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/ 2  9'  1 / * ,    1    ;
L & 9 &+ '&, 8 V1 0   U,' $ ' 1
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(‫اری‬

(Conneil 2?PMT2$1)  (   1  +' !+


&., &  3&B ,1' , 0 0    1 D1 
.(RQ?=RQTC 2?PNN 27).3 %  31 ;
)‫ا ا‬

9' /,  ,' B   1 , E /, D1  (
& / & 5  % 3 %  5( /  ,  / B 1
&* &('   8%1'  9%  , . / 7 1 )  
.(NC 2?PPQ 2$) (?PP\?PNC 2?PQP 2$) 0 ,1 / 9 %1
‫ع‬+‫ﺝ‬$‫ ا‬, -

H& &1 & S ,1  *  E 1  / /
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D&1  ' . 70 / / 2 1. ,'  1 / / G
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, ?PQ< , ) (RX?\RTNC 2?PNN 21).0 ,1 /  $,  3%GB

‫اد ا‬ ‫ آ  ا‬
٢٠٠٧
-٢٨٠-
D1  7F %B   $( 0 ,1 / D.(Hurlock P.<RR
‫ا  ا‬

& 7F H* 3B D1 5+ * 31  31 A0 D E,  ,1  D0 
3B S /20 ', D1  7 *2D 8  %  D 9% $G1
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&, / H 9% Y1 /  ( ' %  D V,   $,B
‫اي‬

.(<RP\<RQC2?PN=28-  ) 1 8.' V,'  E %


60& & /1'  8.' (  , 3B 910 ( /
& ' 910 6( D%   $  91: 9   , / %
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5 & ' D&* 3B * (6+)  B 6+ 8+  7F  
$( 3B D1  0 ' 910 ( / D1  H % 60 9 
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28&) .D&1 & a % D $, /,  9 5 /
3&%  2:&  & 1 A   0 0 $.  . (P=C 2?PPM
(‫اری‬

* 2C G1 / ! 2, 4 / V1 /, 2 , 9) 
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8& C(&  B 9)'  0 ,1 D / 0: *
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( D1 9   , 3B A ' (  C( / D ,  8'
&,1' ,  $  *  8  C%1 D /[ $% 8 1
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910& (& 0 8  ' 1' H+ + ` ;  /
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/&  6& & 9,1'  L0  * 20 9% 3B S
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9&, ' &1 8.' ( 9 V1 9%  ` /  (
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(B) A 2 11 1  ( /  /0 5 U,  D1 ' /1'

‫اد ا‬ ‫ آ  ا‬
٢٠٠٧
-٢٨١-
& / &0  3 9, 0 D / 31 D0 31 9, /
‫ا  ا‬

0) & B 3& & /& ' 0 ,1 D  60 / 1
& (7) 1  G D+ 70 9% $, $% / (31
.(<<QC2?PNR23 ) .(3G) 1 5+ G
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‫ر"د ا!  واﺝ‬$‫ا‬

D&B 7&  &( C% 0 ( 0' ; 8. / D 7 /
‫اي‬

.(XXRC2?PN?2,).7  D / / ' D1  /


$&  &1 2    +' 5 A 1, 0 ,1 / /%
&(  D 8 D- D $  EG $.   $(   9 +
 !‫ا م ای وا‬

2?PPT231(&) .D&  ;  D a  ), D 9+  6(


. (NQC
/&  $, 3B -( $, $) / H1  
3& &) B%. '  $  ' 60 
+ /  8 E L1 2Y(   $.   / 3B U,
(‫اری‬

 8  / D / U,   , 3B  0 +* $( ' 60
.(<<<C 2?PPR 29 ) D1  D+! 8,
&S D1 6( E  $  S / 1, 31 L  
)‫ا ا‬

2) .D1 6 1, D1 / * D D , / + $' / $%
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D& &* 29&% 1 5*  0 ,' D  3  S A 
/ & (?N?\?N=C 2?PPT 2&) .( 9% / 0 0 ,1 /
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&1  0& & $, * 70 /  /F 11:  8  /' /%B
$&( ,1 5B )G ,  9, 2(<?PC 2<=== 2D) .0 
8&  &1- &[ 9% / .(NMC 2?PPT 231() ./ /  
L   7F  0   * /[ 6 L  0 8%  /
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7F 3 9' / 9S' ( /  (?RRC 2?PNP 271) . 1

