1, Relations and Funetions

Activity 1.1 Types of Relations

Objective
aLb and a, be Ly 1s
To verify that the relation R in the set L of all lines in a plane, defined as {(a, b) :
Symmetricbut neither reflexive nor transitive.

Method of Construction
1. Take a drawing board and place it on the table. Now fix a white paper Material Required
sheet on it with board pins. Adrawing board
2. Draw straight lines on white paper sheet in such a way that some of A
white paper sheet
them are parallel, some are perpendicular to the first drawn parallel Board pins, penciland
lines and some are inclined to the given drawn lines, as shown in the Scale
figure.
3. Name these lines as a, a, bË, bo, C, and c, as shown in the figure.
C

Demonstration, Observation and Conclusion

Relation R is symmetric:
and b, l a,
1. Fromn the construction, we observe that a, b,
’ (a, b,) e R and (b,, a) e R
’ Relation R is symmetric
b, and b, 1 ay
2. Fromn the construction, we observe that a, L
’ (a, b,) e Rand (b,, a) eR
Relation Ris symmetric
and
relation R is symmetric by taking lines (a, and b,)
In a similar way we can demonstrate that
(a, and b,).
that no line is perpendicular to itself. Therefore,
Relation R is not reflexive: We observe from figure,
(a, a) R, (az, ag) e R, (b,, b,) Rand (b,, b,) e R.
Relation R is not transitive:
L of figure we observe that:
1. Fromn the construction of lines in the plane
line b, is not perpendicular to line b, (they are
b, l a, and a, b, but the observation shows that
parallel)

11
Exemplar Activities in Mathematics-12
 and
R (a,, b) e Rbut(b,,b,) e R.
(b, a,)e transitive. that:
Hence relation R is
not
L of figure, we observe
a. (They are parallel)
theplane
From the construction of lines in perpendicular to
2.
we observe that a, is not
a, l b, andb, L a, but e R but (a,y d) eR.
:(a, b) e Rand (b,, a,)
not transitive. plane, defined as Rla, b) : al b.
Hence, relation R is Relation in
R a set L of lines in a
that a
The above activity verify neither reflexive nor transitive.
be A) is symmetric, but
a,

Application symmetrie
check whether a given relation is () reflexive or not, (ii
This activity can be used to
(i) transitive or not.

aViva Vocelbon ra
1. Define relation R in a set A
Ans. Relation R in set A is any subset of (A x A).tot salteoibeecnec RS0elalis
2. Which relation is called reflexive? Give an example.tb n9vbtdt barilas
set A is related to itself. Arelation R in set A
Ans. Arelation R in set A is called reflexive if every element of
is reflexive if (a, a) e R for every a e A. ocia es o bas
because everu
E.g. Relation R in a set L of lines in a plane defined as parallel to' is reflexive relation
line is parallel to itself.
3. Give one example of relation R which are not reflexive.
Ans. Relation Rin a set Lof lines in a plane defined as perpendicular to' is not reflexive, because no line
is perpendicular toitself.
4. Which relation is called symmetric? Give an example.
Ans. Arelation Rin set Ais called symmetric if any two elements a, be Aare such that (a, b) eR then i
is must that (b, a) also belong to relation R.
E.g. Arelation R in set L of lines in a plane, defined as 'perpendicular to' is symmetric because if tw
lines a, beLare such that a I bthen line b also will be perpendicular to line a. Hence, (a, b)e
b, a)eR
5. Define a transitive relation. Give an example.
Ans. A relation R in a set A, is called transitive when a, b, c e A
are such that (a, b) e R and (b, C) e
- a , e R.
E.g. Arelation R in a set Lof lines in a plane,
lines a, b, ce Aare such that a || b and b|| c, defined
then
as parallel to' is transitive because for any tnre
and (b, deR(a, e R. lines a and c will also be parallel. Hence, (a, b)
 Suggested Activity 1 One-One and Onto FunctiOn
Objective
mo demonstrate a function which is one-one and onto.

