Computers and Mathematics with Applications 59 (2010) 3328–3337

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Computers and Mathematics with Applications

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/camwa

The application of homotopy perturbation method for MHD flows of

UCM fluids above porous stretching sheets
Behrouz Raftari, Ahmet Yildirim ∗
Department of Mathematics, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah branch, P.C. 6718997551, Kermanshah, Iran
Department of Mathematics, Ege University, 35100, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey

article info abstract

Article history: In this study, by means of homotopy perturbation method (HPM) an approximate analytical
Received 11 December 2009 solution of the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) boundary layer flow of an upper-convected
Received in revised form 9 March 2010 Maxwell (UCM) fluid over a porous stretching sheet is obtained. The main feature of the
Accepted 11 March 2010
HPM is that it deforms a difficult problem into a set of problems which are easier to solve.
HPM produces analytical expressions for the solution of nonlinear differential equations.
Keywords:
The obtained analytic solution is in the form of an infinite power series. In this work, the
Homotopy perturbation method
MHD flow
analytical solution obtained by using only two terms from HPM solution. The results reveal
UCM fluid that the proposed method is very effective and simple and can be applied to other nonlinear
Porous stretching sheet problems. Also it is shown that this method coincides with homotopy analysis method
(HAM) for the studied problem.
© 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction

Sheet stretching is an important operation in polymer industry [1]. Production of plastic sheets and foils, for example,
involves extrusion of molten polymers through a slit die with the extrudate collected by a wind-up roll upon solidification.
This process is normally accompanied with both heat and momentum transfer aspects. But there are also cases in which a
plastic sheet may be stretched with no heat transfer involved. Cold drawing of plastic sheets, for example, is an important
operation in which a plastic sheet is elongated in certain direction(s) in order to improve its mechanical properties in that
direction(s) [2–4]. In all such operations (with or without heat transfer involved) the force required to pull the sheet is one
of the most important design criteria. This force is known to depend to a large extent on the extensional viscosity of the
sheet material. It also depends on the physical/rheological properties of the fluid surrounding the sheet. While traditionally
Newtonian fluids are used for this purpose (e.g., water or air), but, in recent years it has been shown that there might be
some advantages (particularly in flows involving heat transfer [5]) if the fluid surrounding the sheet can be made viscoelastic,
say through the use of polymeric additives [6]. Alternatively, one may resort to injection or suction in order to modify flow
kinematics provided the sheet is porous at the first place [7]. And in cases where the fluid surrounding the sheet is electrically
conducting, one may equally well rely on applying a sufficiently strong magnetic field to modify flow kinematics [8,9].
Conceivably, one might also envisage cases in which a combination of all these methods might be involved simultaneously
to achieve the best result [10].
Among the techniques mentioned above to control flow kinematics, the idea of using magnetic fields appears to be the
most attractive one both because of its ease of implementation and also because of its non-intrusive nature. The idea is not
new and has shown its effectiveness for both Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids alike [11–16]. There have been extensive
efforts in the past, in both theoretical and experimental areas alike, to better understand such magnetohydrodynamic (MHD)

∗ Corresponding author at: Department of Mathematics, Ege University, 35100, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey. Tel.: +90 232 388 4000; fax: +90 232 3881036.
E-mail address: ahmet.yildirim@ege.edu.tr (A. Yildirim).

0898-1221/$ – see front matter © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.camwa.2010.03.018
 B. Raftari, A. Yildirim / Computers and Mathematics with Applications 59 (2010) 3328–3337 3329

