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URINARY SYSTEM
URINARYSYSTEM nerves enter Renal sinus – cavity that
▪ Consists of 2 kidneys, 2 ureters, contains blood
urinary bladder, and the urethra. vessels
Cortex (outer) Medulla (inner) – surround
the renal sinus
Renal pyramids – located bet. the cortex &
medulla
Calyx – funnel-shaped structure that
surround the tip of each pyramid Renal
pelvis – formed by calyces into a
larger funnel
Ureter – exits the kidney and connects to
the urinary bladder
Nephron – functional unit of the kidney
 Renal corpuscle - structure that
contains a Bowman’s capsule and
FUNCTIONS
glomerulus
1. Excretion
→ Bowman’s capsule:
2. Regulation of blood volume +
enlarged end of
pressure.
nephron; opens into
3. Regulation of the concentration of
proximal tubule;
solutes in the blood.
contains podocytes
4. Regulation of RBC synthesis.
(specialized cells
5. Regulation of vit. D synthesis.
around glomerular
ANATOMY OF THE KIDNEYS
capillaries)
→ Glomerulus: contains
Kidneys –
capillaries wrapped
beanshaped
around it
organs; size of a
 Proximal convoluted tubule
tightly clenched
fist (5 oz)  Loop of Henle

Renal capsule -  Distal convoluted tubule

CT that surround
each kidney
Hilum – where the
renal artery and
Collecting duct – carries the fluid from the
cortex through the medulla Papillary duct –
empty their contents into a calyx
Juxtamedullary nephrons (15%) – have
loops of Henle that extend deep into the
medulla
Cortical nephrons (85%) – have loops of
Henle that do not extend deep into the
medulla
Bowman’s capsule – consists of the enlarged
end of the nephron
Glomerulus – tuft of capillaries that
resembles a ball of yarn; lies within the
indentation of Bowman’s capsule Podocytes
– inner layer of Bowman’s
capsule that consists of specialized cells
Filtration membrane – formed by
glomerular capillaries, basement
membrane, and podocytes of BC
Filtrate – the fluid that passes across the
filtration membrane
Arteries and Veins
Renal arteries – branch off the abdominal
aorta and enter the kidneys Interlobar
arteries – pass bet. the renal
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pyramids
Arcuate arteries – arch bet. the cortex and
the medulla
Interlobular arteries – branch off the
arcuate arteries and project into the
cortex Afferent arterioles – arise form
branches of the interlobular arteries
and extend to the glomerular capillaries
Efferent arterioles – extend from the
glomerular capillaries
Peritubular capillaries – surround the
proximal convoluted and
distal convoluted tubules and the loops
of Henle Vasa recta – specialized portions
of the peritubular capillaries that extend
deep into the medulla
Juxtaglomerular apparatus – formed
where the distal convoluted tubule comes
in contact with the afferent arteriole next
to BC
FLOW OF FILTRATE THROUGH Filtration pressure – forces fluid from the
NEPHRON glomerular capillary across the FM into the
1. Renal corpuscle BC
2. Proximal tubule Glomerular capillary pressure – BP in the
3. Descending loop of Henle glomerular capillary
4. Ascending loop of Henle Capsular pressure – pressure of filtrate
5. Distal tubule already inside the BC
6. Collecting duct Colloid osmotic pressure – pressure of
filtrate within the glomerular capillary
7. Calyx
Regulation of Filtration
8. Renal pelvis
Cardiovascular shock – the filtration
9. Ureter
pressure and filtrate formation fall
BLOOD FLOW THROUGH KIDNEYS
dramatically
1. Renal artery
2. Interlobal artery
3. Arcuate artery
4. Interlobular artery
5. Afferent arteriole
6. Glomerulus
7. Efferent ateriole
8. Peritubular capillaries
9. Vasa recta
10. Interlobular vein
11. Arcuate vein
12. Interlobar vein