‫اد ا‬ ‫ آ  ا‬
٢٠٠٧
-٢٨٢-
 3B $( C%1 (  (T<C 2?PPM 2,) ./ $( 
‫ا  ا‬

2?PPX 2h&S) ./&[ 0& ,1 /  F $ / +
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31 L   1,  B  L  7F * Z D,' 1
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‫ر"د ا!  واﺝ‬$‫ا‬

G&G  $ , L0 /  W   , J01  % (
‫اي‬

.(<P\<NC 2<=== 27) ./  :B 


& Self-Criticism D0 %1 /  / 1 D1  8+ (
D1 / $ % H L0 /:B Self-remorse 81 ( /, 2Self-blame
 !‫ا م ای وا‬

& 6&% H D 5 9%  3 ' /- D* /  D0 ,1
.(Green2 R.G. ?PQM , P.QR?).+ /& / $ %
/ ;' 0 / + 0 2. ! 5 *- 30 0- /
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7 (3 &' 3&1' 3 () 31 EB  1 ,  (


.& 0& E%,  %  (2 ) 5 V1 5 EB
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& % &1 + 2D0 5  EB  1 ,   (
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8 & /& $ $- / 0 / 3' 8 0 / 3B 
& /& 3 &' EB   2' $ D 7 3'
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& &% 8G     *- * $. 70 1 , 


5 8  EB 1 J 8  /1% 8, 5 3B  
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.(<<\?RC 2<==? 2() . F $, 31' /G' G' 2 
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& / H,1  , 9 +  7F  $  31 ; /

‫اد ا‬ ‫ آ  ا‬
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-٢٨٣-
1  7F 3 ! 1 ,  $. 120 E%, , Y(
‫ا  ا‬

.(<XC2?PPP27)./1-     E%, 6 9S


)(&1 8 & 3&   &1 ,  / *- L1 /  (
23 % /' V,' /  E 3 ) H / -+B  '
&  &%  & 9 D1: H   1 ,  5 70 /
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/& :(1 3 G'  Y  /[ 5 D1 5 EB 3B 6 
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& Y &   ; 3 ' H* 1 / 70 Y 
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& 8 ; 3B /(   $( /    $1
H& E % $. 1 ,  $-   ; /  / *-
.910 $ E' 01 ( /' /%B
.:  0 H) /  / /  31 $ ,  (
/2/' E%, , , E  3 , E%, 0  1 ,'
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; 3 * ' ,' $- / ) $ '  ' 1 $ L 
&*.(QP\QNC 2?PQQ 2 .).  ,' 1 H  602 
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L&0 $ ,1   / $(  /[ ,1   / 3
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9,  G1 /1 ,  %B G E %    9 /
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81& $, * 2G V,' ; 8   E%, /[ /
?PRN) i&B G&1G (& (?QP\?QNC 2?PQN 27G1 $) .80 ,1
H& & D / L1B $  / 1 .-.  (Rosenzweig
Y&1 ,1' /2 A0' Y% 0 8 31 70 3  / 3
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(<<MC 2?PNQ23 B) . ,' 8G: 1 3: 0  ( / /

‫اد ا‬ ‫ آ  ا‬
٢٠٠٧
-٢٨٤-
8& 0  B * / / Zelman / G A (XX?C2?PPX231,)
‫ا  ا‬

D&   / 70   / 2 *   a1 D - '


&S &, $. 60 V1   /[  A0' Y%  , $. B
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70& 3 '   G 1 ,  / (Fromm) 8B A
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& / 0 2 &1 D) 5  EB 1 U, /  ( 51  D1 A
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2/[ 9, D1 9, 8 $ 41 C(  1 ,  5 70
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.(TQC 2?PNN 28*) .D1 6% D /1' 1 41  8B
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21 D0 D% / 1 ,  $-  / 31 70  /  (
8&  D,-& 8&  ,  D*%, 8 % 0F  %, D1 /
0 0 / *- 3B ; /., : 0 (TRXC 2?PQN 2,).D1
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&    S ' $ 3B ! B 1 8.  /
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 60 5 5 81 5 EB 1, /%  9  / $


Z  % B /  1 A ./% 1 31  ,'
S / . 31 Y  ','  B ; 3  A, 3
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(& 3&1 9`'  1' ( /%B $. .  0: * 70
.(?XPC 2?PNM 2,). 1 $  ( 8 1 910
U, 2! 3B U1' 0 /  '   / U, 1 1 0
8&  * 3   / F    U, 60 $. 4)1 /
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3&B .F& 8&. /& /% 3B .F 3 ! ,  / B
0' 1 ,  /% /  ' / 7: 5+ 1 8. 28
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‫اد ا‬ ‫ آ  ا‬
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(:* %  
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\:3:   3, U, H


