Determinant

DETERMINANTS
ELECTRONIC VERSION OF LECTURE
Dr. Lê Xuân Đại

HoChiMinh City University of Technology
Faculty of Applied Science, Department of Applied Mathematics
Email: ytkadai@hcmut.edu.vn
HCMC — 2018.
Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) DETERMINANTS HCMC — 2018. 1 / 44
OUTLINE
1 REAL-WORLD PROBLEMS
2 DETERMINANTS
3 INVERSE OF AN MATRIX
4 MATL AB

Real-world Problems
EVALUATING THE AREA OF THE TRIANGLE
¯ ¯
¯ 2, 5 1 1 ¯
1 −→ −→ 1 ¯ ¯ 5
S = abs|[AB, AC]| = abs ¯ 3 2 1 ¯ =
¯ ¯
2 2 ¯ 1 3 1¯ 4
¯ ¯

Real-world Problems
EVALUATING THE VOLUME OF THE PRISM
→
−
a = (a1 , a2 , a3 );
→
− →
−
b = (b1 , b2 , b3 ); c = (c1 , c2 , c3 )
¯ ¯
¯a a a ¯
¯ 1 2 3¯
− →
→ − → −
⇒ V = abs([ a × b ], c ) = abs ¯ b1 b2 b3 ¯
¯ ¯
¯ ¯
¯ c1 c2 c3 ¯
Determinants Determinant by Cofactor expansion
DEFINITION 2.1
If A = (aij ) is a square matrix, then the
determinant of A is a number. We denote it
by det(A) or |A|.
So
det : Mn (K ) → K
A → detA.

DEFINITION 2.2
If A = (aij )n×n is a square matrix, then the
minor of entry aij is denoted by Mij and is
defined to be the determinant of the
submatrix of order (n − 1) that remains after
the i−th row and j−column are deleted from
A.

¯ ¯
¯ a11 ... a1(j−1) a1j a1(j+1) ... a1n ¯
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
¯ ¯
. . . . . . .
¯ ¯
¯ ¯
¯ ¯
¯ a(i−1)1 . . . a(i−1)(j−1) a(i−1)j a(i−1)(j+1) . . . a(i−1)n ¯
¯ ¯
|A| = ¯¯ ai1 ... ai(j−1) aij ai(j+1) ... ain ¯
¯
¯ a(i+1)1 . . . a(i+1)(j−1) a(i+1)j a(i+1)(j+1) . . . a(i+1)n ¯
¯ ¯
¯ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ¯
¯
¯ . . . . . . . ¯
¯
¯ a ... an)(j−1) anj an(j+1) ... ann ¯
n1 n×n

Mij =
¯ ¯
¯ a11 ... a1(j−1) a1(j+1) ... a1n ¯
.. ... .. .. ... ..
¯ ¯
. . . .
¯ ¯
¯ ¯
¯ ¯
¯ a(i−1)1 . . . a(i−1)(j−1) a(i−1)(j+1) . . . a(i−1)n ¯
¯ ¯
¯a . . . a(i+1)(j−1) a(i+1)(j+1) . . . a(i+1)n ¯
¯ (i+1)1
.. .. .. ..
¯
¯
¯ . ... . . ... .
¯
¯
¯ ¯
¯ an1 ... an(j−1) an(j+1) ... ann ¯
(n−1)×(n−1)
DEFINITION 2.3
If A = (aij )n×n is a square matrix, then the number
Cij = (−1)i+j Mij is called the cofactor of entry aij .

DEFINITION 2.4
If A is an n × n matrix, then the number
obtained by multiplying the entries in any
row or column of A by the corresponding
cofactors and adding the resulting products
is called the determinant of A, and the sums
themselves are called cofactor expansion of
A. That is,
n
P
det(A) = aij Cij = ai1 Ci1 + ai2 Ci2 + . . . + ain Cin
j=1
n
P
det(A) = aij Cij = a1j C1j + a2j C2j + . . . + anj Cnj
i=1
COFACTOR EXPANSION ALONG THE FIRST ROW
¯ ¯
¯
¯ a11 . . . a1j . . . a1n ¯
¯
¯
¯ ... ... ... ... ... ¯
¯ n
¯ ¯ X
det(A) = ¯¯ ai1 . . . aij . . . ain ¯ = a1j C1j =
... ... ... ... ...
¯
¯ ¯ j=1
¯ ¯
an1 . . . anj . . . ann
¯ ¯
¯ ¯
n
a1j .(−1)1+j M1j .
X
=
j=1

