Henle that do not extend deep into the

URINARY SYSTEM -
medulla
Contains Renal corpuscle, Proximal
convoluted tubule, Loop of Henle, Distal
- Consists of 2 kidneys, 2 ureters, urinary convoluted tubule
bladder, and the urethra.  Renal Corpuscle- structure that contains a
- Major excretory system of the body bowman’s capsule and glomerulus
- Some organs in other system also eliminate  Bowman’s capsule – consists of the enlarged
waste, but the are not able to compensate in end of the nephron; open into proximal
the case of kidney failure tubule; contains podocytes
 Podocytes – inner layer of Bowman’s capsule
FUNCTIONS that consists of specialized cells
 Glomerulus – tuft of capillaries that
1. Excretion resembles a ball of yarn; lies within the
2. Regulation of blood volume and blood indentation of Bowman’s capsule
pressure.  Collecting duct – carries the fluid from the
3. Regulation of the concentration of cortex through the medulla
solutes in the blood.  Distal duct- structure between loop of henle
4. Regulation of red blood cell synthesis and collecting duct
5. Regulation of RBC synthesis.  Papillary duct – empty their contents into a
6. Regulation of vit. D synthesis. calyx
 Filtration membrane – formed by glomerular
ANATOMY OF THE KIDNEYS capillaries, basement membrane, and
podocytes
Kidneys  Filtrate – the fluid that passes across the
filtration membrane
– bilateral retroperitoneal organs  Proximal tubule- where filtrates passes first
– bean-shaped organs; weight 5 onces  Loop of henle- contains descending and
– Loc: between 12th thorasic and 3rd ascending loops; water and solutes pass
lumbar vertebra through thin walls by diffusion
- Renal capsule – CT that surround each
kidney FLOW OF FILTRATE THROUGH NEPHRON
- Hilum – where and contains renal artery,
veins, ureter and nerves enter 1. renal corpuscle
- Renal sinus – cavity that contains renal pelvis, 2. proximal tubule
fat, and blood vessels 3. descending loop of henle
- Cortex (outer) Medulla (inner) – surround the 4. ascending loop of henle
renal sinus 5. distal tubule
- Renal pyramids – located bet. the cortex & 6. collecting duct
medulla 7. papillary duct
- Calyx – funnel-shaped structure that
surround the tip of each pyramid BLOOD FLOW THROUGH KIDNEY
- Renal pelvis – formed by calyces into a larger
funnel 1. renal artery
- Ureter – exits the kidney and connects to the 2. interlobar artery
urinary bladder 3. arculate artery
4. interlobular artery
Nephron – functional unit of the kidney; has over 5. afferent arteriole
1 million nephrons 6. glomerulus
7. efferent arteriole
• Juxtamedullary nephrons (15%) – have 8. peritubular capillaries
loops of Henle that extend deep into the 9. vasa recta
medulla 10. interlobular vein
• Cortical nephrons (85%) – have loops of 11. arcuate vein
 12. interlobar vein
-
- Renal arteries – branch off the abdominal
aorta and enter the kidneys
- Interlobar arteries – pass bet. the renal
pyramids Arcuate arteries – arch bet. the
cortex and the medulla
- Interlobular arteries – branch off the arcuate
arteries and project into the cortex
- Afferent arterioles – arise form branches of
the interlobular arteries and extend to the
glomerular capillaries
- Efferent arterioles – extend from the
glomerular capillaries
- Peritubular capillaries – surround the
proximal convoluted and distal convoluted
tubules and the loops of Henle
- -
- distal tubule and collecting duct is
- Vasa recta – specialized portions of the
peritubular capillaries that extend deep into
the medulla
- Juxtaglomerular apparatus – formed where
the distal convoluted tubule comes in
contact with the afferent arteriole next to BC
URINE FORMATION
1. FILTRATION
- Filtration pressure – forces fluid from the
glomerular capillary across the FM into
the BC
- Glomerular capillary pressure – BP in the
glomerular capillary
- Capsular pressure – pressure of filtrate
already inside the BC
- Colloid osmotic pressure – pressure of
filtrate within the glomerular capillary
Regulation of Filtration
- Cardiovascular shock – the filtration
pressure and filtrate formation fall
dramatically
Urinary formation- filtration
- Only small molecules are able to pass
through filtration membrane
- Formation of filtrate depends on
filtration pressure
- Filtration pressure forces fluid across
filtration membrane
- Filtration pressure is influenced by blood
pressure
2. TUBULAR REABSORPTION
- Movement of substances from the
filtrate across the wall of the nephrons
back into the blood of the peritubular
capillaries
- It involves removing substances from
the filtrate and placing back into the
blood
Urinary formation- reabsorption
- 99% of filtrate is reabsorbed and
reenters circulation
- Proximal tubule is primary site for
reabsorption of solute and water
- Descending loop of henle concentration
Reabsorption of water and solute from
controlled by hormones
3. TUBULAR SECRETION
- Active transport of solutes across the
nephron walls into the filtrate
- Involves taking substance from the
blood at a nephron area other than the
renal corpuscle and putting back into
the nephron tubule
Urinary formation- secretion
- Tubular secretion removes some
substance from the blood
- These substance include by products of
metabolism that become toxic in high
concentration and drugs or other
molecules not normally produced by the
body
- Tubular secretion occurs through either
active or passive mechanism
- Ammonia secretion is passive
- Secretion of H+, K+, creatinine,
histamine and penicillin by active
transport
- These substance are active transport
into the nephron
- The secretion of H+ plays important role
in regulating the body fluid pH

