URINARY SYSTEM

ANAPHY - LECTURE
URINARY SYSTEM KIDNEY CHARACTERISTICS
- The urinary system is the major excretory - Bilateral retroperitoneal organs
system of the body. - Shape and size:
- Some organs in other systems also eliminate o Bean shaped
wastes, but they are not able to compensate o Weighs 5 ounces (bar of soap or
in the case of kidney failure. size of fist)
- Location:
o Between 12th thoracic and 3rd
lumbar vertebra

KIDNEY STRUCTURE
RENAL CAPSULE:

- Connective tissue around each kidney

- Protects and acts as a barrier
URINARY SYSTEM FUNCTIONS HILIUM:
1. Excretion
2. Regulation of blood volume and blood - Indentation
3. pressure - Contains renal artery, veins, ureter
4. Regulation of blood solute concentration
RENAL SINUS:
5. Regulation of extracellular fluid pH
6. Regulation of red blood cell synthesis - Contains renal pelvis, blood vessels, fat
Regulation of Vitamin D synthesis
RENAL CORTEX:
COMPONENTS OF URINARY SYSTEM
- Outer portion
- Two kidneys
- Two ureters RENAL MEDULLA:
- One urinary bladder - Inner portion
- One urethra
RENAL PYRAMID:

- Junction between cortex and medulla

CALYX:

- Tip of pyramids

RENAL PELVIS:
- Where calyces join
- Narrows to form ureter
k NEPHRON COLLECTING DUCT:

- The nephron is the functional unit of the - Empties into calyces

kidney. Each kidney has over one million - Carry fluid from cortex through medulla
nephrons.
- There are two types of nephrons in the
kidney:
o Juxtamedullary
o Cortical
- Approximately 15% are juxtamedullary
- The nephron includes the renal corpuscle,
proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule
and collecting duct

NEPHRON COMPONENTS
RENAL CORPUSCLE:

- Structure that contains a Bowman’s capsule

and glomerulus

BOWMAN’S CAPSULE:
- Enlarged end of nephron
- Opens into proximal tubule
- Contains podocytes (specialized cells around
glomerular capillaries)

GLOMERULUS:

- Contains capillaries wrapped around it

FILTRATION MEMBRANE:

- In renal corpuscle
- Includes glomerular capillaries, podocytes,
basement membrane

FILTRATE:

- Fluid that passes across filtration membrane

PROXIMAL TUBE:
FLOW OF FILTRATE THROUGH
NEPHRON
- Where filtrate passes first
1. Renal corpuscle Proximal tubule
LOOP OF HENLE: 2. Descending loop of Henle
3. Ascending loop of Henle
- Contains descending and ascending loops
4. Distal tubule
- Water and solutes pass through thin walls by
5. Collecting duct
diffusion
6. Papillary duct
DISTAL TUBULE:

- Structure between Loop of Henle and

collecting duct
BLOOD FLOW THROUGH KIDNEY URINE FORMATION
1. Renal artery Interlobar artery Urine formation involves the three processes:
2. Arcuate artery
3. Interlobular artery - FILTRATION
4. Afferent arteriole o Occurs in the renal corpuscle
5. Glomerulus - REABSORPTION
6. Efferent arteriole o It involves removing substances
7. Peritubular capillaries from the filtrate and placing back
8. Vasa recta into the blood
9. Interlobular vein - SECRETION
10. Arcuate vein o It involves taking substances from
11. Interlobar vein the blood at a nephron area other
than the renal corpuscle and putting
back into the nephron tubule.

