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    Unit 2 Chapter 3 Lesson 3-Review 6th Grade REF

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    Sunkyung Kim

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    & summanze Agricultural Techniques ‘The people of Mesopotamia, especially the Sumerians, are remembered for their many innovations, or new ways of doing things. For example, early farmers devel- oped new agricultural techniques, such as irrigation, leading to economic surpluses. At first, the Mesopotamians used only simple technology for farming. Early tools, such as sickles and hoes, were made of clay and copper. In time, metalworkers started. mixing copper with tin to produce bronze, which is much stronger than copper alone By 2500 8, many farmers were using bronze tools such as bronze-tipped plows. With stronger plows, farmers could tum soil more easily, which led to larger fields that produced larger crops. ‘Next, farmers found a way to plow and plant atthe same time by attaching, 4 funnel filed with seeds to the plow. The Suntan developed anager! twqucled sha ating. Thy lrg eosin te sae ofl wes pote han fra th sun nd wind Yd ames sti use | shade plntng to cps. ns phta- re farmers in hat row Bape, an, BPE harvest prey wns shade fantig [As the plow moved along each row, the seeds were released from the funnel. This agricultural technique allowed fewer farmers to plant more crops. ‘The Samerians even wrote advice for farmers. In Mesopotamia, archaeologists have found almanacs written on clay tablets. These writings included informa- tion thal described the best way to plant, to irrigate land, and to care for crops, (One ancient Sumerian almanac contained these instructions: 66When you are about to cultivate ‘your field, take care to open the irrigation works [so that] their water does not rise too high lint, 99° - Ssummarize ‘What gricataral techniques helped the ‘Mesopctanians produce economic surpluses? ttn ho ite Chapter 3 » 109 Measurements Growing city-states needed larger farms to feed all the people. Because of this, land ‘became more important than ever to the early Sumerians. City officials wanted to know how much land each farmer used. 0 that they could keep accurate records. Farmers, too, wanted to know how much land they had so that they could clearly ‘mark the boundaries of their farms. These needs led the Sumerians to develop standard measurements of land. ‘One measure of land area was an tk, also known as the ikum, meaning “the field.” An iku equaled about 37,600 square feet. The idea of the present-day acre, ‘which equals 43,560 square feet, comes from the iu. Sumerian also developed standard nits of measurements fr weight and volume, including the quart. They used these units to measure crop harvests and to conduct trade, Farmers no longer had to guess how rmuch wheat or barley they were exchang- ing fora plow or other product “Measurements required acaeflly planned number system. The Sumerians based their number system on the number 66, Our division of ime into hours, min- tutes and seconds came from this system “The Sumerians even found away f0 measure time. By about 2100 BC, the Sumerians counted of days in ayext, Using a 360-day calendar ‘What advance in mesuromrts th Somerins eel? Building Because southern Mesopotamia had. few trees, people used the resource they had plenty of for building—mud, The ‘Sumerians formed bricks out of mud, let them dry, and then used them to build everything from houses to large temples. ‘Most Sumerians lived in simple flat- roofed, mud-brick houses. Groups of houses were built close together, all facing ‘an open court. Their thick walls kept them. cool in summer and warm in winter. Kings and other people of high rank lived in larger houses of two or more stories. Artists made beautiful clay-tile designs to decorate the walls of the houses. ‘The largest and tallest building in every city-state was the 2iggurat (Z1H-guh-rat). This temple developed from the simple, ‘one-room temples of the Ubaid culture. In describing the city of Ur, archaeologist ‘Leonard Woolley wrote, ‘The outstanding feature of the city (Ur] was the Ziggurat.. an artificial mountain’ = iio a Pos peee ae aoe oon of cies grew. Bulders constructed the tud-brickziggunt in layers. Some temples stood as high as seversiory buildings. At the tp ofeach zggurat