cultivable land (Carletto et al 2007).
Carletto et al, (2007) it is argued that availability land help reduce liquidity constrain faced by
house hold and also reduce risk over on the other hand ownership large tracts of land can
facilities experimentation with new agricultural technology and also determine the peace of
adoption large land owner are more likely to be the early adopt, (De, janvry et, al 2011).
On the other hand limited availability of land my use of super organic fertilizer in poor
9
resource setting, further more quality of land may be major factor in deciding the use of key
input such as chemical fertilizer or adoption improved crop variety due you to expect higher
return (Carletto et al,2007).
Based on extensive studies in Ethiopia, it has been shown that life cycle effects are important
deliver of agricultural technology adoption (Assefw and admass, 2004). In particular younger
as well as much older house hold heads are risk over’s and are less likely to adopt new
technology ,on the other hand availability of adult family members with in house hold may
facilitate the process of technology because most farming house hold can noteaziaguiar labor
due you to (Carletto et al,2007).
Some author also high light the fact that continued availability of adult house
Hold member is major factor in determining whether house hold constraint continue with
technology after making decision to adopt. Key determine of sustained adoption is
profitability of agricultural enterprise changing price of agricultural product down to the
major factor in agricultural technologies adoption (kijima et all,2011) initially attracted by
higher product price farmer can abandon the technologies if expected benefit from adoption
are lower than prevailing cost there are a number Of way through which profitability of
product may be lowered for cash crop change in international trade regime may negatively
affect world price and constantly depress local price the global decline in cotton price do you
to cotton subsides in developed countries best illustrated this fact(Minot and Danial,2005).

2.4 Determinants of Agricultural Technology Adoption

There exists vast literature on factor thaw determine Agricultural technologies adoption.
According to Lovinsohn etc. (2013).Farmer decision about whether and how to adopt new
technologies are conditions by dynamic interaction between characteristics of technologies
itself and it array of condition and circumstance diffusion itself result from series of
individual diffusion to begin using new technologies decision which are often result of
compassion of uncertain benefit of new invention with uncertain cost of the adopting it (Hall
and Khan, 2002)
An understanding of the factor influence those chose is essential Both for economist studying
determinant of growth and for generation and disseminate of such technology (Hall and
10
Khan,2002), traditionally economic analysis of technologies adoption has sought to explain
adoption behavior in relation to personal characteristics and endowment in perfect
information, risk, uncertainty institutional constraint input availability and infrastructure
more recent strand of literature has include social network and learning in the categories’
factor determining adoption of technologies factors determine adoption of Agricultural
technology by chotazolizing them in to technological factor, institutional factor economic
factors ,(Feeder et al,1985).

2.4.1 Technology Factors

Characteristics of technology is the precondition of adopting it tradability or degree to which

potential adopter Country something out on small scale first before adopting is completely
major determinant of technology adoption (Doss,2003). They argued that farmer who
perceives technology being consistent with their need and computable their environment are
likely to adopt science they find it as positive investment farmer perception about the
performance of technologies significantly influence their decision adopt them It is there for
important that for any new technologies to be introduced to they should be involved in
evolution to find it stability to their circumstance (Karvgia et al, 2004).

2.4.2 Economic Factors

Farm size play critical role adoption process of new technology many author have analyzed
farm size as one of important determinant of technology adoption farm size can affect and in
turn be affected by other factor in influencing adoption, (Lovison 2013) some technology are
termed as scale dependent because of the great important Of farm size in adoption
(Bonnabona-Wabbi 2002).Many studies have reported positive relation between farm size
and adoption of Agricultural technologies (Vaiene et al, 2009).Farmer with large farm size are
likely to adopt new technology as they can afford to devote part of their land to try new
technologies unlike those with less farm size. In addition lumpy technologies such use
mechanized equipment or animal traction leaivgtre economics of size to ensure profitability
(Federal, Just and zillberman, 1985).
Negative influence of farm size on adoption of new Agricultural technologies small farm size

11
may provide incentive and to adopt technology especially in the cause of an input intensive
innovation such as labor intensive and to loan save technologies. A key determinant of
adoption new technologies is net gain to the farmer from adoption inclusive of all cost of
using the new technologies, (Foster and Rosenweing, 2010). The cost adopting agricultural
technologies has been found to be constraint to technologies adoption for instance the
elimination of subsidies on price of seed and fertilizer since the 1990 do you to world bank
sponsors structural adjustment program in sub Saharan Africa has winded this constraints
(Musari et al 2013).Determinant of technology on adoption have also reported high cost of
technologies us incur on to adopt don.

2.4.3 Institutional factor

Belonging to social group enhance social capital allowing trust idea and informational
exchange,(mignovna et al,2011) .farmer with in social group learn from each other benefit
and usage of a new technology as sited as vaiene suggest that social network effect are
important for individual decision and in the particular context of agricultural innovation
farmer share information and learn from each other Acquisition of information about new
technology is determine adoption of technologies it enable farmer to learn existence as well
as effective use of technology and this facilities its adoption farmer well only adopt the are
aware of have heard about it access to information reduce uncertainty about technology
performance hence by the change individual Assessment from purely subjective to objective
over term (Bonabana-wabbi,2002).