flows. For Newtonian fluids, theoretical results are in favor of the experimental observations. For non-Newtonian fluids,
in contrast, theoretical results are not always in support of experimental findings. This is not surprising realizing the fact
that most studies carried out in the past on MHD flows of non-Newtonian fluids were concerned primarily with simple
rheological models such as second-order model, or third-order model at best [5]. And this has been the case irrespective of
the fact that these widely-used rheological models are known to violate certain thermodynamical constraints [17,18]. To
this should be added the fact that these simple rheological models are known to be good only for fluids of low-elasticity in
slow and/or slowly-varying flows. In practice, however, such restrictive conditions may not prevail. For reasons like these,
the reliability of theoretical results obtained using such simple rheological models are in serious doubt.
Recently, Hayat et al. [19] tried to investigate MHD flow of a more realistic viscoelastic fluid model, i.e., the so-called
upper-convected Maxwell model, above a porous stretching sheet. Also a study on MHD flows of UCM fluids above porous
stretching sheets using HAM purposed by Sadeghy et al. [20]
One of the newest analytical methods to solve the mathematical problems is using both homotopy and perturbation
methods. In recent years, the application of the homotopy perturbation method in nonlinear problems has been devoted by
scientists and engineers, because this is to continuously deform a simple problem easy to solve into the difficult problem
under study. Homotopy techniques were applied to find all roots of nonlinear equations first in [21–28]. Recently, the
applications of homotopy theory becomes a powerful mathematical tool, when it is successfully coupled with perturbation
theory [29–39]. The interested reader can see [40–44] for last development and interpretation of HPM.
Recently a great deal of interest has been focused on the application of homotopy perturbation method to solve a wide
variety of problems. In this work, we use the homotopy perturbation method to solve the highly nonlinear ODE to derive an
approximate analytical solution. HPM is an analytical procedure for finding the solutions of problems which is based on the
constructing a homotopy with an embedding parameter p that is considered as a small parameter.
The purpose of this paper is to apply homotopy perturbation method which is useful for finding the approximate
analytical solution of MHD flows of UCM fluids above porous stretching sheets.

2. Equations of motion

The constitutive equation for a Maxwell fluid is

T = −pI + S, (1)
where T is the Cauchy stress tensor and the extra stress tensor S satisfies
 
dS
S+λ − LS − SL> = µA1 , (2)
dt
in which µ is the viscosity, λ is the relaxation time and the Rivlin–Ericksen tensor A1 is defined through

A1 = ∇ V + (∇ V)> . (3)
For the steady two-dimensional flow, the equations of continuity and momentum for the magnetohydrodynamic flow are
∂ u ∂v
+ = 0, (4)
∂x ∂y
∂u ∂u ∂ p ∂ Sxx ∂ Sxy
 
ρ u +v =− + + − σ B20 u, (5)
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂x ∂y
∂v ∂v ∂ p ∂ Syx ∂ Syy
 
ρ u +v =− + + , (6)
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂x ∂y
where ρ is the fluid density, σ is the electrical conductivity, B0 is the constant applied magnetic field in the y-direction and
Sxx , Sxy , Syx and Syy are the components of the extra stress tensor. Using the following boundary layer approximations [45,
46]
u = O(1), v = O(δ), x = O(1), y = O(δ), (7)
Txx Txy Tyy
= O(1), = O(δ), = O(δ 2 ), (8)
ρ ρ ρ
the flow in the absence of the pressure gradient is governed by Eq. (4) and

∂u ∂u 2∂ u
2
2∂ u
2
∂ 2u ∂ 2 u σ B20
 
u +v +λ u + v + 2u v = v − u, (9)
∂x ∂y ∂ x2 ∂ y2 ∂ x∂ y ∂ y2 ρ
where δ being the boundary layer thickness. The appropriate boundary conditions on the flow are
u = Bx, v = V0 at y = 0,
u→0 as y → ∞ (10)
3330 B. Raftari, A. Yildirim / Computers and Mathematics with Applications 59 (2010) 3328–3337

Fig. 1. Effects of suction velocity R on HPM approximation of f 0 (β = 0.3 and M = 0.5).

where V0 > 0 is the suction velocity and V0 < 0 gives the injection velocity. Introducing
r
B √
η= y, u = Bxf 0 (η), v = − νB (11)
ν
the governing problem is transformed to

f 000 − M 2 f 0 − f 02 + ff 00 + β(2ff 0 f 00 − f 2 f 000 ) = 0, (12)

f = R, f0 = 1 at η = 0,
f0 → 0 as η → ∞. (13)
√
Here M = σ
2
B20 /ρ B, β = λB, R = V0 / ν B, where R > 0 corresponds to suction and R < 0 for injection. Eq. (12) is
nonlinear differential equation which can be solved analytically by HPM.

