Determinant 2020

DETERMINANTS
ELECTRONIC VERSION OF LECTURE
Dr. Lê Xuân Đại

HoChiMinh City University of Technology
Faculty of Applied Science, Department of Applied Mathematics
Email: ytkadai@hcmut.edu.vn
HCMC — 2020.
Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) DETERMINANTS HCMC — 2020. 1 / 42
OUTLINE
1 REAL-WORLD PROBLEMS

OUTLINE
2 DETERMINANTS

OUTLINE
2 DETERMINANTS
3 RANK OF A MATRIX BY MEANS OF DETERMINANTS

OUTLINE
2 DETERMINANTS
4 INVERSE OF AN MATRIX

OUTLINE
2 DETERMINANTS
4 INVERSE OF AN MATRIX
5 MATL AB

Real-world Problems
EVALUATING THE AREA OF THE TRIANGLE
¯ ¯
¯ 2, 5 1 1 ¯
1 −→ −→ 1 ¯ ¯ 5
S = abs|[ AB , AC ]| = abs ¯ 3 2 1 ¯ =
¯ ¯
2 2 ¯ 1 3 1¯ 4
¯ ¯

Real-world Problems
EVALUATING THE VOLUME OF THE PARALLELEPIPED
→
−
a = (a 1 , a 2 , a 3 );
→
−
b = (b 1 , b 2 , b 3 ); →
−c = (c , c , c )
1 2 3
¯ ¯
¯a a a ¯
→
− → ¯ 1 2 3¯
→
− −
⇒ V = abs([ a × b ], c ) = abs ¯ b 1 b 2 b 3 ¯
¯ ¯
¯ ¯
¯ c1 c2 c3 ¯
Determinants The Determinant of 2 × 2 matrix
The use of determinants arose from the

recognition of special patterns that occurs
in the solutions of systems of linear
equation. For example, the system
(
a 11 x 1 + a 12 x 2 = b 1
a 21 x 1 + a 22 x 2 = b 2
b 1 a 22 − b 2 a a12
has the solution x 1 = and
a 11 a 22 − a 12 a 21
b 2 a 11 − b 1 a a21
x2 = ; where a 11 a 22 − a 12 a 21 6= 0, is called
a 11 a 22 − a 12 a 21
the determinant of the coefficient matrix of the
system.
Determinants Determinant by Cofactor expansion
DEFINITION 2.1
If A = (ai j ) is a square matrix, then the
determinant of A is a number. We denote it
by d et (A) or |A|.

DEFINITION 2.1
If A = (ai j ) is a square matrix, then the
determinant of A is a number. We denote it
by d et (A) or |A|.
So
d et : M n (K ) → K
A → d et A.

DEFINITION 2.2
If A = (ai j )n×n is a square matrix, then the
minor of entry ai j is denoted by Mi j and is
defined to be the determinant of the
submatrix of order (n − 1) that remains after
the i −th row and j −th column are deleted
from A.

¯ ¯
¯ a 11 ... a 1( j −1) a1 j a 1( j +1) ... a 1n ¯
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
¯ ¯
. . . . . . .
¯ ¯
¯ ¯
¯ ¯
¯ a (i −1)1 ... a (i −1)( j −1) a (i −1) j a (i −1)( j +1) ... a (i −1)n ¯
¯ ¯
|A| = ¯¯ a i 1 ... a i ( j −1) ai j a i ( j +1) ... ai n ¯
¯
¯ a (i +1)1 ... a (i +1)( j −1) a (i +1) j a (i +1)( j +1) ... a (i +1)n ¯
¯ ¯
¯ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ¯
¯
¯ . . . . . . . ¯
¯
¯ a ... a n)( j −1) an j a n( j +1) ... a nn ¯
n1 n×n

