Henle that do not extend deep into the

URINARY SYSTEM -
medulla
Contains Renal corpuscle, Proximal
convoluted tubule, Loop of Henle, Distal
- Consists of 2 kidneys, 2 ureters, urinary convoluted tubule
bladder, and the urethra.  Renal Corpuscle- structure that contains a
- Major excretory system of the body bowman’s capsule and glomerulus
- Some organs in other system also eliminate  Bowman’s capsule – consists of the enlarged
waste, but the are not able to compensate in end of the nephron; open into proximal
the case of kidney failure tubule; contains podocytes
 Podocytes – inner layer of Bowman’s capsule
FUNCTIONS that consists of specialized cells
 Glomerulus – tuft of capillaries that
1. Excretion resembles a ball of yarn; lies within the
2. Regulation of blood volume and blood indentation of Bowman’s capsule
pressure.  Collecting duct – carries the fluid from the
3. Regulation of the concentration of cortex through the medulla
solutes in the blood.  Distal duct- structure between loop of henle
4. Regulation of red blood cell synthesis and collecting duct
5. Regulation of RBC synthesis.  Papillary duct – empty their contents into a
6. Regulation of vit. D synthesis. calyx
 Filtration membrane – formed by glomerular
ANATOMY OF THE KIDNEYS capillaries, basement membrane, and
podocytes
Kidneys  Filtrate – the fluid that passes across the
filtration membrane
– bilateral retroperitoneal organs  Proximal tubule- where filtrates passes first
– bean-shaped organs; weight 5 onces  Loop of henle- contains descending and
– Loc: between 12th thorasic and 3rd ascending loops; water and solutes pass
lumbar vertebra through thin walls by diffusion
- Renal capsule – CT that surround each
kidney FLOW OF FILTRATE THROUGH NEPHRON
- Hilum – where and contains renal artery,
veins, ureter and nerves enter 1. renal corpuscle
- Renal sinus – cavity that contains renal pelvis, 2. proximal tubule
fat, and blood vessels 3. descending loop of henle
- Cortex (outer) Medulla (inner) – surround the 4. ascending loop of henle
renal sinus 5. distal tubule
- Renal pyramids – located bet. the cortex & 6. collecting duct
medulla 7. papillary duct
- Calyx – funnel-shaped structure that
surround the tip of each pyramid BLOOD FLOW THROUGH KIDNEY
- Renal pelvis – formed by calyces into a larger
funnel 1. renal artery
- Ureter – exits the kidney and connects to the 2. interlobar artery
urinary bladder 3. arculate artery
4. interlobular artery
Nephron – functional unit of the kidney; has over 5. afferent arteriole
1 million nephrons 6. glomerulus
7. efferent arteriole
• Juxtamedullary nephrons (15%) – have 8. peritubular capillaries
loops of Henle that extend deep into the 9. vasa recta
medulla 10. interlobular vein
• Cortical nephrons (85%) – have loops of 11. arcuate vein
 12. interlobar vein 2. TUBULAR REABSORPTION
-
- Renal arteries – branch off the abdominal - Movement of substances from the
aorta and enter the kidneys filtrate across the wall of the nephrons
- Interlobar arteries – pass bet. the renal back into the blood of the peritubular
pyramids Arcuate arteries – arch bet. the capillaries
cortex and the medulla - It involves removing substances from
- Interlobular arteries – branch off the arcuate the filtrate and placing back into the
arteries and project into the cortex blood
- Afferent arterioles – arise form branches of
the interlobular arteries and extend to the Urinary formation- reabsorption
glomerular capillaries
- Efferent arterioles – extend from the - 99% of filtrate is reabsorbed and
glomerular capillaries reenters circulation
- Peritubular capillaries – surround the - Proximal tubule is primary site for
proximal convoluted and distal convoluted reabsorption of solute and water
tubules and the loops of Henle - Descending loop of henle concentration
- - Reabsorption of water and solute from
- distal tubule and collecting duct is
- Vasa recta – specialized portions of the controlled by hormones
peritubular capillaries that extend deep into
the medulla
- Juxtaglomerular apparatus – formed where
the distal convoluted tubule comes in
contact with the afferent arteriole next to BC
3. TUBULAR SECRETION
URINE FORMATION
- Active transport of solutes across the
1. FILTRATION nephron walls into the filtrate
- Involves taking substance from the
- Filtration pressure – forces fluid from the blood at a nephron area other than the
glomerular capillary across the FM into renal corpuscle and putting back into
the BC the nephron tubule
- Glomerular capillary pressure – BP in the
glomerular capillary Urinary formation- secretion
- Capsular pressure – pressure of filtrate
already inside the BC - Tubular secretion removes some
- Colloid osmotic pressure – pressure of substance from the blood
filtrate within the glomerular capillary - These substance include by products of
Regulation of Filtration metabolism that become toxic in high
- Cardiovascular shock – the filtration concentration and drugs or other
pressure and filtrate formation fall molecules not normally produced by the
dramatically body
- Tubular secretion occurs through either
Urinary formation- filtration active or passive mechanism
- Ammonia secretion is passive
- Only small molecules are able to pass - Secretion of H+, K+, creatinine,
through filtration membrane histamine and penicillin by active
- Formation of filtrate depends on transport
filtration pressure - These substance are active transport
- Filtration pressure forces fluid across into the nephron
filtration membrane - The secretion of H+ plays important role
- Filtration pressure is influenced by blood in regulating the body fluid pH
pressure
 outside all the cells in the body
- Composition of the Fluid in the BFC
REGULATION OF URINE CONCENTRATION AND - Intracellular fluid – contains more K, Mg,
VOLUME PO4, SO4, protein,
- Extracellular fluid – contains more Na, Ca, Cl,
Hormonal Mechanism Renin-Angiotensin- HCO3
Aldosterone-Mechanism - Exchange bet. BFC- Water moves continually
bet. compartments I response to hydrostatic
- Renin is secreted from the kidney when pressure differences and osmotic differences
blood pressure decreases bet. the compartments
- Renin converts angiotensinogen to
angiotensin I; then converted to REGULATION OF EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
angiotensinogen II; which stimulates COMPOSITION
aldosterone
- Aldosterone increases Na+ and Cl+ Thirst Regulation
reabsorption from the nephron
- Blood concentration increases = thirst
Antidiuretic Hormone Mechanism center initiates sensation of thirst
- When water is consumed, blood
- Secreted from the posterior pituitary concentration increases = thirst
when blood concentration increases / sensation decreases
blood pressure decreases - Blood pressure decreases = thirst
- Increases the permeability to water of sensation is triggered
the distal convoluted tubules and - Consumption of water = increases blood
collecting ducts volume + allows blood pressure to
- Increases water reabsorption by the increase
kidney Atrial Natriuretic Hormone • Thirst center – neurons in the
- Secreted from the RA in response to hypothalamus that control water intake
increased blood pressure • Thirst – one of the important means of
- Acts on the kidney to increase Na+ & regulating ECF volume and concentration
water loss in the urine
Ion Concentration Regulation