URINE FORMATION-FILTRATION
- Movement of water, ions, small molecules
through filtration membrane into Bowman's
capsule
- 19% of plasma becomes filtrate
- 180 Liters of filtrate are produced by the
nephrons each day
- 1% of filtrate (1.8 liters) become urine rest is
reabsorbed
- Only small molecules are able to pass
through filtration membrane
- Formation of filtrate depends on filtration
pressure
- Filtration pressure forces fluid across
filtration membrane
- Filtration pressure is influenced by blood
pressure
URINE FORMATION-REABSORPTION
- 99% of filtrate is reabsorbed and reenters
circulation
- Proximal tubule is primary site for
reabsorption of solutes and water
- Descending Loop of Henle concentrates
filtrate
- Reabsorption of water and solutes from
distal tubule and collecting duct is controlled
by hormones
URINE CONCENTRATION
- The descending limb of the loop of Henle is
a critical site for water reabsorption.
- The filtrate leaving the proximal convoluted
tubule is further concentrated as it passes
 through the descending limb of the loop of RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE
Henle. MECHANISM
- The mechanism for this water reabsorption -
is osmosis. 1. Renin acts on angiotensinogen to
- The renal medulla contains very produce angiotensin I
concentrated interstitial fluid that has large 2. Angiotensin-converting enzyme
amounts of Na+, CI, and urea. converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II
- The wall of the thin segment of the 3. Angiotensin to causes vasoconstriction
descending limb is highly permeable to 4. Angiotensin II acts on adrenal cortex to
water. release aldosterone
- As the filtrate moves through the medulla 5. Aldosterone increases rate of active
transport of Na+ in distal and collecting
containing the highly concentrated
duct
interstitial fluid, water is reabsorbed out of
the nephron by osmosis. The water enters 6. Volume of water in urine decreases
the vasa recta. (It causes low potassium) (↑Water/Renin, ↓Urine)
- The ascending limb of the loop of Henle
dilutes the filtrate by removing solutes ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE
- The thin segment of the ascending limb is MECHANISM
atnot permeable to water, but it is permeable
to solutes 1. ADH is secreted by the posterior pituitary
- Consequently, solutes diffuse out of the gland
nephron 2. ADH acts on kidney, causing then absorb
URINE PRODUCTION-SECRETION more water (decreased urine volume)
3. Result is to maintain a normal blood volume
- Tubular secretion removes some substances and blood pressure
- from the blood.
(↑ADH, ↓Urine)
- These substances include by-products of
metabolism that become toxic in high ATRIAL NATRIURETIC HORMONE
- concentrations and drugs or other molecules
not normally produced by the body. 1. ANH is secreted from cardiac muscle in the
- Tubular secretion occurs through either right atrium of the heart when blood
active or passive mechanisms. pressure increases
- Ammonia secretion is passive. 2. ANH acts on kidneys to decrease NA+
- Secretion of H+, K+, creatinine, histamine, reabsorption
and penicillin is by active transport. 3. Sodium ions remain in nephron to become
- These substances are actively transported urine
into the nephron. 4. Increased loss of sodium and water reduced
- The secretion of H* plays an important role blood volume and blood pressure
in regulating the body fluid pH. (Concentrated Urine - ↑Renin, ↑ADH, ↓ANH)