3. Homotopy perturbation method

Now we will use the method in order to obtain the solution of Eq. (12). Assuming u = f , Eq. (12) can be written in the
following form:

u000 + F (u) = 0, (14)

in which

F (u) = −M 2 u0 − u02 + uu00 + β(2uu0 u00 − u2 u000 ). (15)

According to the homotopy perturbation method [23], we construct a homotopy in the form

u000 − α 2 u0 + p[F (u) + α 2 u0 ] = 0, (16)

with the initial conditions
u(0) = R, u0 (0) = 1, u0 (∞) = 0. (17)
When p = 0, Eq. (16) becomes a linearized equation, u − α u = 0, where α is an unknown parameter to be further
000 2 0

determined; when p = 1, it turns out to be the original one. The embedded parameter p monotonically increases from zero
to unit as the trivial problem, u000 − α 2 u0 = 0, is continuously deformed to the original problem, Eq. (14). According to the
homotopy perturbation method, we assume that the solution to Eq. (16) may be written as a power series in p:

u = u0 + pu1 + p2 u2 + · · · . (18)
 B. Raftari, A. Yildirim / Computers and Mathematics with Applications 59 (2010) 3328–3337 3331

Fig. 2. Effects of injection velocity R on HPM approximation of f 0 (β = 0.3 and M = 0.5).

Fig. 3. Effects of suction velocity R on HPM approximation of f (β = 0.3 and M = 0.5).

Substituting Eq. (18) into Eq. (16) and equating the terms with the identical powers of p, we have

0 − α u0 = 0 ,
p0 : u000 u0 (0) = R, u00 (0) = 1, u00 (∞) = 0,
2 0
(19)
p : u1 − α
1 000 2 0
u1 − (u0 ) + u0 u0 − β(2u0 u0 u0 −
0 2 00 0 00
u20 u000 ) + (α − M )u0 = 0,
2 2 0

u1 (0) = 0, u1 (0) = 0,
0
u1 (∞) = 0.
0
(20)
The solution of Eq. (19) can be readily obtained, which reads
1
u0 (η) = R + (1 − exp(−αη)). (21)
α
3332 B. Raftari, A. Yildirim / Computers and Mathematics with Applications 59 (2010) 3328–3337

Fig. 4. Effects of injection velocity R on HPM approximation of f (β = 0.3 and M = 0.5).

Fig. 5. Effects of relaxation time β on HPM approximation of f 0 is drawn in case of suction (R = 0.3 and M = 0.5).

Substituting Eq. (21) into Eq. (20) results in

1 − α u1 = (M + Rα + β R α + 2β Rα + β − α + 1)e(−αη) − β exp(−3αη).
u000 2 0 2 2 2 2
(22)

In case R2 (2β + 1)2 − (β R2 − 1)(4M 2 + 3β + 4) > 0 we can solve u1 from Eq. (22) under the initial/boundary conditions
u1 (0) = 0, u01 (0) = 0 and u01 (∞) = 0 and obtain the following solution with ease:

β M 2 + Rα + β R2 α 2 + 2β Rα + β − α 2 + 1 β
u1 (η) = − + η exp(−αη) + exp(−3αη), (23)
24α 3 2α 2 24α 3
 B. Raftari, A. Yildirim / Computers and Mathematics with Applications 59 (2010) 3328–3337 3333

Fig. 6. Effects of relaxation time β on HPM approximation of f 0 is drawn in case of injection (R = −0.3 and M = 0.5).

Fig. 7. Effects of relaxation time β on HPM approximation of f is drawn in case of suction (R = 0.3 and M = 0.5).

which

−R(2β + 1) − R2 (2β + 1)2 − (β R2 − 1)(4M 2 + 3β + 4)

p
α= . (24)
2(β R2 − 1)

Therefore, we obtain the first-order approximate solution for R2 (2β + 1)2 − (β R2 − 1)(4M 2 + 3β + 4) > 0, which reads

u(η) = u0 (η) + u1 (η). (25)

3334 B. Raftari, A. Yildirim / Computers and Mathematics with Applications 59 (2010) 3328–3337

Fig. 8. Effects of relaxation time β on HPM approximation of f is drawn in case of injection (R = −0.3 and M = 0.5).

Fig. 9. Effects of MHD parameter M on HPM approximation of f 0 is drawn in case of suction (R = 0.3 and β = 0).

