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Effects of Cigarette Smoking as perceived by ACLC Senior

High School Students

A Practical Research Presented to the SHS Department of AMA

Computer Learning Center, Naga City

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Senior

High School

Humanities and Social Sciences

Arquilla, Ziejee A.

Barbosa, Ace Hannah M.

Gualberto, Arthur B.

Noarin, Joanna Mae

Omega, Katherine S.

October 2022
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Table of Contents

Chapter I: THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3-4

Statement of the Problem ………………………………………………………………………… 4

Significance of the Study ……………………………………………………………………… 4-5

Scope and delimitation of the Study …………………………………………… 5-6

Hypothesis of the Study …………………………………………………………………………… 6

Theoretical Framework ………………………………………………………………………………… 6-10

Research Paradigm …………………………………………………………………………………………… 10

Conceptual Framework …………………………………………………………………………………… 11

Definition of Terms ……………………………………………………………………………………… 11-12

Chapter II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDY

Related Literature ………………………………………………………………………………………… 12-16

Related Studies ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 16-19

Synthesis ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 19-20

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Chapter I

THE PROBLEM

INTRODUCTION

Smoking is still one of the leading causes of

preventable diseases, disability, and deaths. Smoking is

defined as the inhalation of the smoke of burned tobacco

that may occur occasionally or habitually as a consequence

of a physical addiction to some chemicals,( Leone A, Landini

L, Leone A.) .And according to (West and Shiffman, 2016)

tobacco smoking consists of drawing into the mouth, and

usually lungs, smoke from burning tobacco.

A huge amount of people still smokes up till this day.

And it is becoming more uncontrolled for the reason that the

range of people doing is getting wider. Younger individuals

are much prone to the influence of smoking, since the

accessibility of cigarettes becomes more widespread. It is

very usual them to see people smoking including in public

spaces and with their own homes pointed to their curiosity,

then they would also try doing it. In the 2015 Fact Sheet of

Global Youth Survey, it is evident that 16.0% of students,

22.2% of boys, and 10.4% of girls currently used any tobacco

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products. And 12.0% of students, 17.6% of boys, and 7.0% of

girls currently smoked cigarettes.

The researchers opted to conduct the study with

regards to the effects of smoking for its related rates and

statistics are rising alarmingly and threatens not only

one’s health but also the environment.

The general aim of this study is to reach the students

and recognize their knowledge in the study. To understand

its effect when it comes to health, environment, financial

and economic impact and family or peer relationship.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This study will look up and identify how the students

perceive smoking. And how they recognize the negative

effects of smoking.

1. Does the senior high school students aware of the

negative effect of smoking?

2. What are the factors affecting an individual when

influenced by smoking?
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SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This research will create a huge impact to the people

who are in the field of smoking. And how much knowledge the

senior high school students possess. This study would be

beneficial to the following:

Senior high school students- they would be able to show

their feelings as with their thoughts about smoking. They

will be aware of what harmful effects it may lead to. Also

they will be able to acquire new learning as they

participate in this study.

School- for them to develop functional programs in

disseminating information that will help the senior high

students increase their knowledge. This research will serve

as their outline in assessing and helping them in the times

that they’ll be involved with this kind of action.

Smokers community- the study would allow them to gain

helpful knowledge of how smoking causes to the smoker and

the 2nd hand smoker. And hopefully they would be able to

apply these with their own selves.

Future researchers- this study will help them for further

understanding. They could gather some information that will

help them in their own research in the future.

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SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The study will be talking about the destructive effect

of smoking to the smoker and the 2nd hand smoker.

The students will primarily be the focus of this research.

Specifically the ACLC Senior High School student who has

done or still doing the act of smoking.

HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDY

The following statements are assumed by the researcher:

1. Personal factors, environmental factors, and behavioral

factors have a significant relationship with the

student’s smoking behavior.

2. There is no correlation between personal factors,

environmental factors, and behavioral factors to a

student’s smoking behavior.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Figure 1
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This chapter presents the underlying concepts and

phenomenon that will serve as the study’s foundation and

will support its study’s theory about the possible effects

of smoking.

