How to Select the Best

Control Valve Location

The following tip is from the ISA book by Greg McMillan and Hunter
Vegas titled 101 Tips for a Successful Automation Career, inspired by
the ISA Mentor Program. This is Tip #68, and was written by Greg.

When I am in an instrument and valve repair shop, I see many more control
valves than instruments, particularly with the advances in sensor
technology, transmitter intelligence, and asset management systems.
Valves are mechanical devices and as such require more maintenance.
Packings, seals, seats, and o-rings wear out. To ease maintenance, a
control valve must be located so it can be readily and safely removed from
the pipeline. However, there is much more to consider in locating a control
valve.

With liquid streams, a change in control valve position causes an immediate

change in liquid pressure and, in a full and pressurized pipeline, a pressure
wave traveling at the speed of sound. In less than a second, the pressure
imbalance from the wave provides a driving force that overcomes the liquid’s
inertia and accelerates the liquid to a new velocity. Consequently, within a
plant the location of a control valve does not appreciably affect the response
of a process variable (PV) within the pipeline. However, if you are measuring
PV response in a pipeline and the control valve is in a different pipeline,
throttling a flow that is being added to the pipeline that is being measured,
the distance of the valve from the measurement may cause a transportation
delay. This piping and valve arrangement commonly occurs in the dilution
and blending of streams.

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There are some really bad control valve locations that show no
understanding of the negative impact of deadtime by process and
mechanical design engineers (Tip #70). One of the worst is where there are
several vessels between the control valve and the measurement. The
residence time of the smaller vessels in series with the larger vessel
becomes deadtime. Also bad is gravity flow. Now a change in control valve
position starts a wave traveling slowly down the partially filled pipeline. For
small flows in vertical runs, the flow is a falling film causing a large and
unpredictable deadtime. The worst case of deadtime resulting from valve
location is encountered in pH control. A control valve often throttles the
reagent flow to a dip tube. The dip tube has a minimum size for structural
integrity and normal mixing rules put the dip tube down near the impeller.
Unfortunately, this creates a dip tube volume of 2 gallons. If the reagent flow
is 1 gallon per hour, when the control valve opens, it takes 2 hours for the
reagent to flush the process fluid out of the dip tube. When the control valve
closes, the reagent will continue to migrate into the process for several
hours. The solution is to have the control valve add the reagent to a high
flow recirculation line, thereby reducing the injection delay to seconds.

To prevent flashing, control valves should be located so the fluid pressure

in the vena contracta (that is, the narrowest opening in the flow path) does
not drop below the vapor pressure of the fluid. If flashing cannot be avoided,
the valve type and trim design should be selected to prevent cavitation in
the valve or downstream equipment. Stan Weiner, my coauthor of the
Control Talk column, recommended the flashing control valve be installed
directly on an inlet nozzle near the top of a vessel so the collapsing of
bubbles would occur in the vessel vapor space when cavitation could not be
prevented.

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Concept: Control valves do not require much in the way of straight runs and
do not introduce appreciable delays within plants when they are in the same
pipeline as the measurement. (Long-distance oil and gas pipelines are
another story.) Valves adding flows to process equipment can cause large
injection delays or bypass mixing in the equipment. Valve location on
streams to equipment should not introduce excessive deadtime or noise.
Valve location, type, and trim should minimize flashing and cavitation and
provide safe and easy access for removal and repair. On-off valve locations
should minimize the volume to the destination when flow is stopped to
prevent totalization errors in charges.

Details: Control valves should be at floor level or accessible from platforms.

Block, flush, and drain valves should be installed to enable them to be safely
removed. Control valves should be located on the same equipment or
pipeline as the measurement and downstream of flow measurements.
Reagent control valves should be moved from dip tube to recirculation line
injection to eliminate injection delays for pH control. On-off valves close to
the point of injection should be added to provide isolation and to shut off the
flow. For pH and reactor control, the volume between the on-off valve and
the nozzle should be minimized by flanging the on-off valve to the nozzle or
nozzle block valve for low reagent and reactant flows and high process
sensitivity. Gravity flow piping is not recommended because of variable head
and velocities, but if it is used, the control valve should be as close to the
nozzle of the destination as possible.

Watch-outs: The location of the nozzle and dip tube entry points into a
vessel must not result in the flow being injected close to an exit nozzle;
thereby short circuiting inlet flow to outlet flow and bypassing the mixing in
the vessel. Throttle valves should not be used as isolation valves, and
isolation valves should not be used as throttle valves (see Tip #83). If an on-

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off valve for batch control is not close to the flowmeter, the pipeline inventory
between the on-off valve and flowmeter can cause the charge to be
significantly different than the batch setpoint. To minimize excess charge,
the on-off valve should stroke as fast as necessary when the “close”
command is given.
Exceptions: For Coriolis meters in liquid service with no possibility of
flashing, the control valve can be located upstream of the flowmeter because
a Coriolis meter is not sensitive to velocity profile.

Insight: Control valves can cause damage to piping from cavitation and
poor control from injection delay and short circuiting.

Rule of thumb: Locate control valves to be maintainable, provide fast

injection into mixing zones, and prevent flashing and cavitation.

About the Author

Gregory K. McMillan, CAP, is a retired Senior Fellow from Solutia/Monsanto
where he worked in engineering technology on process control
improvement. Greg was also an affiliate professor for Washington University
in Saint Louis. Greg is an ISA Fellow and received the ISA Kermit Fischer
Environmental Award for pH control in 1991, the Control magazine Engineer
of the Year award for the process industry in 1994, was inducted into
the Control magazine Process Automation Hall of Fame in 2001, was
honored by InTech magazine in 2003 as one of the most influential
innovators in automation, and received the ISA Life Achievement Award in
2010. Greg is the author of numerous books on process control,
including Advances in Reactor Measurement and Control and Essentials of
Modern Measurements and Final Elements in the Process Industry. Greg
has been the monthly "Control Talk" columnist for Control magazine since

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2002. Presently, Greg is a part time modeling and control consultant in
Technology for Process Simulation for Emerson Automation Solutions
specializing in the use of the virtual plant for exploring new opportunities. He
spends most of his time writing, teaching and leading the ISA Mentor
Program he founded in 2011.

API - Valve Standards

An overview of the American Petroleum Institute - API - valve
standards.

