COPING MECHANISMS

Coping strategies
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00841
- In recent years, there has been an increased worry over university students' mental health, with
multiple studies highlighting the frequency of psychological problems, notably stress, during this
educational stage. Students confront a wide range of challenges, both academic (such as
adjusting to a new environment, academic workload, exams, and performance pressure) and non-
academic. The negative consequences of stress on academic achievement and overall well-being
have inspired research into discovering unique psychological assets that function as protective
factors. Coping techniques and self-efficacy emerge as two well-studied resources, with coping
involving cognitive and behavioral responses to perceived threats. Coping methods, classified as
approach and evasive kinds, play. Self-efficacy, based on Bandura's theory of social cognition, is
a critical resource for influencing student behavior, exercising authority over events in one's life,
and acting as a buffer against daily pressures at university. The present research seeks to
investigate the impact of coping techniques on self-efficacy among university students,
specifically if various coping profiles are related with varying levels of overall self-efficacy. The
study takes a person-centered strategy, focusing on flexibility in coping and combining three
typical approach tactics (planning, positive reappraisal, and seeking instrumental and emotional
support). Furthermore, the study seeks to account for the impacts of gender, university year, and
degree type on self-efficacy levels. The hypothesis proposes that students with more flexible
coping profiles will have higher self-efficacy levels, which is consistent with previous research
demonstrating the benefits of flexibility in coping for decreasing vulnerability to stress and
improving psychological well-being among university students.
Social support
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-022-00895-5
- Health outcomes are inextricably related to the environments in which people are born, raised,
work, and age. Social factors, such as social isolation, negative early-life experiences, poor
educational achievement, unemployment, poverty, housing instability, and limited access to
healthcare, have a substantial impact on mental health. Individuals in correctional facilities
frequently confront issues in numerous social determinant areas, emphasizing the link of mental
health and criminal conduct. Prisons' adverse living circumstances contribute significantly to the
global burden of mental health illnesses. Recognizing the complex health and social
requirements of jailed people, there is a desire for health-promoting prison environments, which
necessitates an awareness of lay perspectives on health in these contexts. This study looks at
incarcerated people's opinions on the breakdown and re-establishment of social support
throughout the transition to jail, as well as the opportunities and impediments to social support
within the prison setting. Social support, which includes perceived availability and actual supply
of social resources, is critical for mental health. It consists of instrumental, informational, and
emotional assistance, with a well-established causal link between social support and mental
health. Adequate social support connects favorably with health outcomes and well-being,
whereas insufficient support is linked to physical and mental diseases, as well as death.
Incarcerated people frequently have fewer levels of social support than their peers in the
community, which contributes to mental health issues and an increased risk of suicide.
Furthermore, increased social support is associated with greater in-prison adjustment, reduced
recidivism rates, and better mental health outcomes. Stress, particularly during transitions,
emphasizes the need of social support, with models indicating that support buffers stress effects
and provides good experiences that improve overall well-being. The move from community to
jail is extremely stressful, with obstacles such as loss of autonomy, social stigma, and rapid
changes to institutional standards. The stress is aggravated by the separation from established
social networks, which contributes to increased stress levels. Family and friends, who are often
key providers of informal social support, face limits as a result of prison routines and security
procedures. Limited interaction with external support networks emerges as a key stressor for
jailed people, affecting their mental health and perhaps influencing recidivism rates after release.
While other jailed people provide possibilities for social support, developing connections in the
prison environment is fraught with hazards, including trust concerns and the possibility of
bullying or violence.
Avoidance of negative criticism
https://doi.org/10.1177/17488958231181987
- The offered material examines the global topic of reintegrating ex-offenders into society,
emphasizing the high rates of recidivism in nations such as the United Kingdom, the United
States, and Nigeria. The work delves into issues that contribute to recidivism, such as harsh jail
conditions, substance addiction, employment discrimination, and a lack of community
involvement in the reintegration process. It also examines many views, such as the community's
involvement, social attitudes toward different types of crime, and the influence of stigma and
prejudice on reintegration. The literature study finds gaps in understanding public views
regarding ex-offenders' reintegration, with a focus on crime kinds and the favorable relationship
between public education level and acceptance. The study intends to contribute to the literature
by studying public views and attitudes regarding ex-offenders' reintegration in Nigeria, with the
hypothesis that greater education levels are associated with more favorable opinions. The book
also discusses the study's methodology, significance, and context, highlighting the importance of
community involvement and education levels in reintegration attempts. To better comprehend
perceptions and attitudes, the theoretical framework draws on social identity theory and
boundary theory. The chapter also discusses how Nigeria's criminal justice system, military, and
other sectors are budgeted. The study ends with establishing its premise and characterizing ex-
offenders, laying the groundwork for the next sections on methodology, results, conclusions, and
suggestions.

