08-08-2023 - Intracellular fluid: Fluid found in the spaces

around cells. . It comes from substances that

THE COMPARTMENTS OF THE BODY
INTRODUCTION.
 Body is formed of solids & fluids.
 The fluid part is more than 2/3 of the whole
body.
 Water forms most of the fluid part
COMPOSITION OF BODY.
 Organic: Glucose, AA, FA, etc. v
 Inorganic: electrolytes
BODY FLUID COMPARTMENTS OF A 70 KG
ADULT MAN.
FEMALE VS MALE. la nota examen
 Total body water: 42L (60% of body weight)
 Blood volume: 7% of body weight,
5L in a 70 kg adult mal
leak out of blood capillaries (the smallest type of
blood vessel). It helps bring oxygen and
nutrients to cells and to remove waste products
from them.
- Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the
blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins
that form blood clots are in plasma
- Interstitial flui: Fluid found in the spaces
around cells. It comes from substances that leak
out of blood capillaries (the smallest type of
blood vessel). It helps bring oxygen and
nutrients to cells and to remove waste products
from them.

FUNCTIONS OF BODY WATER.

- Acts as an universal medium without which
many biochemical reactions may be impossible.
- Transport medium for many substances
- Thermoregulation
Maintenance of:
 Metabolic integrity
COMÀRTMENTS PF THE BODY. esta fptp
 Circulatory integrity
 Body fluid osmolarity
 Form & texture of tissues
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID.
Constitutes of:
1. Interstitial fluid (incluiding lymph)
2. Plasma
3. Transcellular fluid
o Intraocular fluid
o Gastrointestinal secretions
o Pleural fluid
o Pericardial fluid
o Peritoneal fluid
o Synovial fluid
o Fluid in uriary trac