- negative charge ions, such as Cl-, are

URINE MOVEMENT secondarily regulate by mechanism that
control the positively charge ions
- Ureters – small tubes that carry urine from - the negative charged ion are attracted
pelvis of kidney to bladder to the positively charge ion; when
- Urinary bladder – hollow muscular container positively charge ion are transported,
that stores urine; can hold a few to a then negatively charged ions move with
maximum of 1000 mL them.
- Urethra – tube that carries urine form the
urinary bladder to the outside of the body Sodium ions are dominant extracellular ions
- Internal urinary sphincter (males) – smooth
muscle at the junction of the urinary bladder - Aldosterone increases Na+ reabsorption
and urethra from filtrate
- External urinary sphincter (males + females) - ADH increases water reabsorption from
– skeletal muscle that surrounds the urethra the nephron
- Micturition Reflex- activated by stretch of the - ANH increases Na+ loss in urine
urinary bladder wall - About 90-95% of the osmotic pressure
- BODY FLUID COMPARTMENTS of the extracellular fluid result from
- Intracellular fluid compartment – fluid inside sodium ions and from the negative ions
all the cells in the body associate with them
- Extracellular fluid compartment – fluid - Excreted in sweat
Aldosterone increases K+ secretion in urine unable to eliminate adequate amounts
of CO2
- Increased blood levels of K+ stimulate - Metabolic acidosis – excess production
- Decreased blood levels of K+ inhibit of acidic substances (lactic acid + ketone
bodies)
PTH increases extracellular Ca2+ levels - Alkalosis – occurs when blood pH
increases above 7.45
- Causes bone resorption - Respiratory alkalosis – results from
- Increases Ca2+ uptake in the kidney hyperventilation in response to stress
- Metabolic alkalosis – results from rapid
PTH increases vit. D synthesis elimination of H+ from body

Calcitonin (thyroid gland)

- Inhibits bone resorption

- Lowers blood Ca2+ levels

Phosphate + Sulfate Ions

- When levels are low in the filtrate =

ions are reabsorbed

- When levels are high = excess is lost in

the urine

REGULATION OF ACID-BASE BALANCE

Buffers

- Resist changes in the pH;

- Proteins, phosphate buffer system,
bicarbonate buffer system

Respiratory System

- Increase respiratory rate raises pH =

rate of CO2 elimination is increased

- Reduced respiratory rate = reduces

pH (CO2 elimination is reduced)

Kidneys

- Excrete H+ in response to
decreasing blood pH
- Reabsorb H+ in response to an
increasing blood pH

Acidosis and Alkalosis

- Acidosis – occurs when blood pH falls

below 7.35
- Respiratory acidosis – respiratory is