¯ ¯
¯ a 11 ... a 1( j −1) a1 j a 1( j +1) ... a 1n ¯
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
¯ ¯
. . . . . . .
¯ ¯
¯ ¯
¯ ¯
¯ a (i −1)1 ... a (i −1)( j −1) a (i −1) j a (i −1)( j +1) ... a (i −1)n ¯
¯ ¯
¯
¯ a (i +1)1 ... a (i +1)( j −1) a (i +1) j a (i +1)( j +1) ... a (i +1)n ¯
¯ ¯
¯ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ¯
¯
¯ . . . . . . . ¯
¯
¯ a ... a n)( j −1) an j a n( j +1) ... a nn ¯
n1 n×n
¯ ¯
¯ a 11 ... a 1( j −1) a1 j a 1( j +1) ... a 1n ¯
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
¯ ¯
. . . . . . .
¯ ¯
¯ ¯
¯ ¯
¯ a (i −1)1 ... a (i −1)( j −1) a (i −1) j a (i −1)( j +1) ... a (i −1)n ¯
¯ ¯
¯
¯ a (i +1)1 ... a (i +1)( j −1) a (i +1) j a (i +1)( j +1) ... a (i +1)n ¯
¯ ¯
¯ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ¯
¯
¯ . . . . . . . ¯
¯
¯ a ... a n)( j −1) an j a n( j +1) ... a nn ¯
n1 n×n

M =
¯ ij ¯
¯ a 11 ... a 1( j −1) a 1( j +1) ... a 1n ¯
.. ... .. .. ... ..
¯ ¯
. . . .
¯ ¯
¯ ¯
¯ ¯
¯ a (i −1)1 . . . a (i −1)( j −1) a (i −1)( j +1) . . . a (i −1)n ¯
¯ ¯
¯a . . . a (i +1)( j −1) a (i +1)( j +1) . . . a (i +1)n ¯
¯ (i +1)1
.. .. .. ..
¯
¯
¯ . ... . . ... .
¯
¯
¯ ¯
¯ a n1 ... a n( j −1) a n( j +1) ... a nn ¯
(n−1)×(n−1)

M =
¯ ij ¯
¯ a 11 ... a 1( j −1) a 1( j +1) ... a 1n ¯
.. ... .. .. ... ..
¯ ¯
. . . .
¯ ¯
¯ ¯
¯ ¯
¯ a (i −1)1 . . . a (i −1)( j −1) a (i −1)( j +1) . . . a (i −1)n ¯
¯ ¯
¯a . . . a (i +1)( j −1) a (i +1)( j +1) . . . a (i +1)n ¯
¯ (i +1)1
.. .. .. ..
¯
¯
¯ . ... . . ... .
¯
¯
¯ ¯
¯ a n1 ... a n( j −1) a n( j +1) ... a nn ¯
(n−1)×(n−1)
DEFINITION 2.3
If A = (ai j )n×n is a square matrix, then the number
C i j = (−1)i + j M i j is called the cofactor of entry a i j .

DEFINITION 2.4
If A is an n × n matrix, then the number
obtained by multiplying the entries in any
row or column of A by the corresponding
cofactors and adding the resulting products
is called the determinant of A , and the sums
themselves are called cofactor expansion of
A . That is,
n
P
d et (A) = a i j C i j = a i 1C i 1 + a i 2C i 2 + . . . + a i n C i n
j =1
P n
d et (A) = a i j C i j = a 1 j C 1 j +a 2 j C 2 j +. . .+a n j C n j
i =1
COFACTOR EXPANSION ALONG THE FIRST ROW
¯ ¯
¯
¯ a 11 . . . a 1 j . . . a 1n ¯
¯
¯
¯ ... ... ... ... ... ¯
¯ n
¯ ¯ X
d et (A) = ¯¯ ai 1 . . . ai j . . . ai n ¯= a1 j C 1 j =
... ... ... ... ...
¯
¯ ¯ j =1
¯ ¯
a n1 . . . a n j . . . a nn
¯ ¯
¯ ¯
n
a 1 j .(−1)1+ j M 1 j .
X
=
j =1

1
n = 1, A = (a 11 ) ⇒ |A| = a 11 .