.  ' ,  A 0 0 A  H \?
(U120)V1 ! EB  0 0 A 3B E  H \<
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  ' ,  A 1 D,  A 3B E  H \T


‫اي‬

.(U1 2 0) V1 ! EB


D ,  A 1 ,  0 0 /  ' *-  H \X
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1 ,  0 0 /  ' *- 3B E E  H \Q
.(U1 2 0)V1 ! %B
(: % 
A& &1 ,  D*-  0 0   3, U,  %
B, 3B (U1 2 0) /1 - ,     ' , 
(‫اری‬

.<==M\<==X 3 8  ' B /!


(: +  ," 
:+ P 8 P (>
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8& / 8.' ( H 1 0 ,1 D 7(- /  \
.(<RNC 2?PN=28-  ).  S S 5B 8,  %
$&  8%   910 0( (   % 7( '  \9
2&,) .& D1 8 910 /   '0  %  D1 0'  
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.(XXRC 2?PN=
(: 6 .  
3&B D  3B D* 1 D,   $, 70 /  + P 8 P
V&% .0 9%  , &. 910 j( D E B 3 8
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. 0 , -B H   31. $' H *

‫اد ا‬ ‫ آ  ا‬
٢٠٠٧
-٢٨٦-
V&% %B  D $- / 9  $ , 3  )
‫ا  ا‬

.3, U, ;S'   70 0 0


(: $ 
&   &() 1 %B  B / 1 ) , :6 J 
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‫ر"د ا!  واﺝ‬$‫ا‬

.(PC 2?PQN 2,) ., 9   D1 D* $-! D0 E%,
‫اي‬

A& 3 ' 31 3 $' / , :"   "/$" 
.(PC 2?PNR 2 ) .
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 !‫ا م ای وا‬

1 28 ,1 2/[ / %  ( $. 70 7 EB
& &( 2 9,  1  %  \11 % \
. 0 E%,  /' 1' ,
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&%B  D $- / 9  $ , 3  ) V%
(‫اری‬

.U, ;S'   70 1 ,  V%


% O"#" :3 (% + 8 #
3&B , & & ' V& & / 3, U, 5 H:
)‫ا ا‬

3& 8&  (RX=XT) 8 i /1 - / ' B /!


3&       H   / G (<==M/<==X)
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(?) $
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(*' B /  ' ,  ) U, 5


‫ت‬/0+‫ا‬

. ) ,'   0  G 3B ., ) ,  8 (<==T\<==R)8 ) ,' *

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٢٠٠٧
-٢٨٧-
\: U, 1 :1.
‫ا  ا‬

3&B V& 5 / / G   9 (<==) / U, 1 :
3&%  9 &' 3&, U&, 1  * ' B  2! 1
V& 8 5 /  / Stratified Random Sampling 3)(
 & 9-  9( V 1  8 23' 3  D  7 '
‫ر"د ا!  واﺝ‬$‫ا‬

.U, 1 B 5G + (<) $ )(


‫اي‬

(<) $
(V1 ,  9, ' U, 1 B 5G)
 !‫ا م ای وا‬

\: U,  :..


\:3:  / 1 U, H E%, 9 
(‫اری‬

: (+ P 8 P ) K M" :  3 4 3
\:V% 1   ( 
&  & V&% 7 1   / (Allen & Yen) / /W (
)‫ا ا‬

\: 
.D%B  ! 3 ' , L0 V%    \?
.$ $ %B S \<
.U, 5 . 1  % E  \R
‫ع‬+‫ﺝ‬$‫ ا‬, -

(Allen & Yen 2?PQP 2pp .??N\??P) % $ ,  \T


\:V% 1   ; 3  B
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L&&  $&& Aronson (<==T) /1W H1   /&., & 
‫ت‬/0+‫ا‬

31&& /&& && 3&1& L&  7 /&1W 8&% U, 31&

‫اد ا‬ ‫ آ  ا‬
٢٠٠٧
-٢٨٨-
$& $& H 5+ * (Aronson , <==T , P.T?Q) 3&1 /& 
‫ا  ا‬

. E,- 3B  ( 3 / %B , 3B D  


: & #" & + MS F  (<
2  H , 2V% 1+ 3 ' , 8 / 
.$% $( $ $ %   5 )+ 3B 8
‫ر"د ا!  واﺝ‬$‫ا‬

