Professional Documents
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An Integrated Approach
Human Kinetics
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Evans, Retta R. author. | Sims, Sandra K., 1961- author.
Title: Health and physical education for elementary classroom teachers : an
integrated approach / Retta R. Evans, PhD, Sandra K. Sims, PhD.
Description: Champaign : Human Kinetics, Inc., [2016] | Includes
bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2015033961 | ISBN 9781450459914 (print)
Subjects: LCSH: Health education (Elementary)--United States. | Physical
education and training--Study and teaching (Elementary)--United States. |
Health education--Standards--United States. | Physical education and
training--Standards--United States.
Classification: LCC LB1588.U6 E83 2016 | DDC 372.370973--dc23 LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015033961
ISBN: 978-1-4504-5991-4 (print)
Copyright © 2016 by Retta R. Evans and Sandra K. Sims
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Contents
iii
iv ¾ Contents
Glossary 203
References 207
Resources 211
Index 215
About the Authors 223
About SHAPE America 225
A Note From SHAPE America
Imagine a world in which every child you have and that they are well trained in child devel-
taught or will ever teach leaves your classroom opment and general teaching methods. That is
equipped not just with the foundational knowl- why SHAPE America chose to collaborate with
edge and skills to tackle the academic rigors these excellent authors and publisher in bring-
of middle school and beyond but also with the ing this book to you, the elementary classroom
ability and the desire to be physically active for teacher in practice or in training: to ensure that
a lifetime. you have the best tools with which to integrate
That’s the world we envision at SHAPE health and physical education into your daily
America – Society of Health and Physical Ed- teaching. The skills-based content of the book
ucators, the leading professional organization is correlated with the National Health Edu-
for health and physical educators: that every cation Standards, SHAPE America’s National
child leaves school with the skills, knowledge, Standards for K-12 Physical Education, and rel-
confidence, desire, and opportunity to enjoy a evant Common Core State Standards.
healthful, physically active lifestyle. It is our hope that this book will help you
And while SHAPE America advocates for develop physically active—and physically lit-
physical education and health to be taught by erate—students, and that you become an ad-
state-licensed or state-certified teachers, we vocate for health and physical education in
recognize that elementary classroom teachers the process. If you ultimately are tasked with
are often asked to teach subjects in which they including health and physical education into
have limited background. We also appreciate your daily curriculum, you can do so with con-
that elementary classroom teachers care about fidence that you are providing the best instruc-
their teaching and the welfare of their students, tion and experience possible for your students.
50 Million Strong by
2029
Approximately 50 million students are currently
enrolled in America’s elementary and secondary
schools (grades pre-K to 12). SHAPE America is
leading the effort to ensure that by the time today’s
preschoolers graduate from high school in 2029,
all of America’s students will have developed the
skills, knowledge and confidence to enjoy healthy,
meaningful physical activity.
vii
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Preface
As school budgets shrink across the United ical education! You will discover how to inte-
States, elementary classroom teachers are be- grate health and physical education into every
ing asked to teach subjects in which they have aspect of the school day. Are your students
limited expertise. Teaching health education and breathing bus fumes while waiting to be picked
physical education might seem like a daunting up? Are the hallway water fountains clean and
task for someone who does not have specialist working? Are your students rested, focused,
training; a teacher might worry, for example, and ready to learn? By creating a healthy
that she isn’t athletic enough to teach physical school environment for students, you will max-
education, or that her affinity for junk food dis- imize your students’ academic achievement.
qualifies her from any sort of authority in the You will learn how to seamlessly incorporate
area of health. Although expertise in these top- health education and physical education into
ics is desirable, it is possible for the non-special- the core subject areas while meeting state and
ist to offer quality health and physical education national standards. You will reap the benefits of
to elementary students. In fact, teaching health becoming an advocate for student health with
and physical education gives the elementary colleagues, administrators, and parents.
classroom teacher the power to help children
grow in every aspect of their being.