Valve standards from API - the American Petroleum Institute:

 API SPEC 6D
Specification for Pipeline Valves. API Specification 6D is an adoption
of ISO 14313: 1999, Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries-Pipeline
Transportation Systems-Pipeline Valves. This International Standard
specifies requirements and gives recommendations for the design,
manufacturing, testing and documentation of ball, check, gate and plug
valves for application in pipeline systems.
 API 526
Flanged Steel Pressure Relief Valves. The standard is a purchase
specification for flanged steel pressure relief valves. Basic requirements
are given for direct spring-loaded pressure relief valves and pilot-operated
pressure relief valves as follows: orifice designation and area; valve size
and pressure rating, inlet and outlet; materials; pressure-temperature
limits; and center-to-face dimensions, inlet and outlet.
 API 527
Seat Tightness of Pressure Relief Valves R(2002). Describes methods of
determining the seat tightness of metal- and soft-seated pressure relief
valves, including those of conventional, bellows, and pilot-operated
designs.
 ANSI/API STD 594
Check Valves: Flanged, Lug, Wafer and Butt-welding. API Standard 594
covers design, material, face-to-face dimensions, pressure-temperature
ratings, and examination, inspection, and test requirements for two types
of check valves.

5
 API 598
Valve Inspection and Testing. The standard covers inspection,
supplementary examination, and pressure test requirements for both
resilient-seated and metal-to-metal seated gate, globe, plug, ball, check,
and butterfly valves. Pertains to inspection by the purchaser and to any
supplementary examinations the purchaser may require at the valve
manufacturer's plant.
 ANSI/API 599
Metal Plug Valves - Flanged, Threaded and Welding Ends. A purchase
specification that covers requirements for metal plug valves with flanged
or butt-welding ends, and ductile iron plug valves with flanged ends, in
sizes NPS 1 through NPS 24, which correspond to nominal pipe sizes
in ASME B36.10M. Valve bodies conforming to ASME B16.34 may have
flanged end and one butt-welding end. It also covers both lubricated and
nonlubricated valves that have two-way coaxial ports, and includes
requirements for valves fitted with internal body, plug, or port linings or
applied hard facings on the body, body ports, plug, or plug port.
 ANSI/API 600
Bolted Bonnet Steel Gate Valves for Petroleum and Natural Gas
Industries - Modified National Adoption of ISO 10434:1998.
 API 602
Compact Steel Gate Valves - Flanged, Threaded, Welding, and
Extended-Body Ends. The standard covers threaded-end, socket-
welding-end, butt-welding-end, and flanged-end compact carbon steel
gate valves in sizes NPS4 and smaller.
 ANSI/API 603
Corrosion-Resistant, Bolted Bonnet Gate Valves - Flanged and Butt-
Welding Ends. The standard covers corrosion-resistant bolted bonnet
gate valves with flanged or butt-weld ends in sizes NPS 1/2 through 24,
corresponding to nominal pipe sizes in ASME B36.10M, and Classes 150,
300, and, 600, as specified in ASME B16.34.
 ANSI/API 607
Fire Test for Soft-Seated Quarter Turn Valves. The standard covers the
requirements for testing and evaluating the performance of straightway,
soft-seated quarter-turn valves when the valves are exposed to certain
fire conditions defined in this standard. The procedures described in this
standard apply to all classes and sizes of such valves that are made of
materials listed in ASME B16.34.
 API 609
Butterfly Valves: Double Flanged, Lug- and Wafer-Type. The standard
covers design, materials, face-to-face dimensions, pressure-temperature
ratings, and examination, inspection, and test requirements for gray iron,
ductile iron, bronze, steel, nickel-base alloy, or special alloy butterfly

6
 valves that provide tight shutoff in the closed position and are suitable for
flow regulation.
 API 6FA
Specification for Fire Test for Valves. The standard covers the
requirements for testing and evaluating the performance of API Spec 6A
and Spec 6D valves when exposed to specifically defined fire conditions.
 API 6FC
Fire Test for Valve with Automatic Backseats. The standard covers the
requirements for testing and evaluating the performance of API Spec 6A
and Spec 6D valves with automatic backseats when exposed to
specifically defined fire conditions.
 API 6RS
Referenced Standards for Committee 6, Standardization of Valves and
Wellhead Equipment.
 API 11V6
Design of Continuous Flow Gas Lift Installations Using Injection Pressure
Operated Valves. The standard sets guidelines for continuous flow gas lift
installation designs using injection pressure operated valves.
 ANSI/API RP 11V7
Recommended Practice for Repair, Testing, and Setting Gas Lift Valves.
The standard applies to repair, testing, and setting gas lift valves and
reverse flow (check) valves.
 API 520-1
Sizing, Selection, and Installation of Pressure-Relieving Devices in
Refineries: Part I - Sizing and Selection. The recommended practice
applies to the sizing and selection of pressure relief devices used in
refineries and related industries for equipment that has a maximum
allowable working pressure of 15 psig (1.03 bar g or 103 kPa g) or
greater.
 API 520-2
Recommended Practice 520: Sizing, Selection, and Installation of
Pressure-Relieving Devices in Refineries-Part II, Installation. The
recommended practice covers methods of installation for pressure-relief
devices for equipment that has a maximum allowable working pressure of
15 psig (1.03 bar g or 103 kPa g) or greater. It covers gas, vapor, steam,
two-phase and incompressible fluid service.
 ANSI/API 574
Inspection Practices for Piping System Components. The standard covers
the inspection of piping, tubing, valves (other than control valves) and
fittings used in petroleum refineries.
 ANSI/API 576
Inspection of Pressure Relieving Devices. The recommended practice

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 describes the inspection and repair practices for automatic pressure-
relieving devices commonly used in the oil and petrochemical industries.
 ANSI/API 608
Metal Ball Valves - Flanged and Butt-Welding Ends. The standard covers
Class 150 and Class 300 metal ball valves that have either butt-welding
or flanged ends and are for use in on-off service.

Related Documents
 API - American Petroleum Institute

The American Petroleum Institute - API.

 API 6D Valves - Pressure Ratings vs. Temperature

Temperature and pressure ratings for valves according API 6D.

 ASME - Valve Standards

An overview of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers - ASME - valve standards.

 ASTM - Valve Standards

An overview of ASTM International - American Society for Testing and Materials - valve
standards.

 ASTM A216 Valves - Pressure Ratings vs. Temperature

Pressure and temperature ratings for cast carbon steel valves.

 BSi - British Standard Valves

An overview of BSi - British Standard institute valve standards.

 Chinese and International Valve Standards

Chinese valve standards compared with the international ISO, ASTM , ASME, ANSI, MSS,
API and JIS standards.

 DIN - Valve Standards

An overview of DIN - Deutsches Institut für Normung - valve standards.

 ISO Valve Standards

An overview of ISO - International Organization for Standardization - valve standards.

 JIS - Valve Standards

8
 Japanese industrial valve standards and specifications from JAS - the Japanese Standards
Association.

 MSS - Valve Standards

Manufacturers Standardization Society - MSS - of the Valve and Fittings Industry - valve
standards.

