ACTNITY 1.

Objective:
To verify that if Lbe the set of all
lines in a plane
symmetric but neither reflexive nor transitive. and Ris arelation defined on Lby R=((, m) :lL m), then Ris
Pre-Requisite Knowledge
1. Relation :If A,Bare any two
IfR is a relation from A to Bandnon-empty
if
sets, then any
(a, b) e R, then we write
subset Rof A x
Bis called a relation from set Ato
set B.
2 Reflexive Relation :A aRband say that ais related to b.
relation Ron a set Ais said to be reflexive if every
reflexive (a, a) e R for all a e A. element of Ais related to itself. Thus, Ris
3. Symmetric Relation : A
relation Ron a set Ais said to be symmetric iff (a, b)
4. Transitive
Relation : A relation R on a set A is said to be eR»(b,a) e Rfor all a,be A.
for all a, b,ce A. transitive iff (a, b) e R and (b, c)e R’ (a, c) ¬ R
Material Required:
Square piece of cardboard, Pieces of thread/wire, Nails, White
sheet of paper, Adhesive.
Procedure l3
1. Takea square piece of cardboard.
2 Paste a white sheet of paper on it. Ns N NËo
3. Fix sixteen nails N,, N,,... N, On the cardboard at
random positions as shown in fig. 1.1.
4. Join the different nails with threads/wires in such a N1 N16
manner that some of them are parallel, some are
perpendicular to each other and some are inclined as
shown in fig. 1.1. NË N
5. Name the straight lines formed by threads as L, ly
N13
N1s
Observation :
1 From fig. 1.1,we observe that
() 4is perpendicular to each of the lines l, 1y l
N NA Ng

Fig. 1.1
Mathematics Lab Manual -XI
 (i) 1,is perpendicular tol
(in) 1, is parallel to ,; , is parallel to , and l, is parallel to
7
2 4,4). 4,4).0,4). 0,)eR
3. Risnot reflexive becausealine cannotbe perpendicular to itself. 8

4. Wehave , 11, and 1, 1,

0,)eR ,. 1,) eR 9

Similarly, ,1,and 1,ll, ie, 4,,1)eR > (,1)eR, A

1
41l, and,1I, ie, , )eR ’ (,4)e R, A
and ,1, and l, 11, ie, )eR ’ ol)e R, 1
Thus, R is symmetric on L. A

5. We have l, 11,and l, 11, but l, is not perpendicular to l, 1

A
ie, l,.1,)e Rand (4,, I)e Rbut (, 1) e R
Thus, R is not transitive onL.

Conclusion:
The relation R in the set Lof all lines in a plane defined byR={(, m)
transitive.
:1l m) is symmetric but neither reflexive nor
 ACTIVITY 2-,
Objective:
To represent the
following functions:
() Oneone function
(ii) Many-one function (ii) Into function
(o) Onto function
(v) One-one onto function
(zin Afunction which is (vi) One-one into function
one-one but not onto (viin) Afunction which is onto but
not one-one.
Pre-Requisite Knowledge
1. Function:Let Aand Bbe two non-empty sets.
of set A to set B such that Then a function ' from set Ato set Bis a rule which associates
element
() all elements of set Aare
associated toelements in set B.
() an element of set A is
associated a unique element in set B.
to
2 One-one Function (Injection): Afunctionf: A’Bis said to be a
of Ahave one-one function (or injection) if different
different images in Bi.e., no two different elements of Ahave the elements
same image in B.
3. Many-one Function : Afunctionf: A’ Bis
said to be a many-one function if two or more elements of set A
same image in B. have the
4 Onto Function (Surjection) : A
has atleast one pre-image a e A.
functionf: A Bis said to be an onto function (or surjection) if every element be B
5. Into Function:Afunctionf :A ’B is said to
be an intofunction if there exists atleast one element in having no
B
pre-image in A. In other words, f: A-Bis an into function if it is not an onto furnction.
6. One-one onto Function (Bijection):A function f:
A’Bis abijection if it is one-one as well as onto.
7. One-one into Function: A functionf: A’Bis said to
beone-one into function if it is one-one as well as into.