Health education and physical education
Features
may feel like a tremendous responsibility to Throughout the textbook, you will find informa-
a classroom teacher, who likely already feels tive web sites, tips for best practices, tables filled
as if there are not enough hours in the day to with innovative strategies, and other resources on
address high-stakes academic requirements. how to incorporate health, wellness, and physical
There can be a lot of pressure when it comes education/activity during your school day. Each
to standardized test scores and yearly progress chapter includes the following elements:
reports from administrators, parents, and even
politicians. What is a teacher to do? • Objectives
Health and Physical Education for Elementary • Summary
Classroom Teachers: An Integrated Approach equips • Review questions
students with the essential knowledge and skills
needed to teach these subjects without specialist Chapters also contain boldfaced important
training. Written for undergraduate elementary terms, and you can find a list of those terms and
education students and for in-service elementary their definitions in the glossary in the back of
teachers charged with teaching health and physi- the book. Cited references and valuable sources
cal education, this unique textbook is skills-based of further information are listed in the book’s
and designed to provide ample opportunities to References and Resources sections, respectively.
practice the concepts taught. All content is cor- Labs have been included in chapters 7, 8, and
related with the National Health Education Stan- 9. These labs are designed to help you brain-
dards (Joint Committee on National Health Edu- storm the process of integration into practice.
cation Standards, 2007), the National Standards The labs are critical to the textbook and the
for K-12 Physical Education (SHAPE America, reader because they connect the textbook’s con-
2013), and relevant state-specific academic stan- tent with practical ways to apply it in a class-
dards, including Common Core State Standards. room setting.
Most important, the book’s integrated approach
emphasizes the practical ways that health and Organization
physical education can be built into the existing
academic curriculum. The text is organized into two main parts, each
By learning essential knowledge and using dedicated to different components of incorpo-
the strategies developed in this book, you will rating health and physical education into the el-
be able to skillfully navigate health and phys- ementary classroom. Part I, Role of Health and
ix
x ¾ Preface
Physical Education in the Classroom, focuses focus on physical education rather than health.
on the important background concepts needed The chapter details how to incorporate the Na-
to form foundational knowledge for health ed- tional Standards for K-12 Physical Education
ucation and physical education. Chapter 1 pro- into academic curriculum. And, like chapter 8,
vides an overview of the health risk behaviors chapter 9 also discusses the Common Core and
inherent with today’s generation of children, includes labs. Chapter 10 summarizes practical
describes health disparities that contribute to approaches to teaching health and physical ed-
differences in quality of health among groups, ucation in the classroom.
and explains why it is important for classroom Teaching methods, as-
teachers to take an active role in their students’ sessment tools, and eval-
health. Chapter 2 focuses on the coordinated uation strategies are de-
school health approach. It describes how aca- scribed in this chapter.
demic achievement is related to health behav-
iors and establishes why the National Health
Education Standards are significant. Chapter 3 Web Resource
describes how physical growth and brain de-
velopment in children are related to health. It Students who purchase Health and Physical Edu-
identifies theories that can be used to change cation for Elementary Classroom Teachers: An Inte-
health behavior and provides an overview of grated Approach receive access to a student web
comprehensive school health education. Chap- resource that will enhance learning. The web re-
ter 4 provides an overview of the need for source includes the following learning aids from
physical education and physical activity in el- the book in order to allow downloading for study-
ementary schools. It describes the many bene- ing and completing assignments:
fits of physical activity and characteristics of a • Review questions
high-quality physical education program.
