Pree eet ey rm) oo) Co Nae Dn Uae La Festehzaon emergeEarly Towns ‘Success at farming or trading allowed ‘many early villages to grow into towns. ‘These communities could support up to a few thousand people. The suns of some of the earliest towns offer usa fascinating look at how they developed. In about 7000 BC, the village of Jericho sgTew into one ofthe earliest-kntown towns. Plentiful water made it an ideal place to live. Crops grew well inthe fertile soil. Farmers grew wheat and barley and raised sheep and goats and produced enough to have surplus crops and goods. By about 6500 8, Jerichohad grown {nto an important trading town with betoveen 2,000 and 3,000 people. It pro- vided water and a place to rest for traders and nomadic herders crossing the Syrian Desert. As it grew in size, Jericho's bee- hive-shaped huts covered almost 10 aces. © Location Nose what atral fate did aly popl often bil setloments? To defend Jericho from enemies and wild ‘animals, the people who lived there built {large stone wall around the town. Then they dug a wide ditch around the outside ‘of the wall, Watchtowers along the wall allowed guards to see approaching danger. Little is known about daily life in Jericho. Archaeologists believe that the people treated the dead with great respect. They buried the dead carefully, sometimes under the homes in which they had lived, The remains of shrines and artifacts, such as sculptures of ancestors, show that religious beliefs were important. Tn about 6000 B.,, the people of Jericho abandoned their settlement. Experts do not know why they deserted the area. Since then, two other places named Jericho have been built near the original site. EEXUETED Seat ioeA ano petaus ‘What allow! many cat vilages to grow into towns? Chapter 2» 67Catal Hiiyiik ‘The early town of Catal Hiiyiik was like Jericho in many ways. It was near a good supply of water, and it was in an area with good soil for crops. Catal Hiiyiik was also ‘near important trade routes, which helped its people exchange goods with people far away. By 6500 B.., the town’s control of the obsidian trade had made it a success. In Catal Hyak, the people also had ‘special practices for burying their dead. ‘Archaeologists have found sculptures, jewelry, and weapons in graves. Like the people of Jericho, the people of Catal ‘Hiayiik built many shrines. Even though Catal Huyiik and Jericho ‘were alike in these ways, they were also different. The people of Catal Hiytik lived in small houses rather than the bechive- shaped huts of Jericho. Their houses had ‘separate rooms for cooking, sleeping, and other activities, induding worshipping. The ‘people of Gatal Haytik are believed to have made the first-known linen inthe world. They wove the fiber ofa plant called flax {nto cloth for making dothes. ‘The people of Gatal Hyak did not ssurrounc their town with a wall to protect themselves. Instead the walls ofthe houses formed the defenses ofthe town. The houses could be entered only from the root. ‘When danger struck, people simply pulled ‘up their ladders and remained safe inside. [Not long after the towns of Jericho and Catal Hyak developed, other towns began to form rapidly all around the world [As trade between towns grew, people ‘exchanged more resources, goods, and ideas. These exchanges changed their lives ‘What ritcts have acheeclopss found in graves at Gata HayaLabor, Leaders, and Laws With larger numbers of people living together in towns, important socal and political changes took place. Societies ‘became more complex, and new hinds of leadership developed. Improves agricultural techniques allovred more people to work in jobs other than as farmers. A division of labor devel- coped as people began to work according to their abilities. Some people grew crops while others made tools or clothing. Sell others were merchants, people who sold {goods they had bought from traders. Division of labor greatly changed society Because the work af groups of people had different levels of responsibility, society became divided into social elasses, The highest socal class was usually made up of rulers priests, and other important leaders and thes fasilies. Important family members ruled in towns, justas in villages. The leaders of towns began to pass on ther positions to chosen family members, Keeping power within each leader’ family. The leaders of towns had to contol sore people larger fod surpluses, and wider trade than did vilage leaders, With ‘more responsibilities ther power grew. The leaders of towns created many unwritten laws that townspeople had live by. This Kind of leadership was the beginning of SavomMNRL, an organized system ofleades and laws, ‘Ws soil ites demloped amen prot of ty ons? EAT e_ Socialized workers, suchas the arts who created these objects more tha £00 years ag, appeared ia more complex societies, Cities and Civilizations Around 3500 8, some towrs in south- western Asia developed into cites. Life in these urban areas was diferent from life in towns Early ities often had 500 people tr more. Also, people in ities ved closer together than did people