/F& /+ 3 -  /   /., * ;! 0 E%,
‫اي‬

 / G   (?<) !  / / 1   8 (?E, )


. (R) $ 3B  U1- A 0  , /
(R) $
 !‫ا م ای وا‬

3 - ' /' 1

& $&. U, Y+ *-  3 '  + Y- ' 
(‫اری‬

&% & $ &, 8 2  ( /.,   B+ % V%
&%B (<?) 5* G %B (TT)  $  8 0 2V% 3 3 ! U,
(71) 31 0 0 $ C %B (<R) 7 0 0 $ C
)‫ا ا‬

8&  8,& ! & / / V% %B S 3B 3  * 2(< E, )


.(N?C 2?PNP 2) 9 L ' 3 31 31 ! 8
6"" *
K$  /G h /$" " # /-$ $   .. (>
‫ع‬+‫ﺝ‬$‫ ا‬, -

K$  /G h /$" " # /")  #.. (;


K$  /.7 6  / H " #/GM " & "L.. (<
K$  /G h /$" " # /&"# 6 8D... (A
K$  /.7 6  / H " #/G $ -# $... (E
K$  /.7 6  / H " #/" & "#.. (?
‫ت‬/0+‫ا‬

K$  /G h /$" " # /4J  .. (B


K$  /G h /$" " # / ".. (=

(: ( /  ) . 7D + M 


‫اد ا‬ ‫ آ  ا‬
٢٠٠٧
-٢٨٩-
'   + (7 E ) % ,- A  H ;!
‫ا  ا‬

&.-. D& ) V%   2/  G %B (TT) ! (< E, )
8 3B */  /  (N)  (E 1 ' 21, 3 E 1 2) 3 E 1)
& & 0& 3B D* $ / +  V* 3B ,-  8,  V1
/  8* 3 % ,- / :   $+B /  (Ebel) $ &(
‫ر"د ا!  واﺝ‬$‫ا‬

, ?PQ< , )   / + 3   V% ,- % /  


‫اي‬

& &1 &1  EB B (%N=) E 1   * (Ebel P.XXX
1& 2/, (M)  EB 3 % % L0 2% $* ;!
$& / <R % $' $ / P %) /%B B0, %B  0 
 !‫ا م ای وا‬

$& / (?) % $' $ / (Q 2M 2X 2< 2?) %   (31.
(<=) 5&* /  G %B (T<) / HF V%   0 231.
G V%   L0 (R E, ) 31 $  %B (<<) 7 $  %B
. )1 D!  E  
(: K M" + "   
(‫اری‬

% D 1. 3B 9 D ( 70 $ . V%   
,  A 1 / / V%     1 3  02V%
&+ $&. 5 V% %B  ' %   1+ 0  '
)‫ا ا‬

.8' 0 8 L0 '   /., : / -+B ' 

: % O"#"  ."" $   K M" , (<


&. E& 2 &G &*  V% % 3) ,' $ , ;!
i& 3)(& 3%  9 ' %  U, 5 . 1  8&2V%
‫ع‬+‫ﺝ‬$‫ ا‬, -

H & /& 9 (?==)5*  ' & , /& &  9 (<==)
(?==) &0 (?==)5* 3' 3  V H  / 9 (?==) 8 5
.0 H1W (<)$ 3B +  .1
(: K M" 
‫ت‬/0+‫ا‬

. 0& 0 V%  9 $     $ , $ /


3 E 1 ' 21, 3 E 1 2) 3 E 1) 3 $) .-. %B $ ,
‫اد ا‬ ‫ آ  ا‬
٢٠٠٧
-٢٩٠-
/&  ( %B $ 23  (? 2< 2R) 3 /G  , * (
‫ا  ا‬

$  (<)    ) 3 E 1 $  (R)    0  3
$& &1 U&,  3 E 1 ' $  (?)    21, 3 E 1
5& $- / V%  9 $    9, 8 2  %
$ &,    /:B 2 1 ,1 / 2% 5  D 
‫ر"د ا!  واﺝ‬$‫ا‬

.(T<)  1 (?<M) V%  9 


‫اي‬

(: 4M &  8 # (A
$& ( 2V% 1 3B     2% $ ,   
3& G& &%  %'  % $ , /& H& /  Ebel
 !‫ا م ای وا‬