• Important terms and their definitions
Part II, How to Integrate Health and Phys-
ical Education Into the Classroom, empha- • Labs
sizes the strategies necessary to build health, • Websites listed in Resources
physical education, and physical activity into • Sidebars
the curriculum and school day. Chapter 5 de-
scribes how classroom teachers can advocate The web addresses in the web resource’s ver-
for healthy and active schools. It also incorpo- sion of the Resources and sidebars are links
rates ideas for advocacy with parents, adminis- that you can click on so that you don’t have to
trators, and the community. Chapter 6 identi- manually key in the address.
fies habits that promote everyday health in the The following icon is displayed by content
classroom. Indicators of school violence and from the book that can also be found on the
bullying, signs of depression and suicide, and web resource.
indicators of child abuse and neglect are just The web resource also features sample inte-
of few of the important topics discussed in this grated activity plans that demonstrate how health
chapter. Chapter 7 describes ways to incorpo- and physical education can be incorporated into
rate physical activity into the classroom. Strat- the academic curriculum. Two activity plans are
egies for incorporating activity breaks, dancing given for every health education and physical ed-
to music, and movement into academic lessons ucation standard, for a total of 26 plans.
are the focus of this chapter. Chapter 8 outlines The school setting provides an incredible op-
how to incorporate the National Health Educa- portunity for changing the health and overall
tion Standards into the academic curriculum. trajectory for children everywhere. Our goal is
Using the Common Core is also described. Il- to empower the classroom teacher to make a
lustrations and labs are provided in this chap- positive difference in students’ health, well-be-
ter. Chapter 9 is similar to chapter 8 but with a ing, and future.
Acknowledgments
A lot of work and dedication go into writing a amazing job of keeping an incredibly complex
textbook, but the author’s writing is only a part process running smoothly, and she gave great
of the work that goes into the development and suggestions on improving our textbook. Finally,
production of a final product. The authors are we’d like to acknowledge the future teachers
thankful for the support, guidance, and patience who will use this book. We believe you are the
of family and friends throughout this process. best advocates for a healthy, active classroom.
The authors would also like to acknowledge Our hope is that you will empower your stu-
the hard work and diligence of the following dents to be healthy and physically literate for
people; without them this project would not be life.
possible. A heartfelt thank-you goes to Sarah SHAPE America thanks Cindy Allen, PhD,
Toth for her careful editing, writing, and devel- professor in the Health Science Department
opment of ancillary materials throughout the and director of student teaching and field expe-
book. Thanks to Jacqueline Blakley, develop- rience at Lock Haven University, for reviewing
mental editor for Human Kinetics. She did an the content in this book.
xi
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Accessing the Web Resource
You will notice a reference throughout Health 3. Click the Sign In link on the left or top
and Physical Education for Elementary Classroom of the page. If you do not have an ac-
Teachers to a web resource. This online content count with Human Kinetics, you will be
is available to you for free upon purchase of a prompted to create one.
new print book or an e-book. All you need to 4. After you register, if the online product
do is register with the Human Kinetics website does not appear in the Ancillary Items
to access the online content. The steps below box on the left of the page, click the En-
will explain how to register. ter Pass Code option in that box. Enter
The web resource offers learning aids from the following pass code exactly as it is
the book such as review questions, lab assign- printed here, including capitalization
ments and blank forms from the book, and and all hyphens: EVANS-2TFB-WR
sample integrated lesson plans for each na-
5. Click the Submit button to unlock your
tional health education and physical education
online product.
standard. We are certain this material will be
useful to you as you study and learn the book’s 6. After you have entered your pass code
content. the first time, you will never have to en-
ter it again to access this online product.
Once unlocked, a link to your product
Follow These Steps to will permanently appear in the menu on
the left. All you need to do to access your
Access the online content on subsequent visits is
Web Resource sign in to www.HumanKinetics.com/
HealthAndPhysicalEducationForEle-
mentaryClassroomTeachers and fol-
1. Visit www.HumanKinetics.com/Health- low the link!
AndPhysicalEducationForElementary-
ClassroomTeachers. Click the Need Help? button on the book’s
2. Click the first edition link next to the website if you need assistance along the way.
corresponding first edition book cover.
xiii
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Part I
1
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Chapter 1
Healthy Bodies,
Healthy Minds
Objectives
Define the six dimensions of health, and ex-
plain how they interact to affect overall health.