Social Cognitive Theory (Albert Bandura,1991), revolves

around people's behaviors and how the environment shapes

them. This theory was popularized by Albert Bandura, a

contemporary psychologist, and professor, in 1986. It has

identified several concepts for learning, such as human

agency, self-regulation, and self-efficacy, with personal

factors or cognitive, affective, and biological events taken

into consideration.

Self-efficacy is a learner's belief in their ability to

execute a task and has four different sources: mastery

experience, vicarious experience, social persuasion, and

psychological responses. Mastery leads to self-efficacy by

overcoming obstacles through perseverance—but if the

learners seek role models instead who have the traits they

wish to possess, it is through vicarious experience.

Psychological responses occur when learners rely on their

emotional state to judge their capabilities. Meanwhile,

social persuasion is when the learner shows more effort and

sustains a behaviour because people persuade him that he

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possesses the characteristics needed to master things. Self-

efficacy is a significant element of social cognitive theory

—it is the key principle that instils learning and

motivation in an individual, and it becomes a fundamental

step to any behavioural change.

This concept under the social cognitive theory is related

to how the study explores smoking and its effects. It

presents the factors that can cause a student's smoking

behaviour, including their knowledge, attitude, role models,

peers, social norms, previous experiences, emotional state,

and self-efficacy. By observing their behaviour and

environment, we can derive various assumptions, such as the

effects of smoking on the older age groups are not different

for the students and younger ones. The drivers of their

smoking behaviour may be similar to their role models and

community, thus making them go through the same adverse

effects of smoking, such as poor health and addiction.

Knowing the reasons that motivate a student will be

beneficial in determining the short- and long-term effects

of smoking—and even in changing it into a healthier

behaviour, preventing other students from encountering the

same event. It will not only focus on the student's

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motivations, but it can also consider its social environment

to prevent relapses and encourage cessation.

Social cognitive theory is also supported by numerous

models. First, the health belief model states that an

individual's motivation is rooted in his values and

expectations. As one of the most applied models in health

behavior research, it explains that a person's perceived

susceptibility, threat, benefits, and self-efficacy will

influence their engagement in health-promoting behaviour.

Next is the social-ecological model, which highlights the

relationship between behaviour and social environment. It

suggests that the market tobacco industry also shapes the

environment and influences smoking behaviours, so it is

necessary to create an environment conducive to change to

recover from the adverse effects of smoking. Another is the

trans theoretical model, which explains a series of steps

for a successful behavioural change. It states that a

person's level of motivation and self-efficacy will

determine whether a person may quit, for example, his

smoking behaviour permanently or relapse and go back to an

earlier stage of change. These three models support the

claims of the social cognitive theory, especially in terms

of motivation, environment, and self-efficacy principle.

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The social cognitive theory will be of great use to the

researchers as it exhibits how personal, cognitive, and

environmental factors can influence a student’s smoking

behaviour and how it can determine its possible effects,

which is the study's objective. It will also be beneficial

in creating prevention and rehabilitation programs that will

minimize the effects of smoking and will change the

student's behaviour into a healthier one.

RESEARCH PARADIGM

Process Output

1. Formulation Suggestions,
of survey recommendations
Input and conclusions
1. Demographic questionnaire
for SHS
profile of the awareness on the
2. Data analysis
respondents in effects of
and
terms of: smoking such as:
interpretation
a. Age of findings and  Seminar,
b. Gender result. forum and
c. Smoking status
(currently 3. Data analysis the likes
smoking, ex- and on the
smoking, or never interpretation of Effects of
smoked) findings and Smoking
d. Year result.cc
 Other
2. Perception of
activities
Students on the
that will
effects of
smoking such as:
a. Research
health Paradigm
b. environment
c. peer and/or
family
relationship
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CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Assumed from the research paradigm, the input will

contain 2 parts. It includes the demographic profile of the

senior high school students and their perception on the

effects of smoking on our health, environment, and

relationship with others.

To be able to come into the output, the researchers will

map out the question needed for the survey. And will analyse

the data when the implementation of the survey is done among

ACLC Senior High School students.

The last part holds the suggestions, recommendations, as

well as the conclusion.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

For further understanding of the study, the following

key

Cigarette Smoking. Inhalation and release of tobacco smoke

through the mouth with the use of tobacco pipes and cigars

(Wikipedia.com). In the study, cigarette smoking is the

dependent variable to be observed.