2.5 Socio- Economic Factors Affecting adoption of Agricultural Technology

Socio economic factor that constrain woman farmer to from adopting Agricultural
technologies found the factor to be lack of access to land, lack capital and credit facilities non
membership of women’s group non provision of information by the agricultural officer on
agricultural production technologies and ineffective extension service and coverage, however
it is not yet known which factor prevent women farmer from adopting conservation
Agricultural in general,(Davis et al, 2010).Farmers access to labor (family or guard) critically
impact their ability to adopt new technologies and increase overall production in this cause

12
female headed House hold may be as disadvantage as they have fewer male family member
and fewer resource to by outside labor,(Koholin,2011)
In Ethiopia we man who do not have adolescent or adult son must hire additional labor to
plough their fields because their cultural prevent them. From doing such work however
culture differ from one county to another country Doss(2001).Noted in here review of
designing technologies for African females farmer found that here is enormous diversity and
complexity and between different Africa village and countries and intervention differed
according to context culture or country on major constraint to technology adoption is that
woman have less access to new technologies and the input necessary to utilize these
technologies to the fullest,(Doess,2001).
This studies look to safe two theories Diffusion of innovation (DOI) theory and Gender and
development theories

2.6 Diffusion of Innovation (DOI) Theories

Diffusion of innovation Theories is use to explain how an innovation speed and how it is
adopted or not adoption of innovation refers to the decision to apply an innovation and to
continue to use it,(Rogers,2003) a wide range of aspect which include ,economic, social,
physical, and technical aspect of farming influence adoption of Agricultural production
technology, (Olade and Adekasa,2006).Adoption has been determined through various
variable including gender level formal education house hold size and Wealth level the
involvement of farmer technologies development process is central for success in adoption of
farm technologies and farmer decision to adopt or not depend on their attitude to Ward the
innovation farming experience households size and visit by the extension agent,(Oladele and
Adekoya,2006).

2.6.1 Gender and Development Theory

The GAD theory focus on changing the structure such as low system of through and
socialization practice that help identify the disadvantage among woman in Agriculture, (Tritz
and Martin,1998).offers holistic view of woman issue and believes that women live are
shaped by with men and people in their society,(Young, 1993).

13
 2.7 Agricultural Sector of Ethiopia

Ethiopia Agricultural sector is dominated by subsistence low input-output and find farming
system the use of Chemical fertilizer and improved seed in inquire limit disport government
effort to encourage the adoption of modern intensive agricultural practice low agricultural
productivity contribute to limit access by small holder farmer to agricultural input finical
service impose agricultural production technologies irrigation and agricultural market and
also more important to poor land management practice that havelead to sever land
degradation Ethiopia Will one of high rate of nutrient depletion in sub-Saharan ,less
nationwide from the use of dung for fuel is equivalent to total amount of the chemical
fertilizer Applied land become degrade due to over grazing, deforestation population
pressure and in adequate to land use planning in more developing countries, (MoFED.2010).
In Ethiopia agriculture is subsistence and production encompass that peasant mode of
production and character by small and often fragment land primitive tool and implemented
production great to personal need rather than market also lack alternative seasonal
employment opportunities and all most total absence of either grain chaise,(Mesfin,1991).As
part of developing countries in general and sub-Saharan Africa in particular Ethiopia is an
agrarian country that predominantly livid on subsistence agriculture according to ministry of
finance and economic development, (MoFED,2003). Since 1990 as national strategy
Ethiopia has exposed Agricultural development lead industrialization, (ADLI) which
predominantly advocates small holder agriculture and their transformation in to Commercial
agriculture, Employing Agricultural, Technology supporting this ministry of Agriculture and
development, (MoARD,2010).

In forced that ministry of country total production is been produced by small holder farmer
and the sector contribute go of foreign earnings and 70% of the raw material s for industry
although the sector contribute this much due you to insufficient role of production and
productivity, persistent poverty and drought are actually the main manifestation of to trim
down and make poverty history the country has designed and has implanting different
poverty reduction including and sustainable development and poverty program(SDPRP) the
14
Plan, for accelerated and sustained development to end poverty (PASDEP) and growth and
transformation plan (Abay,2004)
Traditionally according to foster Rosenweing in 1996 Agricultural technology adoption
decision was seriously been determined by imperfect information ,risk uncertainty,
institutional constraint Human capital input availability infrastructural problem in Ethiopia
chemical fertilizer adoption can be determined by economic,social,physical and technical
aspect of farmer. In Africa in general SSA in particular fertilizer use capacity is using
determined by human capital, basic education, extension, (Abay, 2004).

