Date

Poge No.

Perilburtiom eaD-
The ineaeigal elbciky polential ad
Congponenk ecyu
in aa NiSuazed a e plua
be
an àncemen n veloakq PoSikne OY
neaakive Smiloely 4Rey Component d
NelacikyV an e Visuazeol
inCxaamenk ilee eaua ungaimla
Ja Componen iafe -diveokion
Theaei0emeaks Glad penkua Bakiong
V0

lhae
4f panhabalicn velochiea

elociky pokenia)
POakuah
botion Nelocy Peatre
 Dato

Page No,

Llheoe 0.
Rence damenk.ale

x2 Oy?

Doic Nelbak oenk Cacalio

- 4)a
a x x

GhaL.le he aluea in above auaion

& MDkplgioa

Ox2 Oy2

ay azau0

This 1 pCattbohoq yelbchu

Poen.al sokog
 Date

Page No.

knou he edeaa eaioq

a u U2
- 2 2

Ae Lnas u y+üla

(Vau+a+0
2 - 2
-

no Re ue a s0a
Re e by a

L-M 200-M )
x No 2 2 Vdx

M -)Ó9.0
Nob 2 V 2

+0
Na

alende
Gmall
ady
angle atock
 Pags He

o 1 malCaopauiing oM50
Va N
Foy O4 Ma 0 . oY M 2
M ) is Smol

Comp.aain9-

Ma ) ú 9 9mal
Vob

Mod Voo
O
Jo

1-M 3 . 0 o

Peouabckicn seloaky poten

Lingo1 paaho demenb.d equak1og

Small Pantuorahon Ra bodes 1f small.angde

Sbaonic & SupSonic Mach rutöen
 Date
Page No.

Alon- Uineo91 Compyes6fla o e

ASSumpkiong

slaady
InviGcid
Tvoationd)
iv) Reveoaible n o sPiae
Adiahobic e
We Vno

dp= a Spea a Sourd

de

Conkinui e
O+V (e)=o

o sledu 20 3o

aleu) al
LOe product ve

e Qy + u de
 Date
Page No

Ov de y Oe
+u

dp dde

LLL
OP

e du u 2P y OP o
2 0y

e u u OPy OP
ay

Tavde elen aualion

dp-evdy
ed
ce-e d (ée
 Date

Page No.

de-e
d[v2
de- e 2udu 2Pvdv
2

de-eudu-e dv
denath
aP
dz
-eu a e dv
Ox

dp -eudu ey v
Oy
oooe ia O

e
ueuau -evavtv -euu-evev
a

-euau-euy dv - euv e? y
 Date
Page No,

20

e faue ue ivotaion
- t o replace ay

2 Cv
 258 Gas Dynamics
flow
ofEq.
(7.28)
makes

s u p e r s o n i c
the transonic

flow problems. roblems muchch morne

all terms are positive) for
are positive
n o n l i n e a r i t y

or
The
difficult
than
s u b s o n i c

(7.27)
is elliptic
(i.e.
positive)
terms
for M>1.But
t
inM<1
both the and h
This isth
advantage of Ecases, t
Equation are
terms
all linear.
not is
bolic (i.e.
governing
differential
equation

erturbation the
perturbation
theory
(72
E X A M P L E
7.1
Show
hat with
that
small
assumption
-1-D:
2
a

will reduce to

-1-7-1) M-
(7.16),.
Solution By Eq.

a 2
along x, V and
components
directions
-

the main veloCity

where , V, are
ontioon &at (E.)no
small perturbation
theory,
By odl 1obu wolt aino
. V t u, Vy =V, V W N w bes

the perturbation
velocities along along x, y and z directione
where u, vand w are
are very small compared
to V rodi notougs
Also, , v and w notu
have
Substituting these in
to Eq. (7.16), we

1-DM+++)

