URINALYSIS & FECALYSIS BSMT 2-F

RAMPAGE ^^ FINAL COVERAGE

URINALYSIS FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE URINE OUTPUT

NOTES o The nature of the food and the amount of fluid
intake
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE o Temperature and humidity
URINALYSIS o Mental excitement (e.g., nervousness)
o A laboratory examination that is being done to o Diarrhea and excessive vomiting
the urine. o In Diabetes insipidus and Diabetes mellitus
o It is one of the products secreted by our body. ✓ Spicy and salty food along with beer and coffee
o The formation of urine takes place in the have a dietary effect that increases the urine
different parts of the kidney such as the nephron. output due to the production of urea.
o The primary function of the kidney is to maintain ✓ The minimum volume required for the
the normal range of body fluids. This is done by excretions of the given quantity of solids is
its wide range of excretory capacity, allowing it determined by the concentration capacity of
to excrete as little as 20ml and as much as the kidney. The average mixed diet would have
1,200ml of water per hour. about 600 ml
o Each kidney of the human body contains about ✓ In a hot weather and extraneous physical
1 million filtration units that we call the exertion, the urine output is
nephron.
o The urine is formed in the nephron in three stages: TWO GROUPS OF SENDIMENTS
1. The filtration through glomerular capillaries o These sediments may or may not be visible under
2. The reabsorption of fluids and the threshold the microscope and are indications of certain
substances conditions.
3. The last stage is the excretion of the waste ORGANIZED ELEMENTS/SEDIMENTS (CELLULAR)
products from metabolism in the lumen of
1. Bacteria
distal tubules.
2. RBC
o The total volume of the glomerular filtrate from
3. Pus Cell
the kidney will form at the rate of 125mL/min.
4. Epithelial Cells (Squamous, Renal)
o Urinalysis is used to detect and diagnose any
5. Casts
abnormalities, pathological conditions in our
a. Hyaline
urinary system.
b. Granular (Fine, Coarse)
c. Cellular (RBC, Pus, Epith, Bacteria)
TWO EXAMINATIONS OF URINALYSIS
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION (MACROSCOPIC) UNORGANIZED ELEMENTS/SEDIMENTS
(CELLULAR)
o The physical/general characteristics of urine is
1. Amorphous Urates Crystal
better studied on a 24-hour urine. The following
2. Amorphous Phosphate
table denotes the normal characteristics of the
3. Calcium Oxalate
urine for an adult:
▪ Rough surface
Volume 1,000 – 1,500 cc ▪ Presence of apple, spinach cabbage, tomato
Straw-amber yellow if you eat
Color 4. Triple Phosphate
(Urochrome)
Transparency Clear 5. Uric Acid

pH Level 4.0 – 6.0 (Acidic) ▪ Rhombic

▪ Rosette
Specific Gravity 1.008 – 1.025
Odor Aromatic (Urinod)

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URINALYSIS & FECALYSIS BSMT 2-F
RAMPAGE ^^ FINAL COVERAGE

TERMINOLOGIES PLASMA
o Glycosuria - presence of glucose in the urine o Plasma is the liquid that remains when clotting is
o Albuminuria - presence of protein prevented with the addition of an anticoagulant.
o Oliguria - diminishing of the volume of the urine o Transport nutrients to the tissue.
o Anuria - the absence of urine o The kidneys filter the plasma in special filtration
o Polyuria - increase in the volume output of the units-glomeruli
urine.
NEPHRON
o Nephrolithiasis - stones in kidney
o Coiled tubules
o Cystolithiasis - stones in urinary bladder
o Have 1 - 1.5 million each kidney
o Ureterolithiasis - stones in ureter
o Filtration units of the kidney
o Hematuria - presence of blood in urine o 120 km longs
o Enuresis - involuntary voiding of urine during
sleep (Adult) PLASMA (NEPHRONS)
1. Glomerulus
2. Bowman’s Capsule
COMPOSITION OF THE URINE
3. Proximal Convoluted Tubules
o Water
▪ Small Tubes
o Nitrogenous Organic Compounds
▪ Reabsorption (function)
▪ Urea, Uric Acid, Creatinine, Amino Acids, That
4. Henle’s Loop
Are Products of Metabolism
▪ Absorption and Release
o Non-Nitrogenous Organic Compounds 5. Distal Convoluted Tubules
▪ Glucose, Acetone, Oxalate, Organic Acids, etc. 6. Collecting Tubules (URINE)
o Inorganic Salts 7. Ureter
▪ Sodium, Potassium, And Trace of Copper, Iron, 8. Urinary Bladder
Zinc) ▪ Reservoir of Urine
▪ Elastic Muscle (Expand)
ADDITIONAL NOTES: ▪ 300 ml
9. Urethra
CAUSES OF TURBIDITY IN URINE: AMMONIACAL
1. Protein o Urine is exposed to bacteria
2. Blood o Urea – constituent of urine
3. Mucous o Conversion of bacteria to ammonia to
4. Crystals ammoniacal.
5. Pus Cells
6. RB
FECALYSIS
MICROSCOPIC EXAM NOTES
o Sediments
FECES (COMPOSITION)
GRANULOCYTE o Food Residue, Cholesterol, Bile Pigments,
o Neutrophil – presence of 3 to 5 lobes Bacterial Flora, Epithelial Cells, Mucus, Parasites.
o Eosinophil – large granules; red granules o Normal Volume: 150 grams/24 hours
o Basophil – blue granules o Normal Color: Yellow to Brown (due to urobilin
& stercobilin)
AGRANULOCYTE
o Normal Odor: Disagreeable odor (due to indole
o Lymphocyte – large nucleus; occupy almost every
& skatole)
part of the cytoplasm
o Normal Reaction: Slightly alkaline: pH 7.0 - 7.8
o Eosinophil – large granules; red granules
o Normal Consistency: Soft to formed

