CHAPTER IV

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

1. What reasons do the charcoal producers participate in charcoal production?

Table I. Reasons of the Charcoal Producers

13 12
11

7 6
5 4
3 2
1
High-income Part time Doesn’t have any job Total
Frequency 6 2 4 12
Series2 NaN NaN NaN NaN
Series3 NaN NaN NaN NaN

According to the given data as shown in table 1, it appears that the reasons for participating in
charcoal production are:

1. High-income: 6 people or 7.23% of the respondents mentioned that they participate in

charcoal production to earn a high income.

2. Part-time: 2 people or 2.41% of the respondents mentioned that they participate in

charcoal production on a part-time basis.

3. Unemployment: 4 people or 4.82% of the respondents mentioned that they participate in

charcoal production because they do not have any other job.

It is important to note that these reasons may not be mutually exclusive and some individuals
may have multiple reasons for participating in charcoal production.
2. What are the different methods of charcoal production?

Table II. Methods of Charcoal Production

13 12
11 10
9
Frequency
7

3 2
1 0
Traditional earth Earth pit’s kiln Brick kiln Total
mound
Frequency 10 0 2 12

Based on the data presented in Table 2, it can be observed that the methods of charcoal
production used by the respondents are as follows:

1. Traditional earth mound: 10 people or approximately 83.33% of the 12 respondents

mentioned that they use the traditional earth mound method for charcoal production.

2. Earth pit's kiln: None of the respondents mentioned using the earth pit's kiln method for
charcoal production.

3. Brick kiln: 2 people or approximately 16.67% of the 12 respondents mentioned that they
use brick kilns for charcoal production.

It should be noted that these methods of charcoal production may vary depending on the
location and resources available to the individuals involved in the production process.
 3. What are the perceptions of the community towards charcoal production?

Table III. Perceptions of local people/residents towards

charcoal production

75
70
68

65 63 63
59

55 53
51 50
49

45 43
40

35 34 33
32
30
Yes
No
25 24
20 20

15
15 13

1. Char- 2. Stor- 3. Char- 4. Char- 5. There 6. Cut- 7. Char- 8. Char- 9. Con- 10. Char-
coal is an age of coal is af- coal pro- is no risk ting of coal pro- coal pro- tinuous coal pro-
environ- charcoal is fordable duction to charcoal trees af- duction duction involve- duction
mentally easy. than any improves produc- fects may con- may con- ment in leads to
sustain- other soil nutri- tion. plants and tribute to tribute to charcoal deforesta-
able. cooking ents. animals climate air pollu- produc- tion.
fuel. habitat. change. tion in the tion may
environ- reduce the
ment. available
trees for
future use.

Yes NaN 43 59 51 49 50 63 53 63 68 70
No NaN 40 24 32 34 33 20 30 20 15 13
 Based on how the locals/residents feel about the manufacture of charcoal, it appears that

there is considerable worry about the damaging effects of charcoal production on the

environment. The majority of respondents (63-20) concur that cutting trees affects the habitats of

plants and animals, charcoal production may have an impact on climate change (53-30), air

pollution in the environment (63-20), the number of trees available for future use may be reduced

(68-15), and charcoal production results in deforestation (70-13).

On the other hand, opinions among respondents on the advantages of charcoal

manufacturing are less consistent. While a sizable majority of respondents (51-32) concur that

charcoal is more affordable than any other cooking fuel, opinions on the environmental

sustainability of charcoal (43-40), its ease of storage (59-24), and the enhancement of soil

nutrients as a result of charcoal production are more evenly divided (49-34).

Overall, the results show that, despite the potential benefits of charcoal manufacturing,

locals and residents strongly believe that it has harmful effects on the environment and should be

handled carefully.
 4. What is the common tree species used in charcoal production?

Table IV. Preferred tree species used for

Charcoal Production
11 10
9

7 Frequency
5 4
3
3 2
1
1 0
Ipil-ipil Guma Gemelina Mahogany Mangium Others:
Mangga
Frequency 2 10 3 4 0 1

Based on the given dataset of 20 respondents, the preferred tree species used for charcoal

production are:

1. Guma - with a frequency of 10 or approximately 50% of the 20 respondents.

2. Mahogany - with a frequency of 4 or approximately 20% of the 20 respondents.

3. Gemelina - with a frequency of 3 or approximately 15% of the 20 respondents.

4. Ipil-ipil - with a frequency of 2 or approximately 10% of the 20 respondents.

5. Mangga - with a frequency of 1 or approximately 5% of the 20 respondents.

 It's worth noting that there were no responses for Mangium in the given dataset. It's also

possible that there are other tree species that are commonly used for charcoal production in

different regions or contexts.