in towns. “The governments of cies nesded tobe more highly organized than thse of tons. City leaders had to organize the building of longer walls for defense. They had maintain water supplies and nearby iiga- tion systems, The leaders also supervised the construction ofthe temples, places, and other buildings In cities, people learned to do even more specialized jobs. Some sil worked as mer ants cratworker, and traders, and most sities had a marketplace where goods could be exchanged. Other people began to work for the city goverment a oflals who helped manage the city 70 © Unit ‘The management of cities led to taxatlon, ora system in which people support the ‘government. Many people paid their taxes bby working on government projects while others paid their taxes with crops. The city used these to pay city officials and to trade for other goods and materials. ‘The world’s first cities, including Eridu (AIR-ih+doo), Kish, Ur, and Urak (C§o*rook), developed where farming first ‘began in southwestern Asia, This area was part ofa region once called Mesopotamia, In about 3100 B-. cities in Mesopotamia as well as those in Egypt gave rise to the ‘world’s first elvilzations, Soon other civili- zations also developed in other parts of the world. Early civilizations shared some common features. Compared to cities, they covered larger areas, had better-organized societies and economies, and constructed larger buildings and temples. A central govern- ment usually controlled a civilizationle living ilizations ee What Makes a Civilization transportation. Most of them developed some fom of writing, keeping rcords of events, trade, and taxes, People also began to follow religions supported and controlled by their governments. EERIE Swain veA ano veAUs pre lio of Organized society.) | Advances in witing| overomoat early evizaens? ‘economy, ligion and technology es <= Eo | some fering vilages to grow nto towne, | Eid Ana Diagrams then cts, nd evenualycviztins ttloan ey resp These changes happened over thousands | eatin chris ee ee ches hae ‘Sree suo of years. Stil and econcmie changes ‘sri. his took place a each step, As ivizatons cpemeeeeen developed chology and communication | Wane advanced rapidly. iS 1. @ How did early cities begin? 8. lf Make a Poster Work with a group of am ona WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW ‘The following can help you identify whether statements are facts or opinions. © Ask yourself whether the statement can be proved to be true. Have you personally observed or experienced the events described in the statement? Can the statement be checked in a reliable, up-to-date reference source? © Certain words may be clues that a statement isan opinion. Words that express feelings or judgments, such as best, worst, good, bad, wonderful, or ter- rite, are clues that an opinion is being expressed. © Although you may agree with an. ‘opinion, that does not make it a fact. IF it cannot be proved tobe true, itis ‘an opinion. D PRACTICE THE SKILL (GB Read the statements in the next ‘column, and decide whether each is a statement of fact or of opinion. © Success a farming or trading allowed many eatly villages to grow into towns. © In about 6000 8, the people of Jericho abandoned their settement, © Jericho was a better place to live in than Gatal Hy, © The people of Catal Hyuk made the fist known linen, © Craftworkers in early cites made very poor tools. D APPLY WHAT YOU LEARNED (GD Reread the section of the lesson titled Catal Hiiyik on page 68. Write six statements about the information in the section—three that state facts and three that are your own opinions. Trade papers with a classmate. See whether you can identify which of your partner's state- ‘ments are facts and which are opinions. Critical Thinking Chapter 2 = 73ETc ) ia ‘one ofthe ist farming laos ‘The maln dea the most impotant idea in a passage. Details gve informaton that supports the main idea. @main Idea and Details ‘Complete this graphic organizer to show that you can identify the main idea and supporting details of how farming and keep- ing animals changed the way early people lived. A copy of this ‘graphic organtrer appears on page 22 of the Homework and Practice Book. Early Farmers Ee) People could | Pople had Livestock now live enough surplus | became a main permanent totrade with | source of settlements. others. meat. A California Writing Prompts Write an Expository Paragraph Write + | Write a Narrative Write a short narrative set paragraph thet explains why laws were creeted in early towns and cites. Use detals from the ‘chapter to support your explanation. In anciont tal HOylk Create characte’s and a plot that are realistic inthis seting. Use details from the chapter to help you write your narrative. 74» Unit‘dentiy the term that correctly matches ‘each definon, 1, adept or tae for human ase 2. survve 3. of or tke acy 4, extra supply 5. 8 person who sells goods bought from traders 1. Which developed first, iis or irrigation? 7, Abouthow long after people began to omesticate plants did people develop ‘8, How lng ater farming began in south- western Asa did farming begin in South America? [eer Answer these questions. 