FIRST SEMESTER 2
URINALYSIS & FECALYSIS BSMT 2-F
RAMPAGE ^^ FINAL COVERAGE

HEMATOFECIA KATO-THICK SMEAR

o Presence of blood in stool. o Dr. Benjamin – introduce the kato-thick smear
o Is not normal due to the irritation or bleeding in in distilled ph.
lower GIT o Originated in Japan.
o Reagent:
STEATORRHEA
▪ 1:1 ratio of glycerin (100ml) and water
o Presence of fats in stool.
(100ml) mixture
SCYBALA ▪ Water cellophane (colorless – add malachite
o Hard stool. green) or (green)
▪ Soak the water cellophane (cut into the size
DIARRHEIC
of cover slip) in the mixture (it will already
o Watery stool.
serve as the cover slip)
TARRY ▪ Time: 24 hours
o Black colored stool.
o Iron, Bismuth, and Barium – enhance the black FLOATATION METHOD (CONCENTRATION
METHOD)
color of the stool
o Allows the parasite to float on the solution.
o 1.180 specific gravity.
OCCULT BLOOD TEST
o Zinc-Sulfate (ZnSO4) Floatation Method (330
o Determine the presence of blood, which cannot
grams ZnSO4 in 1 liter of water)
be identified either macroscopically or
microscopically. FLOATATION METHOD (CONCENTRATION
o Guaiac Test, Benzidine, Orthotolidine, METHOD)
Phenolphthalein, and Hema Test – used to o Allows the parasite to float on the solution.
detect the presence of occult blood. o 1.180 specific gravity.
o Zinc-Sulfate (ZnSO4) Floatation Method (330
ADDITIONAL INFOS
grams ZnSO4 in 1 liter of water)
o The presence of amoeba in stool causes diarrhea
in infants. ACID ETHER SEDIMENTATION
o In adults, parasites give off a foul odor in feces. o Allows the parasite to settle.
o Ova of Parasites - looks for intestinal parasites o A mixture of Formalin and Ether
and their eggs (ova) by checking a sample of o Using a wire loop, get the sediment from the
your stool (poop) under a microscope. centrifuged liquid and place it on a glass slide.

MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION PARASITES

INTESTINAL PARASITES:
DIRECT FECAL SMEARS (DFS) o Protozoans, Nematodes, Trematodes, Cestodes.
o The stool specimen used is not preserved (freshly
collected). PROTOZOANS
▪ 1 drop NSS (Normal Saline Solution) –
ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA
composed of 0.85% Sodium Chloride.
o Disease: Amoebiasis
▪ Prepared using Volumetric Flask
▪ Search for parasites o Mode of Transmission: Ingestion
(contaminated water)
VOLUMENTRIC FLASK o Infective Stage: Cyst
o Most accurate measurement
o Vegetative Stage: Trophozoite

FIRST SEMESTER 3
URINALYSIS & FECALYSIS BSMT 2-F
RAMPAGE ^^ FINAL COVERAGE

GIARDIA LAMBLIA BLOOD FLUKE: SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM

o Disease: Giardiasis
o Mode of Transmission: Ingestion
NEMATODES
ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES
o Disease: Ascariasis, Roundworm Infection
o Mode of Transmission: Ingestion
o Infective Stage: Embryonated Ova
o Mode of Transmission: Skin penetration
o Symptom: Bulging of stomach
o Infective Stage: Metacercariae
A. Schistosoma Haematobium
▪ Symptom: Elephantoid condition of
scrotum & penis
B. Schistosoma Mansoni
▪ Symptom: Enlarged liver & spleen
▪ Infective Stage: Cercariae

TRICHURIS TRICHIURA CESTODES

o Disease: Trichuriasis, Whipworm Infection TAENIA SAGINATA
o Effect of Infection: Anemia – due to sucking of o Beef tapeworm = 35 ft.
blood = 0.005 ml/day
TAENIA SOLIUM
o Pork tapeworm
ENTEROBIUS VERMICULARIS
o Disease: Enterobiasis, Pinworm Infection DIPHYLLOBOTHRIUM LATUM
o Mode of Transmission: Ingestion and Inhalation o Fish Tapeworm
o Infective Stage: Embryonated ova: Pruhitus ani
DIPYLIDIUM CANINUM

HOOKWORM o Dog Tapeworm

o Mode of Transmission: Skin penetration ECHINOCOCCUS GRANULOSUS

o Effect of Infection: Anemia – due to sucking of o Sheep Tapeworm
blood = 0.26 ml/day
o Infective Stage: Filariform Larvae HYMENOLEPIS NANA
o Rat Tapeworm
o MOT: Ingestion (especially raw or half cooked
TREMATODES meat, fish)
LIVER FLUKE: FASCIOLA HEPATICA
STAGES
o Disease: Liver rot
o Mode of Transmission: Ingestion (water
vegetation)

INTESTINAL FLUKE: FASCIOLOPSIS BUSKI

o Mode of Transmission: Ingestion (fresh-water
fishes)

LUNG FLUKE: PARAGONIMUS WESTERMANI

o Mode of Transmission: Ingestion (carbs,
crayfishes)
o Symptom: Hemoptysis
o Infective Stage: Metacercariae

FIRST SEMESTER 4