1
n = 1, A = (a 11 ) ⇒ |A| = a 11 .
µ ¶
a 11 a 12
2
n = 2, A = ⇒ |A| =
a 21 a 22
(−1)1+1 a 11 M 11 + (−1)1+2 a 12 M 12 = a 11 a 22 − a 12 a 21 .

1
n = 1, A = (a 11 ) ⇒ |A| = a 11 .
µ ¶
a 11 a 12
2
n = 2, A = ⇒ |A| =
a 21 a 22
(−1)1+1 a 11 M 11 + (−1)1+2 a 12 M 12 = a 11 a 22 − a 12 a 21 .
 
a 11 a 12 a 13
n = 3, A =  a 21 a 22 a 23  ⇒ |A| =
3
 
a 31 a 32 a 33
1+1 1+2 1+3
(−1) a 11 M 11 ¯ + (−1) ¯a 12 M 12 + (−1)¯ a 13 M 13¯
¯ a 22 a 23 ¯
¯ + (−1)1+2 a 12 ¯ a 21 a 23 ¯ +
¯ ¯
= (−1)1+1 a 11 ¯¯
a 32 a 33 ¯ ¯a
31 a 33
¯
¯ ¯
¯ a 21 a 22 ¯
(−1)1+3 a 13 ¯¯ ¯.
a 31 a 32 ¯

EXAMPLE 2.1  
1 2 3
Find the determinant d et A of A =  4 2 1 
 
3 1 5

EXAMPLE 2.1  
1 2 3
Find the determinant d et A of A =  4 2 1 
 
3 1 5
Solution. Cofactor expansion along the first

row: |A| = 1.C¯ 11 + 2.C
¯ 12 + 3.C 13 .
¯
1+1 ¯ 2 1 ¯¯
C 11 = (−1) ¯ ¯ = 2 × 5 − 1 × 1 = 9,
¯ 1 5¯
¯ ¯
¯
1+2 ¯ 4 1 ¯¯
C 12 = (−1) ¯ ¯ = −(4 × 5 − 1 × 3) = −17,
¯ 3 5¯
¯ ¯
1+3 ¯ 4 2
¯ ¯
C 13 = (−1) ¯ ¯ = 4 × 1 − 2 × 3 = −2.
¯
¯3 1 ¯
Therefore,
|A| = 1 × 9 + 2 × (−17) + 3 × (−2) = −31.

Determinants Smart Choice of Row or Column
SMART CHOICE OF ROW OR COLUMN

SMART CHOICE OF ROW OR COLUMN
We can find determinant using cofactor

expansion along any row.
¯ ¯
¯
¯ a 11 . . . a 1 j . . . a 1n ¯
¯
¯
¯ ... ... ... ... ... ¯
¯ n
¯ ¯ X
d et A = ¯¯ ai 1 . . . ai j . . . ai n ¯= ai j C i j
... ... ... ... ...
¯
¯ ¯ j =1
¯ ¯
a n1 . . . a n j . . . a nn
¯ ¯
¯ ¯

Determinant also can be found using

cofactor expansion along any column.
¯ ¯
¯
¯ a 11 . . . a 1 j . . . a 1n ¯
¯
¯
¯ ... ... ... ... ... ¯
¯ n
¯ ¯ X
d et A = ¯¯ ai 1 . . . ai j . . . ai n ¯ = ai j C i j
... ... ... ... ...
¯
¯ ¯ i =1
¯ ¯
a n1 . . . a n j . . . a nn
¯ ¯
¯ ¯

Determinant also can be found using

cofactor expansion along any column.
¯ ¯
¯
¯ a 11 . . . a 1 j . . . a 1n ¯
¯
¯
¯ ... ... ... ... ... ¯
¯ n
¯ ¯ X
d et A = ¯¯ ai 1 . . . ai j . . . ai n ¯ = ai j C i j
... ... ... ... ...
¯
¯ ¯ i =1
¯ ¯
a n1 . . . a n j . . . a nn
¯ ¯
¯ ¯
It will be easiest to use cofactor expansion

along the row or column which has the
most zeros.
EXAMPLE 2.2  
1 2 3
Evaluate d et A where A =  0 2 0 
 
