1

PROSPECTUS PART 1: REFERENCE ASSIGNMENT

by

Carmine Costello

Department of Psychology, Liberty University

A Prospectus Presented in Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirements for the Degree

Doctor of Philosophy

Liberty University

[Month, Year]
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Abstract

This dissertation prospectus aims to investigate the influence of incarceration on an

individual’s likelihood of being found incompetent to stand trial. However, the experience of

incarceration may pose significant challenges to an individual’s mental health, cognitive

functioning, and social support networks, potentially impacting their competency. The study will

draw upon a multidisciplinary approach, Integrating legal frameworks, psychological theories,

and empirical research to explore the complex relationship between incarceration and

competency. The research will examine the effects of incarceration on mental health, cognitive

functioning, and social support networks, utilizing a mixed-methods approach involving

quantitative surveys, cognitive assessments, and qualitative interviews. The study will include

incarcerated individuals who are undergoing competency evaluations or have been found

incompetent to stand trial, as well as a comparison group of individuals who have not

experienced incarceration. Ethical considerations will be paramount, ensuring informed consent,

participant confidentiality, and addressing potential risks or harm associated with the research,

purpose is shedding by examining the factors associated with competency evaluations and the

potential impact of incarceration.

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Introduction

The competency to stand trial is a fundamental principle in criminal justice systems

worldwide. It ensures that defendants possess the mental capacity. However, the experience of

incarceration may have a significant impact on an individual’s mental health and cognitive

functioning, potentially affecting their ability to meet the competency standards required for trial

(Clark & Watson, 2019). This dissertation aims to explore the influence of incarceration on an

individual’s likelihood of being found incompetent to stand trial. The unique environment of

incarceration can affect an individual’s mental state and cognitive abilities, potentially

undermining their ability to participate effectively in legal proceedings.

The pre-released criminal defendants and jailed inmates will be the main topics of this

dissertation. The impact of jail on a person’s likelihood of being declared incompetent to stand

trial raises an important question. This dissertation aims to shed light on this complex issue by

examining the factors associated with competency evaluations and the potential impact of

incarceration. Deciding if detained litigants have a higher probability of being found bumbling to

stand preliminary contrasted with bond litigants will require a complete assessment of different

elements, including psychological wellness status, admittance to mental wellbeing

administrations, and expected predispositions in the assessment cycle (Buchanan, 2006).

Although it is possible to speculate that the effects of incarceration might make incompetency

findings more likely, more research is needed to prove a connection. To guarantee fairness and

uphold the principles of justice for all defendants involved in the legal system, regardless of their

custody status, it is essential to recognize the complexities of this issue.

According to Hoge (2016), this particular aspect of competency to stand trial will

therefore be the focus of this dissertation. Several theories and frameworks have been proposed
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to comprehend the factors that are associated with the competence of incarcerated defendants

when examining competency to stand trial. These theories shed light on the intricate relationship

between competency assessments, incarceration, and mental health. According to Hoge (2016),

some of these theories include the deinstitutionalization theory, the criminalization of mental

illness theory, the cognitive impairment theory, the stress and trauma theory, and the systemic

bias theory. These hypotheses give systems to understanding the connection between ability to

stand preliminary and detained respondents. Nonetheless, each case of the exposition will be

evaluated separately, taking into account the one of a kind conditions and qualities of the litigant.

In order to guarantee that incarcerated defendants receive competency determinations that are

both fair and accurate, comprehensive evaluations will look at specific mental health needs,

access to resources, and potential biases (Buchanan, 2006).

This exposition will investigate different variable interests to acquire an extensive

comprehension of this complicated subject. A few vital variable interests for this study will

incorporate emotional well-being conclusion and seriousness, length of imprisonment,

admittance to emotional well-being treatment, segment factors, and lawful portrayal. This

dissertation will provide valuable insights into the intricate relationship between mental health,

incarceration, and legal proceedings by examining these varied interests. The discoveries of this

exploration will add to informed arrangement making and the advancement of additional

successful intercessions to guarantee equity and emotional wellness balance for this weak

populace (Edmond & Martire, 2019).

Background of the Study

Competency to stand trial is the experience of incarceration can have a significant impact

on an individual’s mental health and cognitive functioning, potentially affecting their ability to
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meet the competency standards required for trial. This literature review aims to examine existing

research that explores the influence of incarceration on an individual’s likelihood of being found

incompetent to stand trial (Dror & Murrie, 2018).