1
n = 1, A = (a11 ) ⇒ |A| = a11 .
µ ¶
a11 a12
2
n = 2, A = ⇒ |A| =
a21 a22
(−1)1+1 a11 M11 + (−1)1+2 a12 M12 = a11 a22 − a12 a21 .
 
a11 a12 a13
n = 3, A =  a21 a22 a23  ⇒ |A| =
3
 
a31 a32 a33
1+1 1+2 1+3
(−1) a11 M11 ¯ + (−1) ¯ a12 M12 + (−1)¯ a13 M13¯
¯ a22 a23 ¯
¯ + (−1)1+2 a12 ¯ a21 a23 ¯ +
¯ ¯
= (−1)1+1 a11 ¯¯
a32 a33 ¯ ¯a
31 a33
¯
¯ ¯
¯ a21 a22 ¯
(−1)1+3 a13 ¯¯ ¯.
a31 a32 ¯

EXAMPLE 2.1  
1 2 3
Find the determinant detA of A =  4 2 1 
 
3 1 5
Solution. Cofactor expansion along the first

row: |A| = 1.C¯11 + 2.C
¯ 12 + 3.C13 .
¯ 2 1 ¯¯
C11 = (−1)1+1 ¯ ¯ = 2.5 − 1.1 = 9,
¯
¯ 1 5¯
¯ ¯
¯
1+2 ¯ 4 1 ¯¯
C12 = (−1) ¯ ¯ = −(4.5 − 1.3) = −17,
¯ 3 5¯
¯ ¯
1+3 ¯ 4 2
¯ ¯
C13 = (−1) ¯ ¯ = 4.1 − 2.3 = −2.
¯
¯3 1 ¯
Therefore,
|A| = 1 × 9 + 2 × (−17) + 3 × (−2) = −31.

Determinants Smart Choice of Row or Column
SMART CHOICE OF ROW OR COLUMN
We can find determinant using cofactor

expansion along any row.
¯ ¯
¯
¯ a11 . . . a1j . . . a1n ¯
¯
¯
¯ ... ... ... ... ... ¯
¯ n
¯ ¯ X
detA = ¯¯ ai1 . . . aij . . . ain ¯ = aij Cij
... ... ... ... ...
¯
¯ ¯ j=1
¯ ¯
an1 . . . anj . . . ann
¯ ¯
¯ ¯

Determinant also can be found using

cofactor expansion along any column.
¯ ¯
¯
¯ a11 . . . a1j . . . a1n ¯
¯
¯
¯ ... ... ... ... ... ¯
¯ n
¯ ¯ X
detA = ¯¯ ai1 . . . aij . . . ain ¯ = aij Cij
... ... ... ... ...
¯
¯ ¯ i=1
¯ ¯
an1 . . . anj . . . ann
¯ ¯
¯ ¯
It will be easiest to use cofactor expansion

along the row or column which has the
most zeros.
EXAMPLE 2.2  
1 2 3
Evaluate detA where A =  0 2 0 
 
3 1 5
Solution. Cofactor expansion along the

second row:
|A| = 0.C21 + 2.C22 + 0.C23 =
¯ ¯
¯1 3¯
= 2.(−1)2+2 ¯ ¯ = 2(1 × 5 − 3 × 3) = −8.
¯ ¯
¯3 5¯
EXAMPLE 2.3  
1 2 3
Evaluate detA where A =  2 1 0 
 
3 1 0
Solution. Cofactor expansion along the

third column
|A| = 3.A13 + 0.A23 + 0.A33 =
¯ ¯
¯2 1¯
= 3.(−1)1+3 ¯ ¯ = 3(2 × 1 − 1 × 3) = −3.
¯ ¯
¯3 1¯
Determinants Evaluating Determinants by Row Reduction
HOW AN ELEMENTARY ROW (OR COLUMN) OPERATION

ON A SQUARE MATRIX AFFECTS THE VALUE OF ITS
DETERMINANT
ri ↔rj (ci ↔cj )

1
If A −−−−−−−→ B then detB = −detA .
ri →λri (ci →λci )
2
If A −− −−−−−−−→ B then detB = λdetA where
λ 6= 0.
ri →ri +λ.rj (ci →ci +λcj )
3
If A −−−−−−−−−−−−−→ B then
detB = detA, ∀λ ∈ K