BODY ELECTROLYTES.
- 7% of total body weight
Functions of electrolytes in the human body
1. Maintenance of acid-base balance
2. Maintenance of normal osmolarity and volume
of body fluids
3. Ions like Na+, Ca2+, K+, Cl-, etc affects
exctiability of cells
DIFERENCES ECF & ICF.
MEASUREMENT OF BODY FLUID VOLUMES.
- Total body water is measured using dilution
principle.
- A marker is injected that will be evenly
distributed in all the compartments of body
fluids
- Marker that diffuses freely not only in the water
outside the cells, but also crosses the cell
membrane to reach the intracellular fluid
- ECF volume is measured using substances that
cannot enter the cells, but can freely cross the
capillary membrane and thus distribute evelny in
the ECF compartments.
- Plasma volume is measured using substances
that binds specifically to plasma proteins, and
will not diffuse into the interstitium
INSENSIBLE WATER LOSS. Evaporative water loss
that occurs beyond the consciousness of an individual.
It occures via:
- Skin
- Expired air
Amount: 1000 ml/day and it depend on temp of the
body & atmosphere
- Urine, metabolic wate
WHY INFANTS ARE MORE VULNERABLE TO
WATER LOSS?.
- Physiological inability of their renal tubules to
concentrate
- Higher metabolic rate
- Larger body surface area
- Poorly developed thirst mechanism
- Larger turnover water exchange (50% ECF
every day)
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MEASUREMENT OF THE COMPARTMENTS OF
THE BODY
THE DILUTION PRINCIPLE.
- Compartment volumes are measured by
determining the volume of distribution of a
tracer substance.
- A known amount of a tracer is added to a
compartment.
- The tracer concentration in that compartment is
measured after allowing sufficient time for
uniform distribution throughout the
compartment.
PROPERTIES OF AN IDEAL TRACER.
The tracer should:
- be nontoxic
- be rapidly and evenly distribute throughout the
nominated compartment not enter any other
compartment.
- not be metabolised
- not be excreted (or excretion is able to be
corrected for) during the equilibration period
- be easy to measure
- not interfere with body fluid distribution
 If the tracer is excreted in the urine, then the loss
can be determined and corrections made in the
calculation.
 If the tracer is metabolised, a series of
measurements can be made and assuming
exponential decline (first order kinetics), the
volume of distribution can be determined by
extrapolation back to zero time
TOTAL BODY WATER.
 This is estimated by measuring the volume of
distribution of isotopes of water.
 Tritium oxide (óxido de tritio) is used because it
is a weak beta emitter making it easy to measure
in a liquid scintillation counter.
 Rapid mixing of tritiated water throughout all
compartments occurs during a 3 to 4 hour
equilibration period.
 Results are accurate and reproducible to within 2
percent
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID.
Tracers used fall into 2 groups:
- vIonics (eg 82Br, 35SO4, chloride isotopes)
- Crystalloids (eg Inulin, mannitol)
 The ionic tracers are small and distribute
throughout the ECF but there is some entry into
cells. ECF will be over-estimated with these
tracers. chicos
 The crystalloids are larger and less diffusable
throughout the ECF. They do not enter cells but
the lack of full ECF distribution results in a low
estimate of ECF. grande
 What is measured is not the true ECF so it is
conventional to refer to the compartment
measured not as ECF but as a space defined by
the tracer used and the equilibration time (eg 20
hour bromide space).
PLASMA VOLUME.
 Measurement of plasma volume requires a tracer
which is mostly limited to this compartment and
this is achieved by using a tracer which binds to
albumin.
 The tracers used are the azo dye known as
Evans blue (or T1824) which binds avidly to
albumin, or radio-iodine labelled serum albumin
(RISA).
PLASMA TRACERS.
 Distribution is rapid but no equilibrium is
reached because of continuous disappearance of
albumin from the vascular space.
 This problem is overcome by using serial
measurements and plotting the disappearance
curve of the label. This is a first order process (ie
exponential decline) which gives a straight line
when plotted on a logarithmic scale.
 The volume is determined via the dilution
principle using this concentration at zero time.
 As the concentration of the tracer is determined
in a plasma sample, the measured volume of
distribution is the plasma volume.
BLOOD VOLUME.
 The tracer is the patient's own red cells which
are tagged with radio-chromium (Cr51- red
cells).
 Typically a 10 ml sample of the subject's blood
is incubated with a sodium chromate solution,
the label is taken up by the red cells and any
 excess in the solution is removed by dilution and
centrifuging with removal of fluid.
 The labelled red cells are centrifuged,
resuspended in saline and infused into the
patient.
 The volume of distribution (VD) is determined
after about 30 minutes.
 As the radioactive label distributes throughout
the whole intravascular compartment, the
measured VD is the blood volumen
 The distribution of the label is not uniform
because the haematocrit is different in different
parts of the circulation. It is usual therefore to
measure the amount of the label in a red cell
sample and therefore to directly measure the red
cell volume.
INTERSTITIAL FLUID. There is no tracer which are
distributed only throughout this compartment. ISF is
determined indirectly as the difference between
concurrently measured ECF & plasma volumes.
There is no tracer available so ICF is measured indirectly
as the difference between concurrently measured total
body water and ECF. The volume of ICF decrease with
increasing age and this accounts for most of the age-
related decline in total body water
TRANSCELLULAR FLUIDS. There is no tracer for
the measurement as a whole of the myriad components
of transcellular water. Methods exist for the estimation
of the various components individually.
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ANATOMICAL DESCRIPTION
INTRODUCTION.
- Anatomy: Studies of the body parts and their
relationships.
- Macroscopic (gross) anatomy: Study of large
body structure (e.g: heart, lungs, kidneys, etc)
can be further divided into:
1. Regional anatomy: All structures in one
particular region
2. Systemic anatomy: system by system
3. Surface anatomy: study of internal body
structure
- Microscopic anatomy: Very small structures
that cannot be seen with naked eyes.
1. Cytology: Study of body cells
2. Histology: Study of body tissues
- Developmental Anatomy: Structural changes to
the body throughout lifespan.
1. Embryology: Development which occur
before birth.
- Physiology: Study of the body function.
1. System physiology: Study of body system’s
function.
2. Comparative pysiology: study of various
characteristics of living organisms.
3. Medical physiology: study of physiological
dysfunction and diseases
STRUCTURAL LEVEL OF A BODY. nose
1. Chemical: Combination of atoms to form
molecules.
2. Cell: Basic living units; have common
characteristics, differ in structure and
function.
3. Tissue: A group of cells with similar
structure and function: epithelial,
connective, muscle, nervous.
4. Organ: Two or more tissues work together
to perform one or more common functions:
eye, skin, stomach, heart.
5. Organ System: A group of organs of a
common function: Skeletal, muscular,
endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic,
respiratory, digestive.
SYSTEMS OF THE BODY. funciones d elos sistemas
Integumentary system
- External cover of the body (skin)
- Protects deeper tissues from injury
- Site of cutaneous, receptors, sweat and oil gland
Skeletal system
- Bones
- Protects and supports body organ
Muscular system
 - Muscles  Restoring back the body to its original state.
- Produce body movement  Cut-off the original stimulus and reduce the
intensity.
Nervous system
 Make up most of the homeostasis control
- Consists of brain, sensory receptor, nerves, mechanisms.
spinal cord  Avoid sudden and harmful changes to our body
- Control homeostasis by stimulationg particular  E.g. Insulin will be secreted if the glucose level
muscles contraction and glands secretio in blood is too high
Endocrine system POSITIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISMS.
- Hormones secretion to regulate body processes  Triggering an enhance action from the original
Cardiovascular system stimulus.
 Commonly for activity that do not need further
- Transport blood to the adjustment.
 E.g. Blood clotting where platelets will pile up
Lymphatic/immune system
and clot at the injured side
- Protect the body by attacking foreign substances
ANATOMICAL POSITION. Standing position with
entering body system
the body erect facing forward, feet slightly apart, arms
Respiratory system hanging and plams also facing forward.
- Supply blood with oxygen and removing carbon DIRECTIONAL TERMS. Explain and locate precisely
dioxide where the body structure and it’s relation to another
Digestive system
- Break down the food for absorption -
Indigestible food will be removed as fece
Urinary system
- Regulation of water, electrolytes and acid-base
balance in the body
Reproductive system
- Hormone production, fecundation, gestation, birt
HOMEOSTASIS. Body’s ability to maintain relatively
stable internal conditions although the external
environment keep changing
3 components:

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISMS.

REGIONAL TERMS.
Axial Region

 Axis of our body

 Comprise of three parts: head, neck and trunk
Appendicular Region

 Limbs, or appendages
Transverse plane
 Body parts that attached to the axis
- Horizontal plane which divide body into
superior and inferior

TERMS OF MOTION.

BODY PLANES AND SECTIONS.

Sagittal plane
- Vertical plane divide body into right and left
- Sagittal plane that exactly cut in the middle
called midsagittal or median plane.
- Sagittal plane that offset from median line
called parasagittal plane

BODY CAVITY.
Dorsal cavity: protects nervous system
Two subdivisions:

1. Cranial cavity – brain

2. Spinal cavity – spinal cord

Ventral cavity: houses visceral organs

Frontal plane Two subdivisions:
- Vertical line that divide the body to anterior and 1. Thoracic cavity – pleural (lungs), mediastinum
posterior parts (heart, esophagus, trachea, etc)
2. Abdominopelvic cavity – abdominal (stomach,
intestines, spleen, liver, etc); pelvic (bladder,
reproductive system, rectum