Material Required
Thermocol sheet, Chart paper,Coloured drawing pins, Pen, Pencil, Eraser, Pair of scissors, Scale, Thread, Adhesive.
Procedure:
1 Take achart paper of suitable size and paste it on athermocol sheet.
2 Draw eight sets of two rectangles to represent set Aand set B.
3. Fix some coloured drawing pins in set Aand set Band represent the elements of set Aas a, and elements of set Bas b,
 kin theeent of set Aand aet B with atthread as shown in the
following figs. 3.1 to 3.8.
A

ba a
b

"b
ba
Fig. 3.1, One-one function bgb
6
Fig. 3.2.
a,
B
A
Many-one function
b B
b
by bË
ba ba
by
a ba
Fig. 3.3. Into function
Fig. 3.4. Onto
A
B
function
A
bË B

b2 a1
bg
ba b
Fig. 3.5. One-one onto
function Fig. 3.6. One-one into
A
B
A
function
B
" bË
aj
b2 bË
a2
b2
Fig. 3.7. One-one but not onto
function Fig. 3.8. Onto but not
one-one function
Observation:
In figure 3.1, different
elemernts of Ahave
In figure 3.2, elements a, and a, in A different images in B. So,fis a one-one function.
have the same image b, in B. So,fis a
In figure 3.3, b, and b, are two many-one function.
elements in Bwhich do not have their pre-images
In figure 3.4, every element in Bhas in A. So,f: A’ Bis an into tucl
atleast one pre-image in A. So,f: A’ Bis an onto
In figure 3.5,fisa one-one onto function.
function (bijection) since it is both one-one as well as onto.
In figure 3.6,fis one-one as well as into
function, so it is
In figure 3.7, all elements of Ahave different imagesin B.one-one into function.
Sofis one-one. Butthe pre-image of element b, afBdoesn
exist in A. Sofis not onto. Thus, fig. 3.7 represents a
function which is one-one but not onto.
Infigure 3.8, elements a, and a, of Ahave the same image b,in B. Sofis not one-one. Also, every element of Bhast
pre-image in A. Sofis onto. Thus fig. 3.8 represents afunction which is onto but not one-one.
LabManual-X
Conclusion :

Different types of functions are represented through this activity.

 AcTIVITY 3
Objective:
1o draw the graph of sinx, using the graph of sin x and
line y =x. demonstrate the concept of mirror reflection aboue

Pre-Requisite Knowledge :
1.
Ingonometric functions are periodic functions and in general, allthese functions are not bijections. Consequenty,
their inverses do not exist. However, these can be made bijections by restricting ther ao
co-domains.
2.
The graphof the function y= sin-'x can be obtained from the graph of y = sin x by interchanging x and yaxes
gTaphs of y=sin xand y= sin- xare given in fig. 6.1. The thick portion of the graph represents the principal value
branch of sinlr.
Graph ofy = sin x Graph ofy =sin-x

3T
2

3T
X4 1 X
3z
2 2

(
Y

Yy
Fig. 6.1

Material Required:
Thermocol sheet, Graph paper, Some coloured drawing pins,Coloured pens, Ruler, Eraser, Cutter, Thin wires, Adhesive
YII
 Procedure:
1. Take a thermocol sheet and paste a graph
paper on it.
2. Draw two lines XOX and YOY mutually perpendicular to each other on the graph paper as shown in fig. 6.2. These
lines represent the rectangular axes.

N4

N3
N2
N P
1 P
6 2
X X
16 3
2
Pi P! N
N

Fig. 6.2

3. Graduate the axes approximately as shown in fig. 6.2 by taking unit on x-axis equal to 1-25 times the unit on y-axis.
4. On the graph paper, plot the points sinin sin and fix drawing pinsP, P, P, P, on these
points.