Currently Smoking.  Refers to someone who has smoked more

than 100 cigarettes (including hand rolled cigarettes,

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cigars, cigarillos etc.) in their lifetime and has smoked in

the last 28 days.

Ex- Smoking. Refers to someone who has smoked more than 100

cigarettes in their lifetime but has not smoked in the last

28 days. The international convention is to treat someone as

an ex-smoker once they have been smoke free for one month

(at least 28 days).

Never Smoked.  Someone who has not smoked more than 100

cigarettes in their lifetime and does not currently smoke.

Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDY

This chapter presented the related local and foreign

literature and studies, the synthesis of the review of

related literature and studies that researchers were able to

find. These literature and studies were driven from

published documents and researchers that discuss smoking and

how it affects a person’s well-being.

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RELATED LITERATURE

Nowadays, smoking is still one of humans’ and it is

seen everywhere from the streets, coffee shops, bus

stations, and even in schools people continue to smoke.

Every country created intervention as well as laws to

prevent citizens from engaging in smoking because of its

negative effects but the number of smokers increases

rapidly, it seems like people are not afraid and chose to

continue smoking (Tupas and Agreda, 2020).

Smoking is the largest single cause of preventable

deaths which means it produces significant health problems

affecting millions of people globally. Specifically, 47.5%

of Filipino students aged 13–15 years were not prevented

from buying cigarettes despite their age, while only 67.1%

were taught in school about the dangers of tobacco use and

It is crucial to look at adolescents’ intention to continue

to use tobacco, which can predict behavior (Tamayo, 2021).

According to Esteban-Ipac and Torres-Ticzon (2022),

adolescents  are  knowledgeable  and  have  a  negative 

attitude   towards   smoking,   however,   other   factors  

have a  significant  impact  on  their  decision to

start  smoking. In addition, the use of electronic

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cigarettes is also tackled in their study in which they

stated that stated that electronic cigarette use is

becoming  more  common  among  adolescents,  so 

psychosocial  risk  assessment  and  preventive   health  

guidance   should   not   be   limited   to   conventional 

cigarettes,  but  should  also  cover  electronic  smoking

or vaping.

Cigarette smoking has long been viewed as an activity

associated with men, at least in the Philippine context. It

is one of the country's most potent killers causing several

diseases and causing people deaths regardless of sex and age

(NTRC 2016). However as stated by Cheruiyot et al. (2013),

younger groups are more influenced by parents and peers

compared with the older age group and despite the awareness

of the effects of cigarette smoking, adolescents still

submit to the behavior of tobacco use. Awareness alone does

not therefore motivate the tobacco users to change or modify

the behavior.

Given the widespread incidence of smoking as well as its

deleterious health effects, it is crucial to examine

practical and cost effective prognostic markers assessing

its health impact (Dinas et al., 2013). 

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Lim et al. (2017) have studied that smoking is a learned

behaviour during adolescence and efforts to reduce the

incidence of smoking has been identified as long-term

measures to curb the smoking menace, which means that

adolescents who always felt lonely were more likely to smoke

compared to those who did not. It seems to be a common

belief that smoking can help relieve stress and promote

relaxation, thus creating the illusion that smokers have a

much higher quality of life than non-smokers ( Cheng and

Jin, 2022).

Cigarettes are a rubbish substance readily available to

the general public and smoking is highly indecent socially.

Smoking cigarettes is a social epidemic and one of the main

risk factors for premature deaths and disabilities worldwide

which mean that it is associated with increased medical

costs, reduced life expectancy, aggression, crime and theft

(Hamzeh et al., 2020).

Nasser et al. (2018) study revealed that male students

were cigarette smokers, while females were water pipe

smokers. Factors such as sex, residence and family income

were strongly associated with smoking prevalence. Youth from

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both genders have an on-going attraction to cigarettes and

water pipes. An indication of a growth in tobacco use can be

concluded. However, as stated in their study, adopting anti-

smoking programmes are essential in order to prevent the

harmful effects of smoking.