3 1 5

EXAMPLE 2.2  
1 2 3
 
3 1 5
Solution. Cofactor expansion along the

second row:
|A| = 0.C 21 + 2.C 22 + 0.C 23 =
¯ ¯
¯1 3¯
= 2.(−1)2+2 ¯ ¯ = 2(1 × 5 − 3 × 3) = −8.
¯ ¯
¯3 5¯
EXAMPLE 2.3  
1 2 3
 
3 1 0

EXAMPLE 2.3  
1 2 3
 
3 1 0
Solution. Cofactor expansion along the

third column
|A| = 3.C 13 + 0.C 23 + 0.C 33 =
¯ ¯
¯2 1¯
= 3.(−1)1+3 ¯ ¯ = 3(2 × 1 − 1 × 3) = −3.
¯ ¯
¯3 1¯
Determinants Evaluating Determinants by Row Reduction
HOW AN ELEMENTARY ROW (OR COLUMN) OPERATION

ON A SQUARE MATRIX AFFECTS THE VALUE OF ITS
DETERMINANT


DETERMINANT
r i ↔r j (c i ↔c j )
1
If A −−−−−−−−→ B then d et B = −d et A .


DETERMINANT
1
r →λr (c →λc i )
2
If A −−i −−−i−−i −−−→ B then d et B = λd et A
where λ 6= 0.


DETERMINANT
1
r →λr (c →λc i )
2
If A −−i −−−i−−i −−−→ B then d et B = λd et A
where λ 6= 0.
r i →r i +λ.r j (c i →c i +λc j )
3
If A −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−→ B then
d et B = d et A, ∀λ ∈ K

COROLLARY 2.1
1
If A is a square matrix with 2 equal rows or 2
equal columns then d et (A) = 0.

COROLLARY 2.1
1
equal columns then d et (A) = 0. A −−−−−−−−→ A
where i , j are 2 equal rows or 2 equal columns
d et A = −d et A ⇒ d et A = 0.

COROLLARY 2.1
1
2
If A is a square matrix with 2 proportional rows or
2 proportional columns then d et (A) = 0.

COROLLARY 2.1
1
2
If A is a square matrix with 2 proportional rows or
2 proportional columns then d et (A) = 0. Since
r i →λr i (c i →λc i )
A −−−−−−−−−−→ B where λ 6= 0 is the ratio of 2 rows
or 2 columns, d et B = λd et A, where
d et B = 0 ⇒ d et A = 0.

EXAMPLE 2.4
Use Row Reduction
¯ to evaluate
¯ the
¯ 2 3 −4 ¯
¯ ¯
determinant ¯ 3 −5 2
¯ ¯
¯
¯ ¯
¯5 4 3 ¯

EXAMPLE 2.4
Use Row Reduction
¯ to evaluate
¯ the
¯ 2 3 −4 ¯
¯ ¯
determinant ¯ 3 −5 2 ¯
¯ ¯
¯ ¯
¯5 4 3 ¯
¯ ¯
¯ 2 3 −4 ¯
¯ ¯
¯ 3 −5 2 ¯ ======
¯ ¯
¯ ¯ r 2 →r 2 −r 1
¯5 4 3 ¯

EXAMPLE 2.4
Use Row Reduction
¯ to evaluate
¯ the
¯ 2 3 −4 ¯
¯ ¯
¯ ¯
¯ ¯
¯5 4 3 ¯
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
¯ 2 3 −4 ¯ ¯ 2 3 −4 ¯
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
¯ r 1 →r 1 −2r 2
¯ 3 −5 2 ¯ ====== ¯ 1 −8 6 ¯ ======
¯ ¯ ¯
¯ r 2 →r 2 −r 1 ¯ ¯ r →r −5r
¯5 4 3 ¯ 3 3 2
¯
¯5 4 3 ¯