5. Repeat the process given in step 4 on the other side of the x-axis to plot the pointssinsin
sinand fix drawing pinsP,P,Pf, P{on thesepoints. Also fix a drawing pinat pointO.

6. Join the pins with help of a wire (without slack) on both sides of x-axis to obtain the graph of sin xfrom

7. Draw the graph of the line y=xby plotting the points (1, 1), (2, 2), ...and fixing awire on these points.
8. Draw perpendiculars from pins P,, P, P P, on the line y= xand produce these lines in such a way that length of
perpendicular on both sides of the line y=xare equal. At these points fix drawing pins N,, N,, N, N,
9. Repeat the process given in step 8on the other sides of x-axis and fix drawing pins at N, ', N,, N,, N.
10. Join the pins on both sides of the line y=xby two wires, which is the required graph of y=sinl x.
11. Place a mirror on the line y =x.
 Observation :
1. From fig. 6.2, it is observed that image of points P,, P, P, P, in the mirror line y=
xis N,,N,, N, N, respectivelva:
also the image of pointsP, P,, P, P in the mirror line y =xis
N,,N,,N,,N, respectively.
2. The image of the graph of sin x in the mirror line (y = x)
represents the graph of sin x.
Conclusion :
The graph of sin -lris obtained,which is a mirror
reflection of sin x about the line y =x.
 AcTIVITyY
Objective:
Tounderstand the concepts of increasing and decreasing functions.

Pre-Reqisite Knowledge
1. Afunction fr) is said to be astrictly increasing function on (a, b), if
,<, Rx)<fr), for all z,*,¬ (a, b).
2 Afunction fr)is said to be astrictly decreasing function on (a, b) if
x<, fr)>fx,), for all x,x,e (a, b).

Y Y

Ay=f)

f() +X

Increasing Function Decreasing Function

Fig. 13.1 Fig. 13.2
3. Necessary and Sufficient conditions for Monotonicity:
Necessary condition : Letfr) be continuous on [a, b<and differentiable on (a, b)
) Ifr) is strictly increasing on (a, b), then f') >0 for all xe (a, b)
(ü) fr) is strictly decreasing on (a, b), thenf() <0 for all xe (4, b)
Sufficient condition : Letf(r) be a differentiable real function defined on (a. b)
9 f)>0, for all xe (a, b), then f() is strictly increasing on (a, ).
(i) Sfa) <0, for all re (a, b), then f(r) is strictly decreasing on (a, b).
 Material Required
aniboard,White sheet of paper, Ruler, I'encil, Eraser, Some pices of wire, Adhesive.
Procedure:
Take a cardboardloof any convenient size and paste a white sheet of paper on it.
2 Draw two mutually pependicular lines X'OX and YOY. These lines represent r-axis and y-axis respectively.
Take fwo wires of suitable length and bend then as curves.
.Exthe wires (curves)on the white sheet of pajper. These wires represent two functions as shown in fig. 13.5

Q2

B2
X

Fig. 13.3
5 Take two straight wires and place them on the left hand curve such that they form tangents to the curve at points P, and
P, maling angles of a, and a, with the positive direction of x-axis respectively.
6 Take two straight wires and place them on the right hand curve such that they form tangents to the curve at points Q,
and Q, making angles B, and B, with positive direction of x-axis respectively.
Observation :