Understand how the health of Americans has
changed since the 1900s. When health is absent, wisdom can-
Describe the Healthy People 2020 objectives not reveal itself, art cannot manifest,
for schools and school-age children.
strength cannot fight, wealth becomes
Identify the six categories of risk behaviors
monitored by the Centers for Disease Control
useless, and intelligence cannot be
and Prevention (CDC). applied.
Define health disparities that contribute to dif- Herophilus
ferences in quality of health between groups.
Determine what behaviors students could
change in order to improve their overall health.
Explain why classroom teachers should take
an active role in their students’ health.
4 ¾ Health and Physical Education for Elementary Classroom Teachers
In the United States, more than 55 million K-12 • Physical health refers to the well-being
students spend about 6 hours in the classroom of the physical body. It is the most visible di-
each day. Therefore, the school setting provides mension of health and can be influenced by
ample opportunity for changing the health and multiple variables, including genetic makeup,
overall trajectory for children. This book aims exposure to infectious agents, access to medi-
to empower you to use classroom time to make cal care, and personal health-related behaviors
a positive difference in your students’ health, such as tobacco use, levels of physical activity,
well-being, and future. and nutritional habits. Observable characteris-
The relationship between health and ac- tics (including height, weight, and energy level)
ademic achievement is undeniable. Healthy are often associated with this aspect of health
students are better learners and are better be- and wellness.
haved. Children who come to school without • Intellectual health is the ability to in-
breakfast, without a good night’s sleep, and terpret, analyze, and act on information. Intel-
having had no physical activity during the pre- lectual health also spans a person’s ability to
vious day are not ready to learn or able to fo- reason. Intellectual health can influence a per-
cus. If students are habitually absent and fall son’s overall wellness by controlling the ability
behind academically during the elementary to recognize, understand, and utilize informa-
years, it may hinder their academic success in tion about health.
middle and high school.
• Emotional health involves a person’s
To understand why incorporating health into
feelings and how they are expressed. An emo-
the classroom is so critical, you must first un-
tionally healthy person practices self-control
derstand the evolution of health and its history.
and self-acceptance and can express both pos-
This chapter examines the modern definition of
itive and negative emotions in productive,
health as well as the complex dimensions that
socially acceptable ways that are not self-de-
make up the contemporary view of health. The
structive or threatening to others. Poor emo-
chapter then provides an overview of the his-
tional health can be characterized by poor
tory of health, its role in modern society, and
management of negative feelings and emo-
the present common health behaviors and de-
tions, which can lead to stress-related illnesses
terminants of health that may impact you and
as well as susceptibility to infection and heart
your students.
disease.
• Social health is characterized by the
Defining Health in the ability to navigate social environments while
21st Century maintaining healthy relationships with oth-
ers. People live and work in a variety of social
People commonly define health as physical fit- environments, including homes, workplaces,
ness and the absence of disease. This tendency schools, and neighborhoods. The ability to nav-
is rooted in the medical model of health, which igate these environments effectively is a crit-
defines good health as having low levels of dis- ical part of social health. Maintaining strong
ease, illness, and infirmity. Many definitions of personal relationships, communicating with
health exist. A broader definition of health is respect for and acceptance of others, and rec-
a state of mental, physical, and social well-being. ognizing ways to enrich relationships are all in-
This definition supports the concept that a per- dicative of strong social health.