4. Results and discussion

Figs. 1–12 have been made in order to see the effects of the relaxation time β , suction/injection parameter R and the MHD
parameter M on the velocity field. Figs. 1–4 are made to see the effect of the suction and injection velocity R on the velocity
components f 0 and f respectively for the magnetohydrodynamic flow. Similar to the results obtained by HAM [19], it is found
that for case of suction in Figs. 1 and 3, the velocity component f 0 decreases but f increases initially and then for the value of
η between 1 and 2 it decreases with an increase in R. The boundary layer thickness decreases in both cases. For the case of
injection in Figs. 2 and 4, we have the opposite effect. Figs. 5–8 are drawn for the effects of non-dimensional relaxation time
β on the velocity components f 0 and f . In the case of suction, Figs. 5 and 7 show that by increasing the velocity components
 B. Raftari, A. Yildirim / Computers and Mathematics with Applications 59 (2010) 3328–3337 3335

Fig. 10. Effects of MHD parameter M on HPM approximation of f 0 is drawn in case of injection (R = −0.3 and β = 0).

Fig. 11. Effects of MHD parameter M on HPM approximation of f is drawn in case of suction (R = 0.3 and β = 0).

f 0 and f decrease and the boundary layer thickness decreases. But in the case of injection both decreases with an increase of.
Figs. 9–12 are sketched in order to see the effects of MHD parameter M on the velocity components f 0 and f . These figures
show that f 0 and f decreases by increasing M for the case of suction and injection. In Figs. 1–12 we find a good agreement
between the results obtained by Hayat et al. [19] and present method.
We, therefore, can easily obtain the wall shear stress which reads

f 00 (0) = u00 (0). (26)

For different β , M and R the values of the wall shear stress are illustrated in Tables 1 and 2. In these Tables, we present a
comparison between the results obtained by HPM and HAM.
3336 B. Raftari, A. Yildirim / Computers and Mathematics with Applications 59 (2010) 3328–3337

Fig. 12. Effects of MHD parameter M on HPM approximation of f is drawn in case of injection (R = −0.3 and β = 0).

Table 1
Comparison of the values of f 00 (0) obtained by HPM and HAM for the case of suction (R = 0.3).
β M HPM (present method) HAM [20]

0 0 −1.161187 −1.1589
5 −5.251225 −5.25119
10 −10.200995 −10.201
5 0 −7.633621 −7.0737
5 −11.228550 −10.8399
10 −17.305342 −17.0558
10 0 −64.418655 −64.1885
5 −68.023447 −67.7827
10 −77.157946 −76.9326

Table 2
Comparison of the values of f 00 (0) obtained by HPM and HAM for the case of injection (R = −0.3).
β M HPM (present method) HAM [20]

0 0 −0.861187 −0.861506
5 −4.951225 −4.95122
10 −9.900995 −9.901
5 0 −3.804673 −0.700263
5 −5.575188 −4.74886
10 −11.403791 −11.0275
10 0 −6.051008 −0.269701
5 −6.198820 −4.15231
10 −14.520849 −13.5784

Results show that the methods are in a good agreement with each other. In the case injection (for M = 0 and β > 0),we
see a remarkable difference between the results obtained by HPM and HAM. But our results are more acceptable than results
obtained by Sadeghy et al. [20] because in the all of cases wall shear stress decreases when the value of β increases.

5. Conclusions

In this study, we have applied homotopy perturbation method in solving the MHD flows of UCM fluids above porous
stretching sheets. Comparison between the HPM and HAM methods for the studied problem show a remarkable agreement
and reveal that the HPM need less work. It is important that we applied HPM for the equation in unbounded domain without
 B. Raftari, A. Yildirim / Computers and Mathematics with Applications 59 (2010) 3328–3337 3337

using Padé approximants. It is of utter simplicity and effectiveness; the first-order approximate solution leads to a very
highly accurate solution. It is a promising method and might find wide applications.

Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to the referees for their invaluable suggestions and comments for the improvement of the paper.
The authors are grateful to Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah branch for financial support through Research Project (The
optimal homotopy perturbation method for solving the nonlinear ODE arising in magnetohydrodynamics), for completing
this work.