1 a, and a, are obtuse angles and therefore, tan a, and tan a, are both negative. Thus the slopes of the tangents ie., the
derivatives of the function at points P, and P, are negative.
Likewise, taking any other point on this curve, we will find that derivatives of function at each point is negative. Thus,
the function given by left hand curve is adecreasing function.
2 B,and B, are acute angles and therefore, tan ß, and tan B, are both positive. Thus the slope of tangents ie, the
derivatives of the function at points Q, and Q, are poitive.
Likewise, taking any other point on this curve, we will find that derivatives of funetion at each point is pusitive. Thus,
the function given by right hand curve is an increasing function.
Conclusion
Ine conceptof increasing and decreasing functions are explained graphically through this activity.
Objective:
ACTIUITYS
Tounderstand the concepts of local maxima, local minima and point of
inflexion.
Pre-Requisite Knowledge
, Eaoontinuous function increases upto avalue and then decreases from
called a local maximum valueof this function. that value onwards, then that value is
Similarly, if a
insreases, then that value is called a local minimum value of continuous function decreases to a value and then
the function.
Note: ) A local maximum value is not
minimum value the least. Afunctionnecessarily the greatest value the function can have; nor is the local
may have many local maximaand minima.
(in The local maximaand minima
values occur alternatively.
Eit Derivative Test for Local Maxima and
Minima
Let fa) be afunction differentiable at x= a. Then
(a) x=is a point of local maximum of fr) if
() f'c) =0 and
() f()changes sign from positive to negative as x increases through a i.e., f'(x) >0at
neighbourhood (a-8, a) of a and f'(r) <0 at every point in the right neighbourhood (a,every point in the lett
a +S) of a.
(b) =a is apoint of local mirimum of fr) if
() f'a) =0 and
() f() changes sign from negative to positive asx increases through a ie., f'() <0 at every point in the left
neighbourhood (a -6, a) of aand f'()>0 at every point in the right neighbourhood (a, a +S) of a.
() Ifa) = 0but f(a)does not change sign i.e., f'a) have the same sign in the complete neighbourhood of a,
then ais neither a point of local maximum nor a point of local minimum. It is known as the point of inflexion.

Material Required :
Cardboard, White hart paper, Some pieces of wires, Perncil, Ruler, Adhesive.
Procedure
LTake acardboard of any convenient size and paste awhite chart paper on it.
 2.
Draw two mutually perpendicular lines X'OX and YOY'. These lines represent x-axis and y-axis respectivel.
3. Takea wire of suitablelength and bend it in the shape of curve, sayf().
4. Fix this curved wire on the chart paper as shown in fig 14.1.

y=fr)

B
x X

Y'

Fig. 14.1
5. Take five more pieces of straight wires of equal
lerngth and fix them at the points A, B, P,Cand D such that they are
tangents at each of these pointsand are parallel to x-axis as shown in the fig. 14.1.
Observation :
1 Infig, 14.1, wires (tangents) at the points A, B, Cand Dare
iie, the value off(*) at these points is zero. parallel to the x-axis.So, the slope of these tangents are zero
2 The tangent at P intersects the curve.
3. The slope of tangent at a point on the immediate left of A
negative. Thus at the points Aand C, sign off (*) changes and
rom
Cis positive and on the immediate right ofA and Cis
positive to negative and therefore these are points of
local maxima.
4. At the points Band D, sign off(*) changes from
negative topositive and therefore these are points of local minima.
5. At the point P, sign off() does not change and therefore it is a point of inflexion.
Conclusion :
The concept of local maxima, local minimaand point of inflexion are understood through this activity
 Objective: ACTIVITY G
Toconstruct an open box
from each corner and
withouttop of maximum volumefrom a given
folding up the sauare sheet bycutting
volume, and verify it mathematically. flaps. Also, to find the side of the square to be cut off andequal squares
the maximum
Pre-Requisite Knowledge
1. Concept of maxima and minima
2 Volume ofthe box =Length x Breadth x Height.
Material Required :

Chart papers, Pair of scissors, Ruler, Pencil,

Eraser, Adhesive
Procedure:
1. Take a square sheet of chart paper of size 24 cm x
24 cm.
2 Cut off four equal squares of size x cm
from each corner of the sheet as shown in fig. 16.1.
3. Repeat the above process by taking some more
sizes from corners i.e., for different values of x.
sheets of same size (i.e., 24 cm x 24 cm) and cutting squares of different
4 Fold up the flaps of each sheet and paste them
using adhesive to obtain open boxes as shown in fig. 16.2.