 Pilot Operated Safety Valves in Liquid Systems

Calculate pilot operated relief valves in liquid systems.

 SAE Valve Standards

SAE - Society of Automotive Engineers - valve standards.

 Valve Type Classifications

Categories of valves.

 Valves - Typical Operating Temperatures

Operating temperatures for typical categories of valves - ball valves, butterfly valves and
more.

ASME - Valve Standards

An overview of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers -
ASME - valve standards.

Common valve standards from American Society of Mechanical Engineers - ASME:

 ASME A105/105M
Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Forgings for piping applications
 ASME A181/181M
Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Forgings for General purpose piping
 ASME A182/182M
Standard Specification for forged or rolled alloy-steel pipe flanges, forged fittings and
valves and parts for high-temperature service
 ASME A727/727M
Standard specification for carbon steel forgings for piping components with inherent
notch toughness
 ASME A961
Standard Specification for Common Requirements for Steel Flanges, Forged Fittings,
valves, and Parts for Piping Applications
 ASME B16.10
Face to Face and End-to-End Dimensions of Valves
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 ASME B16.34
Valves - Flanged, Threaded, and Welding End
 ASME B462
Standard Specification for Forged or Rolled UNS N08020, UNS N08024, UNS
N08026, UNS N08367, and UNS R20033 Alloy Pipe Flanges, Forged Fittings, and
Valves and Parts for Corrosive High-Temperature Service
 ASME B834
Standard Specification for Pressure Consolidated Powder Metallurgy Iron-Nickel-
Chromium-Molybdenum (UNS N08367) and Nickel- Chromium Molybdenum
Columbium (Nb) (UNS N06625) Alloy Pipe Flanges, Fittings, Valves, and Parts
 ASME D5500
Standard Test Method for Vehicle Evaluation of Unleaded Automotive Spark-ignition
Engine Fuel for Intake Valve Deposit Formation
 ASME F885
Standard Specification for Envelope Dimensions for Bronze Globe Valves NPS 1/4 to
2 El-1996 R(1996)
 ASME F992
Standard Specification for Valve Label Plates El-1997 R(1997)
 ASME F993
Standard Specification for Valve Locking Devices El-1997 R(1997)
 ASME F1020
Standard Specification for Line-Blind Valves for marine Applications El-1996 RI'1996)
 ASME F1098
Standard Specification for Envelope Dimensions for Butterfly Valves - NPS 2 to 24 EI-
1993 R(1993)
 ASME F1271
Standard Specification for Spill Valves for Use in Marine Tank Liquid Overpressure
Protections Applications EI-1995 R (1995)
 ASME F1370
Standard Specification for Pressure Reducing valves for Water Systems, Shipboard
 ASME F1508
Standard Specification for Angle Style, Pressure Relief Valves for Steam, Gas, and
Liquid Services
 ASME F1565
Standard Specification for Pressure-Reducing Valves for Steam Service
 ASME F1792
Standard Specification for Special Requirements for Valves Used in Gaseous Oxygen
Service
 ASME F1793
Standard Specification for Automatic Shut-Off Valves (Also Known as Excess Flow
Valves, EFV) for Air or Nitrogen Service
 ASME F1794
Standard Specification for Hand operated, Globe-Style Valves for Gas (Except
Oxygen Gas), and Hydraulic Systems
 ASME F1795
Standard specification for Pressure-Reducing Valves for Air or Nitrogen Systems
 ASME A230
Standard specification for steel wire oil - tempered carbon valve spring quality
 ASME A232
Standard specification for chromium - vanadium alloy steel valve spring quality

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  ASME A350
Standard specification for forged or rolled carbon and alloy steel flanges forged fittings
and valves and parts for low - temperature service
 ASME A338
Standard specification for ultrasonic examination of heavy steel forgings
 ASME A694
Standard specification for forgings carbon and alloy steel for pipe flanges fittings
valves and parts for high - pressure transmission service
 ASME A404
Standards specification for forged or rolled alloy - steel pipe flanges forged fittings and
valves and parts specially heat treated for high temperature service
 ASME A522
Forged or rolled 8% and 9% nickel alloy steel flanges fittings valves and parts for low -
temperature service

ASTM - Valve Standards

An overview of ASTM International - American Society for Testing
and Materials - valve standards.

ASTM International - American Society for Testing and Materials - valve standards:

 ASTM A126-04
Standard Specification for Gray Iron Castings for Valves, Flanges, and Pipe Fittings
 ASTM A182/A182M-04
Standard Specification for Forged or Rolled Alloy-Steel Pipe Flanges, Forged Fittings,
and Valves and Parts for High-Temperature Service
 ASTM A338
Standard Specification for Malleable Iron Flanges, Pipe Fittings, and Valve Parts for
Railroad, Marine, and Other Heavy Duty Service at Temperatures Up to 650�F
(345�C)
 ASTM A522/A522M-01
Standard Specification for Forged or Rolled 8 and 9% Nickel Alloy Steel Flanges,
Fittings, Valves, and Parts for Low-Temperature Service
 ASTM A694/A694M-03
Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Pipe Flanges, Fittings,
Valves, and Parts for High-Pressure Transmission Service
 ASTM A961-04
Standard Specification for Common Requirements for Steel Flanges, Forged Fittings,
Valves, and Parts for Piping Applications
 ASTM A988/A988M
Standard Specification for Hot Isostatically-Pressed Stainless Steel Flanges, Fittings,
Valves, and Parts for High Temperature Service

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 ASTM A989/A989M
Standard Specification for Hot Isostatically-Pressed Alloy Steel Flanges, Fittings,
Valves, and Parts for High Temperature Service
 ASTM B61-2
Standard Specification for Steam or Valve Bronze Castings
 ASTM B763
Standard Specification for Copper Alloy Sand Castings for Valve Application
 ASTM B834
Standard Specification for Pressure Consolidated Powder Metallurgy Iron-Nickel-
Chromium-Molybdenum (UNS N08367) and Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum-
Columbium (Nb) (UNS N06625) Alloy Pipe Flanges, Fittings, Valves, and Parts
 ASTM C1129
Standard Practice for Estimation of Heat Savings by Adding Thermal Insulation to
Bare Valves and Flanges
 ASTM F885
Standard Specification for Envelope Dimensions for Bronze Globe Valves NPS 1/4 to
2
 ASTM F992
Standard Specification for Valve Label Plates
 ASTM F993
Standard Specification for Valve Locking Devices
 ASTM F1020
Standard Specification for Line-Blind Valves for Marine Applications
 ASTM F1030
Standard Practice for Selection of Valve Operators
 ASTM F1098
Standard Specification for Envelope Dimensions for Butterfly Valves-NPS 2 to 24
 ASTM F1271
Standard Specification for Spill Valves for Use in Marine Tank Liquid Overpressure
Protections Applications
 ASTM F1370
Standard Specification for Pressure-Reducing Valves for Water Systems, Shipboard
 ASTM F1394
Standard Test Method for Determination of Particle Contribution from Gas Distribution
System Valves
 ASTM F1565
Standard Specification for Pressure-Reducing Valves for Steam Service
 ASTM F1792
Standard Specification for Special Requirements for Valves Used in Gaseous Oxygen
Service
 ASTM F1793
Standard Specification for Automatic Shut-Off Valves (Also Known as Excess Flow
Valves, EFV) for Air Or Nitrogen Service
 ASTM F1794
Standard Specification for Hand-Operated, Globe-Style Valves for Gas (Except
Oxygen Gas), and Hydraulic Systems
 ASTM F1795
Standard Specification for Pressure-Reducing Valves for Air or Nitrogen Systems
 ASTM F1802
Standard Test Method for Performance Testing of Excess Flow Valves
 ASTM F1970
Standard Specification for Special Engineered Fittings, Appurtenances or Valves for