COROLLARY 2.1
1
If A is a square matrix with 2 equal rows
or 2 equal columns then det(A) = 0.
hi ↔hj (ci ↔cj )
A −−−−−−−−→ A where i, j are 2 equal rows or
2 equal columns detA = −detA ⇒ detA = 0.
2
If A is a square matrix with 2 proportional
rows or 2 proportional columns then
hi →λhi (ci →λci )
det(A) = 0. Since A −−−−−−−−−−→ B where
λ 6= 0 is the ratio of 2 rows or 2 columns,
detB = λdetA, where detB = 0 ⇒ detA = 0.
EXAMPLE 2.4
Using Row Reduction
¯ to ¯evaluate the
¯ 2 3 −4 ¯
¯ ¯
determinant ¯ 3 −5 2 ¯
¯ ¯
¯ ¯
¯5 4 3 ¯
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
¯ 2 3 −4 ¯ ¯ 2 3 −4 ¯
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
¯ r1 →r1 −2r2
¯ 3 −5 2 ¯ ====== ¯ 1 −8 6 ¯ ======
¯ ¯ ¯
¯ r2 →r2 −r1 ¯ ¯ r →r −5r
¯5 4 3 ¯ 3 3 2
¯
¯5 4 3 ¯
¯ ¯
¯ 0 19 −16 ¯
¯ ¯ Cofactor expansion along the first column
¯ 1 −8 6 ¯ ======
¯ ¯
¯ ¯
¯ 0 44 −27 ¯
¯ ¯
2+1 ¯ 19 −16
¯ ¯
= 1.(−1) . ¯ ¯ = −191.
¯
¯ 44 −27 ¯

Determinants Determinant of a Matrix Product
DETERMINANT OF A MATRIX PRODUCT
THEOREM 2.1
If A, B are square matrices of the same size,
then
det(AB) = det(A).det(B) (1)

EXAMPLE

2.5   
1 2 3 7 8 9
A =  4 −2 6  , B =  4 −3 6 
   
2 8 9 −1 2 3
 
12 8 30
AB =  14 50 42 
 
37 10 93
Verify that
det(A).det(B) = (−6).(−246) = det(AB) = 1476

COROLLARY 2.2
If A, B are square matrices of the same size
1
det(Ak ) = (detA)k . Indeed, det(Ak ) =
k
det(A.A
| {z. . . A}) = detA.detA
| {z . . . detA} = (detA) .
k times k times
2
det(αAB) = αn .detA.detB.
Indeed,
det(αAB) = det(αA).detB = |α.α{z. . . α} detA.detB
n times

EXAMPLE 2.6
Evaluatedet(X) if X satisfies
 
1 2 1 1 1 1
 0 1 4  X =  1 2 −1 
   
0 0 1 3 5 2
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
¯1 2 1¯ ¯1 1 1 ¯
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
We have ¯ 0 1 4 ¯ .det(X ) = ¯ 1 2 −1
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
¯
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
¯0 0 1¯ ¯3 5 2 ¯
⇒ 1.det(X ) = 3 ⇒ det(X ) = 3.

EXAMPLE

2.7 
−1 0 0
If A =  2 1 0  , then evaluate det(A2011).
 
4 3 1
We have
det(A2011 ) = (detA)2011 = (−1)2011 = −1.

EXAMPLE

2.8   
3 −2 6 0 0 −1
If A =  0 1 4  , B =  0 2 5  , then
   
0 0 1 1 −2 7
evaluate det(2AB).
We have
det(2AB) = 23 .detA.detB = 8 × 3 × 2 = 48.

Inverse of an matrix Adjoint of a Matrix
ADJOINT OF A MATRIX
DEFINITION 3.1
If A = (aij ) is any n × n matrix and Cij is cofactor of entry aij , then
 T  
C11 ... C1j ... C1n C11 ... Ci1 ... Cn1
 .. .. .. .. ..  .. .. .. .. ..
. . . .
 
 . . .   . . . 
   
 Ci1 Cij Cin
PA =  ... ...  =  C1j ... Cij ... Cnj 
 .. .. ..  .. .. ..
  
... ... ... ..
.
 
 . . .   . . . 
Cn1 . . . Cnj . . . Cnn C1n . . . Cin . . . Cnn
is called the adjoint of A and is denoted by adj(A) or PA .

EXAMPLE

3.1 
2 3 1
If A =  3 4 2  , then find the adjoint of A.
 