EXAMPLE 2.4
Use Row Reduction
¯ to evaluate
¯ the
¯ 2 3 −4 ¯
¯ ¯
¯ ¯
¯ ¯
¯5 4 3 ¯
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
¯ 2 3 −4 ¯ ¯ 2 3 −4 ¯
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
¯ r 1 →r 1 −2r 2
¯ 3 −5 2 ¯ ====== ¯ 1 −8 6 ¯ ======
¯ ¯ ¯
¯ r 2 →r 2 −r 1 ¯ ¯ r →r −5r
¯5 4 3 ¯ 3 3 2
¯
¯5 4 3 ¯
¯ ¯
¯ 0 19 −16 ¯
¯ ¯ Cofactor expansion along the first column
¯ 1 −8 6 ¯ ======
¯ ¯
¯ ¯
¯ 0 44 −27 ¯
¯ ¯
2+1 ¯ 19 −16
¯ ¯
= 1.(−1) . ¯ ¯ = −191.
¯
¯ 44 −27 ¯

Determinants Determinant of a Matrix Product
DETERMINANT OF A MATRIX PRODUCT
THEOREM 2.1
If A, B are square matrices of the same size,
then
d et (AB ) = d et (A).d et (B ) (1)

EXAMPLE

2.5   
1 2 3 7 8 9
A =  4 −2 6  , B =  4 −3 6 
   
2 8 9 −1 2 3
 
12 8 30
AB =  14 50 42 
 
37 10 93
Verify that
d et (A).d et (B ) = (−6).(−246) = d et (AB ) = 1476

COROLLARY 2.2
If A, B are square matrices of the same size
1
d et (A k ) = (d et A)k .

COROLLARY 2.2
1
d et (A k ) = (d et A)k . Indeed,
d et (A k ) = d et (A.A
| {z. . . A}) =
k times
k
|d et A.d et{zA . . . d et A} = (d et A) .
k times

COROLLARY 2.2
1
| {z. . . A}) =
k times
k
k times
2
d et (αAB ) = αn .d et A.d et B.

COROLLARY 2.2
1
| {z. . . A}) =
k times
k
k times
2
d et (αAB ) = αn .d et A.d et B.
Indeed, d et (αAB ) = d et (αA).d et B =
α.α
| {z. . . α} d et A.d et B
n times
EXAMPLE 2.6
Evaluate
  ) if X satisfies
d et (X 
1 2 1 1 1 1
 0 1 4  X =  1 2 −1 
   
0 0 1 3 5 2

EXAMPLE 2.6
Evaluate
d et (X 
1 2 1 1 1 1
 0 1 4  X =  1 2 −1 
   
0 0 1 3 5 2
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
¯1 2 1¯ ¯1 1 1 ¯
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
We have ¯ 0 1 4 ¯ .d et (X ) = ¯ 1 2 −1
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
¯
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
¯0 0 1¯ ¯3 5 2 ¯

EXAMPLE 2.6
Evaluate
d et (X 
1 2 1 1 1 1
 0 1 4  X =  1 2 −1 
   
0 0 1 3 5 2
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
¯1 2 1¯ ¯1 1 1 ¯
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
We have ¯ 0 1 4 ¯ .d et (X ) = ¯ 1 2 −1
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
¯
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
¯0 0 1¯ ¯3 5 2 ¯
⇒ 1.d et (X ) = 3 ⇒ d et (X ) = 3.

EXAMPLE

2.7 
−1 0 0
If A =  2 1 0  , then evaluate d et (A 2011).
 
4 3 1

EXAMPLE

2.7 
−1 0 0
If A =  2 1 0  , then evaluate d et (A 2011).
 
4 3 1
We have
d et (A 2011 ) = (d et A)2011 = (−1)2011 = −1.

EXAMPLE

2.8   
3 −2 6 0 0 −1
If A =  0 1 4  , B =  0 2 5  , then
   
0 0 1 1 −2 7
evaluate d et (2AB ).