Method of Construction
1. Take two functions A =(1, 2, 3} and B =(a, b, c as shown in
figure. Material Required
2. Take three points on left hand side of the white paper sheet and name
them as 1, 2, 3. It represents set A. bnE abie bLsd ol mA drawing board
3. Take three points on the right hand side of the white paper sheet and Awhite paper sheet
name them as a, b, c. It represents set B. Board pins, pencil and
4. Join point 1 of set A to point a of set B, point 2 of set Ato point b of Scale
set B and join point 3 of set A to point c of set B.oc orit ot A 00 10

Demonstration,Observation and Conclusion 1

1. We observe from figure that: 2

Element 1 of set A has element a of set B as its image. taeonto 3 C

Element 2 of set A has elementb of set Bas its image.nnools

Set A Set B
Element 3 of set A has element c of set B as its image.
It shows that each element of set A has one image in set B. Functionfol
From this observation, we conclude that the function is one-one. 1 a
2. From the figure, we observe that:
Element aof set B has its pre-image 1in set A. 2
Element b of set B has its pre-image 2 in set A. 3
Element c of set B has its pre-image 3 in set A. Set B
Set A
This observation shows that each element of set B has a pre-image
in set A.
is onto.
From the above demonstration and observation we conclude that the function
one-one
Hence, the function from set A = {1, 2, 3} to set B = (a, b, c defined as {1, a), (2, b), (3, c} is
and onto.

Application is one-one and onto or not.

This activity can be used to verify whether a given function

VViva Voce
onto.
1. Define function which is one-one as well as
each element of set A has one and only one image
Ans. A function from set A to setB is called one-one when
element of set B has a pre-image in set A.
in set B and the function is called onto when each
and onto.
2. Give an example of a set which is one-one
c, d defined as {(1, a), (2, b), (3, c, (4, d} is one-one
Ans. Afunction from set A={1, 2, 3, 4} to set B =(a, b,set
because each element of set A has one image in B and it is also onto because each element of set
B has a pre-image in set A.
3. Can you define an invertible function.
is one-one and onto is invertible function.
Ans. Invertible function: A function which
 Activity 3.6 Word Problems on Maxima and
Minima
Objective
To construct an open box of maximum volume from a given rectangular sheet by cutting equal square pieces
from each corner.

Method of Construction
1. Take a rectangular chart-paper of size 45 cm x 24 cm and name it
as rectangle ABCD. Material Required
2. Cut-out four equal square pieces of size1 cm x 1cm from each corner. Chart papers of size
Now fold up the flaps to form an open rectangular box from this chart 45 cm x 24 cm, cellotape
paper with the help of cellotape. Measure the length, breadth and pencil, scissor, calculator
height of this open box with the help of scale. Work out the volume
uod of the open box using the formula V = length x breadth x height.
3. The another rectangular chart paper sheet of same size (45 cm x 24 cm) and repeat the above process
by cutting out squares of size (2 cm x 2 cm) from each corner and measure its length, breadth and
height and find the volume of the open box.
45 cm
X

X X

A B
45 cm
4. Now take a third rectangular chart paper sheet of samne size (45
cm x 24 cm). Again remove equal
square pieces of size 3 cm x3 cm fromn each corner and measure its length, breadth and height and
find its volume.
5. Go on repeating this process by cutting out equal squares pieces from each
cm, 5 cm x 5cm, 6cm x 6 cm and 7 cm x7 cm. In each case malke an corner of sizes 4 cm x 4
open rectangular box by folding
up the flaps. Now measure the length, breadth and height of the each box and calculate their volume.
Demonstration
1. When x= 1, l= (45 - 2) cm =43 cm, b= (24-2) cm =22 cm
and height = 1 cm
:: Volume V, = (43 x 22 x 1) cm = 946 cm
2. When x= 2 cm, l= (45 4) cm = 41 cm; 6 = (24- 4)
cm= 20 cm and h= 2 cm
:. Volume V, = (41 x 20 x 2) cm = 1640 cm
3. Whern x= 3cm, l= (45-6) cm =39 cm, b= (24- 6)
cm = 18 cm and height = 3cm
Volume =Va =39 x 18 x 3 cm =2106 cm
4. When x = 4cm, l= (45-8) cm = 37 cm, b= (24 - 8)
cm = 16 cm and h= 4 cm
.:. Volume = Va= 37 x 16 x 4 cm =2368 cm
5. When x= 5 cm, l= (45 - 10) cm = 35 cm, b=
(24- 10) cm = 14 cm and h= 5 cm
Volume = Vs=35 x 14 x 5 cm = 2450 cm
6. When x= 6 cm, l= (45- 12) cm = 33 cm, b=
(24 - 12) cm = 12 cm and h=6 cm
Volume= V6= 33 x 12 x 6 cm = 2376 cm
7. When x=7 cm, l= (45 - 14) cm = 31 cm, b =(24 -
14) cm = 10 cm and h=7 cm
.:. Volume = V,= 31 x 10 x 7 cm =
2170 cm
Exemplar Activities in Mathematics-12 35
Observation
1. When x= 1cm, then V, = 946 cm
2. When x= 2 cm, then V, = 1640 cm
3. When x= 3 cm, then V, = 2106 cm
4. When x= 4 cm, then V, = 2368 cm"
5. When x= 5 cm, then V, = 2450 cm (Maximum Volume)
6. When x= 6 cm, then V = 2376 cm
7. When x= 7 cm, then V, = 2170 cmn
size of square to be
From the above values, we conclude that volume is maximum = 2450 cm when
removed from each corner is 5 cm x 5 cm.