PERCEPTION OF THE LOCAL COMMUNITY LEADER

Wilo F. Tobias, a barangay captain in Perfecto, Roseller Lim, Zamboanga Sibugay, is

aware of charcoal production activities in his barangay. He views charcoal production as a

process that requires adherence to regulations to prevent harm to the environment. He

acknowledges that lack of alternative livelihood options may drive people to engage in charcoal

production. The municipality has policies in place to regulate charcoal production, including land

declaration and permit requirements. Tobias suggests obtaining certifications from the DENR to

regulate the cutting of trees and charcoal production. He also understands that the production of

charcoal may have an impact on climate change, which is why they use practices that adhere to

environmental protection laws.

PERCEPTION OF THE TECHNICAL PERSONNEL

According to Elbert L. Bokingkito, a forester and OIC ENR in Barangay Perfecto,

Zamboanga Sibugay, charcoal manufacture in their community is mainly on a local scale and

uses damaged or budding rubber trees as its primary raw material. Due to the classification of

their barangay as timberland and the absence of any forested areas, no permits are issued for the

manufacturing of charcoal there. Rubber wood and buyo-buyo trees are the most often used raw
materials, but the latter are already in short supply. They have control systems in place to

monitor and stop illicit cutting and wildlife poaching in order to regulate the production of

charcoal. There aren't any laws or rules in the Philippines right now that are especially related to

making wood charcoal. Finally, Bokingkito advises individuals to look for alternative means of

support since the production of charcoal cannot continue indefinitely.

CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION

SUMMARY

This is a summary of a study that aimed to assess the impact of charcoal production on

the environment in a specific region. The study includes four groups of respondents: local

community leaders, charcoal producers, technical personnel, and local residents. Using Sloven's

calculation, the sample size was determined to be 95 people. A survey questionnaire that had

been used in a prior study served as the study instrument. After receiving the respondents'

informed consent, the questionnaire was circulated and approved by a technical and ethical

committee. Respondents were chosen via random and purposeful selection. Data from the

questionnaire was coded, and frequency tables, percentages, pie charts, and bar graphs were used

in the analysis. The study's objectives were to determine the preferred species and woody species

utilized to manufacture charcoal and evaluate the environmental effects of charcoal production.
CONCLUSION

The motivations for engaging in charcoal manufacturing appeared to range from a high

level of income to being unemployed and looking for work. There are other ways to make

charcoal, with the conventional earth mound approach being the most popular among the

responders. The majority of charcoal producers agree that their revenues from the production of

charcoal are sufficient to meet their household's daily needs and that the production of charcoal

helps to ensure the food and security of their families as well as the availability of nutrients in the

soil. The effects of charcoal manufacturing on the environment, such as deforestation and air

pollution, are also a source of worry. Finally, the preferred tree species for charcoal production in

the given dataset are Guma, Mahogany, and Gemelina.

Overall, the study sheds some light on the motivations for charcoal manufacturing, the

techniques employed, and the attitudes of charcoal producers towards the process. Also, it finds

the preferred tree species in the given dataset that are utilized to produce charcoal. It is crucial to

keep in mind that the study's results might not apply to different areas and situations, since the

sample size is quite tiny. To strengthen the validity of the results, further research on these

subjects using bigger sample sizes may be conducted in the future.

RECOMMENDATION

Based on the study's findings, the following objectives could be recommended for future

research:

1. Investigate the impact of charcoal production on the environment and identify ways to

mitigate negative effects, such as deforestation and air pollution.

2. Explore the socio-economic factors that influence participation in charcoal production,

such as income level and employment status.

3. Investigate the potential for sustainable charcoal production methods that are

environmentally friendly and provide a source of livelihood for communities.

4. Identify additional tree species that are suitable for charcoal production and compare their

potential yields and environmental impacts with the preferred species identified in this

study.

5. Expand the sample size and geographic scope of the study to increase the generalizability

of the findings and identify regional variations in charcoal production practices and

perceptions.