URINE CONCENTRATION AND URETERS AND URINARY BLADDER

VOLUME REGULATION URETERS:
Three major hormonal mechanisms are involved in - Small tubes that carry urine from renal
regulating urine concentration and volume: pelvis of kidney to bladder
1. Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone URINARY BLADDER:
2. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
3. Atrial Natriuretic Hormone (ANH) - In pelvic cavity
- Stores urine
- Can hold a few ml to a maximum of 1000
milliliters
 URETHRA
- Tube that exits bladder
- Carries urine from urinary bladder to outside
of body
URINE MOVEMENT
MICTURITION REFLEX:
- Activated by stretch of urinary bladder wall
- Action potentials are conducted from
bladder to spinal cord through pelvic nerves
- Parasympathetic action potentials cause
bladder to contract
- Stretching of bladder stimulates sensory
neurons to inform brain person needs to
urinate
BODY FLUID COMPARTMENTS
- The intracellular fluid compartment
includes the fluid inside all the cells of the
body.
- Approximately two-thirds of all the water in
the body is in the intracellular fluid
compartment.
- The extracellular fluid compartment
includes all the fluid outside the cells.
- The extracellular fluid compartment
includes, interstitial fluid, plasma, lymph,
and other special fluids, such as joint fluid,
and cerebrospinal fluid.
- Intracellular fluid: Water
- Extracellular fluid: Lymphatic, Interstitial,
Intravascular (smallest amount)
COMPOSITION OF FLUIDS
- Intracellular fluid contains relatively high
concentration of ions such as 𝐾 + ,
magnesium (𝑀𝑔2+), phosphate (𝑃𝑂4 3− ), and
sulfate (𝑆𝑂4 2−), compared to the
extracellular fluid.
- It has a lower concentration of 𝑁𝑎+ , 𝐶𝑎2 + ,
𝐶𝑙− , and 𝐻𝐶𝑂3 − than does the extracellular
fluid.
EXCHANGE BETWEEN FLUID
COMPARTMENTS
- The cell membranes that separate the body
fluid compartments are selectively
permeable.
- Water continually passes through them, but
ions dissolved in the water do not readily
pass through the cell membrane.
- Water movement is regulated mainly by
hydrostatic pressure differences and osmotic
differences between the compartments.
- Osmosis controls the movement of water
between the intracellular and extracellular
spaces.
REGULATION OF EXTRACELLULAR
FLUID COMPOSITION
- Thirst Regulation
- Ion Concentration Regulation
THIRST REGULATION
- Water intake is controlled by the thirst center
located in the hypothalamus
- When the concentration of ions in the blood
- increases, it stimulates the thirst center to
cause thirst
- When water is consumed, the concentrations
of blood ions decreases, due to a dilution
effect; this causes the sensation of thirst to
decrease
- (RELATED TO SOLUTE/SODIUM
CONCENTARTION) (HIGH SODIUM
TRIGGERS THIRST)
ION CONCENTRATION REGULATION
- Regulating the concentrations of positively
charged ions, such as Na+, K+, and Ca2+, in
the body fluids is particularly important.
- Action potentials, muscle contraction, and
normal cell membrane permeability depend
on the maintenance of a narrow range of
these concentrations.
- Negatively charged ions, such as CI, are
secondarily regulated by the mechanisms
that control the positively charged ions.
- The negatively charged ions are attracted to
the positively charged ions; when the
positively charged ions are transported, the
negatively charged ions move with them.
SODIUM IONS
- Sodium ions (Na+) are the dominant ions in
the extracellular fluid.
- About 90 to 95% of the osmotic pressure of
the extracellular fluid results from sodium
 ions and from the negative ions associated
with them.
- Stimuli that control aldosterone secretion
influence the reabsorption of Na+ from
nephrons of the kidneys and the total amount
of Na+ in the body fluids.
- Sodium ions are also excreted in sweat.
POTASSIUM IONS
- Electrically excitable tissues, such as
muscles and nerves, are highly sensitive to
slight changes in the extracellular K+
concentration.
- The extracellular concentration of K+ must
be maintained within a narrow range for
these tissues to function normally.
- Aldosterone plays a major role in regulating
the concentration of K+ in the extracellular
fluid.
CALCIUM IONS
- The extracellular concentration of Ca2+ is
maintained within a narrow range.
- Increases and decreases in the extracellular
concentration of Ca2+ have dramatic effects
on the electrical properties of excitable
tissues
- Parathyroid hormone (PTH), secreted by
the parathyroid glands, increases
extracellular Ca2+concentrations.
- Calcitonin reduces the blood Ca2+
concentration when it is too high.
PHOSPHATE AND SULFATE IONS
- Some ions, such as phosphate ions
(𝑃𝑂4 3− )and sulfate ions (𝑆𝑂4 2−), are
reabsorbed by active transport in the
kidneys.
- The rate of reabsorption is slow, so that if
the concentration of these ions in the filtrate
exceeds the nephron's ability to reabsorb
them, the excess is excreted into the urine.
- As long as the concentration of these ions is
low, nearly all of them are reabsorbed by
active transport.
REGULATION OF ACID-BASE
BALANCE
BUFFERS:
- Chemicals resist change in pH of a solution
- Buffers in body contain salts of weak acids
or bases that combine with H+
- Three classes of buffers: proteins, phosphate
buffer, bicarbonate buffer
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM INVOLVEMENT IN
ACID-BASE:
- Responds rapidly to changes in pH
- Increased respiratory rate raises blood pH
(more alkalotic) due to increased rate of
carbon dioxide elimination from the body
- Reduced respiratory rate reduces pH (more
acidic) due to decreased rate of carbon
dioxide elimination from the body
KIDNEY INVOLVEMENT IN ACID-BASE:
- Nephrons secrete H+ into urine and directly
regulate pH of body fluids
- More H+ secretion if the pH is decreasing
and less H+ secretion if pH is increasing
ACIDOSIS AND ALKALOSIS
ACIDOSIS:
- Occurs when pH of blood falls below 7.35
- There are two types of acidosis based upon
the cause: respiratory and metabolic
ALKALOSIS:
- Occurs when the pH of blood increases
above 7.45
- There are two types of alkalosis based upon
the cause: respiratory and metabolic
NORMAL pH OF BLOOD:
- 7.35 – 7.45
PERFECTLY NORMAL:
- 7.4