Intemational Coy sa Electrical, Electroaiss, and Optimization Techaigques (ICBEOT) - 2016 Reduction of Inrush Current for Transformer Using Sequential Switching Method Ketan Gobil Department of electrical engineering G.HPatel college of engineering ‘Anand, India gohilketan369@gmail.com Abstract- Nowadays, solar power becomes one of the most suitable renewable energy source for power generation. In practice, inrush current Is produced in grid connected transformer(s) dur routine switching process of solar power plant. This inrush current cffects to winding of transformer as well as produces harmonics land power quality issues, In this paper the caleulation of inrush current and its effect om power system network is elaborated. Possible cost effective solution for reduction of inrush curre stitable techuiques is discussed in this paper. In set switching technique, better suppression of inrush current and harmonies is obtained. Index terms—Modelling, Matlab, Transformer, Inrush eurrent, solar power plant, switehing method. 1. bsrropuction A demand of electric power is increasing due to industrial and mankind growth rapidly. Therefore to fulfill the requirement of Electric power, apart from the conventional source of energy. the renewable source of energy is being more popular compared t0 other renewable sources of energy. Growth of solar power installation has been linearly increased and became key player for produce of electricity. Total installed capacity of solar power in India $130 MW and Gujarat state is 1024.15 MW up to the til, date [1] Solar power plants are switched off at night d problems such as reverse power flow and reactive power compensation problem. Next day, at early morning, when solar plant is switched on in case of grid tide, due to switching high value of inrush current is drawn by transformer due to instantaneous switching effects. Also transformer draws high amount of current when it converts its state from de-energized to energized state which measured as inrush current which should be mitigate effectively to overcome the power quality issues, Amount of inmush current is § to 10 times higher than rated current [2] During starting, amount of high inrush current for several cycles has been fed to grid. But it slowly decreases and finally reaches at normal rated current which is shown in Fig. 1 978-1-4673.9939-5/16/$31,00 ©2016 IEEE Jatinkumar Patel Department of clectrical engineering G.H Patel college of engineering Anand, India jatinpatel@gcet.ac.in Chirag Parekh Plant coordinator Atlanta electricals Pvt. Ltd. Anand, India chirag parekh@atlantaelectricals.com 100. inrush current 00 a 400 a normal rated current 5 200. 10. ° 400. Time 200. Fig 1. pater of inrsh curent Electrical power is unable to generate during night time. As a result, solar power plant ausiliaries draw the certain amount of current and solar plant behaves like a lead, Therefore, in plani(s) have been disconnected from main arid by power plant operators. Next day when plant is connected to grid through transformer high amount of magnetizing current (Ly) drawn by the transformer due to residual flux of tansformer As a result, grid tied transformer of solar plant experiences the heavy amount of inrush current which becomes daily practice for solar power generation. To prevent from such an undesirable phenomenon, certain techniques has been developed, however rigorous research is required in this area, To reduce inrush different techniques such as series compensation techniques, virtual air gap techniques, asymmetric winding, pre fluxing, optimal losing, point on wave switching, ultra-low power fiequency power souce. bridge type innush current limiter, grounding resistance at neutral point and sequential switching method are discussed in this paper. From above discussed methods, Sequential switching method is adopted t0 reduce the inrush current. ‘uninstructed mannsA. Effects of imrush current Z. Voltage distortion: when transformer impedance, smaller than the source impedance duing energization of it, consider voltage drop will occurs due to inrush current event. Voltage distortion (01 pu to 0.9 pu) will affect the some sensitive load, industrial costumer, medical equipment ete. [3] [4] 2. Harmonies: Due to inrash current, harmonics are generated ‘with different orders and its magnitude indicated in Table L Second order harmonies are dominant because its quarter wave symmetric in nature, Thrush curent star in either positive direction or negative direction. [ue. For supply of SOHz frequency. freq. of second harmonies will be 50 x 2 = 100H2,] (5) TABLE I HARMONICS CONTENT OF INRUSH CURRENT ‘Harmonie onder Maguinude Gy Fundamental TH Be Die we E Wie 1 Wiese 3. Sess on transformer winding: During intush current in transformer, two main forces acts on winding. Radial force, > Axial force Radial fore occurs during inrush current, which cause the increase the diameter of winding. It also forces during short cirenit occurrence which is more damaging compared to inrmsh current, The axial foree drives the winding towards ground which changes the dimensions and also able to damage the ‘transformer winding [5] [7] 4. Malfunetioning of protecitve relay Tn actually 10 compute the highest value of inrush crent should be very affected parameter in designing and to determine the setting of over current relay used in power transformer maloperation of relay is occurred. Due to malfunctioning of relays, circuit breakers operates for tripping which is undesirable [8] B. Factors for inrush current 1. Switching angle: If applied voltage is zero value at that {instant