Application
This activity is useful in explaining the concept of maximum or minimum value of a function.

Viva Voce
1. Which concept of local maxima/minima or absolute maxima/minima has bean used in the above
activity?
Ans. Concept of local maxima/local minima has been used.

Notes
Assume that size of the square corners to be removed from the rectangular sheet of size (45 x 24) cm² i
(xX ) cm² then l =(45-23) cm, b= (24 -2) cm and h= xcm.
Let v be the volume of the open box, then
v= lbh= (45 - 23) (24 -2xd xx= 2(2 69+ 540x)
v= 2[2° -69:+ 540x
du
dx
= 2[6- 138x+ 540]
du
- 12[x - 23x + 90]
dc
du
dx
= 12[ - 18x- 5x+ 90] = 12|3dx 18) 5(- 18)]
du
doc
=(-5) (- 18) = 0
X= 5, 18 (18 is rejected)
X=5 cm
du
- 12[: - 23x + 90]
dx
d²u
dy2
= 12[2x -23]
du
= 12(10-23] = 12 x-13=-156 <0
x=5
X=5maximize the volume.
 Activity 6.2 Shortest Distance between Two Skew
Lines

Objective
To measure the shortest distance between two skew lines and verify it analytically.tbo nola
Method of Construction
1. Take the drawing board and fix a squared paper on it
with the help of board pins.
Material Required
2. On the squared paper draw two perpendicular lines OA 9 A
drawing board, board pins
and OB intersecting at O, representing x-axis and y-axis Awhite paper sheet
respectively. Three wooden blocks of size 2 cm x
3. Take the three blockS of the size 2 cm x 2 cm x 2 cm as 2 cm x 2 cm each and one wooden
1, IIand II. Name the 4th wooden block 2 cm x 2 cm x block of size 2 cm x 2 cm x 4 cm, wires
4 cm as IV. of different lengths, set squares, adhesive,
4. Place blocks I, II, II such that their base centres are at pen/pencl,scale etc.
the points (2, 2), (1, 6)and (7, 6), respectively and block
IV with its base centre at (6, 2).
5. Place a straight wire joining the points Pand Q, the centres of the bases of the blocks I and II and
another wire joining the centres Rand S of the tops ofthe blocks I and II and another wire joining the
centres R and S of the tops of the blocks II and IV as shown in figure.
Y
2 5 6 7

IV
S(6, 2, 4)

P(2,2)
3

5
R(1, 6, 2)

Q(7,6)

6. These two wires represent twO skew lines.

7.Take a wire and join it perpendicularly with the skew lines and measure the actual distance.
Demonstration
1. Aset-square is placed in such a way that its one perpendicular side is along the wire P0.
2. Move the set-square along PQ till its other perpendicular side touches the other wire,

Exemplar Activities in Mathematics-12

 set-square. This is the
distance between the two
lines in this position using
shortes
3. Measure the two skew lines. R(1,6, 2) and S(6, 2 A Su
joining
distance between
of linejoining P(2, 2, 0) and Q(7, 6, 0)and other line
4. Findthe equation and fixed point (2, 2, 0)
drs of the line PQ: (5, 4, 0) Ok) Obje
Equation of line PQ: Y- (2i +2j +Ok) +A(5i + 4j + To lo
(1, 6, 2)
drs of line RS: (5, 4, 2)and fixed point then
Equation of line RS: Y- (i+6j+2X) +(5i 4j +2k)
Met
Here, i =2i+ 2j +Ok, rm, - 5i +4j+OR
Fz =i+6j+ 2k, m, =5i - 4j +2k
-40X
m, x m, =5 4 o= i(8 - 0) - j(10 - 0) +k(-20 - 20) =8i - 10j
5 -4 2

Also |m, x mg=/64 +100 + 1600 - V1764

7- - (2i +2j +Ok) - i+6j +2k) -i-4j- 2k
7-): (ñ, x m,) = (i-4j-2k)- (8i - 10j - 40k) = 8 + 40 + 80 = 128
SD - - )(m xrm,)| 128
128
(m x mg) V1764 42
128 64 =3 units
SD =
42 2l
The distances between two skew lines will approximately same.
Observations
1. Coordinates of point P are (2, 2, 0).
2. Coordinates of point Q are (7, 6, 0).
3. Coordinates of point R are (1, 6, 2).
4. Coordinates of point S are (6, 2, 4).
5. Equation of line PQ is Y= (2i+2j +Ok) +A5i +4j +Ok).
6. Equation of line RS is F=(i+6j + 2k) +u(5i4j+ 2k).
7. Shortest distance between PQ and RS analytically = 3.
8. Shortest distance between PQand RS by actual
measurement = 3.
10. The results so obtained are equal.

