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1. A. Porosity - is defined as the ratio of the volume of voids to the total volume of the soil.
B. Specific gravity, more formally known as relative density, is a measure of the density
of a substance in comparison to the density of water.
C. The void ratio (e) is the ratio of the volume of voids to the volume of solids
D. The water content (w), also known as natural water content or natural moisture
content, is the ratio of the weight of water to the weight of the solids in a given mass of
soil.
Note - There is a co-relation that, Porosity relates to the total volume of soil. Void ratio relates to
the Solids particles having voids within the soil.
2. Degree of saturation (Sr) = wG/e
0.15∗2.5
Sr= =0.75=75 %
0.5
5. Given
 The water content, W = 15%,
 Bulk density, Ym = 2.30 gm/cc,
 Dry density, Yd =?
We know that, Yd=100 /(100+W )∗Ym
¿ 100/(100+15)∗2.30
¿ 2.0 gm/cc
7. refer EBCS EN 2015 1-1 Page 162
8. The ratio of shearing stress to the corresponding shearing strain is called shear modulus

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Prepared by Abel Muluken Phone 0948552002
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weight
17. Specific gravity =
volume
Weight = 3000
Volume = 4 m3
= 750 kg/m3
= 750kg/m3 /1000kg/m3 = 0.75

18. For Bernoulli’s equation to be applied, the following assumptions must be met:

The following are the assumptions made in the derivation of Bernoulli’s equation:

 The fluid is ideal or perfect, that is viscosity is zero.

 The flow is steady (The velocity of every liquid particle is uniform).
 There is no energy loss while flowing.
 The flow is incompressible.
 The flow is Irrotational.
 There is no external force, except the gravity force, is acting on the liquid.

19. Syphon is a long-bent pipe which is used to transfer liquid from a reservoir at a higher
elevation to another reservoir at a lower level when the two reservoirs are separated by a hill or
high level ground.
viscocity
20. Kinemetic viscocity k =dynamic
density
sec
Dynamic viscosity=N− 2
m
kg
Density= 3
m
sec
N− 3
m
Hence K=
kg
m3
2
1 N=Kg−m/s
2 3 3
So , K =((Kg−m/s )/m )/(kg /m )
2
K=m / s

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.

23. Laminar and Turbulent Flows

The flow is called laminar flow if the liquid particles appear to move in definite smooth paths
and the flow appears to be as a movement of thin layers on top of each other.
In turbulent flow, the liquid particles move in irregular paths which are not fixed with respect to
either time or space.
For pipe flow –
 NR < 2000 – laminar NR > 4000 – turbulent
For channel flow –
 NR < 500 – laminar NR > 2000 – turbulent
24. Euler's Equation of Motion is based on the following assumptions:
 The substance isn't viscous (i,e., the frictional losses are zero).
 The substance is uniform and incompressible (i.e., the mass density of the fluid is
constant). Continuous, steady, and streamlined flow is present.
25. Hydraulic gradient is equal to difference in water surfaces
The difference in the hydraulic head over a distance along the flow path is defined as the
hydraulic gradient, Δh/ΔL. This gradient of mechanical energy is the driving force of
groundwater flow. If water is not moving, the gradient is zero, and the value of head is the same
everywhere.

F
27. Surface Tension=
L

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