9. What changes after the Ice Age led humans to begin farming? 10, What wore two animals that earl farmers in southwestern Asia kopt? 11, How did the Yangshao people change thei land to make it better for farming? Wee the letter ofthe best choice. ‘12, What kinds of crops dit the frst farmers row? A fruits 8 grains © nuts D vegerabies 13, Which ofthe following is true about the people of Abu Hureyra and Jericho? A They were fierce soldiers. B They had @ written language, © They earned to build dams. D They domesticated plants and animals. ieee 14. BARD What sequence of events led to SEES the domestication of plants and animals? 15. RG How did agrcore change he waye natch pele made ‘slothing? Chapter 2 = 75erent er ekonomi amazing and best-preserved Renn ca ees Prine ea teen stn at Lascauy were found in 194) eRe Nace ee 15,000 and 17,000 years old, Samarra Reo ee Sears PO tena? with their dog, To protect the paintings, irene ONC enon Perea ees tna Enea Pec te nated pee Seach b rr a eee Conia errr eer ool rene cence Teen ere ere ean err Cneenemr. Seeee rete ees RT “- arecaEnvironment Early pople adapted to their ‘environment to eurvive. Early Human! Archaeologists and other scientists use artifacts and fossils to learn about early ‘humans, They know that the first humans were hunters and gatherers who migrated from Africa o other continents, Most experts think that humans migrated in search of food. ‘They also think that land bridges may have allowed humans to reach other of the world’s continents Humans adapted to varied environments, from deserts to rain forests. They used what- ever plants, animals, and other resources they could find for food, shelter, and tools. After the last Ice Age, the climate became warmer and drier. Humans found new food sources as environmental changes affected old sources. They learned to grow grains and, later, other crops. They domesticated animals, such as goats and sheep, for food. ‘Agriculture produced food surpluses. Surpluses allowed people to live in larger {groups and freed some people to do work besides getting food. Villages grew into towns and then cities—complex societies ‘with governments and public works paid for by taxation. Read the summary above. Then answer the questions that follow. B plants that can be eaten remains of ancient animals D sciontists who study eely humans 2. Where did the fist humans lve? A in Asia B in Africa © in Europ D inthe Americas 78 © Unit 1 3. Whot does the word agriculture masn? A systems for bringing water fo crops B living ie 8 permanent sottement raising plants and animals D a parid with itl or no rain |. Which ofthe following were among the first ‘animals tebe domesticated? A coms 5 pigs © horses D goatsGere > ‘Answer those questions. 5, Besides farming, what was another way in which people changed how they got food after tho lat Ice Age? 6. What were two eary tools that helped ‘ancient people grow more food with less work? 7. Why was the imovation of irigaion so important? ‘8. What caused pastoral people to move from ‘one place to anther in encient times? ‘8. What were some ways that eary farming ‘communities used their food surpluses? 10, What were the houses licen which people lived in Jericho? 11, What plant gid the people of Gatal HOyk ‘row to make anew source of cloth? ‘Write the letter of the best choice. 12, Where were the earliest known farms? Ain fica B in South Amesica in southwosteen Asia D innortheastem Siberia 13, What matoral dd the early farmers of Abu Hureyra use to tu their shotors? A stone B mud © wood D enimal hides 14, Which plant did eary farmers in Asia grow ‘to weave into cath? A west B rice © cotton D maize 15, Which ofthe follwing was a direct effect ‘ofthe division oflabor in towns? A ood surpluses B taxation E soci classes 6 Describe one inportant event in Prehistory that scientists ere unsure about Explain what kindof evidence could help scientists Fearn more about this event. ‘7. How do civilizations differ from citos? Th Use Relat and Elevation Maps Use te elevation map on this page to answer the folowing questons. 18, Whatis the highest pant n Turkey? What is its elovation? 19. Which parts of Turkey have the lowest elevation? 20, Whats the elevation range around Istanbul? 21, Which citys on higher lan, Istanbul oF Keysori? 22, Why do you think the west points of Turkey ‘are located where they are? (eas Unit 1 = 79% Activities 1a The Secrets of Laseaux Cove by Richie Chevat. 1 Discovering tre Toman by Jetey Nelson. 15 Dorneetcating Plants and Animate ‘Show What You Know Unit Writing Activity Write a Summary Wte a one- oF aces ii Sanged to teed fh st lee Ageto te bulting of tes ce Unit Project ul ‘Research Notebook reste rh notebook abut ow osrly fhumans adapted to ther environments, Sciontsts often erate reseerch nctebo ay study ther subjects. Like ascent, your notebook with idee, information, or ‘questions you develop about a subect. Ihustrate Your notebook with maps and drawings about the subject you ere researching. Visit ACTIVITIES at