stood a shrine for the city’s specal god. Palaces for Kings and houses for priests often stood inside a wall that surrounded the ziggurat. Over time the Sumerians began buld- ing smaller buildings along the outside wall ofthe ziggurat Some were shops, oth- ers were workshops and stil others were homes, Many city-states also place parks ‘near their ziggurat, Soon the ziggurat and the are around itbecame the busy center ofthe city, Today, wind-eroded ruins are all thats let ofthese ancient buildings. ow do igure show tat align was important tothe Semaine? Some hstran belive ‘hat riggrats wore built epresert mnantain. ‘Tres and beshes may have coveredthe ut Smullrballdings stood ofthe igguat. © Why do you thik igguras wore bait inteyerst 9 the out ence orien fern & 5 See aK ei & a af vo | EBB Analyze Tables Cuneiform developed trom an ‘nn system of pctoraps. The ilustaton ight) shows a seibe writing cunaiform on a cly tablet. © ln whic cotuma ta te chart above de the symbols ‘nok moe ike the objects they represen? Transportation Archaeologists found the world’s oldest ‘wheels in Mesopotamia, dating to about 3500 B.C. The Sumerians were the first toattach wheels to carts. They built two wheeled and four wheeled carts and chariots piled by oxen ar donkeys. For long journeys over land, traders in Mesopotamia led caravans of donkeys. Following the same paths over and over again, they established trade routes. For water travel the Mesopotamians built various kinds of boats. Ther earliest ‘boat was shaped like a basket and built from reeds and covered by animal skins. ‘Amast and sail were inthe center ofthe boat, making it perhaps the world’s first sailboat. People also built canoe-shaped ‘boats that they guided with poles. DRAW CONCLUSIONS: How di now forms of transportation change peoples ives? 492 © Unit2 Cru, em Writing and Literature ‘The Sumerians made the first known ‘written records. The earliest known wrt- ing was found on a clay tablet in Kish that dates to about 3500 BC. On the tablet are picture symbols that recorded trade. Hundreds of clay tablets found atthe city of Uruk provide evidence that by 3100 8.C, the Sumerians had developed a writing system. This system was based on euneiform (kyoo-NEE-uhefawrm), or wedgestaped symbols. Each of the 700 symbols stood for a diferent syllable land was based on a spoken sound. ‘At that time, few people knew how to write, Because of this, seribes, or people who recorded things for others, became {important Sribes used sharpened reeds to write in cuneiform on soft clay. ‘Writing made developments of the ‘Sumerian government, economy, and society possible. With writing, scribes 2D Wis statue righ ‘ofthe ancant Ser king Gilgamesh, whe recorded boundary lines, wars, lists of kings, and gifts to temples. They also kept records of trade and food supplies. Later, scribes recorded literature, writing down songs and stories. The most famous tale is the Epic of Gilgamesh, a story about legendary King Gilgamesh, Ssummarvze ‘How did wrtng help make the dovolopment of Aacont Sumerian gerne ‘Sumerian metal verkars discovered how take brome from tin nd coppt ‘Workers ring tn oe and “Tin and copper are melted ‘copper er ham nines. Infurnaces to make bronze. Workers sparate the Metabworkrs hammer the ‘metals rom the or. ‘onze into shape. © How dees the ustration above show the dono the division of tabor? Life in a City-State Picture an ancient Sumerian city. Imagine the glistening ziggurat that stood in the center of the city. Al around the ziggurat were temples and other buildings. The ‘Sumerian cities were centers for trade, government, and religion, and the area around the ziggurat was where much of this happened. Without agriculture, Sumerian city-states could not have survived or grown. People in the cities relied on the work of farmers, ‘herders, and fishers, who lived in small villages or towns near the cities. Each day, they brought meat, fish, grain, and fruit to city markets. They produced more than enough food for themselves and the growirg population in the cities. City dwellers often lived in different parts ofthe city, depending onthe kind of Work they did For example, craftworkers set up shop ina part of the city with others ho did similar work. Their small shops lined the marrow streets, and often craft- workers and their families lived above or behind