5 3 −1
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
¯4 2 ¯ ¯ ¯ 3 2 ¯
C11 = (−1)1+1 ¯ ¯ ; C12 = (−1)1+2 ¯ ¯;
¯ ¯ ¯
¯3 −1 ¯ ¯ 5 −1 ¯
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
1+3 ¯ 3 4¯ 2+1 ¯ 3 1 ¯
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
C13 = (−1) ¯ ¯ ; C21 = (−1) ¯ ¯;
¯5 3¯ ¯ 3 −1 ¯
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
2+2 ¯ 2 1 ¯ 2+3 ¯ 2 3 ¯
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
C22 = (−1) ¯ ¯ ; C23 = (−1) ¯ ¯,
¯5 −1 ¯ ¯5 3¯
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
¯
3+1 ¯ 3 1 ¯
3+2 ¯ 2 1
¯ ¯
C31 = (−1) ¯ ¯; C32 = (−1) ¯ ¯;
¯ ¯
¯ 4 2 ¯ ¯3 2 ¯
¯ ¯
¯
3+3 ¯ 2 3 ¯
C33 = (−1) ¯ ¯.
¯
¯ 3 4 ¯
Therefore, the adjoint of A is
 T  
−10 13 −11 −10 6 2
PA =  6 −7 9  =  13 −7 −1  .
   
2 −1 −1 −11 9 −1

Inverse of an matrix Determinant Test for Invertibility
THEOREM 3.1
A square matrix A is invertible if and only if
det(A) 6= 0 and then
1
A−1 = · PA (2)
detA
1
.P .A =
detA A  
C11 . . . Ci1 . . . Cn1 a11 . . . a1j . . . a1n
.. ... .. ... ..   .. ... .. ... .. 
. . . 
 . . . 

 
1 
 
.
detA 
C1j . . . Cij . . . Cnj   ai1 . . . aij . . . ain 
.. . . . .. . . . ..   .. . . . .. . . . .. 
 
. . .  . . . 


C1n . . . Cin . . . Cnn an1 . . . anj . . . ann
The entries in the first row of the product

C11 a11 + . . . + Ci1 ai1 + . . . + Cn1 an1 = det(A)
C11 a12 +
¯ . . . + Ci1 ai2 + . . . + Cn1 an2 =¯ 0.
¯ a a ... a ... a ¯
¯ 12 12 1j 1n ¯
¯ a22 a22 . . . a2j . . . a2n ¯
¯ ¯
¯ . ... ... . . . ...
¯ ..
¯
¯
Since ¯ ¯ ¯=0
a
¯ i2 i2 a . . . aij . . . a ¯
in ¯
¯ .. ... ... . . . ...
¯ .
¯
¯
¯ ¯
¯ an2 an2 . . . anj . . . ann ¯

So  
detA . . . 0 ... 0

 ... ... ... ... ... 

1 1  
.P
detA A
.A = .  0 . . . detA . . . 0 =
detA  ... ... ... ... ...


 
0 ... 0 . . . detA
 
1 ... 0 ... 0

 ... . . . ... . . . ... 

 
= 0 ... 1 ... 0 
... . . . ... . . . ... 
 

 
0 ... 0 ... 1
Inverse of an matrix Using the Adjoint to find an Inverse Matrix
USING THE ADJOINT TO FIND AN INVERSE MATRIX
1
Step 1. Evaluate det(A) to test for
Invertibility.
2
Step2. Find adjoint
 of A
C11 C21 C31
PA =  C12 C22 C32 ,
 
C13 C23 C33
where Cij = (−1)i+j Mij .
1
3
Step 3. A−1 = PA
detA
EXAMPLE 3.2
Find
 the inverse of the matrix
2 5 7
A= 6 3 4 
 
5 −2 −3
We have detA = −1 6= 0 so A is invertible. The

adjoint of A is
 T  
−1 38 −27 −1 1 −1
PA =  1 −41 29  =  38 −41 34  .
   
−1 34 −24 −27 29 −24
Therefore,  
−1 1 −1
1
A−1 = .PA = (−1).  38 −41 34  =
 
detA
−27 29 −24
 
1 −1 1
=  −38 41 −34 
 
27 −29 24

Some properties of determinant of inverse matrix and adjoint
Inverse of an matrix matrix
1
1
det(A−1 ) = . Since
detA
A.A−1 = I ⇒ detA.det(A−1 ) = 1.
2
det(PA ) = (detA)n−1 . Since (detA).A−1 = PA ⇒
det(PA ) = (detA)n .det(A−1 ) = (detA)n−1 .
3
If A, B are invertible, then AB is also
invertible and (AB)−1 = B−1A−1. Since
(B−1 A−1 ).(AB) = B−1 (A−1 .A)B = B−1 B = I

Some properties of determinant of inverse matrix and adjoint
Inverse of an matrix matrix
1
If A, B are invertible, then PAB = PB .PA.
PAB PB PA
Since (AB)−1 = B−1A−1 ⇒ = . .
detAB detB detA
2
If A is invertible and µα 6= 0, ¶then
1 1 −1
(αA)−1 = A−1 . Since A .(αA) = I.
α α
3
If A is invertible, then A−1, AT are also
invertible and
(A−1 )−1 = A, (AT )−1 = (A−1 )T . Indeed,
A−1 .A = I, (A−1 )T .AT = (A.A−1 )T = I T = I.