son’s health is influenced by multiple factors • Spiritual health involves the ability to
and cannot be based solely on the presence deal with day to-day life in a manner that leads
or absence of disease and illness. A person’s to realizing one’s full potential, finding mean-
health depends on both the individual strength ing and purpose of life, and experiencing hap-
of and the interactions among these six dimen- piness from within. The definition of spiritual
sions: physical, intellectual, emotional, social, health is not confined to sacred terms or prac-
spiritual, and environmental (figure 1.1). Main- tices. Rather, spiritually healthy people have
taining a balance among all six dimensions is developed a strong sense of personal values and
key to achieving a high overall state of health. the capacity to integrate these values (including
Healthy Bodies, Healthy Minds ¾ 5
Physical Environmental
The well-being of Interactions between people
the physical body and their environment
Intellectual Spiritual
The ability to interpret, Health The state of being related to
analyze, and act and meaning and purpose of life,
on information reaching potential,
Wellness and happiness
Emotional Social
An individual’s feelings and The ability to navigate
how they are expressed social settings and maintain
healthy relationships
trust, honesty, and integrity) into their practic- • Environmental health includes pre-
es of everyday living. In general, religion is a venting and controlling diseases or injuries
way in which spirituality is practiced; it is an related to the interactions between people
organized practice of beliefs. Religion provides and their environment. It encompasses all
ways to give life meaning and deeper purpose biological, chemical, and physical factors ex-
while providing organization and structure as ternal to the body that impact behavior and
an impetus to action. The words “health” and over which a person has limited or no control.
“heal,” which refer to putting separated things These factors include indoor and outdoor air
back together or to be made whole, are related quality, water quality, soil quality, toxic sub-
to the concept of “holy.” Poor spiritual health stances, hazardous wastes, and natural disas-
may contribute to feelings of isolation and ters. Daily life and health are affected through
may cause a person to struggle in maintaining the air, water, food, and products people con-
productive relationships. Research has demon- sume. Globally, environmental hazards are to
strated that people who have strong religious blame for approximately a fourth of all disease
faith and people who are active in a church or (World Health Organization, 2013). Air pollu-
religious community reap better overall health tion alone is responsible for 3.7 million deaths
(Rew & Wong, 2006). Specific elements of spir- each year worldwide and is a leading environ-
itual health proven to contribute to enhanced mental cause of cancer deaths (World Health
health are altruism, hope, forgiveness, feeling Organization, 2013; 2014a). Arsenic, which is
close to God, prayer, meditation, giving up highly toxic and a known carcinogen, occurs in
hostility, loving relationships, and a supportive high levels in U.S. groundwater (World Health
community. Organization, 2012). Lead exposure in young
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DANCE ON STILTS AT THE GIRLS’ UNYAGO, NIUCHI
I see increasing reason to believe that the view formed some time
back as to the origin of the Makonde bush is the correct one. I have
no doubt that it is not a natural product, but the result of human
occupation. Those parts of the high country where man—as a very
slight amount of practice enables the eye to perceive at once—has not
yet penetrated with axe and hoe, are still occupied by a splendid
timber forest quite able to sustain a comparison with our mixed
forests in Germany. But wherever man has once built his hut or tilled
his field, this horrible bush springs up. Every phase of this process
may be seen in the course of a couple of hours’ walk along the main
road. From the bush to right or left, one hears the sound of the axe—
not from one spot only, but from several directions at once. A few
steps further on, we can see what is taking place. The brush has been
cut down and piled up in heaps to the height of a yard or more,
between which the trunks of the large trees stand up like the last
pillars of a magnificent ruined building. These, too, present a
melancholy spectacle: the destructive Makonde have ringed them—
cut a broad strip of bark all round to ensure their dying off—and also
piled up pyramids of brush round them. Father and son, mother and
son-in-law, are chopping away perseveringly in the background—too
busy, almost, to look round at the white stranger, who usually excites
so much interest. If you pass by the same place a week later, the piles
of brushwood have disappeared and a thick layer of ashes has taken
the place of the green forest. The large trees stretch their
smouldering trunks and branches in dumb accusation to heaven—if
they have not already fallen and been more or less reduced to ashes,
perhaps only showing as a white stripe on the dark ground.
This work of destruction is carried out by the Makonde alike on the
virgin forest and on the bush which has sprung up on sites already
cultivated and deserted. In the second case they are saved the trouble
of burning the large trees, these being entirely absent in the
secondary bush.