their shops. They passed ther skills down from generation to generation. Some hardly ever left their part of the city. Wy were any Sumerians abet do work other ‘than farming? Chapter 3» 115 Government and Law ‘The ruler's palace and the homes of important people were built close to the ziggurat. From the palace, offic governed the city’s day-to-day activities Besides controlling surpluses of food and collecting taxes, the officials settled dis putes and took part in making new laws. They also oversaw the building of temples and monuments. For the most part, everyone in Sumer had certain rights under the law. However, to pay for wars fought against other city- states, officials sometimes took away peo- ple’s rights to their property. The officials claimed people's land, cattle, and boats, and made people pay taxes on everything, including burials. In the 2300s 8.C., Urukagina (oo*roo+kahGEE*na), the ruler of the city-state of Lagash, made some changes. He created laws to prevent government leaders or the wealthy from taking advantage of the poor. ‘About 300 years later, UrNammu, the ruler of Ur, made changes related to that city-state's laws, All of the laws were writ- ten in the form of if-then statements. Ur Namunu ordered his seven laws carved onto a stone monument for all to see. This informed the people of Ur of both the laws and the punishment for breaking, the laws. Today UrNammu’s monument still exists. Iti the oldest-known record of ancient laws. nD overnment officials py for wars? Specialization and Trade ‘Ap more people began living perma- rently in one place, they developed new ‘ways of working together to make their lives easier. In Sumerian cities, this change happened, in part, by increased specializa- tion in the division of labor. Wren people specialized, they learned all of the information and skills necessary to do cone job well. Then, people traded their services or the goods that they made with others. ‘A few people studied to become priests, government officals, doctors, and scribes. Managers and government officials supervised the work of others. They oversaw irrigation, building projects, and the storage and distribution of food. ‘They also were responsible for schools and tax collection. Most officials were specially trained as ‘scribes. Scribes kept records, wrote letters for others, and wrote down stories and | | song. Because scribes controled informa- fon they became very powetl Smeranerafworkers used natural resoures to make everyday objets and ary goods. Jewelers used apis az (Laan rAvauhsee) «high pried blue stone, fashion necklaces, Carpenters bul ships out of wood brought fom other pisces. These ships then carr goods up anc down the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers Sil others tne as weavers potter, stonemasons, eathervorker bricklayer, anc metlworkere Merchants bought and sold goods o make ving. Sumerian merchants traded within the atl Crescent and even as faraway asthe Mediterranean Sex, The Sumerians traded what they fad in surplu-whet barley, ad etal tos Inseam, they got resources tey wanted, including wood, sl presiousstone, and taw copper and tn. CED ns meet thor daily wants? Pleasing the Gods Sumerians did not know what caused events in nature. They could not predict dust storms, swarms of insects, or floods. However, they fully understood that when these forces of nature hit, they might lose their crops, their homes, or even their lives. ‘Sumerians worshipped gods, or deities, that they believed could control nature. In the hopes of avoiding natural disasters, they offered gifts of animals, fruits, and {grain to the deities. They hoped their gifts ‘would persuade the deities to protect them. ‘The Sumerians believed in thousands of gods, The most important were the air god, Enlil, and the water god, Enki, who was Why di the Sumerians offer gifts to deities? Social Structure (Over time, anciant Sumerian society became divided into social classes, or ‘groups with different levels of importance. ‘The highest social class in Sumer was made up of the king and his family, nobles, priests, and military leaders. ‘Most Sumerians were members of the middle class, which included mer- chants, scribes, craftworkers, and farmers. ‘Sumerians were not locked into a certain class for their entire life. Instead, successful people could rise to a higher