9  /.,   * (Ebel , ?PQ< , P.RP<) V% 3B  %


&* Internal Consistency Coefficient V%     % *-
Pearson product-moment correlation /&  $ 8
V&% &%B / %B $  /  ' *- J' coefficient
& &% 1% 1  2$ ,  +  (<==)&   
(‫اری‬

&1 G& &1 %B (X)  (=,=?) ' A 1 G  1
.(T E, ) 2V% %B 5 % L0 (=,=X) ' A

: + P 8 P K M" + .  + )" (G


)‫ا ا‬

E&  (?
Face Validity  /  (
&1 $&* /& D% - ,  1 $1 70 E  
‫ع‬+‫ﺝ‬$‫ ا‬, -

&* 2 *    V* 3B D*  V% ,- A / 
& D&%B &+ 1 L0 3, V% 3B E  / Y1 0 E%,
&% E& & 3&B % 0  2V1 8 3B  / 
.,- 
‫ت‬/0+‫ا‬

Construct Validity 8 $  (G
1 1 V% V% / D % / / 70 A /  

‫اد ا‬ ‫ آ  ا‬
٢٠٠٧
-٢٩١-
/ /& . 9 L0 2(Anastasi , ?PMN , p.??T) 1    j,
‫ا  ا‬

$-&& /& D&  / 8& 70& 8& V&% V&&% 0  
E%, * (Stanely & Hopkins , ?PQ< , P.???) &* &%B 5&+
' &1,B V%     %  *- $- / E  / Y1 0
3&& && & &&& && 3  L, $+B /:B 23 L, B
‫ر"د ا!  واﺝ‬$‫ا‬

, ?PQM , P.<=M) V&&% &&%B 5& /& 9& & $& ,


‫اي‬

V&1 V% % / 31 2    5 %   / 2(Anastasi
% /:B D  .(Lindquist ,?PX? , P.<NM)    D% 70 8
3& L&  / H   S V% 2L,   +    3
 !‫ا م ای وا‬

&& &  &&& 9&& 0& 2 A&' V&% &%B %


D&%B 91 70 V% .(Guilford ?PXT , P.T?Q)  /& &
 L02(Anastasi , ?PQM , P.?XT) )1 E+ L  (F 0 EB 
. % $ ,  3B % 0  2(F 0 EB )1 E 3, V%
: Reliability + . (;
(‫اری‬

2&,) D% 91 7 V* 3B D1 5 ' E A .  %


, ?PQR , ) D&  ' / 70 V%  . V% (MPC 2?PNP
 &1 &)G &%  3, V% . 9, * (Kerlinger P.T<T
)‫ا ا‬

& (?==) !  )( 1   ' 8 U, Split-half method


&%B &* 0 2&. 9, 3B ' 1 / )(   
/& E&%,  2 G %B B %B 2/*  %B (T<) ! V%
(<RMC 2?PP? 2/&B) F-Ratio ) 1  / 1 V1
‫ع‬+‫ﺝ‬$‫ ا‬, -

&1 & &% 1% 1  (?2?Q) , ) % 1 U,
& &S 1 / (?2RP) ! (PP,PP) ,  (=,=X) ' A
/ /  $ J 8. ./1 V% 3 1 D1 31 0 1
$& /& & 2(=,Q<) i& B (?TXC 2?PP? 2/B) / 1 
‫ت‬/0+‫ا‬

– /& & D,, & A L0 2V% H 1  J '

‫اد ا‬ ‫ آ  ا‬
٢٠٠٧
-٢٩٢-
Allen & , ?PQP , P.QP\N=) Spearman-Brown &,, & /&&
‫ا  ا‬

  (F % 60  0 .(=,NT) . $ * ,  0 (Yen
.(??TC 2<=== 2/W ^%) V% % 3  E'

(: $  K M" :$ . 4 3


‫ر"د ا!  واﺝ‬$‫ا‬

& & / -+B 1 ,  V% /   Y- ' 


‫اي‬

1 ,  V% 1 /., * 2Y+ 1 3 1 %
5&   .3, U, H 8)- 70 $(  ' ,  
&* 2G  % . E    V% ( DB B 2U,
U&, 2 1 ,  V% 1 3B Experience  41 /.,  
 !‫ا م ای وا‬

& /& %& V% / ., [ E)%,  41 0 
& 3&1 V&% 3B /  ( 2D*  Y+ 3B /[
1 V% 1 3B 41 / . / JG  , 41   ' 1
.(XR<\XR=C 2?PQ< 2, 2,)
(‫اری‬