EXAMPLE

2.8   
3 −2 6 0 0 −1
If A =  0 1 4  , B =  0 2 5  , then
   
0 0 1 1 −2 7
evaluate d et (2AB ).
We have
d et (2AB ) = 23 .d et A.d et B = 8 × 3 × 2 = 48.

Rank of a matrix by means of determinants A minor of a matrix of order k
DEFINITION 3.1
Let A be an m × n matrix. A minor of A of
order k is a determinant of a k × k submatrix
of A.

DEFINITION 3.1
Let A be an m × n matrix. A minor of A of
order k is a determinant of a k × k submatrix
of A.
EXAMPLE 3.1
Find the minors
 of order 3 of the matrix
1 0 2 1
A= 0 2 4 2 
 
0 2 2 1

SOLUTION. We obtain the determinants of

order 3 by keeping all the rows and deleting
one column from A. So there are 4 different
minors of order 3. We compute one of them
to illustrate:
¯ ¯
¯1 0 2 ¯
¯ ¯
¯0 2 4 ¯ = 1 × (−4) + 2 × 0 = −4.
¯ ¯
¯ ¯
¯0 2 2 ¯

SOLUTION. We obtain the determinants of

order 3 by keeping all the rows and deleting
one column from A. So there are 4 different
minors of order 3. We compute one of them
to illustrate:
¯ ¯
¯1 0 2 ¯
¯ ¯
¯0 2 4 ¯ = 1 × (−4) + 2 × 0 = −4.
¯ ¯
¯ ¯
¯0 2 2 ¯
The minors of order 3 are called the
maximal minors of A , since there are no
4 × 4 submatrices of A.
Rank of a matrix by means of determinants Computing rank using minors
PROPOSITION 3.1
Let A be an m × n matrix. The rank of A is
maximal order of a non-zero minor of A .
COMPUTING THE RANK
Start with the minors of maximal order k. If there is
one that is non-zero then r ank(A) = k. If all maximal
minors are zero, then r ank(A) < k, and we continue
with the minors of order k − 1 and so on, until we
find a minor that is non-zero. If all minors of order 1
(i.e. all entries in A ) are zero, then r ank(A) = 0.

EXAMPLE 3.2  
1 0 2 1
Find the rank of the matrix A =  0 2 4 2 
 
0 2 2 1

EXAMPLE 3.2  
1 0 2 1
Find the rank of the matrix A =  0 2 4 2 
 
0 2 2 1
The maximal minors have order 3, and we

found that the one obtained by deleting the
last column is −4 6= 0. Hence r ank(A) = 3.

EXAMPLE 3.3
Find the rank of the matrix
1 2 1 −1
A= 9 5 2 2 
 
7 1 0 4

EXAMPLE 3.3
Find the rank of the matrix
1 2 1 −1
A= 9 5 2 2 
 
7 1 0 4
The maximal minors have order 3, so we

compute
¯ the 4¯minors of order 3. The first
¯1 2 1 ¯
¯ ¯
one is ¯ 9 5 2 ¯ = 7 × (−1) + (−1) × (−7) = 0.
¯ ¯
¯ ¯
¯7 1 0 ¯
The other 3 are also zero. Since all minors of

order 3 are zero, r ank(A) < 3. We continue to
look
¯ at
¯ the minors of order 2. The first one is
¯1 2 ¯
¯ = 1 × 5 − 2 × 9 = −13 6= 0.
¯ ¯
¯9 5
¯
¯

The other 3 are also zero. Since all minors of

order 3 are zero, r ank(A) < 3. We continue to
look
¯ at
¯ the minors of order 2. The first one is
¯1 2 ¯
¯ = 1 × 5 − 2 × 9 = −13 6= 0. It is not
¯ ¯
¯9 5
¯
¯
necessary to compute any more minors,
and we conclude that r ank(A) = 2.