REGULATION OF URINE CONCENTRATION AND
VOLUME
Hormonal Mechanism Renin-Angiotensin-
Aldosterone-Mechanism
- Renin is secreted from the kidney when
blood pressure decreases
- Renin converts angiotensinogen to
angiotensin I; then converted to
angiotensinogen II; which stimulates
aldosterone
- Aldosterone increases Na+ and Cl+
reabsorption from the nephron
Antidiuretic Hormone Mechanism
- Secreted from the posterior pituitary
when blood concentration increases /
blood pressure decreases
- Increases the permeability to water of
the distal convoluted tubules and
collecting ducts
- Increases water reabsorption by the
kidney Atrial Natriuretic Hormone
- Secreted from the RA in response to
increased blood pressure
- Acts on the kidney to increase Na+ &
water loss in the urine
URINE MOVEMENT
- Ureters – small tubes that carry urine from
pelvis of kidney to bladder
- Urinary bladder – hollow muscular container
that stores urine; can hold a few to a
maximum of 1000 mL
- Urethra – tube that carries urine form the
urinary bladder to the outside of the body
- Internal urinary sphincter (males) – smooth
muscle at the junction of the urinary bladder
and urethra
- External urinary sphincter (males + females)
– skeletal muscle that surrounds the urethra
- Micturition Reflex- activated by stretch of the
urinary bladder wall
- BODY FLUID COMPARTMENTS
- Intracellular fluid compartment – fluid inside
all the cells in the body
- Extracellular fluid compartment – fluid
outside all the cells in the body
- Composition of the Fluid in the BFC
- Intracellular fluid – contains more K, Mg,
PO4, SO4, protein,
- Extracellular fluid – contains more Na, Ca, Cl,
HCO3
- Exchange bet. BFC- Water moves continually
bet. compartments I response to hydrostatic
pressure differences and osmotic differences
bet. the compartments
REGULATION OF EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
COMPOSITION
Thirst Regulation
- Blood concentration increases = thirst
center initiates sensation of thirst
- When water is consumed, blood
concentration increases = thirst
sensation decreases
- Blood pressure decreases = thirst
sensation is triggered
- Consumption of water = increases blood
volume + allows blood pressure to
increase
• Thirst center – neurons in the
hypothalamus that control water intake
• Thirst – one of the important means of
regulating ECF volume and concentration
Ion Concentration Regulation
- negative charge ions, such as Cl-, are
secondarily regulate by mechanism that
control the positively charge ions
- the negative charged ion are attracted
to the positively charge ion; when
positively charge ion are transported,
then negatively charged ions move with
them.
Sodium ions are dominant extracellular ions
- Aldosterone increases Na+ reabsorption
from filtrate
- ADH increases water reabsorption from
the nephron
- ANH increases Na+ loss in urine
- About 90-95% of the osmotic pressure
of the extracellular fluid result from
sodium ions and from the negative ions
associate with them
- Excreted in sweat
Aldosterone increases K+ secretion in urine
- Increased blood levels of K+ stimulate
- Decreased blood levels of K+ inhibit
PTH increases extracellular Ca2+ levels
- Causes bone resorption
- Increases Ca2+ uptake in the kidney
PTH increases vit. D synthesis
unable to eliminate adequate amounts
of CO2
- Metabolic acidosis – excess production
of acidic substances (lactic acid + ketone
bodies)
- Alkalosis – occurs when blood pH
increases above 7.45
- Respiratory alkalosis – results from
hyperventilation in response to stress
- Metabolic alkalosis – results from rapid
elimination of H+ from body

Calcitonin (thyroid gland)

- Inhibits bone resorption

- Lowers blood Ca2+ levels

Phosphate + Sulfate Ions

- When levels are low in the filtrate =

ions are reabsorbed

- When levels are high = excess is lost in

the urine

REGULATION OF ACID-BASE BALANCE

Buffers

- Resist changes in the pH;

- Proteins, phosphate buffer system,
bicarbonate buffer system

Respiratory System

- Increase respiratory rate raises pH =

rate of CO2 elimination is increased

- Reduced respiratory rate = reduces

pH (CO2 elimination is reduced)

Kidneys

- Excrete H+ in response to
decreasing blood pH
- Reabsorb H+ in response to an
increasing blood pH

Acidosis and Alkalosis

- Acidosis – occurs when blood pH falls

below 7.35
- Respiratory acidosis – respiratory is