MAT438 FOUNDATION OF APPLIED MATHEMATICS OCT2023-FEB2024

CHAPTER 3: METHOD OF INTEGRATIONS

Integration by U-Substitution

There are occasions when it is possible to perform an apparently difficult piece of integration
by first making a substitution. This has the effect of changing the variable and the integrand.
When dealing with definite integrals, the limits of integration can also change. In this unit we
will meet several examples of this type. The ability to carry out integration by substitution is a
skill that develops with practice and experience. For this reason you should carry out all of the
practice exercises. Be aware that sometimes an apparently sensible substitution does not lead
to an integral you will be able to evaluate. You must then be prepared to try out alternative
substitutions.

LET’S RECAP!

Steps for the u-substitution:

1. Choose u  find the most complicated term!

2. Find du/dx
3. Convert all from x  u
4. Solve new integration in terms of u ONLY i.e. ∫ 𝑑𝑢
5. Convert back u  x

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Example (involving inverse trigonometric function)

Example (involving hyperbolic and inverse hyperbolic function)

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Exercises

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Hint to Exercises

Challenge Problems

Hint Challenge Problems

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 Trigonometric Substitution

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Example:

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Example 3
Solve the following integrals

Example 4:
To integrate , use the trigonometric substitution

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Example 5:

To integrate , use the trigonometric substitution

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Exercises

Hint to Exercises

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Challenge Problems

Below are some harder problems that require a little more thinking/algebraic manipulation to
make the substitutions work.

Hint to Challenge Problems

All of these problems require a complete the square step first. Once you do this, these are
the substitutions.

FIND ON YOUR OWN

- Go to website UiTM library.
- Find any past year exam papers and do question related to integration by
trigonometric substitution

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