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URINE FORMATION
1.FILTRATION
▪ Movement of water, ions, and small
molecules through the FM
into the BC
▪ 19% of plasma becomes filtrate
▪ 180 Liters of filtrate are produced by
the nephrons each day
▪ 1% of filtrate (1.8 L) become urine
rest is reabsorbed
2. TUBULAR REABSORPTION
▪ Movement of substances from the
filtrate across the wall of the
nephrons back into the blood of
the peritubular capillaries
▪ 99% of filtrate is reabsorbed and
reenters circulation
▪ Proximal tu bule is primary site
for reabsorption of solutes and
water
 ▪ Descending Loopof Henle
concentrates filtrate
▪ Reabsorption of water and
solutes from distal tubule and
collecting duct is controlled by
hormones
3. TUBULAR SECRETION
Active transport of solutes across the
nephron walls into the filtrate Ureters:
small tubes that carry urine from renal
pelvis of kidney to bladder Urinary
REGULATION OF URINE
bladder:
CONCENTRATION AND VOLUME
- in pelvic cavity
- stores urine Hormonal Mechanism
- can hold a few ml to a max. of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone-
1000 ml Mechanism
Urethra: ▪ Renin is secreted from the kidney
- tube that exits bladder when blood pressure decreases
- carries urine from urinary ▪ Renin converts angiotensinogen
bladder to outside of to angiotensin I; then converted to
body ▪ hormones angiotensinogen II; which
3. TUBULAR SECRETION stimulates aldosterone
Active transport of solutes across the ▪ Aldosterone increases Na+ and
nephron walls into the filtrate Ureters: Cl+ reabsorption from the
small tubes that carry urine from renal nephron
pelvis of kidney to bladder Urinary
bladder:
- in pelvic cavity
- stores urine
- can hold a few ml to a max. of
1000 ml Urethra:
- tube that exits bladder
- carries urine from urinary
bladder to outside of body

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Antidiuretic Hormone Mechanism
▪ Secreted from the posterior
pituitary when blood
concentration increases /
blood pressure decreases
 ▪ Increases the permeability to
water of the distal convoluted
tubules and collecting ducts
▪ Increases water reabsorption
by the kidney
Atrial Natriuretic Hormone
▪ Secreted from the RA in response
to increased blood pressure
▪ Acts on the kidney to increase Na+
& water loss in the urine
URINE MOVEMENT
Anatomy and Histology of the Ureters,
Urinary Bladder, and Urethra
Ureters – small tubes that carry urine
Urinary bladder – hollow muscular
container that stores urine Urethra –
tube that carries urine form the urinary
bladder to the outside of the body
Internal urinary sphincter (males) –
smooth muscle at the junction of the
urinary bladder and urethra
External urinary sphincter (males + females)
– skeletal muscle that surrounds
the urethra
Micturition Reflex
▪ Activated by stretch of the urinary
bladder wall
BODY FLUID COMPARTMENTS
Intracellular fluid compartment – fluid
inside all the cells in the body
Extracellular fluid compartment – fluid
outside all the cells in the body
Composition of the Fluid in the BFC
Intracellular fluid – contains more K, Mg,
PO4, SO4, protein,
Extracellular fluid – contains more Na,
Ca, Cl, HCO3
Exchange bet. BFC
▪ Water moves continually bet.
compartments I response to
hydrostatic pressure differences
and osmotic differences bet. the
compartments
REGULATION OF
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
COMPOSITION
Thirst Regulation
▪ Blood concentration increases =
thirst center initiates sensation of
thirst
When water is consumed, blood
concentration increases = thirst sensation
▪ decreases
▪ Blood pressure decreases = thirst
sensation is triggered
▪ Consumption of water = increases
blood volume + allows blood
pressure to increase
Thirst center – neurons in the
hypothalamus that control water intake
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Thirst – one of the important means of
regulating ECF volume and concentration
  ANH increases Na+ loss in
urine
▪ Aldosterone increases K+ secretion
in urine
 Increased blood levels of
K+stimulate
 Decreased blood levels of
K+ inhibit

▪ PTH increases extracellular Ca2+

Ion Concentration Regulation
levels
▪ Sodium ions are dominant  Causes bone resorption
extracellular ions  Increases Ca2+ uptake in
 Aldosterone increases Na+ the kidney
reabsorption ▪ PTH increases vit. D synthesis
from filtrate ▪ Calcitonin (thyroid gland)
 ADH increases water  Inhibits bone resorption
reabsorption from  Lowers blood Ca2+ levels
the nephron ▪ Phosphate + Sulfate Ions
 When levels are low in the
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filtrate = ions are

reabsorbed
 When levels are high = excess is
lost in the urine
REGULATION OF ACID-BASE
BALANCE
Buffers
▪ Resist changes in the pH;
▪ Proteins, phosphate buffer system, bicarbonate
buffer
system
Respiratory System

▪ Increase respiratory rate raises pH

= rate of CO2 elimination is
increased
▪ Reduced respiratory rate =
reduces pH (CO2 elimination is
reduced)
Kidneys

▪ Excrete H+ in response
to decreasing blood pH
▪ Reabsorb H+ in response to an increasing
blood Ph
Acidosis and Alkalosis
Acidosis – occurs when blood pH falls below 7.35
 Respiratory acidosis –
respiratory is unable to eliminate
adequate amounts of CO2
 Metabolic acidosis –
excess production of acidic
substances (lactic acid + ketone bodies)
Alkalosis – occurs when blood pH
increases above 7.45
 Respiratory alkalosis – results from
hyperventilation in response to stress
Metabolic alkalosis – results from
rapid elimination of H+ from body