Republic of the Philippines

Philippine Integrated College Academy Foundation

Department of Social Work
Biaba- Damag, Marawi City

“THE CHARACTERISTICS OF SMOKERS AND ITS EFFECT TO THE HEALTH

CONDITIONS IN BRGY. PAPANDAYAN CANIOGAN, MARAWI CITY”

Presented to
SAPIA MOALAM ABDULRACHMAN DPA
PICAF College Dean
Philippine Integrated College Academy Foundation, Inc.
Marawi City

In Partial Fulfillment
For the Requirement of the Course
SW 198B – (Social Work Research 2 Data Collection, Analysis and Interpretation)
2st Semester, A.Y. 2022-2023

By:

ALINOR PANGANDAMAN LAMBAYAN

April 02,2023
 Chapter I

Introduction

Background of the Study

One of the famous lines in our day to day lives is the so-called “Health is Wealth” this

refers to human’s role to protect their lives and to prevent any kind of illnesses or diseases

that may arise from health problems or conditions. Smoking cigarettes, as one of the

pervasive root causes of health failures such as increased heart problems or possibly heart

attack, cough and colds. In worst scenario, smoking triggers the risk of suffering from cancer,

particularly lung cancer and if not given an immediate and thorough medication, will result to

death. Other potential illnesses that are caused by smoking cigarettes are heart disease,

meningitis, bronchitis, and pneumonia.in fact, secondhand smoke increases the likelihood of

non-smoker contracting lung cancer and heart disease. The reality is that there is no “safe”

level of exposure.

Many people often smoke to treat their anxiety and personal or emotional problems.

This treatment is usually associated with escapism or preventing oneself from coping with

problems without the observance of proper or health measures. This bad habit becomes more

fatal when people becomes too inclined in it whenever they are challenged with

psychological or emotional adversities. Thus, dependencies on smoking tends to be treated as

a routine.

Smoking is a vice that younger people mostly do, where mostly young men.

Nowadays, young women are also using of it. And these young people are free to smoke

anywhere, anytime. It is harmful and it can cause unpleasantness in the hearing of people in

society and it causes pain in our bodies. Many young people fall into this vice, they have

made smoking a hobby or a pastime but, these people who are involved do not know what are
the consequences they will face after trying to smoke such as bad effects on their health,

studies, and even on their relationship with others. And also the researcher observed that

some of the students are involved in this problem are the student that are not interested in

schooling.

Young people are often the victims of smoking. Even if a person no longer uses or

does this kind of vice, it cannot avoid its effects on him. Cigarettes smoking is transmitted to

people next to the smokers. People no longer realize that the smoke they inhale from

cigarettes is harmful to their bodies. The harmful effects of smoking can range from minor

ailments to death. This cause bad things in our body and even in our future.

Cigarettes smoking runs in the blood, peer influence are one of the reasons why

students are involved in smoking cigarettes and some of them are usually using of it because

it’s a way of them to cope up with the stress, and an individual curiosity on what cigarettes

taste. It is concerned in terms of their health. Many can say that smoking cigarette usually is a

simple and common issue but it is hard to stop and prevent. In many cases, smoking

cigarettes is a serious problem which students cannot stop easily doing it particularly if they

are adept on it. It is very addictive habit that the students could not stop it in short period of

time. (Urberg, K.A., Shyu, S.J.,& Liang, J. 1990)

Lots of smokers say they would like to stop smoking cigarettes but the problem is,

cigarettes contains a drug called nicotine, which is addictive. When the smoker smokes, the

nicotine goes into their brain and makes them relaxed. And when they stop smoking, their

brain starts to miss the nicotine and would like to smoke again. Sometimes at this stage they

becomes thief and irritated on how could they find money just to buy cigarettes to make them

calm. Violet lips, violet gums, bad breath, yellow teeth, low stamina and dry face are the

characteristic that you can observed on the smokers. (Elsevier Ltd.,1993).

 Research has shown that smoking is addictive, with terrible effects on the mind and

body, and people are still unaware of exactly how bad it is. Study have shown that 2004

center for disease control and prevention report that 2600 people die because of

cardiovascular disease in the united states everyday dying from the heart increase fourfold as

a result of smoking. Research has shown that smoking kills three million people each year

and this figure is increasing. they predict that in most countries the worst is yet to come

because by the time the young smokers of today reach middle or old age there will be

approximately 10 million deaths per year from tobacco use.

Due to the rarity of a large-scale studies or investigation conducted about cigarette

smoking, the researcher seeks to examine the Characteristics of Smokers and the Health

Effects of Smoking, the researcher take this challenge to provide a contribution on the

awareness of the causes and effects of cigarette smoking on the youth particularly on the

students, as cigarette smoking ca disturb or even disrupt their studies. Also, this study helps

in providing legal information to the readers that cigarette smoking is not just an enemy of

maintaining our health but it has also a respective legal basis under the R.A. NO. 921 which

states that if you violate the law, you can be sentenced into jail.

Statement of the Problem

This study will examine the Personal Characteristics of Smokers and its Effects to the

Health Conditions, specifically it will answer the following questions:

1. Personal and socio-demographic profile of the smokers?

2. What are the reasons why smokers engaged in smoking cigarettes?

3. What are the Effects of Smoking cigarettes to the Health Conditions of the

smokers?

4. What are the characteristics of smokers?

Significance of the study

This study can be a contribution to a body of the knowledge focusing on the Personal

Characteristics of smokers and its Effect to the Health Conditions. Further, the findings of

this study are believed to have significance to the following:

Students and youth - This study will help the students to understand the effect of the

smoking eventually to avoid smoking cigarettes.

Administrators -This study will benefit the admin of the school by helping or preventing the

spread of smoking cigarettes among students and formulate a policy in hoe to discourage

students to not involve in smoking cigarettes.

Parents- This study will help the parents to understand how the youth and students engaged

in smoking cigarettes and how this affect the health conditions.

Community – This study will benefit the community by helping or preventing the spread of

cigarette smoking among the people of the community and formulate policy to dispirit them

to not engage in smoking cigarettes.

Government -This study will also benefit the government to be aware of how these smokers

changed their life after involving in smoking cigarettes and implement programs and

educations about the effects of smoking cigarettes to their health conditions.

Future Researchers - This study can be used by other researchers as their Review of

Literature known as (RRL).