24- 2x
-24
2x

24
2-y

-24-2x -
Fig. 16.1 Fig. 16.2
 Observation:

1. The dimensionsof the box are:

Length= (24-2v)cm, Breadth- (24-2r) cmand height =xCm
BxH
2. We know that thevolume ofthe box eL. x
x.
Let us recond the volume of box for different values of
1. When lcm, V- 22 x 22 x 1 484 cm.
2. Whcn r=15cm, V-21 x 21 x 1-5 = 661-5 cm.
3. When 2em, V 20 x 20 x 2 = 800 cm,
4 Whenr= 25 cm, V= 19 x19 x25 = 9025cm!.
5 When r=3cm, V= 18x 18 x3 =972cm!.
6 When =35cm, V=17x 17 x3.5 = 1011-5cm!.
7. When = 4 cm, V=16x 16 x4 = 1024cm.
When =45cm, V= 15 x 15 x 4-5= 1012:5 cm.
9. When r=5 cm, V= 14 x 14 x 5 =980 cm.
10. When r=55 cm, V= 13 x 13 x 5:5= 929.5 cm3.

19. When = 10 cm, V=4x4 x 10 = 160 cm.

20. When x=105cm, V=3x3 x 10-5 =94-5 cm.
21. When x= 11 cm, V=2x 2x 11 =44 cm².
22. When x=11-5 cm, V=1x1x 11.5= 11-5 cm.
Clearly, x= 12 is not possible.
Conclusion :

The volume of the box is maximum,when the side of the square cut off = 4 cm and
the maximum volume of the m
box = 1024 cm.

Verification:
Let Vbe the volume of the box. Then,
V=(24 -2x) (24 - 2r) x= (576 -96r +4r) xr =4r-96r+ 576x

dx
=12r- 192x +576 and T24r -192
For maxima or minima,
dx
12x?-192x + 576 =0 -16x +48 =0
(x-12) (- 4) = 0 x=12, 4
But r= 12 is not possible. Therefore,x=4.

Clearly, 24 x4- 192 =96-192 <0.

Thus, Vis maximum, when xe4 cm
and maximum volume of box= 4(4)-96(4) + 576(4) =256 - 1536 +2304 = 1024
cm.
maics Lab Manual
 Objective:
AcTIVITY 7
To verify thatamongst all the rectangles withthe same
Pre-Requisite Knowledge
perimeter, the squaree has the largest area.
1. Perimeter of arectangle =2(Length +Breadth)
2. Areaof a rectangle = Length x Breadth
3 Area of a square = (Side)
Material Required :
Candloard, Chart paper, Ruler, Pencil, Eraser, Adhesive
Procedure:

1 Take a chart paper of any convenient size.

2 Draw some rectangles each of perimeter, say 36 cm, on the
chart paper having different dimensions as shown in
following figures.
Ry
R R2
em 75
cm
cm
6 7

s
12 cm 11 cm I0.5 cm
() (0) (zi)

R
Rs
9.5
cm 115cm
cm
9

10 cm 9 cm 8.5 cm 6.5 cm

(io) (o)
Fig.18.1
 R,, R .
3. Label thee reNtangles asR,,
on a cardboard.
4. Pa_te the chart paper
Observation

Area (R,)- 12 x6=2cm²

Area(R,)= 11 x7-77 cm?
78-75cm²
Area (R.)= 105x75-
Area (R,) = 10 xS - 80 cm²
Area (R)=9x9- S1 cm?
Area (R=85x 9.5 =S0-75 cm²
Area (R-)= 65 x 11-5 =74-75 cm?

i.e., 36 cm but their areasare different.