This dissertation aims to shed light on this complex issue by examining the factors

associated with competency evaluations and the potential impact of incarceration. Deciding if

detained litigants have a higher probability of being found bumbling to stand preliminary

contrasted with bond litigants will require a complete assessment of different elements, including

psychological wellness status, admittance to mental wellbeing administrations, and expected

predispositions in the assessment cycle (Buchanan, 2006). Although it is possible to speculate

that the effects of incarceration might make incompetency findings more likely, more research is

needed to prove a connection. To guarantee fairness and uphold the principles of justice for all

defendants involved in the legal system, regardless of their custody status, it is essential to

recognize the complexities of this issue.

Moreover, the social isolation and dehumanizing conditions of incarceration can lead to

cognitive decline. Studies have shown that prolonged periods of confinement, lack of mental

stimulation, and limited access to education and therapy can negatively impact cognitive abilities

such as attention, memory, and problem-solving skills. For instance, a study by Callahan and

Pinals (2020) observed a decline in executive functioning among incarcerated individuals,

potentially impairing their ability to comprehend complex legal concepts and assist in their

defense.

In addition to mental health and cognitive factors, the disruption of social support

networks during incarceration may further contribute to a decline in competency. Research

indicates that strong social support is essential for individuals to navigate the complexities of the
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legal system and effectively participate in their defense. Incarceration often isolates individuals

from their families, communities, and legal counsel, diminishing their ability to access necessary

resources and support. As a result, the lack of a support system may increase the likelihood of

being found incompetent to stand trial (Hill et al., 2020).

Demographic and contextual factors will also be considered when examining the

influence of incarceration on competency to stand trial. Studies have shown that certain

populations, such as individuals with pre-existing mental health conditions, low socioeconomic

status, or limited educational attainment, are more vulnerable to the negative effects of

incarceration on mental health and cognitive functioning (Clark & Watson, 2019). Additionally,

the duration and conditions of confinement, including overcrowding, violence, and lack of

mental health services, can further amplify the detrimental impact of incarceration on

competency.

It is important to note that while research has identified the potential influence of

incarceration on competency to stand trial, the relationship is complex and multifaceted. Some

studies suggest that certain individuals may develop coping mechanisms or adaptive strategies to

maintain their competency despite the challenges of incarceration. Furthermore, the legal and

ethical considerations surrounding competency evaluations and the determination of competence

also play a crucial role in the outcome of the trial (Edmond & Martire, 2019).

Scientific Foundation

The study on the influence of incarceration on an individual’s likelihood of being found

incompetent to stand trial requires a strong scientific foundation to ensure the validity and

reliability of the research. This scientific foundation encompasses several key areas, including

psychological theories, empirical research, legal frameworks, research design and methodology,
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ethical considerations, statistical analysis, and interpretation and generalization. By incorporating

these elements, the study can contribute to a deeper understanding of the relationship between

incarceration and competency to stand trial (Dror & Murrie, 2018).

The study will draw upon established psychological theories and concepts to provide a

foundation for understanding the impact of incarceration on mental health and cognitive

functioning. The stress-diathesis model, for example, will help explain how the environmental

stressors associated with incarceration interact with an individual’s vulnerabilities and

predispositions, potentially affecting their competency (Edmond & Martire, 2019). Additionally,

the cognitive impairment model will shed light on how the restrictive environment of

incarceration may impact an individual’s cognitive abilities, thereby influencing their ability to

understand and participate in legal proceedings.

Existing empirical research serves as a valuable scientific foundation for the study.

Conducting a comprehensive review of previous studies exploring the relationship between

incarceration and mental health, cognitive functioning, and competency to stand trial will help

identify gaps and inconsistencies, as well as provide insights into the methodology and findings

of related research. This foundation ensures that the current study builds upon and contributes to

the existing body of knowledge (Dror & Murrie, 2018). The study will be grounded in the legal

frameworks and guidelines surrounding competency to stand trial evaluations. Familiarity with

legal standards, evaluation methods, and relevant case law is crucial to accurately assess

participants’ competency. Understanding the legal requirements ensures that the study aligns

with the legal system’s expectations and can provide insights into the real-world implications of

the findings (Forbes et al., 2020).