Scope and Limitation

The study will be conduct to determine the Characteristics of Smokers and its Effect

to the Health Conditions. The respondents are limited only in Papandayan Caniogan, Marawi

City residents who are engaged in smoking cigarettes under the of 13 to 50 above years of

age.

Theoretical Framework

Human Ecology Theory

Human Ecology Theory (Urie Bronfenbrenner 1997) is based on the idea that

everything in a child’s environment affects how child grows and develop. In accordance with

Bronfenbrenner (1979), each person is noticeably affected by interactions among a number of

people that surrounds him/her. In this theory, Bronfenbrenner labelled different aspect of the

environment that influence the children’s development. Including the Microsystem,

Mesosystem, and Macro system. The microsystem is the first level of interaction with the

parents, teachers and peer group. Macro system is the second level of interaction which refers

to relationship between different part of micro system. And lastly is the Macro system which

is the actual cultural context involving the socioeconomic status of the child and or the

family, his ethnicity or race and living in a still developing country. Thus, these three level of

interaction really affects the development of the children. In this theory emphasis that

adolescent smoking is learned behavior acquired through social interaction and reinforcement
like for instance enjoyment gained from a behavior such as smoking that will make it more

likely that the individual will repeat the behavior in the future.

This theory is related to this study because as stated above, that students and youth

can be engaged or can learn cigarette smoking because of the environment (Mesosystem,

Microsystem, and Macro system) that surrounds him/her. Therefore, good or positive

interaction bring positive behavioral growth. While, negative interactions lead to acquisition

of negative behavior.

Conceptual Framework

This framework indicates what are the characteristics, causes and Effects of smoking

cigarettes and will show how does smoking is learned and will be adopted by a student,

adolescent, youth and others.

Characteristics

Smoking
cigarettes

Causes Effects
 Figure 1. Schematic Diagram of the Conceptual Framework of the study

Definition of terms

Cigarettes – A slender roll out of cut tobacco enclosed in paper and meant to be smoked.

(Meriam Webster Dictionary). In this study, cigarette refers to the harmful objects that are

used by Grade 10 respondents of the study.

Mezzo - involving neighborhoods, institutions, or other smaller groups. In this paper, mezzo

refers to the small group of people that influences the Grade 10 respondents of the study to

become cigarette smoker.

Reinforcement- The action of strengthening or encouraging something: the state of being

reinforced. (Meriam Webster Dictionary). In this paper, reinforcement refers on how the

Grade 10 students encouraged in involving of using cigarette smoking such as, curiosity and

enjoyment.

Smoking - The gaseous products of burning materials especially of organic origin made

visible by the presence of small particles of carbon. (Meriam Webster Dictionary). In this

study, smoking refers to the bad habit used by youth specially the Grade 10 respondents of

the study.

Tobacco - is the common name of several plants in the genus Nicotine of the family

Salicaceae, and the general term for any product prepared from the cured leaves of these

plants.
 Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents the review of related literature and studies which will prove helpful the

proposed study.

Related Literature

Smoking cigarettes

Each year a great amount of money is being wasted in smoking, although it is quite

obvious that smoking habit is dangerous and injurious to health. And still a large number of

people especially teenagers are attracted and involved in smoking habit day by day. Some

reasons of this addiction are obvious such as influence of friends or community member as

teenage is an enjoyable period of life span which offers all delights, it can be positive and

negative as well as. Some teens do experimental smoking just for taste in friends gathering

but this experience enters in their life as a regular experiment. (Cablao 2017).

Extensive research has been produced by over parental influence and smoking status

over initiation of smoking habits. The results turn out to be 27.8% prevalence among the

offspring of smoking parents, and it varied from 7.2% among the children at the age of 12 to

61% in adolescents of 17 years. Results surprisingly showed that those children of smokers
showed stronger negative reactions towards their first exposures to cigarettes compared to

that of non-smoking parents(Austoni,2001-2002).

In accordance with the latest Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) report of the

WHO Western Pacific Regional Office (WPRO). 13.7% of those aged 13-15 years in the

Philippines are using tobacco cigarettes products. This makes the Philippines rank 15 th among

the highest out of 22 countries subjected to the GYTS. It is an evidence that our government

should give attention to it, with the participation of all the parents, schools. Health personnel

and barangay officials for the youth.

Smith-Simone (2008) researched on smoking in perspective of social relationships.

And found that effects of smoking are drastic and related with specific problems especially

for young smokers. For example, brain hemorrhage (sub-arachnoid hemorrhage) is sic times

higher in teen smokers than non-smokers. Asthma, is often attributed to environmental

causes, and greatly and social environments. Persistent health problem is reported by 25% of

adolescent smokers. Mostly asthma or allergic symptoms, as compared to 16% of non-

smokers; this is particularly noticeable in girls.

According to the World Health Organization, smoking causes heart disease, lung

cancer, and respiratory problems. The act of smoking is disfiguring, fizzy hair, bad breath and

infertility. It is also a frequent cause of heart attack and stroke, increased blood pressure,

thickening of the blood, cancer of the lungs, mouth, throat, uterus, and bladder, low birth,

weight, and birth defects of the baby in the womb and more than all cataracts and blindness.

President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo has passed the Tobacco Regulation Act of 2003

(R.A.9211). Which aims to protect citizens against ill effect of smoking cigarettes. Under this

law, smoking is prohibited in all public places such as schools, hospitals, terminals,

restaurants, apartment and others.

Philippine Republic Act No. 9211 About Smoking Cigarettes

An act regulating the packaging, use, sale, distribution and advertisements of

tobacco products and for other purposes. SECTION 2. Policy — SECTION 2. Policy —

It is the policy of the State to protect the populace from hazardous products and promote the

right to health and instill health consciousness among them. It is also the policy of the State,

consistent with the Constitutional ideal to promote the general welfare, to safeguard the

interests of the workers and other stakeholders in the tobacco industry. For these purposes,

the government shall institute a balanced policy whereby the use, sale and advertisements of

tobacco products shall be regulated in order to promote a healthful environment and protect

the citizens from the hazards of tobacco smoke, and at the same time ensure that the interests

of tobacco farmers, growers, workers and stakeholders are not adversely compromised.

SECTION 3. Purpose. —It is the main thrust of this Act to: a. Promote a healthful

environment; b. Inform the public of the health risks associated with cigarette smoking and

tobacco use; c. Regulate and subsequently ban all tobacco advertisements and sponsorships;

d. Regulate the labeling of tobacco products; e. Protect the youth from being initiated to

cigarette smoking and tobacco use by prohibiting the sale of tobacco products to minors; f.