2.8 The Attitude of Farmer Agricultural Extension system

Farmer attitude to extension service are negatively related to the type of crop crown this is to
they that farmer attitude are most may to be negative it the service provided by extension
agent are not relevant to the type of crop grown by the farmer,(Aadenike,pebbecoa,2004).The
interaction between extension agent and farmer are extent to farmer perceive extension agent
as use full to the them per amount to bring about change in Agricultural output attitude
generated by the top down transfer technologies paradigm have perceived learning in
diagnosis Knowledge of farmer reason for non-adoption ,innovation resulting from
have ,conventional paradigm have been attribute to out sided stereotype of small scale farmer
example ignorance, laziness, conservatively of our advocate delivery system, Examples poor
extension service lack if credit facility but seldom to characteristics of innovation themselves,
(Chamber,1990).
The farmer attitude according to the age of experience, education level and frequency, also
the type of contact public extension will be also negative, negative attitude participate farmer
toward the public agricultural extension service to mean constrain to adopt rate of agricultural
technology by farmer and consequently production is affected by negative attitude,
(Hinnd,2009).

CHAPETER THREE

3. RESEARCH METHOD

3.1. Study Design

15
The researchers will be use cross-sectional study design because the data collect one point of
time, the main reason is considering time and budget constraint. The study will be use mixing
approach (both qualitative and quantitative) method data collection, the data will be collect
separately and the collect data merge together for interpretation. These mixing methods are
very important for the validity and reliability of funding in terms of accuracy and checking
personal bias in the research.

3.2. Study approach

The study will be Employ both quantitative and qualitative research method. The reason will
be validity and reliability of the study that mean validity the problem of whether the data
collect is a true picture of what is being study, in reliability anybody else using this method or
the some other person using at other time will become the same result.

3. Study Area

The study will be conduct in Ambassel woreda which is found in south Wollo in Ambassel
woreda specifically Denka kebele. Denka kebele is located south of chisa, North of abet, East
of last and west of Woldia Gebrial. Denka far from Addis Abeba at 460 km and distance
between Denka and Dessie is approximately 78 kilometers (48 miles) when traveling by road.
This distance may vary slightly depending on the specific route taken.climate condition of the
denka kebele is kola. The kebele has the total population of 6024 and from this 2038 are male
and 3986 are female. From this 1038 are householder and the kebele common Agricultural
product are teff and sorghum and the major livestockare cow, Oxen, Donkey, Got.

3.3 Study population

The study will be people who are participate in Agriculture in Denka kebele.this kebele the
total population will be accounts 6024. House holder who participated in farming activity
who is married, they have their own land and paying tax are 1238 and these farmer are the
target population the study.
3.4 Sampling Technique and size
The researchers will be use non-probability or non-random sampling design. From non-

16
probability sampling design purposive or judgmental sampling techniques will use while
conducting this study because of it is impossible to get the exact sampling frame of farmer,
from this non probability sampling technique judgmental sampling will be use because
employ this technique will an advantage of for the researchers to selecting the respondents
based on option and the relevance of study from 1238 house holders of the Denka Kebele the
researchers selecting 40 respondents.
3.5 Data Collection technique and instrument
3.5.1 Questioner
The researchers preparing questions that contain both close and open-ended questions and the
researcher will be read for the respondent and put their answer properly. This is going to use
researchers administering questioner, because most of the respondents are illiterate.
Gathering data by using questioner will be very important to save time and to gather large
information in short period of time.
Interview guide lines is method of data collection, which enables to gather qualitative data
from the respondent, in doing so researchers use semi structured interview.
3.5.2 Interview
Interview because it expect of full filing those which may not gather by questioner and to
support data, which will be gathering by questioner and as well as to understanding more
about the response of the respondents, those interviewer persons will be model farmer and
ordinary farmer ask question what are social and economic factors that affecting farmers not
adopt modern agricultural technology
3.6 Source of Data
3.6.1 Primary Source of Data
The researchers will be use primary source of data these will be questionnaire and semi-
structure interview.
3.6.2 Secondary Source of Data
The researchers will be use secondary source of data like available documents and internet
and other related material

3.7 Method of Data Analysis and Interpretation

17
The researchers will be use to analysis data both qualitative and quantitative analysis method.
Quantitative data which obtained by questioners was analyzed by using descriptive statistics
like percentage frequency, table. The data which will be obtain through semi structure
interview analysis in word or statement.

3.8 Ethical Consideration

The important of this study will be the researchers to get permission and willingness of the
respondents to give from the information. After that all information must other based on free
will of the respondents, the researcher dose not force them, in every interaction, the
researcher should respect the respondents right and dignity, there is no need of naming
respondent involving in study will be like respondent have free choice to decide whether to
deliver required information,

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1 Budget break down

This research requires as total of birr 1530 to accomplish the research

Quantity Cost prevent Total cost

No Cost item Birr Cent Birr Cent

18
1 Paper 1 packet 500 00 500 00

2 Pen 2 25 00 50 00

3 Flash 0 00 00 00 00

4 Binder 0 00 00 00 00

5 Transportation 2 days 500 00 1000 00

cost

Total 1550

4.2 Time break down

The following show tables, the allocation of time for each specific task by the researcher.

Months

No Activities Oct Nove Dece Janu Febr March

1 Topic selection ×

2 Literature review ×

3 Proposal development ×

4 Data collection ×

5 Data analysis ×

6 Interpretation ×

7 Presentation

References

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