class. Slaves were at the bottom of Sumerian society. Often, enemies in battle became slaves, Also, Sumerians who owed money could sell themselves into slavery. After ‘working off their debt, they could buy back their freedom. Sumerian Children Childen in ancient Sumer enjoyed Swémering in Fivers and playing games. In the ruins of Sumer ‘2fcheeoiogsts have even found aboard game that ‘they cal the Royal Game of Ur Life for Sumerian chidten was octal fr end ‘gomes. Before the age of ten, Boys were usualy ‘Sent 1b work with their fathers. Girls stayed home to heb their mothers, In this way, they leemed their adult roles. Boys from wealthy families attended school to lear tescing, wsitng, and math. Few gis rom ‘wealtry families attended scnoo ‘Sumerian women had more tights and freedoms than women in many ocher ancient civilizations. In addition fo running. their households, Sumerian women could ‘own property run businesses, divorce ‘cue! husbands, and train tobe priestesses cor scribes EEDIBEID Ssummenze How could Smerians change thoi socal clas? 41:05 ce toa s Stetina 2. Use the term deity in paragraph to ‘describe Sumerian religious beliefs, 3. What role did merchants play in the ‘Sumerian economy? (CRITICAL HCN 4, BEB why do you think city life contributed ‘to new social roles? Make It Relevant How are the roles of children in the present-day United States similar to and different from those in Sumerian society? x The Sumerian cities were centers for trade, religion, and government. City life ‘was supported by the food farmers pro- vided and by the work done by government officials. Sumerians worshipped many gods that represented nature. Overtime, social classes developed in Sumerisn society. 6. ll Make 2 Chart Make a chart t show the Sumerian social classes. Then use. ‘your chert to explain toa classmate the relationship between Sumerian religion ‘and its soctety and government. 7. © ‘SUMMARIZE On a separate shest of paper, copy and ‘complete the graphic organizer below. Key Fact Key Fact Pao) cee fren cent PA! eed Rae eed Pier Potent Paes ee Pret SoC pent) ere Sea ee ee Poe Cree any oan foe een Cia a & sunmanze ery Eau PERU) a. Sargon as ormmurab re the Masopoamie The First Empires ‘You SBincme) "is 1775 2.c, You hurry toward the center of the city, following a rapidly growing crowd. A new stone marker, or stela, is being put in place. Like every: ‘one else, you want to see what the stela shows. As you push your way to the front of the crowd, you can see a carving at the top of the stela. It shows the noble king, Hammurabi, standing before the sun god, ‘Shamash. The rest of the stela is covered with words describing laws. Some are new, but you recognize oth. ers from the old tablets that you've read in school. Hammurabi has given his people an organized code of laws! The Akkadian Empire POSEN 200, Mesepotamia ‘The Sumerian city-states wanted the ‘wealth that came fram controlling land and water. Because ofthis, they were often at ‘war with one another Eventually, an enemy army did come to ‘oniquer the Sumerians. The leader of the army that attacked the Sumerian city-states was Sargon (SAR+gahn). ‘Sargon was not a Sumerian, but he had served in the army of the Sumerian kking of Kish. Around 2350 B.C, Sargon rebelled against the king and defeated him. ‘Then, Sargon marched his army across ‘Mesopotamia, conquering one Sumerian city-state at atime. In doing so, he created the world’s first emp, bringing vast lands and varied peoples under his control. Sargon set up his capital atthe city of -Akkad (A*kad), in central Mesopotamia. ‘For 55 years, Sargon ruled as emperor ‘of what became known as the Akkadian (uhsKaysdeevuhn) Empire. Akkad became the most splendid city in all of “Mesopotamia, Sargon used force and an organized government to maintain control over his empire. He was one of the frst rulers to keep a standing army, a permanent army of paid soldiers. Sargon chose officials who he knew would remain faithful and appointed loyal nobles as governors to control conquered cities. Each governor provided Sargon with tribute collected from the conquered People. Tribute is a required payment from one ruler to a more powerful ruler. ‘This tribute brought much wealth under Sargon’s control. ‘The Akkadian Empire lasted for more ‘than 200 years after Sargon’s death. In about 2300 B.C, the empire stretched