After burning this piece of forest ground and loosening it with the
hoe, the native sows his corn and plants his vegetables. All over the
country, he goes in for bed-culture, which requires, and, in fact,
receives, the most careful attention. Weeds are nowhere tolerated in
the south of German East Africa. The crops may fail on the plains,
where droughts are frequent, but never on the plateau with its
abundant rains and heavy dews. Its fortunate inhabitants even have
the satisfaction of seeing the proud Wayao and Wamakua working
for them as labourers, driven by hunger to serve where they were
accustomed to rule.
But the light, sandy soil is soon exhausted, and would yield no
harvest the second year if cultivated twice running. This fact has
been familiar to the native for ages; consequently he provides in
time, and, while his crop is growing, prepares the next plot with axe
and firebrand. Next year he plants this with his various crops and
lets the first piece lie fallow. For a short time it remains waste and
desolate; then nature steps in to repair the destruction wrought by
man; a thousand new growths spring out of the exhausted soil, and
even the old stumps put forth fresh shoots. Next year the new growth
is up to one’s knees, and in a few years more it is that terrible,
impenetrable bush, which maintains its position till the black
occupier of the land has made the round of all the available sites and
come back to his starting point.
The Makonde are, body and soul, so to speak, one with this bush.
According to my Yao informants, indeed, their name means nothing
else but “bush people.” Their own tradition says that they have been
settled up here for a very long time, but to my surprise they laid great
stress on an original immigration. Their old homes were in the
south-east, near Mikindani and the mouth of the Rovuma, whence
their peaceful forefathers were driven by the continual raids of the
Sakalavas from Madagascar and the warlike Shirazis[47] of the coast,
to take refuge on the almost inaccessible plateau. I have studied
African ethnology for twenty years, but the fact that changes of
population in this apparently quiet and peaceable corner of the earth
could have been occasioned by outside enterprises taking place on
the high seas, was completely new to me. It is, no doubt, however,
correct.
The charming tribal legend of the Makonde—besides informing us
of other interesting matters—explains why they have to live in the
thickest of the bush and a long way from the edge of the plateau,
instead of making their permanent homes beside the purling brooks
and springs of the low country.
“The place where the tribe originated is Mahuta, on the southern
side of the plateau towards the Rovuma, where of old time there was
nothing but thick bush. Out of this bush came a man who never
washed himself or shaved his head, and who ate and drank but little.
He went out and made a human figure from the wood of a tree
growing in the open country, which he took home to his abode in the
bush and there set it upright. In the night this image came to life and
was a woman. The man and woman went down together to the
Rovuma to wash themselves. Here the woman gave birth to a still-
born child. They left that place and passed over the high land into the
valley of the Mbemkuru, where the woman had another child, which
was also born dead. Then they returned to the high bush country of
Mahuta, where the third child was born, which lived and grew up. In
course of time, the couple had many more children, and called
themselves Wamatanda. These were the ancestral stock of the
Makonde, also called Wamakonde,[48] i.e., aborigines. Their
forefather, the man from the bush, gave his children the command to
bury their dead upright, in memory of the mother of their race who
was cut out of wood and awoke to life when standing upright. He also
warned them against settling in the valleys and near large streams,
for sickness and death dwelt there. They were to make it a rule to
have their huts at least an hour’s walk from the nearest watering-
place; then their children would thrive and escape illness.”
The explanation of the name Makonde given by my informants is
somewhat different from that contained in the above legend, which I
extract from a little book (small, but packed with information), by
Pater Adams, entitled Lindi und sein Hinterland. Otherwise, my
results agree exactly with the statements of the legend. Washing?