12
 use in Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) or Chlorinated Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (CPVC)
Systems
 ASTM F1985
Standard Specification for Pneumatic-Operated, Globe-Style, Control Valves
 ASTM F2138
Standard Specification for Excess Flow Valves for Natural Gas Service
 ASTM F2215
Standard Specification for Balls, Bearings, Ferrous and Nonferrous for Use in
Bearings, Valves, and Bearing Applications
 ASTM F2324
Standard Test Method for Prerinse Spray Valves

ISO Valve Standards

An overview of ISO - International Organization for Standardization -
valve standards.

ISO - International Organization for Standardization - valve standards:

 ISO 683-15:1992
Heat-treatable steels, alloy steels and free-cutting steels; part 15: valve steels for
internal combustion engines
 ISO 4126-1:2004
Safety devices for protection against excessive pressure - Part 1: Safety valves
 ISO 4401:1994
Hydraulic fluid power - Four-port directional control valves - Mounting surfaces
 ISO 4411:1986
Hydraulic fluid power; Valves; Determination of pressure differential/flow
characteristics
 ISO 4422-4:1997
Pipes and fittings made of unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U) for water supply -
Specifications - Part 4: Valves and ancillary equipment
 ISO 5208:1993
Industrial valves; pressure testing of valves
 ISO 5209:1977
General purpose industrial valves; Marking
 ISO 5210:1991
Industrial valves; multi-turn valve actuator attachments
 ISO 5211:2001
Industrial valves - Part-turn actuator attachment
 SO 5599-1:2001
Pneumatic fluid power - Five-port directional control valves - Part 1: Mounting
interface surfaces without electrical connector
 ISO 5599-2:2001
Pneumatic fluid power - Five-port directional control valves - Part 2: Mounting
interface surfaces with optional electrical connector

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 ISO 5599-3:1990
Pneumatic fluid power; five-port directional control valves; part 3: code system for
communication of valve functions
 ISO 5752:1982
Metal valves for use in flanged pipe systems; Face-to-face and center-to-face
dimensions
 ISO 5781:2000
Hydraulic fluid power - Pressure-reducing valves, sequence valves, unloading valves,
throttle valves and check valves - Mounting surfaces
 ISO 5996:1984
Cast iron gate valves
 ISO 6002:1992
Bolted bonnet steel gate valves
 ISO 6182-1:2004
Fire protection - Automatic sprinkler systems - Part 1: Requirements and test methods
for sprinklers
 ISO 6182-2:1993
Fire protection; automatic sprinkler systems; part 2: requirements and test methods
for wet alarm valves, retard chambers and water motor alarms
 ISO 6182-3:1993
Fire protection; automatic sprinkler systems; part 3: requirements and test methods
for dry pipe valves
 ISO 6182-4:1993
Fire protection; automatic sprinkler systems; part 4: requirements and test methods
for quick-opening devices
 ISO 6182-5:1995
Fire protection - Automatic sprinkler systems - Part 5: Requirements and test methods
for deluge valves
 ISO 6263:1997
Hydraulic fluid power - Compensated flow-control valves - Mounting surfaces
 ISO 6264:1998
Hydraulic fluid power - Pressure-relief valves - Mounting surfaces
 ISO 6403:1988
Hydraulic fluid power; valves controlling flow and pressure; test methods
 ISO 6552:1980
Automatic steam traps; Definition of technical terms
 ISO 6553:1980
Automatic steam traps; Marking
 ISO 6554:1980
Flanged automatic steam traps; Face-to-face dimensions
 ISO 6704:1982
Automatic steam traps; Classification
 ISO 6948:1981
Automatic steam traps; Production and performance characteristic tests
 ISO 7121:1986
Flanged steel ball valves
 ISO 7244:1984
Air distribution and air diffusion; Aerodynamic testing of dampers and valves
 ISO 7259:1988
Predominantly key-operated cast iron gate valves for underground use
 ISO 7368:1989
Hydraulic fluid power; two-port slip-in cartridge valves; cavities

14
 ISO 7508:1985
Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC-U) valves for pipes under pressure; Basic
dimensions; Metric series
 ISO 7714:2000
Agricultural irrigation equipment - Volumetric valves - General requirements and test
methods
 ISO 7790:1997
Hydraulic fluid power - Four-port modular stack valves and four-port directional control
valves, sizes 02, 03 and 05 - Clamping dimensions
 ISO 7841:1988
Automatic steam traps; determination of steam loss; test methods
 DIN ISO 7967-3:1993
Reciprocating internal combustion engines; vocabulary of components and systems;
valves, camshaft drive and actuating mechanisms
 ISO 8233:1988
Thermoplastics valves; torque; test method
 ISO 8242:1989
Polypropylene (PP) valves for pipes under pressure; basic dimensions; metric series
 ISO 8659:1989
Thermoplastics valves; fatigue strength; test method
 ISO 9393-1:2004
Thermoplastics valves for industrial applications - Pressure test methods and
requirements - Part 1: General
 ISO 9393-2:1997
Thermoplastics valves - Pressure test methods and requirements - Part 2: Test
conditions and basic requirements for PE, PP, PVC-U and PVDF valves
 ISO 9635:1990
Irrigation equipment; hydraulically operated irrigation valves
 ISO 9644:1993
Agricultural irrigation equipment; pressure losses in irrigation valves; test method
 ISO 9911:1993
Agricultural irrigation equipment; manually operated small plastics valves
 ISO 9952:1993
Agricultural irrigation equipment; check valves
 ISO 10418:2003
Petroleum and natural gas industries - Offshore production installations - Basic
surface process safety systems
 ISO 10423:2003
Petroleum and natural gas industries - Drilling and production equipment - Wellhead
and Christmas tree equipment,
 ISO 10497:2004
Testing of valves - Fire type-testing requirements
 ISO 10522:1993
Agricultural irrigation equipment; direct-acting pressure-regulating valves
 ISO 10631:1994
Metallic butterfly valves for general purposes
 ISO 10931-4:1997
Plastics piping systems for industrial applications - Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) -
Part 4: Valves
 ISO 10933:1997
Polyethylene (PE) valves for gas distribution systems