from ‘what is now Iran to the Mediterranean Sea. Iteventually fell, and Sumer’s city-states once again became independent. | ‘Ssummanize ow did Sargon maintain contol aver bis > Sargon et leads hs any iat ate, Trough conquest he brought new ands and people under his coal Equal Justice In action to putting together a code of laws, Hammurabi intodce ha dea of eau juste, or fa treatment, under ‘the laws, Hs equl justice, however, was ited to equck ity within each soci class, Under the Code of Hammurabi, ‘members ol the wing ass were favored over people of bother classes, The punishments they received were offen ightor tan those received by other people. At hat time, thie wos considered far and st, Today the Urited States, Consttuton provides for equl treatment for al people without regard fora person's position in our society. Hammurabi and the Babylonian Empire FREED 170080. FEI Mesopotamia Between 1790 B.C. and 1750 8.C., Hamarurabi (harmuh-RAH*bee), the king of the city-state of Babylon, conquered and ‘united most of Mesopotamia under his rule, In this way, he formed a large empire that became known as the Babylonian Empire ‘As emperor, Hammurabi both encour- aged trade and oversaw agriculture, irriga- tion, and building projects. In addition, he changed the tax system so that all people in the empire paid a fair share. Hammurabi is perhaps best remem- bred for organizing the laws of his lar. Each city-state had long had its own laws. Hammurabi collected all these laws, sorted them, and came up with one collection of laws known as the Cod of Hammurabi. ‘The Code of Hammurabi consisted of 282 laws. They covered such matters as 122 © Unit2 {amily relationships, taxes, land and business deals, rade, loans, debts, wages, and crime. ‘Hammurabi changed the old laws that were unfair and made clear those that were confusing. He had the code carved into stone and placed ina public place for everyone to see. To Hammurabi, the code represented a way to rule (Géso thatthe strong should not harm the weak. 99” Some of the laws followed the idea of “an eye for an eye.” These laws called for punishments that matched the crimes that had been committed For example, a per- son who broke someone's arm ina fight ‘would be punished by having his or her arm broken. Hammurabi’ code lasted over the years, but his empire did not By about 16002, the Babylonian Empire had fallen. Ssummanze ow di Hammurabi ogi th ews of Babylon? Kassite and Assyrian Rule After the fall ofthe Babylonian Empire, several different groups invaded and ruled ‘Mesopotamia. In the 1600s B.., the Hittites, armed with war chariots and iron weapons, captured and looted Babylon. ‘The Hittites soon returned to their home- land, and their neighbors, the Kassites, moved in and conquered Babylon. They ruled the city for more than 500 years. The Kassites adopted Babylonian laws, religion, and literature, which helped Babylonian culture live on, In time, the Assyrian Empire gained con- ‘trol of the region. The Assyrians had a great desire to control the tade routes in south- ‘western Asia. Their mastery over powerful ‘new weapons helped them meet this goal From the Hittites, they had learned how to make and use iron weapons and war chariots. The Assyrian army introduced the battering ram, a heavy wooden beam used to break down walls. They were also among the first to use the lance, a spear attached to a long handle. ‘One by one, the Assyrians conquered. their neighbors. By the 700s B.,, the ‘Assyrians ruled the largest empire in the world. They controlled all of Mesopotamia, as well as lands in present-day Turkey, Egypt, and the Persian Gulf Under the ule of Nebuchatnerzar, — Sabyonian Empire Seoemoae” seats ‘Acs pea, the Assyrian Empire stretched more than 1500 miles. ° Pographic feature may have stopped the Assyrians rom expanding soubward? ‘The Assyrians were great imovators, Assyrian Kings united their huge empire by building the world’s first system of paved roads and developing a postal system. The Assyrians were the first to make locks that operied with keys. uA ‘They also invented the magnifying glass and built the first libraries. ne eee ane, | enemies, and the New Babylonian Empire rose in its place. One of this empire's best-known rulers was Nebuchadnezzar (nebeuhskuhdNEZ-er). He is believed to have built the terraced garden known as the Hanging Gardens of Babylon. This garden is remembered as one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. ‘MAIN IDEA AND DETAILS: ‘What helped the Assyrians gain control of rade? aaa 'Y How did the first enpires develop. in Mesopotamia? 