Inverse of an matrix Some properties of Inverse of an matrix
SOME PROPERTIES OF INVERSE OF AN MATRIX
1
A square matrix A is invertible if and only
if d et A 6= 0. Since A.A −1 = I ⇒
d et A.d et (A −1 ) = d et I = 1 ⇒ d et A 6= 0.

1
1
2
d et (A −1 ) = ·
d et A

1
1
2
d et (A −1 ) = · Since
d et A
A.A −1 = I ⇒ d et A.d et (A −1 ) = 1.

1
1
2
d et A
A.A −1 = I ⇒ d et A.d et (A −1 ) = 1.
3
If A, B are invertible, then AB is also
invertible and (AB )−1 = B −1 A −1.

1
1
2
d et A
A.A −1 = I ⇒ d et A.d et (A −1 ) = 1.
3
If A, B are invertible, then AB is also
invertible and (AB )−1 = B −1 A −1. Since
(B −1 A −1 ).(AB ) = B −1 (A −1 .A)B = B −1 B = I
1
If A is invertible and α 6= 0, then
1 −1
(αA)−1 = A .
α

1
If A is invertible and µα 6= 0, then
¶
1 −1 1 −1
(αA)−1 = A . Since A .(αA) = I .
α α

1
¶
1 −1 1 −1
(αA)−1 = A . Since A .(αA) = I .
α α
2
If A is invertible, then A −1, A T are also
invertible and
(A −1 )−1 = A, (A T )−1 = (A −1 )T .

1
¶
1 −1 1 −1
(αA)−1 = A . Since A .(αA) = I .
α α
2
If A is invertible, then A −1, A T are also
invertible and
(A −1 )−1 = A, (A T )−1 = (A −1 )T . Indeed,
A −1 .A = I , (A −1 )T .A T = (A.A −1 )T = I T = I .

Inverse of an matrix Equation in matrix form
1
If A is an n × n square matrix and
d et (A) 6= 0; B is an n × p matrix, then
AX = B has an unique solution X = A −1 B.

1
2
d et (A) 6= 0; B is an p × n matrix, then
X A = B has an unique solution X = B A −1 .

1
2
d et (A) 6= 0; B is an p × n matrix, then
X A = B has an unique solution X = B A −1 .
3
d et (A) 6= 0; B is an m × m square matrix
and d et (B ) 6= 0; C is an n × m matrix, then
AX B = C has an unique solution
X = A −1C B −1 .
EXAMPLE 4.1
Find
 matrix
 X which
 satisfies 
0 −8 3 −25 23 −30
 1 −5 9  X =  −36 −2 −26 
   
2 3 8 −16 −26 7

EXAMPLE 4.1
Find
 matrix
 X which
 satisfies 
0 −8 3 −25 23 −30
 1 −5 9  X =  −36 −2 −26 
   
2 3 8 −16 −26 7
 −1  
0 −8 3 −25 23 −30
X =  1 −5 9  .  −36 −2 −26  =
   
2 3 8 −16 −26 7

EXAMPLE 4.1
Find
 matrix
 X which
 satisfies 
0 −8 3 −25 23 −30
 1 −5 9  X =  −36 −2 −26 
   
2 3 8 −16 −26 7
 −1  
0 −8 3 −25 23 −30
X =  1 −5 9  .  −36 −2 −26  =
   
2 3 8 −16 −26 7
 
1 5 7
= 2 −4 3 
 
−3 −3 −2
EXAMPLE 4.2
Find
Ã matrix
! XÃ which! satisfies
3 −2 −1 2
X. =
5 −4 −5 6

EXAMPLE 4.2
Find
Ã matrix
3 −2 −1 2
X. =
5 −4 −5 6
Solution.
Ã ! Ã !−1
−1 2 3 −2
X= . =
−5 6 5 −4

EXAMPLE 4.2
Find
Ã matrix
3 −2 −1 2
X. =
5 −4 −5 6
Solution.
Ã ! Ã !−1 Ã !
−1 2 3 −2 3 −2
X= . =
−5 6 5 −4 5 −4