Assist and encourage Filipino tobacco farmers to cultivate alternative agricultural crops to

prevent economic dislocation; and g. Create an Inter-Agency Committee on Tobacco (IAC-

Tobacco) to oversee the implementation of the provisions of this Act g. “Minor”—refers to

any person below eighteen (18) years old; h. “Manufacturer”—refers to any person or entity,

including a repacker, who makes, fabricates, assembles, processes, or labels a finished

product; i. “Package”—refers to packs, boxes, cartons or containers of any kind in which any

tobacco product is offered for sale to consumers; j. “Person”—refers to an individual,

partnership, corporation or any other business or legal entity; k. “Point-of-Sale”—refers to

any location at which an individual can purchase or otherwise obtain tobacco products; l.
“Promotion”—refers to an event or activity organized by or on behalf of a tobacco

manufacturer, distributor or retailer with the aim of promoting a brand of tobacco product,

which event or activity would not occur but for the support given to it by or on behalf of the

tobacco manufacturer, distributor or retailer. It may also refer to the display of a tobacco

product or manufacturer’s name, trademark, logo, etc. on non-tobacco products. This includes

the paid use of tobacco products bearing the brand names, trademarks, logos, etc. in movies,

television and other forms of entertainment. For the purpose of this Act, promotion shall be

understood as tobacco promotion; m. “Public Conveyances”—refer to modes of

transportation servicing the general population, such as, but not limited to, elevators,

airplanes, buses, taxicabs, ships, jeepneys, light rail transits, tricycles, and similar vehicles; n.

“Public Places”—refer to enclosed or confined areas of all hospitals, medical clinics, schools,

public transportation terminals and offices, and buildings such as private and public offices,

recreational places, shopping malls, movie houses, hotels, restaurants, and the like; o.

“Retailer”—refers to any person who or entity that sells tobacco products to individuals for

personal consumption; p. “Smoking”—refers to the act of carrying a lighted cigarette or other

tobacco products, whether or not it is being inhaled or smoked; q. “Sponsorship”—refers to

any public or private contribution to a third party in relation to an event, team or activity

made with the aim of promoting a brand of tobacco product, which event, team or activity

would still exist or occur without such contribution. For the purpose of this Act, sponsorship

shall be understood as tobacco sponsorship; r. “Tobacco”—refers to agricultural components

derived from the tobacco plant, which are processed for use in the manufacturing of

cigarettes and other tobacco products; s. “Tobacco Product”—refers to any product that

consists of loose tobacco that contains nicotine and is intended for use in a cigarette,

including any product containing tobacco and intended for smoking or oral or nasal use.

Unless stated otherwise, the requirements of this Act pertaining to cigarettes shall also apply
to other tobacco products; t. “Tobacco Grower”—refers to any person who plants tobacco

before the enactment of this Act and classified as such by the National Tobacco

Administration (NTA); and u. “Warning”—refers to the notice printed on the tobacco product

or its container and/or displayed in print or aired in broadcast or electronic media including

outdoor advertising and which shall bear information on the hazards of tobacco use. Healthful

Environment SECTION 5. Smoking Ban in Public Places. —Smoking shall be absolutely

prohibited in the following public places: a. Centers of youth activity such as playschools,

preparatory schools, elementary schools, high schools, colleges and universities, youth

hostels and recreational facilities for persons under eighteen (18) years old; b. Elevators and

stairwells; c. Locations in which fire hazards are present, including gas stations and storage

areas for flammable liquids, gas, explosives or combustible materials; d. Within the buildings

and premises of public and private hospitals, medical, dental, and optical clinics, health

centers, nursing homes, dispensaries and laboratories; e. Public conveyances and public

facilities including airport and ship terminals and train and bus stations, restaurants and

conference halls, except for separate smoking areas; and f. Food preparation areas.

SECTION 6. Designated Smoking and Non-smoking Areas. —In all enclosed places that are

open to the general public, private workplaces and other places not covered under the

preceding section, where smoking may expose a person other than the smoker to tobacco

smoke, the owner, proprietor, operator, possessor, manager or administrator of such places

shall establish smoking and non-smoking areas. Such areas may include a designated

smoking area within the building, which may be in an open space or separate area with

proper ventilation, but shall not be located within the same room that has been designated as

a non-smoking area. All designated smoking areas shall have at least one (1) legible and

visible sign posted, namely “SMOKING AREA” for the information and guidance of all

concerned. In addition, the sign or notice posted shall include a warning about the health
effects of direct or secondhand exposure to tobacco smoke. Non-Smoking areas shall

likewise have at least one (1) legible and visible sign, namely: “NON-SMOKING AREA” or

“NO SMOKING.” Access Restrictions SECTION 7. Vending Machines, Self-Service

Facilities. —Unless the vending machine has a mechanism for age verification, the sale or

distribution of tobacco products to minors by means of a vending machine or any self-service

facility or similar contraption or device is prohibited, except at point-of-sale establishments

SECTION 8. Retailer Compliance with Respect to Self-Service Facilities. —Each retailer

shall ensure that all tobacco-related self-service displays or facilities, advertising, labeling

and other items that are located in the establishment of the retailer and that do not comply

with the requirements of this Act are removed or are brought into compliance with the

requirements of this Act. SECTION 9. Minimum Age Sales. —Under this Act, it shall be

unlawful: a. For any retailer of tobacco products to sell or distribute tobacco products to any

minor; b. For any person to purchase cigarettes or tobacco products from a minor; c. For a

minor to sell or buy cigarettes or any tobacco product; and d. For a minor to smoke cigarettes

or any other tobacco products. It shall not be a defense for the person selling or distributing

that he/she did not know or was not aware of the real age of the minor. Neither shall it be a

defense that he/she did not know nor had any reason to believe that the cigarette or any other

tobacco product was for the consumption of the minor to whom it was sold. SECTION 10.

Sale of Tobacco Products Within School Perimeters. —The sale or distribution of tobacco

products is prohibited within one hundred (100) meters from any point of the perimeter of a

school, public playground or other facility frequented particularly by minors. SECTION 11.