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To establish a strong scientific foundation, the study will adopt appropriate research

designs and methodologies. Depending on the research questions, a mixed-methods approach

combining quantitative surveys, cognitive assessments, and qualitative interviews may be

employed. The research design will aim for a representative sample, an adequate sample size,

and control groups when applicable (Hill et al., 2020). This ensures that the study’s findings are

generalizable and reliable. Conducting research on incarcerated individuals requires careful

attention to ethical considerations. The study will adhere to ethical guidelines, obtain informed

consent from participants, and ensure participant confidentiality. Addressing any potential risks

or harm associated with the research is crucial. Ethical considerations provide a strong

foundation for conducting research that respects the rights and well-being of the participants.

Applying appropriate statistical analyses to the collected data is critical to draw

meaningful conclusions. Statistical techniques, such as correlations, regression analysis, and

multivariate analysis, will help identify relationships between variables such as incarceration,

mental health, cognitive functioning, and competency to stand trial. The statistical analysis

ensures that the study’s findings are supported by rigorous quantitative evidence. Finally, the

study will accurately interpret the findings and consider their generalizability. The results will be

analyzed in light of the study’s limitations, the research questions, and the broader context

(Forbes et al., 2020). By considering the implications of the findings, the study will contribute to

theoretical frameworks, inform policy and practice, and guide future research.

Biblical Foundation

When exploring the influence of incarceration on an individual’s likelihood of being

found incompetent to stand trial from a biblical perspective, there are several foundational

principles and teachings that can inform and shape the study. This understanding emphasizes the
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need to ensure fair and just treatment for all individuals, including those who are incarcerated.

Exploring the impact of incarceration on competency aligns with the biblical principle of

upholding the dignity and worth of every person, even in challenging circumstances (Thompson,

2018).

The Bible emphasizes the importance of compassion and justice for the vulnerable and

marginalized. Jesus taught the value of caring for those in prison, reminding his followers that

when they visited prisoners, they were ministering to him (Matthew 25:36). Studying the

influence of incarceration on competency seeks to address the well-being and fair treatment of

individuals who are facing the challenges of the legal system. The Bible also recognizes the

significance of mental and emotional well-being. It portrays individuals who experienced

distress, such as Joseph in prison (Genesis 39), David in his struggles (Psalms), and Elijah in his

depression (1 Kings 19). These accounts reflect the biblical awareness of the impact of difficult

circumstances on mental health. Examining the influence of incarceration on competency

acknowledges the potential effects on mental well-being and aligns with the biblical concern for

holistic health (Johnson, 2020).

Biblical principles of restoration and rehabilitation emphasize the possibility of

transformation and growth. The Bible presents stories of individuals who experienced

redemption, such as the thief on the cross (Luke 23:39-43) and Paul, who turned from persecutor

to apostle (Acts 9). Studying the influence of incarceration on competency can contribute to

understanding the potential for restoration and rehabilitation, thereby informing approaches to

support individuals in their journey towards competency and healing. Biblical teachings

emphasize the importance of justice, fairness, and equity in legal proceedings. The principle of

treating individuals impartially is demonstrated in passages such as Leviticus 19:15 and Proverbs
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24:23. Investigating the influence of incarceration on competency aligns with the biblical value

of ensuring that legal systems are fair and just for all individuals, regardless of their

circumstances (Davis, 2019).

While the Bible does not explicitly address the topic of competency to stand trial or the

specific influence of incarceration, its teachings provide a foundation of principles and values

that guide our understanding of human dignity, compassion, justice, mental well-being,

restoration, and fairness. Incorporating these biblical foundations into the study’s design and

interpretation can contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the topic and inform

approaches to the fair administration of justice within a biblical framework (Smith, 2021).

By exploring the influence of incarceration on an individual’s likelihood of being found

incompetent to stand trial from a biblical perspective, the study can contribute to a broader

conversation on justice, compassion, and holistic well-being within the criminal justice system,

ultimately aiming to promote biblical values in the pursuit of fairness and equity for all

individuals involved (Thompson, 2018).

The literature reviewed indicates that the experience of incarceration will dissertation

aims to shed light on this complex issue by examining the factors associated with competency

evaluations and the potential impact of incarceration. Deciding if detained litigants have a higher

probability of being found bumbling to stand preliminary contrasted with bond litigants will

require a complete assessment of different elements, including psychological wellness status,

admittance to mental wellbeing administrations, and expected predispositions in the assessment

cycle (Buchanan, 2006). Although it is possible to speculate that the effects of incarceration

might make incompetency findings more likely, more research is needed to prove a connection.

To guarantee fairness and uphold the principles of justice for all defendants involved in the legal
11

system, regardless of their custody status, it is essential to recognize the complexities of this

issue.
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