inrush current is maximum. Because if voltage is zero value at that time dux is maximum and hence, inrush current is maximum. Flux in transformer is given by following equation P). O=(G- +n) c0S@) —Gy cosa +a) a ‘The flux value at different instant of switching is calculated using (1) and presented in Table II. Table. If seen that inrush current depends on two factors: residual flux and switehing angle of voltage. If o=90: §=26m, for o= 0: 6=36m, Therefore, voltage at zero crossing inush eurvent is maximum, ‘Tame I, VALUE OF THE FLUX AT DUFERENT SWIECHING INSTANT Swit Ah Angle Val O= 30m O=2120m 2. Residual flix density Transformer is_made from ferromagnetic material. Hence, always sesidnal flux will be present in it due to hysteresis effect which is the main cause of, inrush current in windings, Which depends upon core material characteristics. Its extreme value considered for cold rolled and hot rolled material are 80% and 60% respectively of the core saturation value [10]. Value of residual ux in transformer is measured by de-energization instant of wansformer. Residual flux measurement is used for calculate of suitable instant for energization of transformer [11]. Table II. shows residual flux. in different rating of transformer. ‘TABLE IL RESIDUAL FLUX OF DIFFERENT RATING OF TRANSFORMER, Transformer eapaciny | s00LVA | sobuVA | The sizeof the transfomuer reproduces the inner transformer impedance of winding. The smal transformer (< 1000 kVA) generates high inrush current for small duration (100 ms.). The high rated transformer (1000 EVA) generates low inns current for long duration in range of seconds [13] "Above factors are responsible for causes the ns current ‘Main factors for reducing the inrush current are switching angle (@) and residual ux (Gra) after designing of transformer. Inrushcurrent value is high as compare to nomal rated current, therefore harmonics at that instant is also high. Harmonics contents in inrush current waveform shown in Table 1 IL, METHODS FOR MITIGATE THE INRUSH CURRENT Several methods has been proposed by various authors to reduce inmush current in transformer in articles [14-29]. The methods elaborated here are developed in time fame chronologically which has shown in Fig.2. Most of the methods are able to mitigate innush cusrent effectively however sequential switching method is able to provide most effective solution compared to others which is simulated for power transformer used for distributed generator at larg. J ‘Vaal ar gap cod | _,| Optimal closing method Seis compensation seta ‘Asmnereal winding pf Poin wave switching method ‘ia low Sequeney power source |__g[Bridae te arosh cuent fimiter| at neuwal poi Prefusiag mets | Fig. 2. Methods of inrashcurent eduction A concept of virtual sir gap method is use of virtual air gap which equal thickness differs in function of controllable limits changed to the alignment of magnetic circuit and the related control system, The AGW (air gap windings) cusvent is either set to a definite value using a current sensor or external source, in the main magnetization winding of the magnetic circuit [14]. By using controlled switching or optimal closing method required the calculation of residual flux in core of transformer at de- energization instant. In this method to minimize the inrush current not required the independent pole circuit breaker but it required the calculation of residual flux of transformer [15] [16] Series compensator technique is an inverter-based series compensator which is comprised of a single-phase inverter and series transformer. This technique is easy to implement because it does not requires information about the parameters of transformer, power-on angle of cizcuit breaker and calculation of residual flux. Inverter based series compensator using a current mode control for redueing the innush current during energization of transformer [17]. By using asymmetric winding the inrush current was minimizes based on increasing the inrush equivalent induetance by changing the value of intemal film and extemal film in coil winding. [18]. In this method all three phases of transformer is energized st proper instant. If each phase of wansformer is energized in sequential manner at suitable instant inrush current is reduce. In this method not required the residual flux calculation. Inrush ewrent reduce by this method by using of zero crossing detector and knowledge about closing time of cireuit breaker [19]. By using this method reduce the residual flux in core of transformer by applying voltage across tertiary winding before energization of transformer [20] [21]. In this method use the diode bridge technique for reduce the inrush current in primacy grounded transformers. The advantages of this method are its simple ciscuit, easily implement to twansformer [22]. By using sequential phase energization method each phase is energized in sequential manner with uses of neutral grounding resistance [24] [25]. In prefluxing inrush current reduction scheme reduce the remaining residual flux which remaining in transformer core at startup instant of transformer. Prefluxing equipment consist of capacitor, diode, and fuse, This method does not need measuring of the residual flux [26-29]. Il, SIMULATION FOR INRUSH CURRENT INDICES. ‘Transformer inrush currents are generates high magnitude amount harmonic sich currents at the instant of transformer ‘energization, Inrush currents are categorized in three types [30] Table IV shows the rating of transformer specially used for solar power plant TABLE IV, PARAMETERS OF TRAKSFORMER Transformer | Primary | Secondary | Raagof | Freq winding winding | transformer volta StrStar KY cg zoMva | 50 (Step up) J. Energization inrush current: During Energization of transformer, energized inrush current is result of re-energized transformer due to residual flux is ean be Zero oF depen de-energization time of transformer. 