1.

Prepare a piece of paper

2. Write dOWn your name on One SIde
HOW to give and receive a business card
1. WHEN
2. WHO
3. HOW
 Things you need to remember

1.The importance of 2.goals of business 3.patterns of

communication business
business communication
communication

4.communication 5.Communication
process barriers and ways 6.You-view point
to remove them
Communication Barriers
The MAJOR BARRIER
Failure to Use the You-Viewpoint
 Men make house,
women make home
Who is going to eat that
last piece of food?
Communication barriers
& challenges in
Cross-cultural
communication
Lecture 2
LEarning outcome
1. Define culture, explain how culture is learned
2. Explain the importance of recognizing cultural variations,
and list eight categories of cultural differences.
3. List four general guidelines for adapting to any business
culture.
4. Identify seven steps you can take to improve your
intercultural communication skills.
Define Culture

Culture is a shared system of symbols, beliefs, attitudes,

values, expectations, and norms for behavior.
• We Each Belong to Several Cultures, each with its Own
Special Language and/or Customs
– Ethnic group
– Religious group
– Professional group
Vietnamese Vietnamese
Hanoi Hanoi
Hanoi University Hanoi University
Work for NGO - programming department Work for NGO - programming department

First child Only child

Who are you?
It is only normal to you
You learn culture both directly (by being instructed) and
indirectly (by observing others)

• Automatic
• Coherent
• Complete
The importance of Understanding different culture
● Easier to adapt
● Enjoyment of diverse experiences
● Ability to persist
● More personally effective
● More desirable colleague
Recognizing Variations in a Diverse WOrld
1. Contextual differences
2. Legal and ethical differences
3. Social differences
4. Nonverbal differences
5. Age differences
6. Gender differences
7. Religious differences
8. Ability differences
Contextual Differences
High-Context Culture
Relies More on Nonverbal
Communication
Less Emphasis on Verbal
Communication
Indirect Method of Communication
Goal is to Build Relationships Rather
Than Exchange Information
Low-Context Culture
Relies More on Verbal Communication
Less Emphasis on Nonverbal
Communication
Direct Method of Communication
Goal is to Exchange Information
Rather Than
Build Relationships
Legal and Ethical Differences
● Actively Seek Mutual Ground

● Send and Receive Messages Without Judgment

● Send Messages that are Honest

● Show Respect for Cultural Differences

Social Differences
● Attitudes Toward Work and Success

● Roles and Status

● Use of Manners

● Concepts of Time

● Future Orientation

● Openness and Inclusiveness

● Use of communication technologies

Nonverbal Differences
● Greetings

● Personal Space

● Touching

● Facial Expressions

● Eye Contact

● Posture

● Formality
Age Differences
● Cultures that Value Youth

● Cultures that Value Age and Seniority

● Cultures with Multiple Generations in Positions of Value

Gender Differences
● General Perceptions of Gender Roles

● Gender Representation in Management Roles

● Different Communication Styles

● Outdated Concepts of Gender and Sexual Orientation

 ARE YOU
COMMUNICATING WITH
CONGRUENCE?
 Ethnocentrism Xenophobia Stereotyping
Judging Others Fear of Interaction with Ascribing General
According to Your Strangers and Foreigners Attributes Based on a
Standards Person’s Culture
Guidelines for Adapting to Any Business Culture

● Become Aware of Your Own Biases

● Be careful about applying the “Golden Rule”
● Exercise tolerance, flexibility, and respect
● Practice patience and maintain a sense of humor
CulturaL INtelligence
Cultural Intelligence, or CQ, measures your capability to relate and work
effectively in culturally diverse situations.
CQ is a system consisting of three interactive components
● cultural knowledge - composed of content (what) and process (how)
knowledge of other cultures, such as how and when people express
disagreements with each other, and how to give feedback to
subordinates.
● cross-cultural skills - relational skills, tolerance of uncertainty,
adaptability, empathy
● cultural metacognition - is the knowledge of and control over one's
thinking and learning activities in the specific domain of cultural
experiences and strategies
Improving intercultural communication Skills
1. Studying other cultures
2. Studying other languages
3. Respecting preferences for communication
styles
4. Writing clearly
5. Speaking and listening carefully
6. Using interpreters, translators, and
translation software
7. Helping others adapt to your culture
There is a flip side to
everything