Application
This activitycan be used to explain the concept of
skew lines and shortest distance between two lines in spa

1. Can you define skew lines?

Y Viva Voce
Ans. Two lines in space which are
not parallel and also do not intersect are
2. Are skew lines called skew lines.
possible
Ans. No, skew lines are not
in plane geometry?
parallel or they intersectpossible in plane geometry
if not parallel.
sD
because in plane geometry, either the twolines
 7. Probability

Conditional Probability
Activity 7.1
occurr.
when event B has already
Objective conditional probabilities of a given event A,
computation of A
Toexplain the
through an example of throwing a pair of dice.
Th
ev
Question Bhas already Material Required
of an event A if an event the
Find the conditional probability
"a number is appears on
both dice" and
Drawing board, board pins
occurred; where event A is i.e. we are
appeared on atleast one of the dice" Awhite paper sheet
event B is the event" 4 has
Penciland scale.
to find P(A|B) using activity method. A
pair of dice. A

Method of Construction
a table. Fix the white paper
1. Take the drawing board and place it on A
sheet on it with drawing pins. cm x 1cm).
square of (6 cm x 6 cm) size. Divide it into 36 squares of size (1
2. Draw a big
1, 1: 1, 2: 1, 3....VWrite these
pair of numbers in th A
pair of dice, 36 outcomes are
3. When we toss a
36 squares as shown with figure.
1, 1 1,2 1,3 1, 4 1,5 1,6
A
2, 1 2, 2 2, 3 2, 4 2,5 2,6
3, 1 3, 2 3,3 3, 4 3, 5 3, 6 A

4, 1 4, 2 4, 3 4, 4 4, 5 4,6

5, 1 5, 2| 5, 3 5,4 5, 5 5, 6

6,1 6, 2 6,3 6,4 6, 5 6,6lpeo 9d iteo ti yiutoc ntt tW

Demonstration
1. We are tossing a pair of dice. Its all possible outcomes have been shown in the figure. Hence this figur
represents thesample space of the experiment of throwing a dice once.
2. We are given event Aas "a number 4 appears on both the dice" and B is the event" 4 has appeared a
atleast one of the dice" i.e. we have to find P(A|B).
3. Number of outcomes favourable to A is only one i.e. (4, 4). Shade it.
4. Number of outcomes favourable to B are 4, 1; 4, 2; 4, 3; 4, 4; 4, 5; 4, 6.
Shade them all.
5. (a) Hence number of outcomes favourable to event A = 1
(b) Number of outcomes favourable to event B = 11,
(d Number of outcomes favourable to event An B=
the double shaded outcome 44 = 1.
(a) Total number of outcomes = 36
(e) . n(A) = 1, nB) =11, nAn B) = 1 n(S) = 36
nB) 11
6. (a) PB)= n(S) 36 (b) P(A oB) = n(AnB) 1
1/36
n(S) 36 (9 P(A|B) - P(An B) 11/361!
P(B)

54
natics!
 Ans. Ans. activity
eventThis Observation
Ans. Ans. Ans. Application
5. 4. 3. 2. 1. 4. 3. 2. 1.
TheProbability event.
Define What What etc. The Do B,
5. P(An
P(A Outcome Outcome
Outcome
What The All
possible the
set outcomes aregame you |
B)
isprobability are common
explain B)
of experiments
we know = =favourable
sample favourable mean we
favourable
favourable
36 1
all of resultS P(B) A
possible an play, what the
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space event concept B)
of anoutcomes we in we
experiment
outcomnes?
an in 11 to to to
events of A get probabilitymean area 1 eventevent event
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an = on of
experiment? Number
Total of in by gives
conditional (A BA=
of A. performing nB) =
an probability. an
which is us 11, 1,
experiment Outcomes experiment
called nA)
outcomes =n(B)
help 1, =
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an
Voce
Viva 11.
outcomes thein an
experiment
favourable
is
experiment. in
because of B)
event
called probability? AnB. =
anolensnib 1.
to
sample calledare
to occur, are when
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sample
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example, we
space. A sidetiue
outcomes. shade

outcomes tossing the

lo
outcomes
bodieo
of
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A
and