EXAMPLE 4.2
Find
Ã matrix
3 −2 −1 2
X. =
5 −4 −5 6
Solution.
Ã ! Ã !−1 Ã !
−1 2 3 −2 3 −2
X= . =
−5 6 5 −4 5 −4

EXAMPLE 4.3
Find
Ã matrix
! ÃX which
! Ãsatisfies!
3 −1 5 6 14 16
.X . =
5 −2 7 8 9 10

EXAMPLE 4.3
Find
Ã matrix
! ÃX which
! Ãsatisfies!
3 −1 5 6 14 16
.X . =
5 −2 7 8 9 10
Solution.
Ã !−1 Ã ! Ã !−1
3 −1 14 16 5 6
X= . . =
5 −2 9 10 7 8

EXAMPLE 4.3
Find
Ã matrix
! ÃX which
! Ãsatisfies!
3 −1 5 6 14 16
.X . =
5 −2 7 8 9 10
Solution.
Ã !−1 Ã ! Ã !−1
3 −1 14 16 5 6
X= . . =
5 −2 9 10 7 8
Ã !
1 2
=
3 4
MatLab
MATL AB
Evaluating determinant of matrix A :

d et (A)
Finding inverse of Matrix A :
Aˆ(−1) or i nv(A)

MatLab
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

Determinant 2020

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DETERMINANTS

ELECTRONIC VERSION OF LECTURE

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) DETERMINANTS HCMC — 2020. 2 / 42

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) DETERMINANTS HCMC — 2020. 2 / 42

3 RANK OF A MATRIX BY MEANS OF DETERMINANTS

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) DETERMINANTS HCMC — 2020. 2 / 42

3 RANK OF A MATRIX BY MEANS OF DETERMINANTS

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) DETERMINANTS HCMC — 2020. 2 / 42

3 RANK OF A MATRIX BY MEANS OF DETERMINANTS

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) DETERMINANTS HCMC — 2020. 2 / 42

EVALUATING THE AREA OF THE TRIANGLE

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) DETERMINANTS HCMC — 2020. 3 / 42

EVALUATING THE VOLUME OF THE PARALLELEPIPED

The use of determinants arose from the

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Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) DETERMINANTS HCMC — 2020. 6 / 42

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Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) DETERMINANTS HCMC — 2020. 9 / 42

COFACTOR EXPANSION ALONG THE FIRST ROW

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) DETERMINANTS HCMC — 2020. 11 / 42

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Solution. Cofactor expansion along the first

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SMART CHOICE OF ROW OR COLUMN

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) DETERMINANTS HCMC — 2020. 15 / 42

SMART CHOICE OF ROW OR COLUMN

We can find determinant using cofactor

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) DETERMINANTS HCMC — 2020. 15 / 42

Determinant also can be found using

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) DETERMINANTS HCMC — 2020. 16 / 42

Determinant also can be found using

It will be easiest to use cofactor expansion

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) DETERMINANTS HCMC — 2020. 17 / 42

Solution. Cofactor expansion along the

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) DETERMINANTS HCMC — 2020. 18 / 42

Solution. Cofactor expansion along the

HOW AN ELEMENTARY ROW (OR COLUMN) OPERATION

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) DETERMINANTS HCMC — 2020. 19 / 42

HOW AN ELEMENTARY ROW (OR COLUMN) OPERATION

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) DETERMINANTS HCMC — 2020. 19 / 42

HOW AN ELEMENTARY ROW (OR COLUMN) OPERATION

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) DETERMINANTS HCMC — 2020. 19 / 42

HOW AN ELEMENTARY ROW (OR COLUMN) OPERATION

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) DETERMINANTS HCMC — 2020. 19 / 42

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) DETERMINANTS HCMC — 2020. 20 / 42

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) DETERMINANTS HCMC — 2020. 20 / 42

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) DETERMINANTS HCMC — 2020. 20 / 42

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) DETERMINANTS HCMC — 2020. 20 / 42

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DETERMINANT OF A MATRIX PRODUCT

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