Signage. —Point-of-Sale establishments offering, distributing or selling tobacco products to

consumers, shall post the following statement in a clear and conspicuous manner:

“SALE/DISTRIBUTION TO OR PURCHASE BY MINORS OF TOBACCO PRODUCTS

IS UNLAWFUL” or “IT IS UNLAWFUL FOR TOBACCO PRODUCTS TO BE

SOLD/DISTRIBUTED TO OR PURCHASED BY PERSONS UNDER 18 YEARS OF

AGE.” SECTION 12. Proof of Age Verification. —In case of doubt as to the age of the

buyer, retailers shall verify, by means of any valid form of photographic identification

containing the date of birth of the bearer, that no individual purchasing a tobacco product is

below eighteen (18) years of age. Advertising and Promotions SECTION 13. Warnings on

Cigarette Packages. —Under this Act: a. All packages in which tobacco products are

provided to consumers withdrawn from the manufacturing facility of all manufacturers or

imported into the Philippines intended for sale to the market, starting 1 January 2004, shall be

printed, in either English or Filipino, on a rotating basis or separately and simultaneously, the

following health warnings: “GOVERNMENT WARNING: Cigarette Smoking is Dangerous

to Your Health;” “GOVERNMENT WARNING: Cigarettes are Addictive;”

“GOVERNMENT WARNING: Tobacco Smoke Can Harm Your Children;” or

“GOVERNMENT WARNING: Smoking Kills.” b. Upon effectivity of this Act until 30 June

2006, the health warning shall be located on one side panel of every tobacco product package

and occupy not less than fifty percent (50%) of such side panel including any border or

frame. c. Beginning 1 July 2006, the health warning shall be located on the bottom portion of

one (1) front panel of every tobacco product package and occupy not less than thirty percent

(30%) of such front panel including any border or frame. The text of the warning shall appear

in clearly legible type in black text on a white background with a black border and in contrast

by typography, layout or color to the other printed matters on the package. The health

warning shall occupy a total area of not less than fifty percent (50%) of the total warning

frame. d. The warnings shall be rotated periodically, or separately and simultaneously

printed, so that within any twenty-four (24) month period, the four (4) variations of the

warnings shall appear with proportionate frequency. e. The warning shall not be hidden or

obscured by other printed information or images, or printed in a location where tax or fiscal
stamps are likely to be applied to the package or placed in a location where it will be

damaged when the package is opened. If the warning to be printed on the package is likely to

be obscured or obliterated by a wrapper on the package, the warning must be printed on both

the wrapper and the package. f. In addition to the health warning, all packages of tobacco

products that are provided to consumers shall contain, on one side panel, the following

statement in a clear, legible and conspicuous manner: “NO SALE TO MINORS” or “NOT

FOR SALE TO MINORS.” The statement shall occupy an area of not less than ten percent

(10%) of such side panel and shall appear in contrast by color, typography or layout with all

the other printed material on the side panel. g. No other printed warnings, except the health

warning and the message required in this Section, paragraph f. shall be placed on cigarette

packages. SECTION 14. Warnings in Advertising. —Under this Act: a. All tobacco

advertising in mass media shall contain either in English or Filipino, the following health

warning: “GOVERNMENT WARNING: Cigarette Smoking is Dangerous to Your Health.”

b. For print and outdoor advertisements, the warning frame shall be centered across the

bottom of the advertisement and occupy a total area of not less than fifteen percent (15%) of

such advertisement including any border or frame. The health warning shall occupy a total

area of not less than fifty percent (50%) of the total warning frame. The text of the health

warnings shall be clearly visible and legible, printed in a prominent color as appropriate and

shall appear in contrast by color, typography or layout with all other printed material in the

advertisement. The warning shall not be hidden or obscured by other printed information or

images in the advertisement.c. For television and cinema advertisements, the warning shall be

clearly shown and voiced over in the last five (5) seconds of the advertisement, regardless of

the duration of the advertisement, even when such advertisement is silent. The health warning

shall occupy a total area of not less than fifty percent (50%) of the television screen and shall

be clearly visible, legible and audible, in black text on white background or white text on
black background. No other images except the warning shall be included in the warning

frame. d. For radio advertisements, the warning stated after the advertisement shall be clearly

and audibly voiced over in the last five (5) seconds of the advertisement, regardless of its

duration.

Chapter 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter deals with the research design, population of the study, locale of the study,

sampling procedure, data gathering method, method of analysis.

Research Design

This study made use of Expost-facto research design in order to determine the

Characteristics of Smokers and Its Effect to Health Conditions.

Population of the Study

The population of the study were the residents of Barangay Papandayan Caniogan,

Marawi City who are engaged in smoking cigarettes who are under 13 to 50 above years of

age.
Locale of the Study
 MAP OF BARANGAY PAPANDAYAN CANIOGAN, MARAWI CITY

A. Brief History of the Community

 Based on the Geophysical Environment, Papandayan Caniogan is one of the ninety-six

(96) Barangay in Islamic City of Marawi. It is measured by the following Barangays:

Pantaon (south), Kormatan Matampay (east), Papandayan Caniogan (west), and Daguduban

(north). The Barangay Papandayan Caniogan is formed of four (4) Purok the block 1, 2, 3,

and 4. The name “Papandayan Caniogan” was originated from the word “Panday” a

Meranao term which means “Carpenter” in English language. Brgy. Papandayan Caniogan

was formerly one with Brgy. Papandayan but because of the issues between Decampong

and Ali family, they need to divide Papandayan Caniogan into Brgy. Papandayan Marawi

City and Brgy. Papandayan Caniogan Marawi City to avoid conficts and accordingly,

Decampong family will lead the Papandayan Caniogan while Papandayan will be leaded by

Ali family. Currently a total of 2,0024 people are the residents of Papandayan Caniogan,

Marawi City.

Sampling procedure

To obtained the total number of population in this study, the researcher made use of

Convenience Sampling Procedure based on the availability of the time, comfort of the

researchers and willingness of the respondents.

Research instruments

Survey questionnaire is used in this study. The survey questionnaire provided has two

parts. Part I. contains the personal socio-demographic profile of the respondents and Part II.

Has three parts. Part A. Characteristics of Smokers, Part B. Effects of smoking cigarettes, and

Part C. The reasons of engaging in Smoking cigarettes.

Method of Data Analysis

The following statistical treatment are used.

1.) Frequency distribution- the frequency will determine by the number of occurrences or

response of the respondents on a specific question. The rank distribution of responses will

determine by total number of responses on each question. The order or rank distribution will

determine as first, second, third and so on.