References

[1] J.F. Agassant, P. Avens, J. Sergent, P.J. Carreau, Polymer, Processing: Principles and Modeling, Hanser Publishers, Munich, 1991.
[2] J.S. Lazurkin, Cold-drawing of glass-like and crystalline polymers, J. Polym. Sci. 30 (121) (1958) 595–604.
[3] B.M. Ginzburg, On the cold drawing of semicrystalline polymers, J. Macromol. Sci. Part B 44 (2) (2005) 217–223.
[4] F. Casas, C. Alba-Simionesco, F. Lequeux, H. Montes, Cold drawing of polymers: plasticity and aging, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 352 (42–49) (2006) 5076–5080.
[5] R.B. Bird, R.C. Armstrong, O. Hassager, Dynamics of Polymeric Liquids, vols. I and II, Wiley, New York, 1987.
[6] B.S. Dandapat, A.S. Gupta, Flow and heat transfer in a viscoelastic fluid over a stretching sheet, Internat. J. Non-Linear Mech. 24 (3) (1989) 215–219.
[7] A. Subhas, P. Veena, Viscoelastic fluid flow and heat transfer in a porous medium over a stretching sheet, Internat. J. Non-Linear Mech. 33 (3) (1998)
531–540.
[8] R. Cortell, A note on magnetohydrodynamic flow of a power-law fluid over a stretching sheet, Appl. Math. Comput. 168 (2005) 557–566.
[9] R. Cortell, Effects of viscous dissipation and work done by deformation on the MHD flow and heat transfer of a viscoelastic fluid over a stretching
sheet, Phys. Lett. A 357 (2006) 298–305.
[10] R. Cortell, Flow and heat transfer of an electrically-conducting fluid of second grade over a stretching sheet subject to suction and to a transverse
magnetic field, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 49 (2006) 1851–1856.
[11] T. Hayat, M. Khan, S. Asghar, Magnetohydrodynamic flow of an Oldroyd 6-constant fluid, Appl. Math. Comput. 155 (2004) 417–425.
[12] A. Chakrabarti, A.S. Gupta, Hydromagnetic flow heat and mass transfer over a stretching sheet, Quart. Appl. Math. 37 (1973) 73–78.
[13] R. Kandasamy, K. Periasamy, K.K. Sivagnana Prabhu, Chemical reaction, heat and mass transfer on MHD flow over a vertical stretching surface with
heat source and thermal stratification effects, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 48 (2005) 4557–4561.
[14] I. Chung-Liu, Flow and heat transfer of an electrically-conducting fluid of second grade in a porous medium over a stretching sheet subject to a
transverse magnetic field, Int. J. Non-Linear Mech. 40 (2005) 465–474.
[15] H.S. Takhar, A.J. Chamkha, G. Nath, Flow and mass transfer on a stretching sheet with a magnetic field and chemically reactive species, Internat. J.
Engrg. Sci. 38 (2003) 1303–1314.
[16] I. Chung-Liu, A note on heat and mass transfer for a hydromagnetic flow over a stretching sheet, Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transfer 32 (2005)
1075–1084.
[17] R.L. Fosdick, K.R. Rajagopal, Anomalous features in the model of second-order fluids, Arch. Ration. Mech. Anal. 70 (1979) 145–152.
[18] J.E. Dunn, K.R. Rajagopal, Fluids of differential type: critical review and thermodynamic analysis, Internat. J. Engrg. Sci. 33 (1995) 689–729.
[19] T. Hayat, Z. Abbas, M. Sajid, Series solution for the upper-convected Maxwell fluid over a porous stretching plate, Phys. Lett. A 358 (2006) 396–403.
[20] A. Alizadeh-Pahlavan, V. Aliakbar, F. Vakili-Farahani, K. Sadeghy, MHD flows of UCM fluids above porous stretching sheets using two-auxiliary-
parameter homotopy analysis method, Commun. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simul. 14 (2009) 473–488.
[21] C. Hillermeier, Generalized homotopy approach to multiobjective optimization, Int. J. Optim. Theory Appl. 110 (3) (2001) 557–583.
[22] S.J. Liao, Boundary element method for general nonlinear differential operators, Eng. Anal. Bound. Elem. 20 (2) (1997) 91–99.
[23] J.H. He, An approximate solution technique depending upon an artificial parameter, Commun. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simul. 3 (2) (1998) 92–97.