RELATED STUDIES

Cigarette smoking is alarming especially to students

that are used to experiencing this, engaging in smoking

might harm their health as well as their critical roles in

health promotion and disease prevention ( Resano et al.,

2022). Smoking has an immense adverse health impact and

despite its health consequences it still remains highly

prevalent in the Philippines and tobacco control measures

are inadequate (Bilan et al., 2015).

  Tobacco use is the leading cause of preventable death,

and is estimated to kill more than 5 million persons each

year worldwide, its use and exposure to second-hand smoke

pose a major public health problem especially in the

Philippines (Bellew et al., 2013).

Current smoking is highest among rural dwellers and

among individuals with elementary education, while the

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majority of women and college level are never smokers. As

stated by Punzalan et al. (2013) study, the use of tobacco

here in the Philippines is still prevalent at 31% and is

predominantly composed of males in the 20-29 age group. 

However According to Domingo et al. (2022) study,

Cigarette smoking is the most common form of tobacco use It

has deleterious health consequences and Prevention and

cessation is the only effective public health measures to

reduce the harmful effects of cigarette smoking. As stated

in the study, quitting smoking resulted in more energy,

improved breathing and physical activity.

Smoking remains a major public health problem. Smoking

was perceived to have both negative and positive impacts on

the social lives of participants. Smoking impacted life

negatively when it was not allowed in certain environments,

such as in homes, at work, and in cars and airplanes and

reported that it had some positive impacts on social

interaction, because it facilitated work breaks and

increased communication with peers (Afolalu et al.,2021).

Singh and Kathiresan (2015), have studied that cigarette

smoking causes different negative effects on human

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reproductive process such as abnormal sperm morphology, less

motile sperm, smaller quantity of sperm, lower proportion of

normally shaped sperm and changes in the number and

arrangement of the microtubules of the sperm in a smoker as

compared to a non-smoker group. According to Singh and

Kathiresan (2015), chemicals in cigarette smoke are the

leading cause of death to both smokers and non-smokers. 

Leshargie et al. (2019), have studied the potential harm

of cigarette smoking to every organ of the human body, which

causes innumerable diseases, and impacts to the health of

smokers and especially those who are interacting with the

smokers. Cigarette smoking brings greater health problems in

the long-term like increased risk of stroke and brain

damage.

 Attala et al. (2020) have studied that cigarette smoking is

showing an increasing prevalence among university students

nowadays and has many known physical side effects that

include psychological or cognitive effects which includes

the act of smoking a cigarette containing tobacco and/or

other ingredients or just inhaling the cigarette smoke. As

stated in their study, students who smoke tend to get lower

average results compared to students who are non-smokers

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that give evidence that smoking has an effect on academic

achievement. 

In addition, based on Gometz (2011) study, smoking

cessation should be promoted and “Physicians" play an

essential role in promoting this point as vigorously as they

promote compliance to medical therapy. Tobacco use should be

added to a patient’s problem list along with hypertension,

diabetes, and heart disease. However, stopping smoking

reduces the future risk of tobacco-related diseases, slows

the progression of existing tobacco-related disease, and

improves life expectancy. 

SYNTHESIS

Smoking has become a relevant topic through the years.

It created a lot of discussions that we were able to use

with this research. But it’s still odd for some that with a

lot of sources and information; a lot of people still commit

smoking.

In the study of Esteban-Ipac and Torres-Ticzon,

teenagers who has done or still doing smoking do acknowledge

smoking, and even its negative effects. There are several

factors that affect their decision- making that makes them

start doing it. On the other hand, in the study of Tamayo,

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smoking still leads as the single cause of preventable

deaths.

The reviewed literature and studies will serve as a

guide for the researchers in pursuing the study. All the

reviewed literature and studies have similarities that

pertain to the "Effects of Cigarette Smoking as perceived by

ACLC Senior High School Students ". All the reviewed

literature and studies will also help the researchers by

focusing on specific variables and defining the specific

viewpoint that the researcher will take in analysing and

interpreting the data to be gathered. All the reviewed

literature and studies aim to expose knowledge sources and

new and varied ideas, allowing it to develop the

capabilities and faster learning processes required to

further know the effects of cigarette smoking to high school

students. It is a guide on understanding how this problem

emerged and how they would deal with the problem itself.

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