The formula for percentage is:

ρ = ƒ/N x 100 (Source: Walpole, 1997)

where: ρ = percent
ƒ = number of respondents
N = number of population

2.) Average Weighted Mean

To solve for the mean, the following formula was used:

Х = ∑χi/Ν

Where:Х = Mean
∑χi = total number of respondents
Ν = sum of all respondents

.
“Characteristics of the Smokers and Its Effect on the Health Conditions”
Part I. Personal and Socio- demographic profile.
1.1 Gender:
Male( ) Female ( )
1.2 Age on your last birth day____
1.3 Highest Educational attainment:______
1.4 Civil Status:
a. Single ( )
b. Married ( )
C. Separated ( )
d. Widow ( )
Part II. Direction: Read the statements below and put a check mark (⁄) inside the box
provided, that corresponds to your appropriate answer.
Note: Your responses will be kept confidential.
Scaling: 5-Strongly Agree
4- Agree
3- Neutral
2-Disagree
1-Strongly Agree
Part A.

Reasons of engaging in smoking 5 4 3 2 1

Neighborhood influence
Family/Smoking runs in the blood.
Classmates influence
Peer influence
Curiosity
To cope up with stress.

Part B.
Instruction: Which of the following effects of smoking cigarettes you have experience?
Please write yes or no to the given line.
___Disfiguring Hair ___Cancer of the mouth
___Infertility ___Cancer of the throat
___Increase blood pressure ___Cancer of bladder
___Thickening of the blood ___Cancer of uterus
___Cancer of the lungs ___Low birth
___Birth defects of the baby in the womb ___Blindness
___Cataracts

Observation Guide
Characteristics of Smokers:
___Bluish lips
___Violet gums
___Bad breath
___Yellow teeth
___Low stamina
___Easily get irritated
 Chapter IV
This chapter is containing of Presentation of findings

A. Personal and Socio-demographic Profile

1.) Age. Seventy point eight percent (70.8%) of the respondents who are engaged in
smoking were between 13 to 32 years old and followed by (10 0r 10.8 %) are between 43 to
52 years old and a total of (9 or 9.7%) of the respondents are between 33-42 years old. The
lowest age range of the respondents who are engaged in smoking cigarettes were between
53 to 73 with a total of (8 or 8.6%) see (Table 1).

Table 1. Distribution of Age from Papandayan Caniogan Marawi City Smokers

Age category Frequency Percentage

13-22 33 35.4%
23-32 33 35.4%
33-42 9 9.7%
43-52 10 10.8%
53-62 4 4.3%
63-72 4 4.3%
Total=93 Total=100%

AGE
35 33 33

30

25

20

15

10
10 9

5 4 4

0
13-22 23-32 33-42 43-52 53-62 63-72

The graph indicates that majority of the smokers in Papandayan Caniogan, Marawi City were
13 to 32- years old. The rest were 33 above.
2. Gender. Out of 93 respondents in this study that majority (77 or 82.80%) are male and
only 16 or 17.20%) are female. (Table 2.)

Table 2. Frequency and Percentage of the respondents regarding to their genders.

GENDER FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
MALE 77 82.80%
FEMALE 16 17.20%
TOTAL 93 100%

The graph shows that most of the smokers in Barangay Papandayan Caniogan, Marawi City
were male a total of 82% and a total of 17% were female.

3.) Civil status. Fifty-eight percent (58%) or 54 of the respondents of this study were single
and a total of (34.4%) or 32 were married. 3.2% are separated and a total of 4.3% or 4 are
widow (Table 3).

Table 3. Civil Status of the respondents

Civil status frequency Percent
Single 54 58.1%
Married 32 34.4%
Separated 3 3.2%
widow 4 4.3%
Total = 93 Total=100%

GENDER
90

80 77

70

60
MALE
50 FEMALE

40

30

20 16

10

0
Category 1
4.) Highest Educational Attainment. The mean level of highest educational attainment
among the respondents are college with a total of 40% or 38 and followed high school with
a total of 27% or 26 and a total of 18 or 19.35% were elementary. The lowest educational
attainment who was engaged in smoking were senior high (Table 4).

Table 4. Distribution of respondents according to Highest Educational Attainment

Highest Educational Frequency Percentage
Attainment
Elementary 18 19.35%
High School 26 27%
Senior High 11 11%
College 38 40%
Total=93 Total=100%

Highest Educational Attainment

0.1935; 19%
Elementary
0.4086; 41% High school
Senior High
College
0.2796; 28%

0.1183; 12%

Reasons of Engaging in Smoking Cigarettes

5.) Neighborhood Influence. Out of 93 respondent majority (38 or 40.86%) are neutrally
agreed that they were influenced by their neighbors and a total of (22 or 23.66%) are
strongly agree. With a total of (11 or 11.83%) were agree and a total of (10 or 10.75%) were
strongly agree (Table 6).

Table 5. Distribution of respondents according Neighborhood influence

1. NEIGHBORHOOD INFLUENCE
SCALING: FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
5 –STRONGLY AGREE 12 12.90
 4- AGREE 11 11.83
3- NEUTRAL 38 40.86
2- DISAGREE 10 10.75
1- STRONGLY DISAGREE 22 23.66
TOTAL-93 TOTAL-100%

NEI GHBORHOOD I NF LUENCE

45.00%
40.86%
40.00%

35.00%

30.00%

25.00% 23.66%

20.00%

15.00% 12.90% 11.83% 10.75%

10.00%

5.00%

0.00%
5 4 3 2 1

The graph indicates that the question “neighborhood influence” then, a total of 40.86%
respondents were neutrally agree that they were influenced by neighborhood and some of
them were strongly agree with a total of 12.90%, agree11.83%, disagree 10.75% and
strongly disagree 23.66%. It shows that most of the respondents were not strongly agree
that neighborhood influence can influence a person to be engage in smoking cigarettes.

2. FAMILY/SMOKING RUNS IN THE BLOOD

SCALING: FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
5 –STRONGLY AGREE 8 8.60%
4- AGREE 10 10.75%
3- NEUTRAL 13 13.98%
2- DISAGREE 6 6.45%
1- STRONGLY DISAGREE 56 60.22%
TOTAL-93 TOTAL-100%
6. Family/Smoking runs in the blood. Majority (56 or 60.22%) of the respondents strongly
disagree that family/smoking runs in the blood. A total of (8 or 8.60%) of the are strongly
agree and a total of (10 or 10.75%) are agree and a total of (13 or 13.98%) are neutrally
agree and lastly a total of (6 or 6.45%) are disagree (table 6).