2. We observe that the perimeter of each rectangle is same
x9cm i.e.,a square of side 9 cm.
3. Area of retangie R is the maximum, which is of dimensions9 cm
Concusion:
area.
Amongt al the rectangles with the same perimeter, the square has the maximum
 ACTIVITY8
Objective :
To verify
geometrically that
Pre-Requisite Knowledge
1. Vector (or crOss)
produt: The vector product of two non-zero vectors a and
b, written as xb, is definek
as the vector
cxb-||Fsin e , where a|- a, | b|= band n is a
both c and bsuch that e, ,nare in nght unit vector perpendicular lo
handed orientation and is the angle between and b
2 Area of Paralielogram : exb (0ses
represents the vector area of the parallelogram having adjacent sides
Thus, area of the and b
paraliciogram = |xb|.
Material Required:
Cardboard, White chart paper, Pencil, Ruler, Eraser, Adhesive.
Procedure:
1. Takea cardboard of any converient size and paste a
wute chart paper on it

2 Drawa line segwtOA of iry:th6 cm Lt OA- .

3. Drawa line segment OB of lryth 4 cm, indind at
an angie o with OA. Let OB= .
4. Drawa lne segnent BC of iength 3cn making an
angle of with OA. Lt bC= C.
5. Draw BM 1 OA and CL 1 OA. Also, draw BN
perpendicular to CL as alownin fig 22 1
6. Complete the parallelograms OAQBand BQ1C tig 22 1
 Observation
By actual measurement,

A6Cm
|-oC-6.9em
Ce51m, BM =3.5 cm, CN=16cm

l x ) | =Area of parallelogram OAPC

- (0A) (CL) =6 x51 = 30-6 cm? ..1)

ex|- Area of parallelogram OAQB

= (0A) (BM) =6 x35 = 21 cm? ...2)

Xc|= Area of parallelogram BQrC

= (0A) (CN)=6 x 1-6 = 96 cm² ...3)
From (1), (2) and (3),
Area of parallelogram OAPC =Area of parallelogram OAQB+ Areaof parallelogram BQPC.

Verification :
L By triangle law of addition in AOBC, we have
C- OB+ BC =b+
2 Area of parallelogram OAPC =|0AxOC|

- |a|b+ c| sin a, where COA =a

|-Area of parallelogram OAQB
cl- Area of parallelogram BQPC .2)
. Also, area of parallelogram OAPC - (0A) (CL)
-OA (LN + NC) = OA (BM + NC)
(0A)(BM) +(0A)(NC)
- Area of parallelogram OAQB +Area of parallelogram BQPC
..3)
From (1) and (3), we have

Also, direction of each of these vectors ax(o), x and x are perpendicular to the same plane.
Conclusion:
ax(b+ c) =xb +axc.
Thus the distributive property of vector product over addition is verified.
 ACTIVITY 9
Objective:

To measure the shortest distance between twoskew lines and

verify it analytically.
Pre-Requisite Knowledge
Skew-Lines :The straightlines in space which are neither
1.
parallel nor
which do not lie in the same intersecting
horWords, skew-lines are those lines are called skew-lines.
plane as shown in the fig 24.1.

Fig. 24.1 Fig. 24.2

2 Line of shortest distance : If l, and I, are two
skew-lines then there is one and only one line perpendicular to
each of lines I, and l, which is known as the line of the shortest distance.
3. Shortest Distance : The shortest distance between two lines 1,
and I, is the distance PQ between the points P and
Qwhere the line of shortest distance intersects the two given lines.

Material Required:
Cardboard,Squared paper, Three wooden cubes of edges 2 cm, One wooden block of size 2 cm x 2 cm x 4 cm,
Wires of different lerngths, Set-squares, Pencil, Adhesive.
Math
 Procedure:
1. Take acardboard of any convenient size and paste a squared paper on it.
2 Drawtwo mutually perpendicular lines OA and OB on the squared Ipaper to represent r-axis a
3. Take three wooden cubes of edge 2cm and name them
and y-axis
as I, II and II. Also, take a wooden block of size
3
6
TeSper
2cm x 2 cm x 4cm and name it as IV.
Place the cubes I, I and l in such away that their base
centres are at points (2, 2), (1, 6) and (7,6) respectively, 2
and blockIV with its base centre at (6, 2).
P(2,2)
5. Join the points Pand Q, the centre of the bases of the
cubes I and II, by a wire.
3 (6,2)
4
6. Join the centres Rand Sof the tops of cube I and block R1,6,2)
V by another wire as shown in the figure. 5
7. The two wires PQ and RS represent two
skew-lines.
&. Place a set-square such that one of its
isalong the wire PQ. perpendicular side (1,6)
9. Move the set-square along PQ till its other
7
Oæ.6)
side touches the other wire RS. perpendicular 8

