LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF BULLYING 1

Long-Term Effects of Bullying

Rashida Brown
Victor Valley College
Biopsychology
Psych109 30856
Professor Keiry Borruel
04/22/2023
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I. Methodology

The methodology used in a research article can have a significant influence on the results

that are presented. In the case of studying the “long-term effects of bullying”, results are

presented in several ways. One way the methodology can influence the results is by the type of

sample that is chosen. For instance, if the sample size is too small, the results may not be

representative of the broader population. Additionally, selection bias may lead to inaccurate

results if the sample is not randomly selected. Another way the methodology can influence the

results is through the type of data collection methods used. For example, if the study relies on

self-reported data, there may be issues with social desirability bias, where participants may

respond in a way that is socially desirable but not entirely truthful. This can lead to an over- or

underestimation of the prevalence of bullying or the severity of its effects. Additionally, the

methodology used in the analysis of data can also affect the results. For instance, if the statistical

analysis is not appropriate for the type of data collected, it can lead to incorrect results. The use

of appropriate statistical methods and techniques is essential to ensuring accurate and reliable

results. Finally, the duration of the study can also impact the results. The long-term effects of

bullying may take years to manifest, and a study that only follows participants for a short time

may not capture these long-term effects. In summary, the methodology used in a study can have

a significant impact on the results presented. In studying the long-term effects of bullying,

researchers need to carefully consider the sample size, data collection methods, statistical

analysis, and duration of the study to ensure accurate and reliable results.
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II. Questioned Raised

The article "Long-term effects of bullying" examines bullying victimization's psychological

and social consequences. Based on the information presented in the article, three follow-up

questions could be raised are:

What are the long-term effects of cyberbullying? The article primarily focuses on traditional

forms of bullying, such as physical and verbal aggression. However, cyberbullying has become

increasingly prevalent with the rise of social media and online communication. It would be

interesting to investigate the long-term psychological and social effects of cyberbullying,

particularly among adolescents who are more likely to be victims.

What are the best interventions to prevent bullying and support victims? The article mentions

several interventions, such as school-based programs and therapy, that can be effective in

reducing the negative effects of bullying. However, it would be valuable to further examine

which specific interventions are most effective and efficient, as well as their long-term impact.

How do cultural and social factors affect the experience and outcomes of bullying victimization?

The article acknowledges that culture and social context can impact the prevalence and nature of

bullying, but it does not delve deeply into how these factors might affect the long-term effects of

bullying. It would be interesting to explore how cultural and social factors, such as collectivism

vs. individualism or socioeconomic status, might influence the psychological and social

outcomes of bullying victimization.

III. Benefits and Drawbacks of the Method Chosen

A longitudinal study involves observing and collecting data from the same group of

participants over an extended period of time. This method could be used to study the long-term
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effects of bullying on mental health outcomes in adulthood. Researchers could follow a group of

individuals who have experienced bullying in childhood and collect data at different points in

time, assessing their mental health outcomes. Benefits: A longitudinal study can provide valuable

information about the long-term effects of bullying on mental health outcomes in adulthood. This

method allows for the collection of data over an extended period, which can provide insights into

the progression of mental health outcomes over time. Additionally, a longitudinal study can

identify causal relationships between the experience of bullying in childhood and mental health

outcomes in adulthood. Drawbacks: Longitudinal studies can be time-consuming and expensive

to conduct. Participants may also drop out of the study, which can affect the validity of the

results. Additionally, longitudinal studies can be influenced by external factors, such as changes

in society and technology, which can affect the results over time.
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References

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Matjasko, J. L., & Wolfe, M. (2015). Bullying and suicidal ideation and behaviors: a meta-

analysis. Pediatrics, 135(2), e496-e509. doi: 10.1542/peds.2014-1864

Citation: Klomek, A. B., Sourander, A., Niemelä, S., Kumpulainen, K., Piha, J., Tamminen, T.,

& Gould, M. S. (2009). Childhood bullying behaviors as a risk for suicide attempts and

completed suicides: a population-based birth cohort study. Journal of the American Academy

of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 48(3), 254-261. doi: 10.1097/CHI.0b013e318196b91f

Citation: Olweus, D. (1993). Bullying at school: what we know and what we can do. Oxford,

UK: Blackwell.

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school bullies tend to become depressed later in life? A systematic review and meta-analysis

of longitudinal studies. Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research, 3(2), 63-73. doi:

10.1108/17596591111132818

Citation: Wolke, D., Copeland, W. E., Angold, A., & Costello, E. J. (2013). Impact of bullying in

childhood on adult health, wealth, crime, and social outcomes. Psychological Science,

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