otesipolth
Neglecting v and w being small, this reduces to
mber

- 1 - y +2u +u
2
) rouepl ang
Maodw ylnobiles
gue b a s oiaoadie

Butis very small, therefore,

 Potential Equation for Compressible Flow
tbrsd-1rlair od

a
a =1- (Y-1) M2V
2 oo

2
-1-7-1) 1)M U

V
oo
o09e ait sribae

LE 7 2
 tslevi2et ewoit stdtep

8 Similarity Rule rtb woll ah gnole zio

wod

wolo

8.1 INTRODUCTION
From Section 7.4, it is seen that the governing
iselliptic for subsonic flows and becomes equation for compressible flow
hyperbolic for supersonic flows. This
change in the nature of the partial differential
subsonic to supersonic flow, indicates the equation,
upon going from
relationships between subsonic compressiblepossibility deriving similarity
of
flow and the
incompressible flow, and the importance of Mach wave in corresponding
In this chapter we shall
derive an
a
supersonic solution.
expression
compressible flow past a certain profile to the which relates the subsonic
first through an incompressible flow past a
second profile derived from the
expression is called a similarity law. affine transformation. Such an
f the
governing equations of motion could be solved
themselves would indicate easily, the solutions
quite
might exist among members óf clearly the nature of any similarities which
1or a separate derivation of
a family of flow patterns. Then there is no need
similarity laws.
But in the majority of situations, we are unable to
motion. However, even though solve the equations of
solutions
OWIedge of the forms of the differential are lacking, we may use our
Conditions to derive the equations and the related boundary
similarity laws.
6.2
TWO-DIMENSIONAL FLOW: THE
GLAUERT PRANDTL-
RULE FOR SUBsONIC FLOW
The Prandtl-Glauert Transformations

Prandtl and Glauert

have shown that it is to relate the solution of
possible
opressible flow about a body
to the incompressible flow solution.
271
 272 Gas Dynamics

The transformation from one to another is achieved in t

the ved in
sible andfollincom-
owing
manner: Laplace's equations for two-dimensional compressible
are
pressible flows, respectively,
(1-M-0 +-0
Pex)ine t (z)ine0
(8.1)
where x is along the flow direction and z is normal to the flow. These (8.2)
however, are not the complete deseription of the problem, since it is equations,
to specify the boundary conditions too. necessary
Equations (8.1) and (8.2) can be transformed into one another hw.
following transformation:
by the
ineX ineKz
ox. 2) K2 Pne ine: ine) (8.3)
In Eq. (8.3), the variables with subscript "inc" are for incompressible flow and
the variables without subscript are for compressible flow. Combining Eqs. (8.1)
and (8.3), we get
wolt oldnongmo 101 o 0 oito m
a t oinoe (1 - M) K2 0*oine +Kj K2
a ine
o t gios gog O t p ax ine o w
i.e. ue gptviob lo v d o 1
enoiale
oloe atnoog K (1-M)ine +K?9ne=0 aldoqgoo
ooedus sdt eotel Xinc tgedo pdi al
aldseotgtoo
This is identical to the incompressible potential equation (8.2) 1o booooe
K =1 -M2 abolln ote (8.4)
Now, K2 is to be determined from the boundary conditions.
For slender bodies, by small perturbation theory (see Section 7.6), we have

W W dz o b ot (8.5)
pe od ovloz or ol V+u Vodx to virom odf d
since u/V 1 . Equation (8.5) can be expressed in terms of the potental
function as 9 u bes e s o i p o lucoo b oilh lo amot adf f0 slwond
wsl vilde o avsb otenoiibia
(8.6a)
W
-V-di
0z)0A
TOMAR9 3HT YO. JAIOIvaMIG-oWT S
woJn
edneao- dins TUA(8.66)
0Zine ine0 dxine
oelD-bbo ed
Also, by Eq. (8.3), otsrysotata
orla gval t o l bas
on KKa d eoa wiolt
ale
S 0Zinezin
z=0
 Similarity Rule 273

and Eqs. (8.6), we get

wath this relation
t olei
d twolt oldiesngm
dz-KKdxnc
=KK2
dx
e enilneeodli c8.7a
dxinc r o e solt oldipeonenoo
woll odiee

it is
dzK1-Md
dx
seen that K2 can
sb
be determined
iv(8.7b)
from the boundary
From Eg. (8.7b),
conditions. 0 vbod odt ee0196
that the slope of the profile in the
Equation (8.7b) simply means

times the slope of the

compressible flow pattern is (K21-M)
in the related incompressible flow pattern.
Coesponding profile
further treatment of similarity law, let us consider thethree
specific
for
problems, namely, the direct problem (Version I),in whichthe
s of the which is
body profile is treated as invariant, the indirect problem (Version I),
the body in
hthe case of distribution around
equal
O f equal potentials (thepressure
the same), and the
incomprapressible flow and compressible flow are taken as

analogy (Version III), which is also called Gothert's rule.

Strcamlineanalogy
The Direct Problem-Version
transformation
of
there is no
invariant profile. In this case, we have the
gometnetryr at all. For the profile to be invariant,
from Eq. (8.7b),
ondition
(8.8)

K2 1-M
Therefore, Fa