2. Recovery inrush current: Recovery inrush current is flow trough transformer when supply voltage is restored after having been reduced by system disturbances. 3. Sympathene ‘inrush current. Sympathetic inrush current occurs in transformer when multiple transformers are connected in system and one of them is energized. ‘Power transformer of 11/66 kV, 20MVA has been simulated for the given switching instant, normal inrush, recovery inrush and sympathetic inrush current difference has been achieved by suitable modelling in Matlsb/ Simulink environment which are shown in Fig. 3(a), 3(b) and 3(¢)Simulated results which reflects the difference between 1 inrush current, recovery inrush current and sympathetic ‘currents of transformer are as shown in Fig. 4(a), 4(b) and By analyzing the simulated result of energization inrush current in Fig. 4(a) show the inrush current peak is more than ISQ0A. Harmonies content and THD generated due to energization inrush current shown in Table V. TABLE, V. HARMONICS CONTENT AND THD OF ENERGLZATION RUSE CURRENT Phase THD. Phase © 3.90% Phase V 1116980 Phas 1107594 harmonies 313% S285 734% 3 Fig. 34) Matlab Simulink based model of eneraiation ian eurent Fig (0) Matlab Simin based mode! of sympatietic iach unrent “ue Tine wea Fig. 4). Enerpization tarsh cureat Recovery inrush current for 20MVA wansformer are elaborated in 4(b). During starting (0 to 0.6 sec) is characterization of energization inrush current. For single phase fault (0.9 to 1.2 sec) has been achieved for rated power tuansformer. After secover the fault recovery inrush curent is drawn by transformer after 1.2 sec as shown. Fig (6) Recovery inh current Figure 4(¢) indicates the waveform of transformer T1 eusrent ‘having energization inrush curent and sympathetic inrush current (1 to 2 sec.) due to transformer T2 is energized. Whentuansformer T2 is energized after 1 sec, itis observed that a value of sympathetic inrush is low as compare to energization jrush current in terms of magnitude. au ee 7 a ow ww Toe Fig 4(e) Sympathetic inrsh curent IV. INRUSH CURRENT REDUCE BY SEQUENTIAL SWITCHING METHOD In tis paper to reduce of transformer inrush current by using sequential sivitching method is described, In this method transformer each phase is energized at peak value of supply voltage of each phase. An instant of Peak value of supply voltage for each phase is different. For 50 Hz supply frequency switehing instant of phase R. Y_B is calculated as follows, ‘Therefore, 10 msec. time is required for half cycle (180° degree), § msec. is for 90° degree, For circuit breaker of phase RYB closing instant is, firstly assume that we supply phase R ‘voltage at 90° (maximum) in $ msec. Nest phase Y is connected at 120° apart fiom phase R that means 90° ~ 120° = 210°. Time required for 0° to 210° 38 11.666666 mee. Afler energization of phase Y nest phase B is energized at 120° apart from phase Y. time required for 210°120°=330°. Time duration for 0° to 330° i 18.3333333 msee. [19]. But in actual supply frequency is not remaining 50 Hz constant. For different frequency peak instant of voltage is different. Some different value of frequency and their switching instants are shown in Table VI “Table VI show thatthe peak voltage instant of thre phase for different fequency. In proposed method, transformer must be energized at peak value of phase voltage. In actual it is possible by zero crossing detector such as IC TCA 785 and other 22:0 crossing detector. But the limitation of zero crossing detector only use for particular value of frequency. Because, for different value of frequency peak instant of voltage is different. For example from Table V for 50 Hz frequency peak voltage instant of phase R, ¥ and B phase is S msec. , 11.666 mses. and 18.333 see, respectively ‘TABLE. VI. PEAK VOLTAGE INSTANT OF FASE AT DFFERENT FREQUENCY Peakvoltage | Peakvollage | Peakrvolinze instant of Phare | instant of Phase | instant of Phase msec) Base) S150 1e883 00 1s 700 5050 18316 5.00 3950 $900 Tt In Fig. 5 show that the Matlab/Simulink model of sequential switching method and in Fig. 6 show the waveform of current in twansformer using sequential switching method. Simulation is carried out for SOHz frequency and its phase R, Y, and B phase switching instant is 5 msec. 11.665 msee. and 18.333 mace, sespectively Fig 5. Mata simulation mode of sequential swatchiag method Figure 6 show that inrush current is reduce by effectively by using sequential switching method for 11/66 kV. 20 MVA transformer a him 0 tm ata om eo iso, at Fig. 6: Inrush current reduce by sequential switching method From Table VII show that the harmonics content after implementation of sequential switching method.‘TaBLe VIL HARMONICS CONTENT AND THD AFTER IMPLEMENT OF SEQUENTIAL Phase] THD) | Ponder] "onder —] Reduction Marmenies | harmonics ° 3) Go) | harmonies “ Har cy a5 7078 BoE oH ar wT Ts cr TE TE V. CONCLUSION ‘During switching of solar plant, produces inrush orent in transformer effects the transformer winding, generates the harmonies and power quality issues. Different techniques to seduce the inrush current are discussed in this paper. Sequential switching method is used because it does not required calculation of residual flux and easy to implement system. 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