Inverse of an matrix Equation in matrix form
1
If A is an n × n square matrix and
det(A) 6= 0; B is an n × p matrix, then AX = B
has an unique solution X = A−1B.
2
det(A) 6= 0; B is an p × n matrix, then XA = B
has an unique solution X = BA−1.
3
det(A) 6= 0; B is an m × m square matrix and
det(B) 6= 0; C is an n × m matrix, then
AXB = C has an unique solution
X = A−1 CB−1 .
EXAMPLE 3.3
Find matrix
  X which
 satisfies 
0 −8 3 −25 23 −30
 1 −5 9  X =  −36 −2 −26 
   
2 3 8 −16 −26 7
 −1  
0 −8 3 −25 23 −30
X =  1 −5 9  .  −36 −2 −26  =
   
2 3 8 −16 −26 7
 
1 5 7
=  2 −4 3 
 
−3 −3 −2
EXAMPLE 3.4
Find
Ã matrix
! XÃ which! satisfies
3 −2 −1 2
X. =
5 −4 −5 6
Solution.
Ã ! Ã !−1 Ã !
−1 2 3 −2 3 −2
X= . =
−5 6 5 −4 5 −4

EXAMPLE 3.5
ÃFind matrix
! Ã X which
! Ãsatisfies!
3 −1 5 6 14 16
.X . =
5 −2 7 8 9 10
Solution.
Ã !−1 Ã ! Ã !−1
3 −1 14 16 5 6
X= . . =
5 −2 9 10 7 8
Ã !
1 2
=
3 4
MatLab
MATL AB
Evaluating determinant of matrix A:

det(A)
Finding inverse of Matrix A:
Aˆ(−1) or inv(A)

MatLab
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

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DETERMINANTS

ELECTRONIC VERSION OF LECTURE

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) DETERMINANTS HCMC — 2018. 2 / 44

EVALUATING THE AREA OF THE TRIANGLE

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) DETERMINANTS HCMC — 2018. 3 / 44

EVALUATING THE VOLUME OF THE PRISM

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) DETERMINANTS HCMC — 2018. 5 / 44

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) DETERMINANTS HCMC — 2018. 6 / 44

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) DETERMINANTS HCMC — 2018. 7 / 44

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) DETERMINANTS HCMC — 2018. 8 / 44

COFACTOR EXPANSION ALONG THE FIRST ROW

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) DETERMINANTS HCMC — 2018. 10 / 44

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) DETERMINANTS HCMC — 2018. 11 / 44

Solution. Cofactor expansion along the first

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) DETERMINANTS HCMC — 2018. 13 / 44

SMART CHOICE OF ROW OR COLUMN

We can find determinant using cofactor

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) DETERMINANTS HCMC — 2018. 14 / 44

Determinant also can be found using

It will be easiest to use cofactor expansion

Solution. Cofactor expansion along the

Solution. Cofactor expansion along the

HOW AN ELEMENTARY ROW (OR COLUMN) OPERATION

ri ↔rj (ci ↔cj )

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) DETERMINANTS HCMC — 2018. 18 / 44

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) DETERMINANTS HCMC — 2018. 21 / 44

DETERMINANT OF A MATRIX PRODUCT

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) DETERMINANTS HCMC — 2018. 22 / 44

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) DETERMINANTS HCMC — 2018. 23 / 44

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) DETERMINANTS HCMC — 2018. 24 / 44

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) DETERMINANTS HCMC — 2018. 25 / 44

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) DETERMINANTS HCMC — 2018. 26 / 44

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) DETERMINANTS HCMC — 2018. 27 / 44

is called the adjoint of A and is denoted by adj(A) or PA .

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) DETERMINANTS HCMC — 2018. 28 / 44

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) DETERMINANTS HCMC — 2018. 30 / 44

The entries in the first row of the product

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) DETERMINANTS HCMC — 2018. 32 / 44

USING THE ADJOINT TO FIND AN INVERSE MATRIX

We have detA = −1 6= 0 so A is invertible. The

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) DETERMINANTS HCMC — 2018. 36 / 44

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Evaluating determinant of matrix A:

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THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

Dr. Lê Xuân Đại (HCMUT-OISP) DETERMINANTS HCMC — 2018. 44 / 44

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