15
Valve Abbreviations
US valve abbreviations commonly used in drawings and
documentation.

Some common abbreviations used with valves in US drawings and documentation:

Valve Abbreviations

Abbreviation Type of Valve

BB Bolted Bonnet

BC Bolted Cap

BV Ball Valve

BWE Butt Weld End

CV Check Valve

CWP Cold Working Pressure

DD Double Disc

DI Ductile Iron

DWV Drainage, Waste, Vent Fitting

FE Flange End

FF Flat Face

FLG Flange

FTTG Fitting

FW Flexible Wedge

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 Valve Abbreviations

Abbreviation Type of Valve

HF Hard Faced

HW Handwheel

IBBM Iron Body Bronze Mounted

IPS Iron Pipe Size

ISRS Inside Screw RS

GV Gate Valve

MJ Mechanical Joint

NPS Nominal Pipe Size

NPT National Pipe Taper Thread

NRS Non-Rising Stem

OWG Oil, Water, Gas Pressure

PRV Pressure Reducing Valve

RF Raised Face

RJ Ring Type Joint

RS Rising Stem

RWD Resilient Wedge Disc

SB Silver Brazed

SE Solder End

SOV Shut Off Valve

17
 Valve Abbreviations

Abbreviation Type of Valve

SW Solid Wedge Disc

SWE Socket Weld End

TB Threaded Bonnet

TE Threaded End

TC Threaded Cap

SWP Steam Working Pressure

UB Union Bonnet

UC Union Cap

WOG Water, Oil, Gas Pressure

WWP Water Working Pressure

Valve Selection Guide

Applications guide for selecting valves.

The suitability of a valve for a particular application is decided by the materials used in
relation to the conveyed fluid as well as its mechanical design. The table below can be
used as a valve selection guide.

Valve Selection Guide

Conveyed Fluid Nature of Fluid Valve Function Type of Disc

Liquid On/Off Gate

18
 Valve Selection Guide

Conveyed Fluid Nature of Fluid Valve Function Type of Disc

Rotary ball

Plug

Diaphragm

Butterfly

Plug gate
Neutral
(Water, Oil, etc)
Globe

Butterfly

Control valve, modulating Plug gate

Diaphragm

Needle

Gate

Plug gate

Rotary ball
On/Off
Plug

Corrosive
Diaphragm
(Acid, alkaline etc.)

Butterfly

Globe

Control valve, modulating Diaphragm

Butterfly

19
 Valve Selection Guide

Conveyed Fluid Nature of Fluid Valve Function Type of Disc

Plug gate

Butterfly
On/Off
Diaphragm

Butterfly
Hygienic
(Food, beverages, drugs etc)
Diaphragm
Control valve, modulating
Squeeze

Pinch

Rotary ball

Butterfly

Diaphragm
On/Off
Plug

Pinch

Slurry Squeeze

Butterfly

Diaphragm

Control valve, modulating Squeeze

Pinch

Gate

Fibrous Suspensions Gate

20
 Valve Selection Guide

Conveyed Fluid Nature of Fluid Valve Function Type of Disc

Diaphragm

On/Off,
Squeeze
Control valve, modulating

Pinch

Gate

Globe

On/Off Rotary ball

Plug

Diaphragm
Neutral
(Air, Steam etc)
Globe

Needle

Control valve, modulating Butterfly

Gas
Diaphragm

Gate

Butterfly

Rotary ball
On/Off
Diaphragm
Corrosive
(Acid vapors, chlorine etc.)
Plug

Butterfly
Control valve, modulating
Globe

21
 Valve Selection Guide

Conveyed Fluid Nature of Fluid Valve Function Type of Disc

Needle

Diaphragm

Gate

Globe
Vacuum On/Off
Rotary ball

Butterfly

Pinch

Abrasive Powder On/Off,

Squeeze
(Silica, etc) Control valve, modulating

Spiral sock

Solids Pinch

Gate
Lubricating powder (graphite, talcum, On/Off,
etc Control valve, modulating
Spiral sock

Squeeze

Safety Valve Standards

The most common used safety valve standards in Germany, UK, USA,
France, Japan, Australia and Europe.

22
 Safety Valve Standards

Country Standard No. Description

A. D. Merkblatt A2 Pressure Vessel Equipment safety devices against excess pressure - safety valves

Technical Equipment for Steam Boilers Safeguards against excessive pressure - safety valves
TRD 421
Germany for boilers of groups I, III & IV

Technical Equipment for Steam Boilers Safeguards against excessive pressure- safety valves
TRD 721
for steam boilers group II

Part 1 specification for safety valves for steam and hot water
United Kingdom,
BS 6759 Part 2 specification for safety valves for compressed air and inert gas
UK
Part 3 specification for safety valves for process fluids

AFNOR NFE-E
Safety and relief valves
29-411 to 416
France

NFE-E-29-421 Safety and relief valves

Korea KS B 6216 Spring loaded safety valves for steam boilers and pressure vessels

Japan JIS B 8210 Steam boilers and pressure vessels - spring loaded safety valves

Safety valves, other valves, liquid level gauges and other fittings for boilers and unfired
Australia SAA AS1271
pressure vessels

ASME I Boiler applications

ASME III Nuclear applications

ASME VIII Unfired Pressure Vessel Applications

ANSI/ASME PTC
Safety and Relief Valves - performance test codes
25.3
USA
Sizing selection and installation of pressure relieving devices in refineries, Part 1 Design, Part 2
API RP 520
Installation

API RP 521 Guide for pressure relieving and depressurizing systems

API STD 526 Flanged steel pressure relief valves

API STD 527 Seat tightness of pressure relief valves

23
 Safety Valve Standards

Country Standard No. Description

Europe EN ISO 4126 Safety devices for protection against excessive pressure

International ISO 4126 Safety valves - general requirements

Measurements and Instrumentation

Measurement and instrumentation strategies.

Flow Measurement

Flow metering principles - Orifice, Venturi, Flow Nozzles, Pitot Tubes, Target,
Variable Area, Positive Displacement, Turbine, Vortex, Electromagnetic,
Ultrasonic Doppler, Ultrasonic Time-of-travel, Mass Coriolis, Mass Thermal,
Weir V-notch, Flume Parshall and Sluice Gate flow meters and more.