Table 6. Distribution of respondents according to family/smoking runs in the blood.

 FAMI LY/SMOKI NG RUNS I N THE BLOOD
70.00%

60.22%
60.00%

50.00%

40.00%

30.00%

20.00%
13.98%
10.75%
10.00% 8.60%
6.45%

0.00%
5 4 3 2 1

The graph shows that majority of the respondents were strongly disagree that smoking
cigarettes can be influenced by the family. Its indicates that a total of 60.22% were strongly
disagree with family influence.

7. Classmates Influence. A total of (60 or 64.52%) of the respondents answered strongly

agree that they engaged in smoking through classmate’s influence and a total of (23 or
24.73%) are agree and lastly a total of (6 or 6.45%) of the respondents are neutrally agree.
With a total of (4 or .30%) are disagree and lastly a total of 0% are strongly disagree (Table
7.)

Table 7. Distribution of respondents according to Classmates influence.

3. CLASSMATES INFLUENCE
SCALING: FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
5 –STRONGLY AGREE 60 64.52%
4- AGREE 23 24.73%
3- NEUTRAL 6 6.45%
2- DISAGREE 4 4.30%
1- STRONGLY DISAGREE O 0%
TOTAL-93 TOTAL-100%
 CLASSMATES I NFLUENCE
70.00%
64.52%

60.00%

50.00%

40.00%

30.00%
24.73%

20.00%

10.00% 6.45%
4.30%
0.00%
0.00%
5 4 3 2 1

The graph shows that the majority of the respondents strongly agreed that most of them
were influenced by their classmates to engaged by smoking cigarettes with a total of
64.52%.

8.Peer Influence. Majority of the respondents answered strongly agree with a total of (77 or
82.79%) and followed by agree with a total of (8 or 8.60%) and a total of (5 or 5.38%) are
neutrally agree and (3 or 3.22%) are disagree and lastly, a total of 0% are strongly disagree
(Table 8).

Table 8. Distribution of respondents regarding of Peer influence.

4. PEER INFLUENCE
SCALING: FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
5 –STRONGLY AGREE 77 82.79%
4- AGREE 8 8.60%
3- NEUTRAL 5 5.38%
2- DISAGREE 3 3.23%
1- STRONGLY DISAGREE 0 0%
TOTAL-93 TOTAL-100%

PEER I NF LU ENCE
90.00%
82.79%
80.00%

70.00%

60.00%

50.00%

40.00%

30.00%

20.00%
8.60%
10.00% 5.38% 3.23%
0.00%
0.00%
5 4 3 2 1
The graph indicates that majority of the respondents were strongly Agree with a total of
82.79% were influenced by their peer to engaged in smoking cigarettes.

9. Curiosity. Out of 93 respondents, (55 or 59.14%) are strongly agree that they become
smoker through curiosity and a total of (18 or 19.35%) are agree followed by (14 or 15.05%)
are neutral. With a total of (3 or 3.23%) of the respondents are disagree and a total of (3 or
3.23%) are strongly disagree (table 9).
Table 9. Distribution of respondents according to Curiosity.
5. CURIOSITY
SCALING: FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
5 –STRONGLY AGREE 55 59.14%
4- AGREE 18 19.35%
3- NEUTRAL 14 15.05%
2- DISAGREE 3 3.23%
1- STRONGLY DISAGREE 3 3.23%
TOTAL-93 TOTAL-100%

CU R I OSI TY
70.00%

59.14%
60.00%

50.00%

40.00%

30.00%

19.35%
20.00%
15.05%

10.00%
3.23%
0.00%
0.00%
5 4 3 2 1

The graph shows that most of the respondents were strongly agree that they were engaged
in smoking cigarettes through curiosity with a total of 59.14%.
10. To cope up with stress. Majority (64 or 68.82%) of the respondents are strongly agree
and a total of (23 or 24.73%) are agree and followed by (4 or 4.30%) are neutral. A total of (2
or 2.15%) of the respondents are disagree and a total of 0% are strongly disagree (Table 10).

Table 10. Distribution of respondents according to to cope up with stress.

5. TO COPE UP WITH STRESS
SCALING: FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
5 –STRONGLY AGREE 64 68.82%
4- AGREE 23 24.73%
3- NEUTRAL 4 4.30%
2- DISAGREE 2 2.15%
1- STRONGLY DISAGREE 0 0%
TOTAL-93 TOTAL-100%
 TO COPE UP WI TH STRESS
70.00%

59.14%
60.00%

50.00%

40.00%

30.00%

19.35%
20.00%
15.05%

10.00%
3.23% 3.23%
0.00%
5 4 3 2 1

The graph indicates that majority of the respondents are strongly agree that they were
engaged with smoking cigarettes through coping up with the stress with a total of 59.14%.

Effects of smoking cigarettes.

11. Disfiguring Hair. Majority (74 or 79.57%) of the respondents answered No and a total of
(19 or 20.43%) are answered Yes (Table 11).
Table 11. Distribution of respondents according to Disfiguring hair.
DISFIGURING HAIR FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
YES 19 20.43%
NO 74 79.57%
TOTAL-93 100%
 DI SFI GURI NG HAI R
90.00%
79.57%
80.00%

70.00%

60.00%

50.00%

40.00%

30.00%
20.43%
20.00%

10.00%

0.00%
YES NO

The graph shows that in the question “Disfiguring Hair” then, a total of 20.43% respondents
have experienced disfiguring hair and a total of 79.57% were not.
12. Infertility. A total of (5 or 5.38%) of the respondents answered Yes and a total of (88 or
94.62%) of the respondents answered No (Table 12).
Table 12. Distribution of respondents according to Infertility.
Infertility FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
YES 5 5.38%
NO 88 94.62%
TOTAL-93 100%

I nf e rti lity
100.00% 94.62%
90.00%

80.00%

70.00%

60.00%

50.00%

40.00%

30.00%

20.00%

10.00% 5.38%
0.00%
YES NO

The graph indicates that majority of the respondents have not experienced the infertility
effects of cigarettes smoking with total of 94.62% and a total of 5.38% have experienced it.

13. Increase Blood Pressure. Majority (57 or 61.29%) of the respondents answered No and a
total of (36 or 38.71%) are Yes (Table 13).