[24] J.H. He, Newton-like iteration method for solving algebraic equations, Commun. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simul. 3 (2) (1998) 106–109.
[25] A. Yildirim, On the solution of the nonlinear Kortewegde Vries equation by the homotopy perturbation method, Commun. Numer. Methods Eng.
(2008) doi:10.1002/cnm.1146.
[26] D.D. Ganji, A. Rajabi, Assessment of homotopyperturbation and perturbation methods in heat radiation equations, Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transfer
33 (2006) 391–400.
[27] G. Domairry, N. Nadim, Assessment of homotopy analysis method and homotopy perturbation method in non-linear heat transfer equation, Int.
Commun. Heat Mass Transfer 35 (2008) 93–102.
[28] A. Rajabi, Homotopy perturbation method for fin efficiency of convective straight fins with temperature-dependent thermal conductivity, Phys. Lett.
A 364 (2007) 33–37.
[29] L. Xu, He’s homotopy perturbation method for a boundary layer equation in unbounded domain, Comput. Math. Appl. 54 (2007) 1067–1070.
[30] J.H. He, Periodic solutions and bifurcations of delay-differential equations, Phys. Lett. A 347 (2005) 228–230.
[31] D.D. Ganji, The application of He’s homotopy perturbation method to nonlinear equations arising in heat transfer, Phys. Lett. A 355 (2006) 337–341.
[32] A. Yildirim, Application of He’s homotopy perturbation method for solving the Cauchy reaction–diffusion problem, Comput. Math. Appl. 57 (4) (2009)
612–618.
[33] A. Yildirim, Homotopy perturbation method to obtain exact special solutions with solitary patterns for Boussinesq-like B(m, n) equations with fully
nonlinear dispersion, J. Math. Phys. 50 (2) (2009) 023510/1–10.
[34] A. Yildirim, H. Koçak, Homotopy perturbation method for solving the space–time fractional advection–dispersion equation, Adv. Water Resour. 32
(12) (2009) 1711–1716.
[35] A. Yildirim, Exact solitary-wave solutions for the nonlinear dispersive K (2, 2, 1) and K (3, 3, 1) equations by the homotopy perturbation method,
Modern Phys. Lett. B 23 (30) (2009) 3667–3675.
[36] A. Yildirim, Analysis of fractional heat-like and wave-like equations with variable coefficients using the homotopy perturbation method, Internat. J.
Modern Phys. B (2009) (in press).
[37] B. Raftari, Application of He’s homotopy perturbation method and variational iteration method for nonlinear partial integro-differential equations,
World Appl. Sci. J. 7 (4) (2009) 399–404.
[38] J.H. He, Homotopy perturbation method for bifurcation of nonlinear problems, Int. J. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simul. 6 (2) (2005) 207–208.
[39] J.H. He, Homotopy perturbation method for solving boundary value problems, Phys. Lett. A 350 (2006) 87–88.
[40] H. Bararnia, E. Ghasemi, S. Soleimani, A. Barari, D.D. Ganji, HPM-Padé method on natural convection of Darcian fluid about a vertical full cone embedded
in porous media, J. Porous Med. (2010) (in press).
[41] A. Barari, Abdoul R. Ghotbi, F. Farrokhzad, D.D. Ganji, Variational iteration method and homotopy-perturbation method for solving different types of
wave equations, J. Appl. Sci. 8 (1) (2008) 120–126.
[42] Fazhan Geng, Minggen Cui, Bo Zhang, Method for solving nonlinear initial value problems by combining homotopy perturbation and reproducing
kernel Hilbert space methods, Nonlinear Anal. RWA 11 (2) (2010) 637–644.
[43] A. Barari, M. Omidvar, Abdoul R. Ghotbi, D.D. Ganji, Application of homotopy perturbation method and variational iteration method to nonlinear
oscillator differential equations, Acta Appl. Math. 104 (2) (2008) 161–171.
[44] J. Biazar, Z. Ayati, H. Ebrahimi, Homotopy perturbation method for general form of porous medium equation, J. Porous Med. 12 (11) (2009) 1121–1127.
[45] K. Sadeghy, A.H. Najafi, M. Saffaripour, Sakiadis flow of an upper-convected Maxwell fluid, Int. J. Non-Linear Mech. 40 (2005) 1220–1228.
[46] H. Schlichting, Boundary Layer Theory, sixth ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1964.