10. Measure the distance between the two wires

this position using a scale, which is the required(lines)
in
Y
distance between two skew-lines. shortest
Fig. 24.3
Observation :
1 Shortest distance between skew-lines PQ and RS by
2. actual measurement = 3-4 (approx).
Coordinates of point P are (2, 2, 0)
Coordinates of point Qare (7,6, 0)
Coordinates of point Rare (1,6, 2)
Coordinates of point Sare (6, 2, 4).
Verification :

The equation of the line PQ is r =2i+2j+A(5î+4)

The equation of the line RS is 7=i+6j+ 2k +n (5?-4+2).
Shortest distance between skew-lines PQ and RS =

Here, 5
4 o= 8?-10-40
5 -4 2

and
i;-,= (i+6j+2)-(2i+2)= -i+4j+2ê
S.D. =
J64+ 100 +1600

/Mathematics Lab Manual->XL

Conclusion:

The shortest distance obtained by actual measurement and analytically are same.
rself:
 AcTIVITY 10
Objective :
To explain the computation of conditional probability of a given event A, whenevent Bhas.
throwing a pair of dice. already ocurred by
Pre-Requisite Knowledge
1. Probability ofevent :If there are n elementary events associated with arandom experiment and mof ther
favourabie to an event A, then the probability of happening or occurance ofAis denoted by P(A) and is deihe
as the ratio

2. Conditional Probability : Let Aand Bbe two events associated with a random experiment. Then the probabi
of occurrence of event A under the condition that event Bhas already occurred and P(B) 0, is called he
conditional probability and is denoted by P(A/B). Thus, we have
PA/E) Prohability of occurrence of event Agiven that event B has already occurred.
PAnB)
Symbolcaly, PA/E) - PB)
Similarly, PE/A) when P(A) 0 is defined as the probability of occurrence of eventBwhen event Ahas already
oCured.

Material Required :
Pece of piywocd, Whute ctart paper, Pair of dice, Colours, Pen/pencil, Scale, Adhesive.
Procedure :
1. Take epece od plywcdad paste a wute chart paper on it.
2 Mae e squate of die sás6cm 6 nn the chart paper an divicde it into 36 squares of side l cm gach.
8. Write tie pairof nunbers as given in tig 281 whuch is the sample space asscxiated to the random experimetu
tduowugepair of due ap it gives all tde ble outcomes
4. la AalndBe te twu evnts, wwe
A=bun of te nunes wW9 dae is 8 asi B-Even nunber appears on the first die
i4, A 2, ) (6, 2) (3, 5), (5, 3), (4. 4)) and B = (2, 1), ....,.(2, 6), (4, 1) ..., (4, 6), (0, ), .., (6, )!
Matheunatics Lab Manual -
 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6
2, 1 2,2 2,3 2,4 2,5 2;6

3, 1 3,2 3,3 3, 4 3,5 3, 6

4, 1 4,2 4,3 4, 4 4,5 4,6

5, 1 5,2 5,3 5,4 5,5 5,6

6, 1 6,2 6,3 6,4 6,5 6,6

Fig. 28.1

Shade the squares associated with event A with one colour and the squares associated with event B with other
K 28.1.
colour as shown in fig.
Observation :

1 The number of possible outcomes = 36 i.e., n(S) =36.

, Let us find the conditional probability of an event A when event B has already occurred.
Fromfig. 28.1, we have n(A) =5, n(B) = 18 and n (AnB) =3
5 18 1 3 1
: PA) =
36
P(B) =
36
P(AnB)= 36 12
1

: P(A/B) = P(AnB) 121

P(B) 1 6
2

Conclusion:
ability of event Agiven that event Bhas occurred is found through this activity.