• Temperature Measurement

Measurment of temperature - probes, sensors and transmitters.

Instruments

Devices - sensors - communicating physical properties to observers.

Instruments - Static Characteristics

Characteristics that change very slowly with time

Measurements

Measurements are required to monitor, analyze and control processes.

P&ID - Piping and Instrumentation Diagram

Schematic illustration of a functional relationship between piping, instrumentation and

system components.

P&ID Diagram - Online Drawing Tool

Draw P&ID diagrams online in the browser with Google Docs.

24
Process Instrumentation - ISA Codes

ISA process instrumentation codes - and combinations.

Safety Signals - Recommended Colors

American National Standards Institutes schedule for safety colors marking physical
hazards.

Signals - Adding Decibels

The logarithmic decibel scale is convenient when adding signal values like sound power,
pressure and others from two or more sources.

Control Valves - Flow Characteristics

Flow capacities vs. stem opening.

The relationship between control valve capacity and valve stem travel is known as

 the Flow Characteristic of the Control Valve

Trim design of the valve affects how the control valve capacity changes as
the valve moves through its complete travel. Because of the variation in trim
design, many valves are not linear in nature. Valve trims are instead
designed, or characterized, in order to meet the large variety of control
application needs. Many control loops have inherent non linearity's, which
may be possible to compensate selecting the control valve trim.

25
Inherent Control Valve Flow Characteristics

The most common characteristics are shown in the figure above. The percent of flow
through the valve is plotted against valve stem position. The curves shown are typical of
those available from valve manufacturers. These curves are based on constant pressure
drop across the valve and are called inherent flow characteristics.

 Linear - flow capacity increases linearly with valve travel.

 Equal percentage - flow capacity increases exponentially with valve trim travel. Equal
increments of valve travel produce equal percentage changes in the existing Cv.
 A modified parabolic characteristic is approximately midway between linear and equal-
percentage characteristics. It provides fine throttling at low flow capacity and approximately
linear characteristics at higher flow capacity.
 Quick opening provides large changes in flow for very small changes in lift. It usually has too
high a valve gain for use in modulating control. So it is limited to on-off service, such as
sequential operation in either batch or semi-continuous processes.
 Hyperbolic
 Square Root

The majority of control applications are with valves with linear, equal-percentage, or
modified-flow characteristics.

Installed Control Valve Flow Characteristics

When valves are installed with pumps, piping and fittings, and other process equipment,
the pressure drop across the valve will vary as the plug moves through its travel.

When the actual flow in a system is plotted against valve opening, the curve is called
the Installed Flow Characteristic.
26
 In most applications, when the valve opens, and the resistance due to fluids flow
decreases the pressure drop across the valve. This moves the inherent characteristic:

 A linear inherent curve will in general resemble a quick opening characteristic

 An equal percentage curve will in general resemble a linear curve

Valves - Specific Services

In case of a specific service - the choose of a valve may be simplified
by following an established practice.

Valves - Specific Services

Services Main Secondary

Butterfly valves Pressure control valves

Check valves Pressure relief valves
Gases Diaphragm valves Pressure reducing valves
Lubricated plug valves Safety valves
Screw down stop valves Relief valves

Butterfly valves
Screw down stop valves
Gate valves
Liquids - clear up to sludges and sewage
Lubricated plug valves
Diaphragm valves
Pinch valves

Butterfly valves
Pinch valves
Slurries and liquids with solids Gate valves
Screw down stop valves
Lubricated plug valves

Butterfly valves Check valves

Gate valves Pressure control valves
Steam
Screw down stop valves Pre superheated valves
Turbine valves Safety and relief valves

 Slurry - a thin mixture of a liquid like water and finely divided substances, such as
cement or clay particles
 Sludge - a semi-solid slurry. Wastewater solids are also referred to as sludge.

27
Valves Types - Operating Size Ranges
Types of valves and their typical operating sizes.

Valves and typical operating sizes:

Valves Types - Operating Size Ranges

Minimum Size Maximum Size

Type of Valve
mm inches mm inches

Ball 6 1220 48

Butterfly 50 2 1830 72

Butterfly Neck 25 1 1830 72

Gate 3 1/8 1220 48

Globe 3 1/8 760 30

Plug Lubricated 6 760 30

Plug non lubricated 6 406 16

Swing Check 6 610 24

Swing Check Y-type 6 150 6

Lift Check 6 250 10

Tilting disc 50 2 760 30

Diaphragm 3 1/8 610 24

Y Oblique 3 1/8 760 30

Slide 50 2 1900 75

Pinch 25 1 305 12

28
 Valves Types - Operating Size Ranges

Minimum Size Maximum Size

Type of Valve
mm inches mm inches

Needle 3 1/8 25 1

Valve Standards

API STD 520

Sizing, Selection, and Installation of Pressure-relieving Devices in
Refineries, Part I - Sizing and Selection.

This standard applies to the sizing and selection of pressure relief devices used
in refineries and related industries for equipment that has a maximum allowable
working pressure of 15 psig (103 kPag) or greater.

The pressure relief devices covered in this standard are intended to protect
unfired pressure vessels and related equipment against overpressure from
operating and fire contingencies.

This standard includes basic definitions and information about the operational
characteristics and applications of various pressure relief devices. It also
includes sizing procedures and methods based on steady state flow of
Newtonian fluids. Pressure relief devices protect a vessel against overpressure
only; they do not protect against structural failure when the vessel is exposed
to extremely high temperatures such as during a fire. See API 521 for
information about appropriate ways of reducing pressure and restricting heat
input.

Atmospheric and low-pressure storage tanks covered in API 2000 and

pressure vessels used for the transportation of products in bulk or shipping
containers are not within the scope of this standard.
29
The rules for overpressure protection of fired vessels are provided in ASME
Section I and ASME B31.1, and are not within the scope of this standard.

API RP 520
Sizing, Selection, and Installation of Pressure-Relieving Devices in
Refineries-Part II, Installation.

This standard covers methods of installation for pressure-relief devices for

equipment that has a maximum allowable working pressure (MAWP) of 15 psig
(1.03 bar g or 103 kPA) or greater. Pressure relief valves or rupture disks may
be used independently or in combination with each other to provide the
required protection against excessive pressure accumulation. The
term pressure relief valve includes saferty relief valves used in either
compressible or incompressible fluid service, and relief valves used in
incompressible fluid service. It covers gas, vapor, steam, two-phase and
incompressible fluid service; it does not cover special applications that require
unusual installation considerations.

API STD 526

Flanged Steel Pressure-relief Valves.