2. Use the terms describe an: 5 ‘3. What were the major accomplishments of the Assyrian Empire? and spi | CRITICAL THINKING 4, [EIB wy do you think early empires noded a standing army? 5. Make It Relevant Hammurabi had taws written down and made open to the public, ‘any governments do today. HOW practice important to meintaining ‘equality and justice? 124 © Unit2 \n for resources gave riseto 1 in Mesopotamia. Sargon built the region's first empire, the Aka Empire. The Babylonian Empire grew under Hammurabi, who is remembered for bis ‘code of laws. Over time, the Kassites and the Assyrians also built empires in the region. Classroom Code With a group of classmates, come up with a code fof dassroom rules. Fist, make a lst of rules with your group. Then, pick the five ‘most important rule, and display them In your classroom. © sommanze ‘separate sheet of paper, copy and ‘complete this graphic organizer. Key Fact En ois Hammurabi “(The gods] called by name me, Hammurabi, the exalted prince, ... to bring about the rule of righteousness in the land.?”* bal ee oe ed Men of what we know about Hammurabi was written by -— the leader himself. The words above are part of Har:murabi’s introduction to his famous Code of Laws. Perhaps the best-known, Principle of the code isthe one called “an eye for aneye.” This Principle means that anyone causing injury to another person ‘would be punished with the same injury. Hammurabi wrote that he was a religious ‘man who had helped make tre Babylonian Why Empire wealthy, He also told of his suc Character cess as a warrior. However, the strongest Counts theme in Hammurabi’s writings is fairness. @ How did Hammurabi called himself “the shepherd Harmmurab show of the oppressed and of the slaves.” He said aioe tahow he that he had “brought about the well-being ‘of the oppressed” and mentioned that he had spared the lives of people who lived Bremuratsiem in the lands he conquered. These state- yi ments show Hammurabi’s belief that all people—even the defeated and the owerless—deserv® protection and justice. Hammurabi knew that it would not be right to do everything that he had the power to do. He could have let the poor starve, denied rights to the powerless, and killed conquered people. Instead, his actions were guided by fairness. eee Hamenurebe becomes ing rule end with his dah of Babylonian Empro GD. ears co x Penn seer \ Chart and Graph Skills Compare Tables D WHY IT MATTERS: Using table isa good way to eassiy, or group, items of information. When infor. | mation is shown in a table, you can easily find and compare pec facts, such as | figures and dates. > WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW ‘When you read about early empires, you learned many names, dates, and other facts. You learned when empires were founded, ‘who their founders were, what the names of their capital cities were, and when the empires ended. This kind of information ‘can be shown in a table to make it easier to find and compare facts about the empires. ‘The tables on the next page classify {information about early empires, The same {information is shown in both tables, but each table classifies the information in a different way. Table A lists the empires in alphabetical order. In Table B, the empires are listed according to the order in which they were founded. i . Rees Worf et noun more nase -nwec Fen tno be oe ‘Asovias suc -coaec. Raven deloes ca poss yt ek. tnatiemepning ase avanconatsin Baayen sgeac.—iswec.meheneten on an eeenes © Seacnr Batylonon 9anc.-s0986 Enpre D PRACTICE THE SKILL (GBB Use Tables A and B to answer these questions © Whick empire was the eariest empire? Which table did you useto find ths information? Why? © Which empires were founded after the Babylonian Empire ended? © Which empire developed a postal system? © What are the advantages and disod- vantages of using each table? Explain your answer. D APPLY WHAT YOU LEARNED ‘Make a table that compares the early civilizations that you have learned about in this chapter. Use the Internet or other sources tofind out more about these

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