(: K M" + MS F 
8& 2 &1 ,  Y+ $, %  '  
& '& $( 5 H D1 U, . 1 ,  8B H  
&* 2/&.,    3 1 ,  1  9 S 5 E
)‫ا ا‬

C-& 3&B %& V%  ' * / /., 


/.,   (   B+' 21 H 91  V% %B
&1 H  -( -. . %B (RX)  $ , 8 2%   3B
‫ع‬+‫ﺝ‬$‫ ا‬, -

 .% S 3B Self-report 30 % 9    8 * (X E, )


3 + , B /    * / / S 3B 3 
2/&W 3&G) V% 1  E  ( 3 23  [
.(MPC 2?PN?
‫ت‬/0+‫ا‬

(: ( /  ) 7D + M 

‫اد ا‬ ‫ آ  ا‬
٢٠٠٧
-٢٩٣-
 / 1   %B RX  i V% %B ; 8
‫ا  ا‬

&% ,-& /& : ;! E V%  ; 3 /,
& &, 3& % % 2/, W E + 3B (7 * )
/& $*   , 3 % B0&, &.:B (%N=) E& &1 &
2Q 2X) 3& %B (X) $ 8 2 %B (R< 2<P 2?P) % 3 1 60
‫ر"د ا!  واﺝ‬$‫ا‬

. (M) E,  %B R< / j 1 )1 D!  V% B (<X 2<T 2?<
‫اي‬

(: K M" + " 
%  / $* / V%  8B   a+ / E%, 
& &  9& (T=) 1 1  V% E D%B  '
 !‫ا م ای وا‬

(<=) & (<=) 5* (3 23 )   ,  / )(
. (T) $ 3&B /&  
(A) &#
D,3   $
(‫اری‬
)‫ا ا‬

. 8  D  ,+ V%   / E  0 $- / +
(: % O"#"  ."" $   K M" ,
‫ع‬+‫ﺝ‬$‫ ا‬, -

E & &G *  V% % 3) ,' $ , ;!
3& (<) $& % 1 V1  V% E  /., * 2.
/&., &* U&, 20 0 V% 3B 3) ,' $ , ;! 
.D1 * 3B 1 V1   /' E 
‫ت‬/0+‫ا‬

. /%  E 1 1 3 /%  1 1 0

‫اد ا‬ ‫ آ  ا‬
٢٠٠٧
-٢٩٤-
(: K M" 
‫ا  ا‬

V&% %B / %B $  9 '  5+ D  %


V&% ,  8 *  $    '  60 5 8. /
E& 1 ' 21, 3 E 1 2) 3 E 1 $)  % %B (R<) V 
( 3   %  3  (? 2< 2R) 3 /G  , *  3
‫ر"د ا!  واﺝ‬$‫ا‬

/& V%  9 $    9, 8 1 ,  $- 
‫اي‬

&  /:&B 2 &1 ,1 / 2% 5  D  5 $-
. (R<)  1 (PM) V%  9  $ , &
(: 4M &  8 #
 !‫ا م ای وا‬

Contrasted Groups /B  /  9  /., 


8& 3& &' ,    9 8 % G 9, $"
& 8&. 2  1     / G1 1 B /  $ ,
/& (%<Q) .V&% 3&B     , ' / (%<Q)
G  * 8,  /  /-. 21   , '
(‫اری‬

$   i  1 60 + 3B (Anastasi , ?PQM , P.<=N ) /


. (?=N) $ ,  + 3 '  / 7  (XT) 
&   ,  (NN\QM) /    , , *
)‫ا ا‬

.  (X=\T?) / 1


/& E ' ' 2/ % /1 (T.test) 3) ' 8 8 *
$& G& (F , ) %   %B $ 1   / 
A& &1 G % 5 1 *2  % 1% $- / %B
‫ع‬+‫ﺝ‬$‫ ا‬, -

&1 &1 /&%B (=,=?) 1 G 1 %B (?=) & (=,==?) '
.(Q) E,  (?=M) ,  (=,=X) &' A
(: $  K M" + .  + )"
‫ت‬/0+‫ا‬

Face Validity  /  (


8& &1 L&0 1 ,  V% 3B E  / Y1 0 E%, %

‫اد ا‬ ‫ آ  ا‬
٢٠٠٧
-٢٩٥-

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