This standard is a purchase specification for flanged steel pressure-relief

valves. Basic requirements are given for direct spring-loaded pressure-relief
valves and pilot-operated pressure-relief valves as follows..

 orifice designation and area

 valve size and pressure rating, inlet and outlet
 materials
 pressure-temperature limits
 center-to-face dimensions, inlet and outlet

Nameplate nomenclature and requirements for stamping are detailed in Annex

A.

API STD 527

Seat Tightness of Pressure Relief Valves.

30
This standard describes methods of determining the seat tightness of metal-
and soft-seated pressure relief valves, including those of conventional, bellows,
and pilot-operated designs.

API RP 574
Inspection Practices for Piping System Components.

This recommended practice (RP) supplements API 570 by providing piping

inspectors with information that can improve skill and increase basic
knowledge and practices. This RP describes inspection practices for piping,
tubing, valves (other than control valves), and fittings used in petroleum
refineries and chemical plants. Common piping components, valve types, pipe
joining methods, inspection planning processes, inspection intervals and
techniques, and types of records are described to aid the inspector in fulfilling
their role implementing API 570. This publication does not cover inspection of
specialty items, including instrumentation and control valves.

API RP 576
Inspection of Pressure-relieving Devices.

API Recommended Practice 576 describes the inspection and repair practices
for automatic pressure-relieving devices commonly used in the oil and
petrochemical industries. As a guide to the inspection and repair of these
devices in the user's plant, it is intended to ensure their proper performance.
This publication covers such automatic devices as pressure-relief valves, pilot-
operated pressure-relief valves, rupture disks, and weight-loaded pressure-
vacuum vents.

The scope of this RP includes the inspection and repair of automatic pressure-
relieving devices commonly used in the oil and petrochemical industry. This
publication does not cover weak seams or sections in tanks, explosion doors,
fusible plugs, control valves, and other devices that either depend on an
external source of power for operation or are manually operated. Inspections
and tests made at manufacturers' plants, which are usually covered by codes
or purchase specifications, are not covered by this publication.

This publication does not cover training requirements for mechanics involved
in the inspection and repair of pressure-relieving devices. Those seeking these
requirements should see API 510, which gives the requirements for a quality

31
control system and specifies that the repair organization maintain and
document a training program ensuring that personnel are qualified.

API STD 594

Check Valves.. Flanged, Lug, Wafer and Butt-welding.

This international standard covers design, material, face-to-face dimensions,

pressure-temperature ratings, and examination, inspection, and test
requirements for two types of check valves.

API STD 598

Valve Inspection and Testing.

API 598 covers inspection, examination, supplementary examinations, and

pressure test requirements for resilient-seated, nonmetallic-seated (e.g.
ceramic), and metal-to-metal-seated valves of the gate, globe, plug, ball,
check, and butterfly types.

API STD 599

Metal Plug Valves-Flanged, Threaded and Welding Ends.

This standard covers design, materials, face-to-face dimensions, pressure-

temperature ratings, and examination, inspection, and test requirements for
metallic plug valves.

This standard includes requirements for valves fitted with internal body, plug,
and port linings or applied hard facings on the body, body ports, plug, and plug
port. The extent of linings and the facing materials of which they are made are
not covered in this standard.

This standard also provides additional requirements for plug valves that are in
full conformance to the requirements of ASME B16.34 for Standard Class 150
through 2500. Ductile iron valves, Class 150 and 300, shall follow the additional
requirements of ASME B16.42 for pressure-temperature ratings, wall
thickness, flange dimensions, and material grade.

Plug valves covered in this standard belong to one of four general design
groups that in many cases have different face-to-face and end-to-end
32
dimensions. Some types of plug valves are not made to all patterns. The four
groups of valve design are described below.

The standard nomenclature for valve parts is shown in Annex B. Figure B.1,
Figure B.2, Figure B.3, and Figure B.4 illustrate typical plug valve designs and
are not to be construed as precluding other available designs that comply with
the requirements of this standard. The only purpose of these figures is to
identify part names. The construction of a valve is acceptable only when it
complies with this standard in all respects.

API STD 600

Steel Gate Valves - Flanged and Butt-welding Ends, Bolted Bonnets.

This International standard specifies the requirements for a heavy-duty series

of bolted bonnet steel gate valves for petroleum refinery and related
applications where corrosion, erosion and other service conditions would
indicate a need for full port openings, heavy wall sections and large stem
diameters.

API STD 602

Steel Gate, Globe and Check Valves for Sizes DN 100 and Smaller for the
Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries.

This international standard specifies the requirements for a series of compact

steel gate, globe and check valves for petroleum and natural gas industry
applications.

It is applicable to valves of..

 nominal pipe sizes NPS1/4, NPS 3/8, NPS 1/2, NPS 3/4, NPS 1, NPS
1.1/4, NPS 1.1/2, NPS 2, NPS 2.1/2, NPS 3, and NPS 4
 corresponding to nominal sizes DN 8, DN 10, DN 15, DN 20, DN 25, DN
32, DN 40, DN 50, DN 65, DN 80, and DN 100

It is also applicable to pressure designations of Class 150, Class 300, Class

600, Class 800 and Class 1500.

Class 800 is not a listed class designation, but is an intermediate class number
widely used for socket welding and threaded end compact valves.

It includes provisions for the following valve characteristics.

33
  Outside screw with rising stems (OS and Y), in sizes1/4 < or = NPS < or
= 4 (8 < or = DN < or = 100) and pressure designations including Class
800
 Inside screw with rising stems (ISRS), in sizes1/4 < or = NPS < or = 2.1/2
(8 < or = DN < or = 65) and pressure designations of classes < or = 800
 Socket welding or threaded ends, in sizes1/4 < or = NPS < or = 2.1/2 (8
< or = DN < or = 65) and pressure designations of Class 800 and Class
1500
 Flanged or butt-welding ends, in sizes 1/2 < or = NPS < or = 4 (15 < or =
DN < or = 100) and pressure designations of Class 150 through Class
1500, excluding flanged end Class 800
 Bonnet Joint Construction-Bolted, welded and threaded with seal weld
for classes < or = 1500 and union nut for classes < or = 800
 Standard and full-bore body seat openings
 Materials, as specified
 Testing and inspection

This publication is applicable to valve end flanges in accordance with

ASME B16.5, valve body ends having tapered pipe threads to ASME B1.20.1
or ISO 7-1, valve body ends having socket weld ends to ASME B16.11 and
butt-weld connections per the requirements described within this standard. It is
applicable to extended body construction in sizes 1/2 < or = NPS < or = 2 (15
< or = DN < or = 50) and pressure designations of Class 800 and Class 1500,
and to bellows and bellows assembly construction as may be adaptable to gate
or globe valves in sizes1/4 < or = NPS < or = 2 (8 < or = DN < or = 50). It covers
bellows stem seal type testing requirements.