Table 13. Distribution of respondents according to Increase blood pressure.

 Increase blood pressure FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
YES 36 38.71%
NO 57 61.29%
TOTAL-93 100%

I ncre ase blood pre ssure

100.00% 94.62%
90.00%

80.00%

70.00%

60.00%

50.00%
38.71%
40.00%

30.00%

20.00%

10.00%

0.00%
YES NO

The graph indicates that a total of 38.71% have experienced increasing of blood pressure
and a total of 94.62% are not.

14. Thickening of the blood. Majority (76 or 81.72%) of the respondents answered No and a
total of (17 or 18.28%) answered Yes (Table 14).

Table 14. Distribution of respondents according to Thickening of the blood.

Thickening of the blood FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
YES 17 18.28%
NO 76 81.72%
TOTAL-93 100%
 Thickening of the blood
70.00%
61.29%
60.00%

50.00%

40.00%

30.00%

20.00% 18.28%

10.00%

0.00%
YES NO

The graph shows that a total of 18.28% have experienced thickening of the blood and a total
of 61.29% are not.

15. Low birth. A total of (92 or 98.92%) of the respondents No and a total of (1 or 1.08%) of
the respondents who answered yes that they experienced low birth (Table 15).
Low birth FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
YES 1 1.08%
NO 92 98.92%
TOTAL-93 100%

Low birth
90.00%
81.72%
80.00%

70.00%

60.00%

50.00%

40.00%

30.00%

20.00%

10.00%
1.08%
0.00%
YES NO

The graph show that majority of the respondents have not experienced low birth with a
total of 81.72% and a total of 1.08% are not.

16. Birth defects of the baby in the womb. Majority (91 or 97.85%) of the respondents
answered No and with a total of (2 or 2.15%) Yes (Table 16).
Table 16. Distribution of respondents according to Birth defects of the baby in the womb.
 Birth defects of the baby in FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
the womb
YES 2 2.15%
NO 91 97.85%
TOTAL-93 100%

B irth de fe cts of the baby in the w omb

120.00%

98.92%
100.00%

80.00%

60.00%

40.00%

20.00%

2.15%
0.00%
YES NO

The graph indicates that majority of the respondents have not experienced Birth defects of
the baby in the womb with a total of 98.92% and a total of 2.15% have experienced it.

17. Cough. Majority (84 or 90.32%) of the respondents answered Yes that they experienced
cough and with a total of (9 or 9.68%) answered No (Table 17).
Table 17. Distribution of the respondents according to Cough.
Cough FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
YES 84 90.32%
NO 9 9.68%
TOTAL-93 100%
 Cough
100.00%
90.32%
90.00%

80.00%

70.00%

60.00%

50.00%

40.00%

30.00%

20.00%
9.68%
10.00%

0.00%
YES NO

The graph shows that majority of the respondents have experienced Cough with a total of
90.32% and a total of 9.68% were not.

18. Pneumonia. A total of (2 or 2.15%) of the respondents answered Yes and a total of (91
or 97.85%) of the respondents answered no that they do not have experienced pneumonia
(Table 18).

Table 18. Distribution of respondents according to Pneumonia.

Pneumonia FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
YES 2 2.15%
NO 91 97.85%
TOTAL-93 100%

Pne umonia
120.00%

100.00% 97.85%

80.00%

60.00%

40.00%

20.00%

2.15%
0.00%
YES NO

The graph shows that a total of 2.15% have experienced Pneumonia and a total of 97.85%
have experienced it.
19. Destroyed teeth. Majority (70 or 75.27%) of the respondents answered No and a total of
(23 or 24.73%) of the respondents answered Yes that they have experienced destroyed
teeth (Table 19).

Table 19. Distribution of respondents regarding of Destroyed teeth.

Destroyed teeth FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
YES 23 24.73%
NO 70 75.27%
TOTAL-93 100%

Destroyed teeth
80.00% 75.27%

70.00%

60.00%

50.00%

40.00%

30.00% 24.73%
20.00%

10.00%

0.00%
YES NO

The graph indicates that most of the respondents have not experienced Destroyed teeth
with a total of 75.27% and a total of 24.73% of them have experienced it.
20. Dizziness. A total of (4 or 4.30%) of the respondents answered Yes and with a total of
(89 or 95.70%) answered No. therefore, majority of the respondents experienced dizziness
because of smoking cigarettes (Table 20).
Table 20. Distribution of respondents according to Dizziness.
Dizziness FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
YES 4 4.30%
NO 89 95.70%
TOTAL-93 100%
 Dizzine ss
120.00%

100.00% 95.70%

80.00%

60.00%

40.00%

20.00%
4.31%
0.00%
YES NO

The graph indicates that a total of 4.31% respondents have experienced dizziness and a total
of 95.70% were not.

Characteristics of Smokers

21. Bluish Lips. Majority (93 or 100%) of the respondents are bluish lips and a total of (0%)
of are not (Table 21).
Table 21. Observation of the researcher to the respondents according to Bluish lips.
Bluish Lips
frequency percentage
Yes 93 1OO%
No 0% 0%
TOTAL 93 100%

BLUI SH LI PS
120.00%

100.00%
100.00%

80.00%

60.00%

40.00%

20.00%

0.00%
0.00%
YES NO

The graph indicates that majority of the respondents observed by the researcher that a total
of 100% have bluish lips.
22. Violet Gums. A total of (57 or 61.29%) of the respondents are having violet gums and a
total of (36 or 38.71%) are not (Table 2).

Table 22. Observation of the researcher to the respondents according to Violet Gums.
VIOLET GUMS
frequency percentage
Yes 57 61.29%
No 36 38.71%
TOTAL 93 100%

VI OLET GUMS
70.00%
61.29%
60.00%

50.00%

40.00% 38.71%

30.00%

20.00%

10.00%

0.00%
YES NO

The graph shows that a total of 611.29% of the respondents observed by the researcher are
having violet gums and a total of 38.71% of the were not.

23. Bad Breath. Majority (70 or 75.27%) of the respondents are having bad breath and a
total of (23 or 24.73%) are not (Table 23).

Table 23. Observation of the researcher to the respondents according to Bad breath.
BAD BREATH
frequency percentage
Yes 70 75.27%
No 23 24.73
TOTAL 93 100%
 B AD BREA TH
80.00% 75.27%

70.00%

60.00%

50.00%

40.00%

30.00%
24.73%

20.00%

10.00%

0.00%
YES NO

The graph indicates that most of the respondents have bad breath with a total of 75.27%
that is observed by the researcher and a total of 24.73% of them were not.

