S.R.

GLOBAL
S SCHOOL
PHYSICS PROJECT FILE
Sesssion:- 2023-2024
TOPIC:- TRANSFORMER
SUBMITTED BY: UbaidurRahman SUBMITTED TO: Dr. AJEET VERMA

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I'm UbaidurRahmanof Class 12th Section B1
S.R. Global School Would Like to express my Sincere
Gratitude to our Respected Principal Mrs. C.K. Ojha sir
for Encouragement and help from Time to Time during
my Tenure as a Student of Class 12th Section B1.
I also express my Sincere Gratitude towards My
Physics Teacher Dr.Ajeet verma sir for helping me in
completing the Project by useful Ideas and Guidelines.
I thank him for encouraging me throughout and
helping in all possible ways.
I also thank my parents and friends for their vital
support and also for Encouragement and Motivation
given to me for the completion of the project.
Date of Submission:

This is to certify that UbaidurRahmanof class 12th Section

B1 has Worked on the Physics Project entitled “To
investigate the relation between the ratio of (i) Input and
output voltage, (ii)Number of turnings in the secondary coil
and primary coil of a self made transformer”. He has put on
his sincere efforts to collect the reading materials and has
devoted sufficient periods of Practical laboratory work to
complete this project. This project may be considered as
Practical fulfilment of All India Senior School Certificate
Exam (AISSCE) 2023-2024 conducted by CBSE.

Teacher's Signature Principal’s Signature

External Examiner’s
Signature

AIM

To investigate the relation between the ratio of –

• Input and output voltage.
• Number of turnings in the secondary coil and primary coil of a self made
transformer

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 • Aim
• Introduction
• Types Of Transformers
• Theory And Mathematical Derivations
• Simple Circuit Diagram
• Circuit Diagrams Of Step-up and Step-Down
Transformers
• Apparatus Required to make our Own Transformer
• Uses of Transformers
• Bibliography
****

INTRODUCTION
The transformer is a device used for converting a low alternating voltage to a
high alternating voltage or vice-versa.
A Transformer based on the Principle of mutual induction according to this
principle, the amount of magnetic flux linked with a coil changing, an e.m.f
is induced in the neighboring coil.
A transformer is an electrical device which is used for changing the A.C.
voltages. A transformer is most widely used device in both low and high
current circuit. As such transformers are built in an amazing strength of sizes.
In electronic, measurement and control circuits, transformer size may be so
small that it weight only a few tens of grams where as in high voltage power
circuits, it may weight hundred of tones.

****
 TYPES OF TRANSFORMER

STEP UP TRANSFORMER:- A transformer which

increases the voltages.

STEP DOWN YRANSFORMER:- A

transformer which decreases the A.C. voltages.

THEORY AND MATHEMATICAL

G DERIVATION
When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil p1p2, an alternating
current starts falling in it. The altering current in the primary produces a
changing magnetic flux, which induces altering voltage in the primary as well
as in the secondary. In a good-transformer, whole of the magnetic flux linked
with primary is also linked with the secondary, and then the induced
e.m.f. induced in each turn of the secondary is equal to that induced in each
turn of the primary. Thus if Ep and Es be the instantaneous values of the
e.m.f.’s induced in the primary and the secondary and Np and Ns are the no. of
turns of the primary secondary coils of the transformer and

dф / dt = rate of change of flux in each turnoff the coil at this instant, we have

Ep = -Np dф/dt
and
Es = -Ns dф/dt

_______________ (1)

_______________ (2)

Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by dividing 2 by 1, we

get
Es / Ep = - Ns / Np_______________________(3)

As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in the primary coil p1, so
the instantaneous current in primary coil is
due to the difference (E – Ep ) in the instantaneous values of the
applied and back

e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance o, p1p2 coil,

then the instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is given by

Ip = E –
Ep / Rp E
– Ep = Ip
Rp
Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f Hence
equation 3 can be written as Es / Ep
= Es / E
• output e.m.f / input e.m.f
• Ns / Np = K
Where K is constant, called turn on transformation ratio.

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 ~: Diagram :~

FOR STEP UP TRANSFPRMER:-

In a step-down transformer, There are many turns on the secondary winding than
in the primary winding in the step-up transformers. Thus, the voltage supplied
in the secondary
transformer is greater than the one supplied across the primary
winding. Because of the principle of conservation of energy, the
transformer converts low voltage, high-current to high voltage-
low current. In other

words, the voltage has been

stepped up.

You can find step-up transformers located near power plants

that are designed to operate megawatts of power. Apart from the
power plants, step-up transformers can also be used for local
and smaller applications such as x-ray machine which requires about 50,000
volts to work. Even a micro-wave oven requires a small step-up transformer to
operate.
FOR STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER:-

In a step-down transformer is one who secondary fewer than the primary

windings. In other words,
windings are the
transformer’s secondary voltage is less than the primary
voltage. So, the transformer is designed to convert high-voltage, low-current
power into a low-voltage, high current power and it is mainly used in domestic
consumption.

A common case of step-down application is in the bells. Normally, door bells use
16 volts, but most

case of door household power

circuits carry 110-120 volts. Therefore, the doorbell’s step-down

transformer receives the 110 volts and reduces it voltage before supplying it to the
doorbell.

to lower

Step-down transformers are mostly used to convert the 220 volts electricity to
the 110 volts required in most domestic equipment.

• Iron Rod
• Copper Wire
• Hot Wire Ammeter
• Hot Wire Voltmeter

PROCEDURE:-
• Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and wind a large
number of turns of thin Cu wire on thick paper (say 60). This constitutes
primary coil of the transformer.
• Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound relatively
 smaller number of turns (say 20) of thick copper wire on it. This
constitutes the secondary coil. It is a step down transformer.
• Connect p1, p2 to A.C main and measure the input voltage and current
using A.C voltmeter and ammeter respectively.
• Similarly, measure the output voltage and current through s1and s2.
• Now connect s1and s2to A.C main and again measure voltage and
current through primary and secondary coil of step up transformer.
• Repeat all steps for other self made transformers by changing
number of turns in primary and secondary coil.

• In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator, conditioner, etc.

• A step down transformer is used for welding
computer, air

Purposes.
• A step down transformer is used for obtaining large current.
• A step up transformer is used for the production of X-Rays and NEON
advertisement.
• Transformers are power supplies.
• Used in voltage regulator and stabilizer.
• Transformers are distances:
used in the transmissions of a.c. over long

• Small transformers are used in Radio sets, telephones, loud speakers and
electric bells etc.
 H
BIBLIPGRAPHY

~ www.google.com
~ www.youtube.com
~ Physics NCERT book
****