BREAKTHROUGH
Social acceptance - DONE
Rational behaviors
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2013.08.002
- This study investigates criminal decision-making processes, specifically the application of
rational choice theory, with a strong focus on cross-population generalizability. Previous study
has mostly used university students in hypothetical scenario designs to better understand various
criminal tendencies. Despite repeated findings confirming the fundamental ideas of deterrence
and rational choice theory, there have been reservations about the results' applicability to real-
world offenders. The current study tackles this issue by comparing a large sample of jailed
criminals to university students, focusing on their decision-making in the setting of drunk
driving, a crime with limited specialized talent. Existing research comparing offenders and non-
offenders yields varied results, with some showing distinct decision-making processes for active
offenders and others emphasizing commonalities. This study attempts to contribute to the
discussion by investigating whether student samples correctly represent criminal decision-
making and if perceived costs and rewards impact offending intentions in both groups. The
primary goals of this study are to conduct a thorough assessment of repercussions, their
perceived certainty and severity, and their influence on hypothetical offending likelihood, to offer
insight on the application of rational choice theory outside student groups.
Logical advice
- DITO DI KO GETS KUNG ANO POINT NUNG LOGICAL ADVICE KAYA HIRAP
SIGURO AKO HANAPAN NG STUDIES

AGONIZING FEELING
Disoriented feelings
10.1080/14789949.2011.617541
- According to psychological viewpoints, regret is a major component of the guilt experience,
with guilt functioning as an umbrella word that encompasses remorse until substantial
discrepancies develop. The distinction between shame and guilt becomes critical in both theory
and practice. Attempts to distinguish between them based on scenarios have proven difficult,
since investigations show that both shame and guilt may be induced by a variety of events,
making the kind of event an inaccurate criterion. Another method focuses on the public vs
private aspect of the emotion-eliciting scenario, with shame being considered more public and
associated with condemning people, whilst guilt is regarded as a more private sensation
motivated by internal conscience pains. However, the structural similarities between situations
evoking shame and guilt call this difference into question. A third approach stresses the
distinction between self and conduct, arguing that shame derives from a negative emphasis on
oneself, whereas guilt stems from a negative focus on a specific behavior. Shame is considered to
be more damaging and unpleasant since it includes self-judgment, which leads to thoughts of
smallness and worthlessness. In contrast, guilt, while terrible, is less overwhelming since it is
focused on a specific conduct rather than the self. Empirical data generally backs this distinction,
revealing that both guilt and shame are related but separate negative self-conscious feelings, with
shame being more self-focused and associated with avoidance, whereas guilt is concerned with
conduct and the need to make apologies.

Concurrent punishment
https://doi.org/10.1086/670398
- The topic of concurrent punishment for past criminals' living experiences is complicated,
involving legal, ethical, and rehabilitative factors. Establishing the right balance among holding
people accountable for their previous acts and giving possibilities for reintegration into society is
a complex task. In legal parlance, concurrent punishment refers to the administration of
numerous sentences for distinct offenses, which might be served concurrently or consecutively.
While the judicial system seeks to impose sanctions commensurate with the gravity of each
crime, it must also recognize the possibility of rehabilitation and the opportunity for people to
rebuild their lives. Morally, the issue emerges as to whether continuous sentence execution is fair
and ethical, especially when the offenses are separate. Former offenders' lived experiences with
concurrent punishment can provide useful insights into the obstacles they confront after
reintegration, including concerns like as career chances, social stigma, and psychological well-
being. A complete comprehension of concurrent penalties for previous offenses necessitates an
in-depth investigation of its legal, ethical, and rehabilitative dimensions, as well as consideration
of the real-world experiences and outcomes of individuals seeking reintegration into society after
serving multiple sentences.