24. Yellow teeth. Out of 93 respondents majority (59 or 53.76%) of the respondents are not
having yellow teeth and a total of (43 or 46.24%) are having yellow teeth (table 24).

Table 24. Observation off the researcher to the respondents according to Yellow teeth.
YELLOW TEETH
frequency percentage
Yes 43 46.24
No 50 53.76
TOTAL 93 100%

YELLOW TEETH
56.00%

54.00% 53.76%

52.00%

50.00%

48.00%
46.24%
46.00%

44.00%

42.00%
YES NO

The graph shows that a total of 46.24% of the respondents observed by the researcher were
having yellow teeth and a total of 53.76% of the respondents were not.
25. Low stamina. Out of the 93 respondents majority (75 or 80. 65%) have no low stamina
and a total of (18 or 19.35%) of the respondents are having low stamina (Table 25).

Table 25. distribution of the respondents according to Low Stamina.

LOW STAMINA
frequency percentage
Yes 18 19.35%
No 75 80.65%
TOTAL 93 100%
The graph shows that a total of 19.35% of the respondents were having low stamina and
with a total of 80.65% of them are not.

26. Easily get irritated. Out of 93 respondents majority (81 or 87.10%) of the respondents
are not easily get irritated and a total of (12 or 12.90%) are easily get irritated (Table 26).

Table 26. Distribution of the respondents according to Easily get Irritated.

EASILY GET IRRITATED
frequency percentage
Yes 12 12.90%
No 81 87.10%
TOTAL 93 100%

EASI LY GET I RRI TA TED

100.00%

90.00% 87.10%

80.00%

70.00%

60.00%

50.00%

40.00%

30.00%

20.00%
12.90%
10.00%

0.00%
YES NO

The graph shows that a total of 12.90% of the respondents were easily getting irritated and
a total of 87.10% were not.
 CHAPTER V
This chapter is deal with Implications, Conclusion and Recommendation

Summary

The researcher has successfully completed his or her research. The results show that

youth under the age of 23 make up 12.90% of the population of Papandayan Caniogan in

Marawi City who are likely to smoke cigarettes, and the majority of them are influenced by

their peers.

The effects of smoking cigarettes are another thing to consider. Smokers in

Papandayan Caniogan, Marawi City, should be aware of the detrimental effects of smoking

has on both their physical and mental health, including how it alters how the mind functions,

causing them to become easily annoyed, and how it damages your teeth, heart, lungs, and

other bodily parts.

According to the study, there are 77 (82.8%) youths who smoke cigarettes in

Barangay Papandayan Caniogan in Marawi City, almost entirely all of whom are male. These

respondents smoked cigarettes for a number of different reasons. One of the biggest issues is

that they were influenced by their peers, with a total of 77 (82.79%), stress, 64 (68.82%),

classmates' influence, 60 (64.52%), curiosity, 55 (59.14%), their neighborhood, 12 (12.90%),

and family/smoking running in the family, 8 (8.06%), among other factors.

The majority of smokers in Papandayan Caniogan, Marawi City, suffered cough,

according to this study, with a total of 84 (90.32%), followed by elevated blood pressure with

a total of 36 (38.71%), damaged teeth with a total of 23 (24.73%), and thickening of the

blood with a total of 17 (18.28%).

44
 According to the study's findings, the majority of respondents have bluish lips,

scoring a total of 93 (100.00%), followed by bad breath, scoring a total of 70 (75.27%),

violated gums, scoring a total of 57 (61.29%), yellow teeth, scoring a total of 43 (46.24%),

low stamina, scoring a total of 18 (19.35%), and finally, scoring a total of 12 (12.90%).

Implication

Smoking is harmful and it damages the body and health of a person who smokes.

Cigarettes have bad ingredients that can kill the smoker due to excessive use. It is not good to

smoke in front of many people or public places such as school, apartment, and other public

places because the person who inhales the smoke coming from cigarettes can become the

cause of illness of a person considering that the 2nd smokers gets a bigger or higher disease

than smokers specially, do not smoke in front of/next to elderly people because the elderly

have a weak immune system and they get sick easily and are also among pregnant people

because it can affect the baby inside the womb of the pregnant mother and the child may die

inside the mother’s womb.

Conclusion and Recommendations

Finding a friend who can encourage you to be a better person is the best way for you

to avoid smoking because, as shown in the graph above, most people who do smoke is under

the influence of their peers. keep in mind that smoking is not the ideal approach to deal with

your difficulties because it will really make them worse because it is only a temporary

solution.

The majority of children and youth in this generation smoke because their parents,

teachers, and the punong barangay disregarded them. Therefore, the government must be

severe and give this issue time to be resolved. The government must instruct the Punong

45
Barangay to establish or inform the locals about the dangers of smoking about how it can

affect the community's health, socioeconomic status, and ability to function as a whole.

The school administration need to pay attention and should impose a rule that can terrify

students into quitting smoking cigarettes. To those who have siblings that is smoking

cigarettes, it is preferable to tell your parents if you really care about your sibling’s health and

well-being. It is important for parents to discipline and monitor his children about its

conditions to avoid engaging in smoking cigarettes. The pregnant mother should not go near

from smokers to avoid the disinfectant of the baby inside the womb.

Reference:

Nikolic M, Stankovic A, Airic IM: Household Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure and
Respiratory health in School Age Children. SciJFaculty Med in Nis 2012,29(4).

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. How Tobacco Smoke Causes Disease: What
it Means to You. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Center for
Disease Control and Prevention and Health Promotion, Smoking and Health,2010 [accessed
2017 Apr. 20].

J.A. Wakefield Personality, health and cigarette smoking. Personality and Individual
Difference (1989).

World Health Organization. Tobacco or Health: A Global Status Report. Geneva: World
Health Organization; 1997. [Google Scholar].

Sirkanti Raghu, Modini Venkata Rao, Surya Kiran Pulivarthi, Juvva Kishan Srikanth.
“Awareness of Harmful Effects of Smoking among Smokers”. Journal Evolution of Medical
and Dental Science 2015; Vol. 4, Issue 80, October 05; Page: Page: 13937-13942, DOI:
10.14260/jemds/2015/1985.

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