Hapana—there is no such thing. Why should they do so? As it is, the
supply of water scarcely suffices for cooking and drinking; other
people do not wash, so why should the Makonde distinguish himself
by such needless eccentricity? As for shaving the head, the short,
woolly crop scarcely needs it,[49] so the second ancestral precept is
likewise easy enough to follow. Beyond this, however, there is
nothing ridiculous in the ancestor’s advice. I have obtained from
various local artists a fairly large number of figures carved in wood,
ranging from fifteen to twenty-three inches in height, and
representing women belonging to the great group of the Mavia,
Makonde, and Matambwe tribes. The carving is remarkably well
done and renders the female type with great accuracy, especially the
keloid ornamentation, to be described later on. As to the object and
meaning of their works the sculptors either could or (more probably)
would tell me nothing, and I was forced to content myself with the
scanty information vouchsafed by one man, who said that the figures
were merely intended to represent the nembo—the artificial
deformations of pelele, ear-discs, and keloids. The legend recorded
by Pater Adams places these figures in a new light. They must surely
be more than mere dolls; and we may even venture to assume that
they are—though the majority of present-day Makonde are probably
unaware of the fact—representations of the tribal ancestress.
The references in the legend to the descent from Mahuta to the
Rovuma, and to a journey across the highlands into the Mbekuru
valley, undoubtedly indicate the previous history of the tribe, the
travels of the ancestral pair typifying the migrations of their
descendants. The descent to the neighbouring Rovuma valley, with
its extraordinary fertility and great abundance of game, is intelligible
at a glance—but the crossing of the Lukuledi depression, the ascent
to the Rondo Plateau and the descent to the Mbemkuru, also lie
within the bounds of probability, for all these districts have exactly
the same character as the extreme south. Now, however, comes a
point of especial interest for our bacteriological age. The primitive
Makonde did not enjoy their lives in the marshy river-valleys.
Disease raged among them, and many died. It was only after they
had returned to their original home near Mahuta, that the health
conditions of these people improved. We are very apt to think of the
African as a stupid person whose ignorance of nature is only equalled
by his fear of it, and who looks on all mishaps as caused by evil
spirits and malignant natural powers. It is much more correct to
assume in this case that the people very early learnt to distinguish
districts infested with malaria from those where it is absent.
This knowledge is crystallized in the
ancestral warning against settling in the
valleys and near the great waters, the
dwelling-places of disease and death. At the
same time, for security against the hostile
Mavia south of the Rovuma, it was enacted
that every settlement must be not less than a
certain distance from the southern edge of the
plateau. Such in fact is their mode of life at the
present day. It is not such a bad one, and
certainly they are both safer and more
comfortable than the Makua, the recent
intruders from the south, who have made USUAL METHOD OF
good their footing on the western edge of the CLOSING HUT-DOOR
plateau, extending over a fairly wide belt of
country. Neither Makua nor Makonde show in their dwellings
anything of the size and comeliness of the Yao houses in the plain,
especially at Masasi, Chingulungulu and Zuza’s. Jumbe Chauro, a
Makonde hamlet not far from Newala, on the road to Mahuta, is the
most important settlement of the tribe I have yet seen, and has fairly
spacious huts. But how slovenly is their construction compared with
the palatial residences of the elephant-hunters living in the plain.
The roofs are still more untidy than in the general run of huts during
the dry season, the walls show here and there the scanty beginnings
or the lamentable remains of the mud plastering, and the interior is a
veritable dog-kennel; dirt, dust and disorder everywhere. A few huts
only show any attempt at division into rooms, and this consists
merely of very roughly-made bamboo partitions. In one point alone
have I noticed any indication of progress—in the method of fastening
the door. Houses all over the south are secured in a simple but
ingenious manner. The door consists of a set of stout pieces of wood
or bamboo, tied with bark-string to two cross-pieces, and moving in
two grooves round one of the door-posts, so as to open inwards. If
the owner wishes to leave home, he takes two logs as thick as a man’s
upper arm and about a yard long. One of these is placed obliquely
against the middle of the door from the inside, so as to form an angle
of from 60° to 75° with the ground. He then places the second piece
horizontally across the first, pressing it downward with all his might.
It is kept in place by two strong posts planted in the ground a few
inches inside the door. This fastening is absolutely safe, but of course
cannot be applied to both doors at once, otherwise how could the
owner leave or enter his house? I have not yet succeeded in finding
out how the back door is fastened.