API STD 603

Corrosion-resistant, Bolted Bonnet Gate Valves-Flanged and Butt-
welding Ends.

This standard specifies the requirements for corrosion-resistant bolted bonnet

gate valves meeting the requirements of Standard Class, ASME B16.34 and
having full port openings for use in process piping applications. This standard
sets forth the requirements for the following gate valve features..

 bolted bonnet
 outside screw and yoke
 rising stems
 non-rising handwheels
 single or double gate
 wedge or parallel sealing
 metallic seating surfaces
34
  flanged or butt-welding ends

Corresponding to nominal pipe size DN..

15, 20, 25, 32, 40, 50, 65, 80, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500,
600.

It covers valves of the nominal pipe size NPS..

1/2, 3/4, 1, 1.1/4, 1.1/2, 2, 2.1/2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 24.

Applies to pressure class designations.. 150, 300, 600.

Annex B illustrates a bolted bonnet gate valve for the purpose of establishing
standard nomenclature for valve parts.

API STD 607

Fire Test for Quarter-turn Valves and Valves Equipped with Nonmetallic
Seats.

This International Standard specifies fire type-testing requirements and a fire

type-test method for confirming the pressure-containing capability of a valve
under pressure during and after the fire test. It does not cover the testing
requirements for valve actuators other than manually operated gear boxes or
similar mechanisms when these form part of the normal valve assembly. Other
types of valve actuators (e.g. electrical, pneumatic, or hydraulic) may need
special protection to operate in the environment considered in this valve test,
and the fire testing of such actuators is outside the scope of this International
Standard.

API STD 608

Metal Ball Valves-Flanged, Threaded and Welding Ends.

This standard specifies the requirements for metal ball valves suitable for
petroleum, petrochemical, and industrial applications that have..

 flanged ends in sizes DN 15 through DN 600 (NPS 1/2 through NPS 24)
 butt welding ends in sizes DN 15 through DN 600 (NPS 1/2 through NPS
24)
 socket welding ends in sizes DN 8 through DN 50 (NPS1/4 through NPS
2)
 threaded ends in sizes DN 8 through DN 50 (NPS1/4 through NPS 2)

Corresponding to the nominal pipe sizes in ASME B36.10M.

35
This standard applies to metal ball valves with pressure classes as follows..

 flanged ends in Classes 150, 300, and 600

 butt welding ends in Classes 150, 300, and 600
 socket welding ends in Classes 150, 300, 600, and 800
 threaded ends in Classes 150, 300, 600, and 800

This standard establishes requirements for bore sizes described as..

 full bore
 single reduced bore
 double reduced bore

This standard applies to floating (seat-supported) ball (Figure B.1) and trunnion
ball valve designs (Figure B.2). These figures are to be used only for the
purpose of establishing standard nomenclature for valve components - other
floating and trunnion designs also exist. This standard establishes additional
requirements for ball valves that are otherwise in full conformance to the
requirements of ASME B16.34, Standard Class.

API STD 609

Butterfly Valves.. Double-flanged, Lug- and Wafer-type.

This standard covers design, materials, face-to-face dimensions, pressure-

temperature ratings, and examination, inspection and test requirements for
gray iron, ductile iron, bronze, steel, nickel-based alloy, or special alloy butterfly
valves that provide tight shutoff in the closed position. The following two
categories of butterfly valves are included.

Category A-Manufacturer's rated cold working pressure (CWP) butterfly

valves, usually with a concentric disc and seat configuration. Sizes covered are
NPS 2 to NPS 48 for valves having ASME Class 125 or Class 150 flange bolting
patterns.

Category B-ASME Class and pressure-temperature rated butterfly valves that

have an offset seat and either an eccentric or a concentric disc configuration.
These valves may have a seat rating less than the body rating. For lug and
wafer, Class 150, 300, and 600, sizes covered are NPS 3 to NPS 24. For
double flanged long pattern, Class 150, 300, and 600, sizes covered are NPS
3 to NPS 36. For double flanged short pattern, Class 150 and 300, sizes
covered are NPS 3 to NPS 48. For double-flanged short pattern, Class 600,
sizes covered are NPS 3 to NPS 24.

36
API Spec 6D
Specification for Pipeline Valves.

API Specification 6D is the (proposed) national adoption of ISO 14313.. 1999,

Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries-Pipeline Transportation Systems-
Pipeline Valves. This International Standard specifies requirements and gives
recommendations for the design, manufacturing, testing and documentation of
ball, check, gate and plug valves for application in pipeline systems.

API Spec 6FA

Fire Test for Valves.

It is the purpose of this document to establish the requirements for testing and
evaluating the pressure-containing performance of API Specs 6A amd 6D
valves when exposed to fire. The performance requirements of this document
are intended to establish standard limits of acceptabliltyregardless of size or
pressure rating.This document establishes acceptable levels for leakage
through the test valve and also external leakage after exposure to a fire for a
30 minute time perioud. The burn period has been established on the basis
that it represents the maximun time required to extinguish most fires. Fires of
greater duration are considered to be of a major magnitude with consequences
greater than those anticipated in this test. This standard covers the
requirements for testing and evaluating the performance of API Specs 6A and
6D valves when exposed to specifically defined fire conditions. However, this
standard is not intended to cover check valves or end connections.

API Spec 6FC

Specification for Fire Test for Valves with Automatic Backseats.

This document establishes the requirements for testing and evaluating the
pressure-containing performance of API Specification 6A and API Specification
6D automatic backseating valves when exposed to fire. The performance
requirements of this document are intended to establish standard limits of
acceptability regardless of size or pressure rating.

This document establishes acceptable levels for leakage through the test valve
and also external leakage after exposure to a fire for a 30-minute time period,
both before and after reworking the stuffing box. The burn period has been
established on the basis that it represents the maximum time required to
37
extinguish most fires. Fires of greater duration are considered to be of a major
magnitude with consequences greater than those anticipated in this test.

API 6RS
Referenced Standards for Committee 6, Standardization of Valves and
Wellhead Equipment.

API RP 11V6
Design of Continuous Flow Gas Lift Installations Using Injection
Pressure Operated Valves.

Intended to set guidelines for continuous flow gas lift installation designs using
injection pressure operated valves. The assumption is made that the designer
is familiar with and has available data on the various factors that affect a
design.

API RP 11V7
Recommended Practice for Repair, Testing, and Setting Gas Lift Valves.

Applies to repair, testing, and setting gas lift valves and reverse flow (check)
valves. It presents guidelines related to the repair and reuse of valves; these
practices are intended to serve both repair shops and operators. The
commonly used gas pressure-operated bellows valve is also covered. Other
valves, including bellows charged valves in production pressure (fluid) service
should be repaired according to these guidelines.

38